<p>The applicable methodologies for the National Health Service cost attributed to each of the risk factors outlined are explained in the following reports.</p><p>The estimated air pollution related costs to the NHS can be found in the Public Health England report ‘Estimation of costs to the NHS and social care due to the health impacts of air pollution: summary report’ (2018) which is available at the following link:</p><p><a href="http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/air-pollution-a-tool-to-estimate-healthcare-costs" target="_blank">www.gov.uk/government/publications/air-pollution-a-tool-to-estimate-healthcare-costs</a></p><p>Estimated Alcohol related costs to the NHS (2009/10) can be found available at the following link:</p><p>www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/153862/response/378684/attach/3/Alcohol%20costs%202009%2010%20July%2023%202012.pdf</p><p>Estimated obesity related costs to the NHS can be found in the Frontier Economics report for Nova Nordisc, published in January 2022, ‘Estimating the full costs of obesity’ and is available at the following link:</p><p><a href="http://www.frontier-economics.com/media/5094/the-full-cost-of-obesity-in-the-" target="_blank">www.frontier-economics.com/media/5094/the-full-cost-of-obesity-in-the-uk.pdf</a></p><p>Estimated Hypertension related costs to the NHS can be found in the Optimity Matrix Cost-effectiveness review of blood pressure interventions, ‘A Report to the Blood Pressure System Leadership Board’, published November 2014, available at the following link:</p><ol><li><a href="https://vdocuments.site/cost-effectiveness-review-of-blood-pressure-cost-effectiveness-review-of-blood.html?page=1" target="_blank">www.vdocuments.site/cost-effectiveness-review-of-blood-pressure-cost-effectiveness-review-of-blood.html?page=1</a></li></ol><p>Estimated smoking related costs to the NHS can be found in the press release, ‘Smoking costs society £17bn – £5bn more than previously estimated’. This is available at the following link:</p><p>www.<a href="https://ash.org.uk/media-centre/news/press-releases/smoking-costs-society-17bn-5bn-more-than-previously-estimated" target="_blank">ash.org.uk/media-centre/news/press-releases/smoking-costs-society-17bn-5bn-more-than-previously-estimated</a></p>