Sitting of 26 March 1963

Preamble
The House met at half-past Two o'clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
PRIVATE BUSINESS
  BRITISH WATERWAYS BILL
  Read the Third time and passed.
COMMONWEALTH DEVELOPMENT FINANCE COMPANY BILL [Lords]
  SUNDERLAND CORPORATION BILL [Lords]
  Read a Second time and committed.
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

    Research Officers, West Africa (Compensation Scheme)
    Mr. N. Pannellasked the Secretary for Technical Co-operation whether a decision has now been reached regarding the retirement and compensation terms for officers and former officers in the service of the West African research departments in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria; and if he will make a statement.
    The Secretary for Technical Cooperation (Mr. Dennis Vosper): I am glad to inform the House that Her Majesty's Government will ensure the payment to pensionable overseas officers serving with the West African research organisations of compensation for loss of career similar to that provided for overseas officers in the Public Services of West African Governments. I am in consultation with the West African Governments about the best means of giving effect to this, and I propose to invite representatives of the officers concerned to discuss with representatives of my Department the detailed arrangements for a compensation scheme.
    Mr. Pannell: Is my right hon. Friend aware that his reply will give great relief and satisfaction to these research officers, who were placed at a disadvantage following the independence of the West African territories? Is he further aware of the gratitude which will be extended to him personally for his persistent, valiant and successful assaults on the Treasury bastions?

    American Peace Corps
    Mr. Biggs-Davisonasked the Secretary for Technical Co-operation whether he will make a statement about American Peace Corps operations in British territories.
    Mr. Vosper: Yes, Sir. There are 147 Peace Corps volunteers serving at present in British overseas territories: 34 in British Honduras; 36 in North Borneo; 21 in Sarawak; 42 in Nyasaland; and 14 in St. Lucia. They are employed in many ways, such as in teaching, agriculture, surveying, engineering and community development.
    Mr. Biggs-Davison: In view of the American mythology about colonialism and the strange activities of some United States consular and information officers in British overseas territories, may I ask whether the Government have been assured, and are they confident, that these operators, whose good intentions and good work we warmly applaud, will refrain from intervention in the politics of these territories?
    Mr. Vosper: In each case an agreement has been entered into between the dependent Government concerned and the American Peace Corps organisation. I could show my hon. Friend a copy of such an agreement. A request for further Peace Corps volunteers has been made by four of the five countries. I think that that is some indication that the volunteers are performing a useful task and are not engaging in the activities which my hon. Friend had in mind.
    Mr. G. M. Thomson: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that what should be first and foremost in our minds is the tremendous need of the developing countries for all forms of technical assistance from the more developed countries? We should welcome all the help which the American Peace Corps

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    can give us in English-speaking territories in Africa and should regard it as a challenge to ourselves to do a great deal more in voluntary service.
    Mr. Vosper: I agree. As the hon. Gentleman knows, we are increasing our voluntary effort and this year will send 250 graduate volunteers, some of them to the countries in question.

    Training in Public Administration for Overseas Countries (Report)
    Mr. Wallasked the Secretary for Technical Co-operation whether he will now make a statement about the Report of the Committee on Training in Public Administration for Overseas Countries.
    Mr. Vosper: Yes, Sir. I have received the Committee's Report, and I should like to say how grateful I am to the members for all the work that they have put into it. It will be published on 29th March as a non-Parliamentary paper. I have already asked my Department to study it, to make all necessary consultations and to advise me on the action needed. That will be done as quickly as possible. Meanwhile, however, I have thought it right to publish the Report, so that interested parties outside Government Departments might have the earliest possible opportunity to study it and comment on it.
    Mr. Wall: Will there be plenty of time for discussion and consultation before the Government make up their mind about the recommendations in the Report?
    Mr. Vosper: Yes. I will, however, be grateful if interested bodies will submit their comments as soon as possible, because the Report contains many worthwhile recommendations which should be implemented as soon as possible and I should like to act as quickly as I am able to on the Porritt Report on Medical Services.

    Overseas Universities (Teachers)
    Dr. A. Thompsonasked the Secretary for Technical Co-operation how many British university teachers have been supplied to overseas universities on short-term secondment schemes proposed by the Committee set up under Sir Charles Morris on the Staffing of Overseas Universities.
    Mr. Vosper: The Committee's main purpose is to bring British and overseas universities together and to encourage co-operation between them. Schemes of secondment involving financial assistance by Her Majesty's Government are only a part of its activities. So far such assistance has been approved in 57 cases. These include 34 secondments for periods varying from a few months to three years.
    Dr. Thompson: May I thank the Minister for that reply and ask whether, as the Committee has been sitting for 13 months, he will speed up matters in his liaison with the universities and in the secondment of these academic teachers, particularly in the field of medicine?
    Mr. Vosper: Yes, I will do that. But this is, of course, only one of several channels at my disposal for helping overseas universities. I agree, however, that the method of secondment is probably the most promising. The hon. Member will, I think, find the Committee increasingly entering into contracts in the future.

    Developing Countries (Local Government Officers and University Teachers)
    Mr. G. M. Thomsonasked the Secretary for Technical Co-operation to what extent he has been able to arrange official schemes of secondment to developing countries for local government officers, university teachers and similar professional groups.
    Mr. Vosper: There are regular arrangements for secondments in a number of professional fields, particularly where the persons concerned are employed by Government Departments and statutory corporations. I have given some information in reply to the Question by the hon. Member for Dunfermline Burghs (Dr. A. Thompson) about the secondment of university teachers. The problems affecting the secondment of local government officers are at present being examined in consultation with the Ministry of Housing and Local Government.
    Mr. Thomson: Can the Minister assure us that he will give as much leadership as he can in this direction? Would he not agree that probably the most important way in which we can give technical assistance to the new countries in the years

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    ahead is for a wide variety of professional people to come to regard it as a normal part of their professional life to spend a year or two in secondment to the developing countries?
    Mr. Vosper: Yes, I am glad to give that assurance, because I believe that secondment is the way to help developing countries to obtain people from this country. We have had to tackle this matter profession by profession, and I am now in consultation with my right hon. Friend concerning local government officers.
    Mr. Lagden: On a point of order. Are you aware, Mr. Speaker, that the House of Commons cannot today be approached by the usual channels by those who have legitimate business in the House? Could you possibly do something to make sure that those who wish to approach the House and who have every right to do so have a channel made for them?
    Mr. Speaker: If the hon. Member can give further particulars of the point of obstruction to those concerned, I am sure that strict compliance with the Sessional Order will be ensured.

  OVERSEAS INFORMATION SERVICES

    Low-Priced Textbooks
    Mr. G. M. Thomsonasked the Secretary for Technical Co-operation if he will refer to his Advisory Committee on Low-Priced Books for Overseas the possibility of including low-priced, paperback, teach-yourself textbooks using programmed instruction techniques.
    Mr. Vosper: The Advisory Committee is free to recommend publication of any low-priced books it thinks suitable, and several teach-yourself textbooks have already been published on its advice. I believe that it will keep the possibility in mind without special reference from me.
    Mr. Thomson: Is the Minister aware that programmed instruction techniques look as though they may have special relevance to the developing countries in view of the tremendous shortage of teachers, especially in technical education? Will he consult his right hon.
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    Friend the Minister of Education to make sure that the money that we spend on research into programmed instruction takes account of the needs of the developing countries?
    Mr. Vosper: Yes, certainly. The Committee is free to consider any suggestion which is put before it by a publisher, or, indeed, by anybody else. Programmed instruction is still rather in its infancy and I think that the Committee is more likely to be attracted to established publications, but it will, no doubt, consider this aspect.
    Mr. Strachey: Will the Minister once again reconsider the exclusion of Africa from the scheme? This is a well-worn point, but it surely remains a great scandal that the whole of Africa is excluded from the scheme.
    Mr. Vosper: That is a rather separate question. I accept the point, however, and negotiations with the publishers are proceeding.

  LOCAL GOVERNMENT

    Derelict Industrial Land, North-East
    Mr. Boydenasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs the extent of the proposals he has received from local authorities in the North-East to reclaim derelict industrial land; what is the cost; how the cost will be shared between the authorities and the Exchequer; and what new organisation is proposed to accelerate the work of reclamation.
    The Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs (Sir Keith Joseph): Replies so far received in response to my recent letter on this subject suggest broadly that proposals may be put forward for reclamation or improvement of about 600 acres at an estimated gross cost of some £340,000.
    As to the level of grant under Section 5 of the Act for treating derelict land, this is a matter still under study. I am considering how best my Department can assist in accelerating the work.
    Mr. Boyden: Is the Minister satisfied that this target of 600 acres is really sufficient in the next year or two? Will

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    he not make strenuous efforts to increase the amount of land to be reclaimed and to site industrial projects on this land?
    Sir K. Joseph: Certainly. I hope that we can get a rising proportion of derelict land reclaimed each year.

    Water Supplies
    Mr. Loughlinasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what special steps will be taken to avert the possibility of a drought or shortage of water in the summer months of 1963.
    The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Mr. F. V. Corfield): It is still too early to say what the prospects for next summer are likely to be. My right hon. Friend is keeping a close watch on the position in consultation with the statutory water undertakers.
    Mr. Loughlin: Does not the Minister live in this world? Is he not aware that one local authority after another has given warning that there is great danger of a shortage of water in the summer months? This attitude of the Minister, putting his head in the sand, will not avert a crisis. His Government have had 12 years to do something about it, but apparently they do not seem to be doing anything.
    Mr. Corfield: The hon. Member asks what steps have been taken to avert the possibility of a drought—
    Mr. Loughlin: No—a shortage of water.
    Mr. Corfield: If the hon. Member thinks that my right hon. Friend can do that, it is he who is not living in this world.

    Sewerage, West Gloucestershire
    Mr. Loughlinasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs, how many units of accommodation in the constituency of West Gloucestershire are not serviced by main sewerage; in which areas they are situated; what is the number of residents involved; and what steps he proposes to take to deal with the situation.
    Mr. Corfield: The total is 11,722 units; I will, with permission, circulate the detailed figures in the OFFICIAL REPORT. They show fair progress for districts in which much property is scattered and therefore costly to sewer. My right hon. Friend will consider sympathetically further sewerage schemes from the district councils. Grant is available from both the Exchequer and the county council.
    Mr. Loughlin: Would the Minister agree that literally thousands of my constituents live in under-developed areas which are still without piped sewerage? Does he know that this is 1963? Will he attempt to do something to get sewerage services into the rural areas? Why are planning authorities repeatedly refusing planning permission for houses on the ground that uneconomic sewerage services might have to be introduced?
    Mr. Corfield: In answer to the first question, the hon. Member knows as well as I do that the initiative in these matters must come from the local authorities, and I have assured him that any schemes which are put forward will be looked at sympathetically and that grants are available. In four of the five rural districts in the hon. Member's constituency, further schemes are in progress or are about to be commenced and this will make an addition of a further 1,684 properties. With regard to the second matter, although it is not directly connected with the Question, I can tell the hon. Member that where a planning application is submitted and there are no prospects of sewerage, that is clearly a consideration to be taken into account in deciding whether planning permission should be given.
    Mr. Loughlin: In view of the unsatisfactory nature of the reply, I give notice that I will raise the matter on the Adjournment.
    Following are the details:
    11,722 units of accommodation in the constituency are not at present served by main sewerage. These are in the following rural districts: 2,397 in East Dean; 1,862 in Gloucester; 1,728 in Lydney; 2,150 in Newent; and 3,585 in West Dean. It is estimated that about 35,500 residents are affected.
    Schemes now being carried out or imminent will reach a further 1,684 properties and 5,100 residents.

    Green Belt, West Cheshire (Inquiry)
    Mr. Templeasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs why the inquiry into the West Cheshire green belt was postponed last October; and whether he is now in a position to announce the date when this inquiry will be held.
    Sir K. Joseph: The inquiry was postponed because comprehensive studies are being made of land needs and resources around Merseyside. I cannot yet say when these studies will be completed nor, therefore, when it will be practicable to hold an inquiry.
    Mr. Temple: Is my right hon. Friend aware that the citizens of this locality will regard that as a most unsatisfactory reply? May I express the hope that he will consider this in the light of the very heavy demand for housing that exists there?
    Sir K. Joseph: I will certainly hasten the inquiry as fast as is practicable. But it must make sense to know the facts and the likely demand for land in the region before finally considering the boundaries of the green belt.

    Advertising (Business Premises)
    Mr. F. Noel-Bakerasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what further steps he now proposes to take to control advertising on business premises in order to protect the public amenities against unsightly clutter.
    Mr. Corfield: My right hon. Friend is considering the effect of the advertising industry's own code of standards in reducing clutter on business premises in the rural areas where it began its campaign. My right hon. Friend hopes shortly to indicate his views to the industry and to the local authority associations.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that the present Minister's predecessor gave a pledge in 1960 that he would report on what progress had been made as a result of the efforts of the advertising industry? Three years have now passed and we have heard nothing,
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    apart from a public statement that this is an important subject. Secondly, will the hon. Gentleman consult bodies like the Council for the Preservation of Rural England and the Civic Trust about the growing menace of facia boards on business premises?
    Mr. Corfield: The code only came into operation in March, 1960, and the local authorities were asked to put forward their views only at the end of last year. We will consider all the views of the relevant organisations, including those mentioned by the hon. Member.
    Dr. Stross: Does the hon. Gentleman remember that we were told by the former Minister that he would give two years, and only two years, to seeing whether the scheme would work satisfactorily? The code is not working satisfactorily. Will the hon. Gentleman do something about it now?
    Mr. Corfield: As I have said, my right hon. Friend will be considering the views of the local authorities very shortly. But many thousands of signs have been removed as a result of the code, and it is right that where an industry is prepared to make efforts to put its own house in order we should give it the opportunity to do so.

    South of England (Study)
    Mrs. Butlerasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs whether the study for south-east England which he has commissioned includes consideration of the optimum size of new and extended towns in the area.
    Mr. Corfield: Yes, Sir, but in matters of this kind practical considerations on the ground may prove more important.
    Mrs. Butler: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that the Minister's approach to Stevenage and Harlow to consider expansion, and the suggestion that Stevenage should expand to a population of 140,000, are matters of very great planning concern? Is he further aware that it is necessary to fix an optimum size for new towns if the present tendency of new towns like Stevenage and Crawley to sprawl into neighbouring built-up areas is to be checked? Do

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    we not need to provide a greater number of additional, compact and separate new towns?
    Mr. Corfield: Yes, but one cannot afford to be dogmatic about size. We must look at this town by town. Certainly this applies to existing towns, whose potentialities for expansion vary very greatly. Among other factors are size and the proximity to other towns.
    Mr. Buck: Has my hon. Friend any information as to when this report is likely to be available?
    Mr. Corfield: No, Sir.

    Rates
    Sir W. Teelingasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs if he has studied the methods of raising local revenue practised in Australia, details of which have been sent to him by the hon. Member for Brighton, Pavilion, especially with regard to allowing relief for taxation to be set against rate and other local government payments; and what study he has made of the extent to which these methods could be applied in this country.
    Sir K. Joseph: The material which my hon. Friend sent to me was concerned solely with the suggested treatment of domestic rates as an allowable deduction from taxable income, and I have therefore brought it to the notice of my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
    Sir W. Teeling: Is my right hon. Friend aware that this matter was first aired in The Times by Mr. Angus Maude a few weeks ago, and that since then many people who pay taxes have felt that this is something which my right hon. Friend the Minister of Housing and Local Government should take a great interest in in future?
    Sir K. Joseph: I am sure that my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer will take notice of my hon. Friend's question.
    Mr. MacColl: With the greatest respect for my very old friend, Mr. Angus Maude, I should point out that this suggestion was put before the Institution of Municipal Treasurers at its annual conference some little time before it was
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    mentioned in The Times. Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that it would not help the poor ratepayer who does not pay very much tax, and that it would still give the central Government far too much interest in keeping down local expenditure, which is one of the arguments against having 100 per cent. grants?
    Sir K. Joseph: I am sure that my hon. Friend is well aware of these particular disadvantages, but he thinks on the whole that he should still consider it.

    Gypsies, Kent
    Mr. Doddsasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs in view of the need for sites for gypsies and other travellers in Kent, what progress has been made in the proposal by the Kent County Council to establish 10 sites; how many have been secured; in how many instances negotiations are proceeding; and what are the prospects for next winter.
    Mr. Corfield: One site is already in operation; applications for the use of three other sites are now before my right hon. Friend for determination. I understand that negotiations are proceeding in respect of a number of other sites and that six to seven sites should be in operation in the county for next winter.
    Mr. Dodds: Believing that a genuine attempt is now being made to find the sites, may I ask the hon. Gentleman to keep an eye on the matter, since this promise was made for last winter? Will he do what he can to see that I am relieved of pressure this winter?
    Mr. Corfield: Yes, I can assure the hon. Gentleman on this. I have had a number of meetings with the local authorities concerned and I am satisfied that Kent really is determined to press ahead and provide the necessary sites. But, as the hon. Gentleman will realise, there is a great deal of public opposition in these areas and this does delay matters.
    Mr. C. Hughes: To what extent are the authorities exercising the powers of the Caravan Sites Act, 1960, under which they have power to acquire sites for this kind of purpose?
    Mr. Corfield: This is the crux of the problem. Some of the sites concerned are those put forward on behalf of local authorities to be run by them, and they are awaiting planning permission.
    Mr. Doddsasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what reply has been sent to those parts of the letter of the General Secretary of the National Farmers' Union, dated 28th February, in respect to the gypsy camp at Cobham, Kent, which relate to the responsibilities of his Department.
    Mr. Corfield: I am sending the hen, Member the relevant extracts from the Department's reply.
    Mr. Dodds: In view of the helpful attitude adopted by the hon. Gentleman's Department regarding the gypsy problem, may I ask whether he is aware that there is not one word of truth in the allegation that over 100 head of poultry were stolen from a local farmer; that two of the thieves from my camp are awaiting trial and that local farm workers are afraid of retaliatory action by the gypsies if they give evidence? Is he aware that I am prepared to make this statement outside the House? Does not he think it shameful that the general secretary of the National Farmers' Union should make such a diabolical allegation to his Department when there is not one single word of truth in it and that he should do so without investigating the matter?
    Mr. Corfield: I think it quite clear that the letter referred to was based on a number of misunderstandings which I hope the Department's reply will help to clear up. I hope that the hon. Gentleman will agree that in view of the present difficulties in finding sites for gypsies, there is no object in exacerbating feelings by my saying anything further on this point.
    Mr. Dodds: In view of the unsatisfactory nature of the reply, I beg to give notice that I shall endeavour to raise the matter on the Adjournment.

    Central Area Redevelopment
    Mrs. Butlerasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what arrangements he has for collecting, collating and circulating information to local authori
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    ties about schemes of central area redevelopment.
    Sir K. Joseph: The Department maintains a record of central area redevelopment schemes, compiled from various sources. Local authorities are free to draw on this as they wish.
    Mrs. Butler: Does the Minister appreciate that the central development of one area can have very serious repercussions on traffic flow, trade potential and other uses in a neighbouring town and may cause a great waste of public money unless the schemes are co-ordinated? Surely it is his Department's responsibility to see that this information is circulated so that all these schemes can work in conjunction?
    Sir K. Joseph: There is a real point in the hon. Lady's supplementary question and I will look into it.

    Land Development (Rights of Way)
    Mr. C. Johnsonasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what arrangements exist for local planning authorities to have regard to existing rights of way when considering applications for consent to the development of land.
    Mr. Corfield: Consideration of applications for planning permission is governed by Section 14 of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1947. That requires local planning authorities to have regard to the development plan and to any other material considerations, which I am advised would include an existing public right of way affected by the proposed development.
    Mr. Johnson: Is the Parliamentary Secretary aware that many planning authorities consider applications for development without any regard whatever for the rights of way which may exist over the land, apparently taking the view that this is the responsibility of the highway authority? Is he aware that there have been a number of cases where development has proceeded under the terms of the planning consent before a right of way has been discovered, and attempts have then been made to stop up the right of way? Is not this most unsatisfactory?
    Mr. Corfield: I am aware that those difficulties have arisen. It is the intention to bring the Answer which I have given to the hon. Gentleman to the attention of local authorities through a circular. The hon. Gentleman knows that planning permission to develop a field which has a footpath running through it does not give any right to divert the footpath as such.
    Mr. Johnson: May we know whether the circular will be issued fairly soon?
    Mr. Corfield: I cannot give a date at the moment, but I will keep in touch with the hon. Gentleman.

    Stoke Station
    Mrs. Slaterasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs, if he will state his reasons for the designation of Stoke Station as a building of historic interest.
    Mr. Corfield: My right hon. Friend proposes listing Stoke Station because it is a good example of mid-nineteenth century achitecture forming with the adjoining buildings a pleasant square.
    Mrs. Slater: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that this station sadly needs modernising and that there is far too much dirt, drabness and untidiness about it? Is he aware that to schedule it as an historic building is sheer nonsense in the light of present conditions?
    Mr. Corfield: The hon. Lady's supplementary question illustrates the difficulties. These are matters where opinions differ widely.
    Mr. Swingler: Although Stoke Station may well be historic in the sense that it is a bit of a ruin, is that really any reason why the hon. Gentleman's Department should collaborate in perpetuating a totally insanitary building?
    Dr. Stross: May I ask whether the Parliamentary Secretary realises that of course it is right to list this building because it is attractive from the outside, despite its dirt? Is he aware that it is the inside that needs modernising, and will he use his influence to help us?
    Mr. Corfield: The hon. Gentleman will appreciate that that is somewhat outside
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    the scope of my Department. I am grateful to him for drawing attention to the fact that we are concerned with the looks from the outside.

    Garaging of Invalid Cars (Rates)
    Sir Richard Pilkingtonasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs whether war and civilian disabled recipients of special invalid cars may receive remission of rates on garages for housing their cars.
    Sir K. Joseph: Garages for vehicles adapted or constructed for use by invalids or disabled persons are not rateable.

  HOUSING

    Expensive Site Subsidies
    Mr. MacCollasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what increase in expensive site subsidies he anticipates will arise from making available for housing development land at present in the green belt area.
    Sir K. Joseph: Until decisions have been taken on what land is likely to be developed, it is not possible to make any estimates of cost.
    Mr. MacColl: Is the Minister aware that the day after he had announced in the House that he was taking the initiative in the Lee Valley, his proposals were welcomed on the ground that they would raise the value of the land from £10,000 to £40,000? Does he not think that there is a serious problem here of a heavy burden on public funds which he should take steps to abate?
    Sir K. Joseph: The whole House must recognise that in areas of high demand, prices are bound to be high.

    Rent Act
    Mr. Frank Allaunasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what study he has made of the evidence sent to him of the shortage of accommodation, based on a survey; and if, in view of this fresh evidence, he will

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    seek to amend the Rent Act in order to reduce the hardship involved.
    Sir K. Joseph: I understand that the hon. Member has in mind the report from Family Service Units. This confirmed what is well known—that not enough cheap rented accommodation is available in London for everyone who would like to live here. As I explained in my recent White Paper, I am seeking both to increase the supply of houses for Londoners and to reduce the demand. The reimposition of rent control would only reduce the supply and, therefore, increase the difficulties of those looking for somewhere to live.
    Mr. Allaun: Does not this survey by Family Service Units show that after visiting 78 London estate agents the researchers could find practically no accommodation for a father, mother and three children at less than £6 a week? Will the right hon. Gentleman tell us what such a family can do? What can it do?
    Sir K. Joseph: I am not denying that this situation—which we knew before this report confirmed it—is very disquieting, That is why the Government propose to accelerate the building of houses, particularly by public authorities, for Londoners. But the fact remains that there are more than 500,000 local authority subsidised houses for just such people as those mentioned by the hon. Gentleman. It is on the turnover of tenants in these houses that such people must count. Nevertheless, we are trying to increase the stock as quickly as possible.
    Mr. M. Stewart: Does not the right hon. Gentleman remember that it was claimed that the Rent Act would enable the supply and demand for houses to be equated at reasonable prices? We have now had six years of the Rent Act, which has not done it and shows no signs of doing it.
    Sir K. Joseph: The Act has successfully enabled 80 per cent. of the houses that have been let to continue to be let when the tenants leave them. Before the Act was passed, all such houses were immediately sold, and this reduced the stock of available accommodation for letting.

    Direct Labour Departments (Prefabricated Houses)
    Mr. Frank Allaunasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what was the nature of his reply to the letter of the Institute of Municipal Building Management asking that direct labour departments be encouraged by permission to engage in prefabrication, so as to ensure that workers be consistently employed in the depressed areas, and that the Institute be asked to nominate representatives to meetings convened to determine national building policies.
    Mr. Corfield: The Institute's letter was based on a number of misunderstandings. I have sent the hon. Member a copy of the reply which was sent to them on 20th February.
    Mr. Allaun: I thank the hon. Gentleman for that letter, but in view of the great success of direct labour at Sheffield, Salford, Wigan, Stoke-on-Trent, St. Pancras, St. Helen's and a number of other places such as Barking and Manchester, will he point out to local authorities dealing exclusively with maintenance rather than building the speed and other advantages of undertaking prefabricated building through their own departments?
    Mr. Corfield: This is a matter for the local authorities to decide for themselves. As I think the hon. Gentleman realises, no permission is required from my right hon. Friend. Again as I think he realises, the experimental prefabricated housing in Sheffield, built for my Ministry, was built by the city's direct labour department.

    Local Authority Houses (Allocation)
    Mr. Wadeasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs (1) whether he will take powers to intervene in disputes over the allocation of houses by local councils;
    (2) whether he will take steps to provide a right of appeal to himself for those who are dissatisfied with allocations of houses by local councils.
    Sir K. Joseph: The selection of tenants is by Statute a matter for decision by the local authority. This I believe to be right, since the local authority with its intimate knowledge of its area is in the best position to assess the claims of all the people on its waiting lists.
    Mr. Wade: I fully appreciate the importance of the general principle that these matters should be left to local authorities and that the Minister ought not to interfere, but may I ask whether the Minister is aware of a particular case where it is complained that the Deputy Mayor of Swansea overruled the decision of the housing committee and instructed the housing manager to allocate a particular house to a person other than the person originally selected? Is not that somewhat irregular, and is there any procedure whereby exceptional cases of this nature may be referred to the Minister?
    Sir K. Joseph: I know that the House would not expect me to answer anything without knowing the full merits of any case, but from our experience as Members of Parliament representing constituencies we all know that if local authorities do not have the full facts, and any of us write to them, they will review the case to make sure whether their decision was right.

    Rented Accommodation, London
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs if he will now institute an inquiry into the amount of domestic accommodation available at reasonable rents in the London area; and when he anticipates that sufficient accommodation of this kind will be available.
    Sir K. Joseph: As already announced, the Government propose to arrange for an independent committee to make a survey of housing in London. I prefer not to anticipate its conclusions on the availability of accommodation.
    Mr. Sorensen: May I ask whether the terms of reference include precisely obtaining the information sought by the Question? Can the right hon. Gentleman say when the information will be available, in view of the fact that some three or four years ago it was indicated that, especially in the London area, a great
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    deal of accommodation would be available to be rented, and there is not such accommodation?
    Sir K. Joseph: I will try to make sure that the information is brought out by the inquiry which will have to proceed to some extent as a sample survey. In London and in many other parts of the country rising prosperity has increased the number of households for a given size of population.

    Green Belt Land, London
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs what are the precise arrangements by which any London green belt land taken for building purposes is compensated by additions larger than the areas taken for development.
    Sir K. Joseph: As I stated in reply to the hon. Member on 19th March, I do not think that any special arrangements are necessary. Additional green belt land will be forthcoming from extensions already being proposed by the planning authorities.
    Mr. Sorensen: Is the Minister aware that it would be most helpful and encouraging to those who wish to preserve the area of the green belt if he could give some idea of the arrangements which he has in mind to ensure that whenever any portion of the green belt area is taken for development purposes an equal portion will be added, as is the case with the Epping Forest?
    Sir K. Joseph: I can assure the hon. Gentleman, and the House, that in due course the approved green belt will be extended, by additional portions being added to it, by very much more than is represented by any of the parts taken away.
    Mr. MacColl: Would not the right hon. Gentleman help to allay anxiety about this matter by taking some action to co-ordinate the machinery for doing it? Is he aware that we respect his desire to do this, but we are worried about whether land lost to the green belt area may not be replaced in some cases because the opportunity to do so may be missed?
    Sir K. Joseph: The present approved green belt covers 840 sq. miles. There are proposals by the counties round London to add 1,100 sq. miles to that green belt. Those proposals in one form or another are before me, or will be coming before me, and there is therefore ample machinery in being to make sure that what I say conies true.
    Sir G. Nicholson: Can my right hon. Friend give an assurance that the areas it is proposed to take in will remain inviolate?
    Sir K. Joseph: It is because we want to be able to guarantee that as far as possible into the future that it is so important to establish all the facts before making any area a part of the approved green belt.

  NATIONAL FINANCE

    National Incomes Commission
    Mr. Gourlayasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will refer to the National Incomes Commission the investigation of all salaries in excess of £7,000 per year.
    The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Mr. Reginald Maulding): No, Sir.
    Mr. Gourlay: Does not the Chancellor think it an absolute scandal that the chairman of N.I.C. should be paid about £240 a week or £12,500 a year? What moral right can this man have to tell Scottish building workers who earn about £10 a week that they cannot have their hours reduced to 40 hours a week? Ought not the chairman of the Commission to declare an interest, and when does the Chancellor intend to inject some semblance of justice into this national incomes policy?
    Mr. Maudling: No, I do not think it is a scandal. It is a great deal less than the chairman earned in his previous occupation.
    Mrs. Castleasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what are the salaries being paid to the chairman, full-time and part-time members, respectively, of the National Incomes Commission; and what is the length of the contract in each case.
    Mr. Maudling: On salaries, I would refer the hon. Member to the Answer I gave to my hon. Friend the Member for Scarborough and Whitby (Sir A. Spearman) on 18th December, 1962. The appointments are for three years in one case and for five years in all others.
    Mrs. Castle: Is it not a fact that some of the part-time members are on five-year contracts? Does not this mean that when the Labour Government come into office in the next few months and wind up this Commission the country will be saddled with the burden of paying thousands of pounds to these gentlemen, some of whom have been earning, part-time, higher incomes than their current full-time incomes? Is this the way to encourage income restraint?
    Mr. Maudling: I shall not comment on the future political development referred to by the hon. Lady. But it is the normal thing, when planning a national body like this, to appoint its members for a proper term.
    Mrs. Castle: Will the right hon. Gentleman answer my question about five-year contracts?
    Mr. Maudling: Yes, certainly. More than one of the part-time members is appointed for five years. One member is appointed for three years, and the period is five years in all other cases. That covers part-time members.

    Furniture (Purchase Tax)
    Mr. John Hallasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer how his present estimate of the yield from Purchase Tax on furniture compares with his original estimate.
    Mr. Maudling: It is not the practice to publish revised revenue estimates in the course of the financial year.
    Mr. Hall: Without expressing my surprise at that Answer, may I at least ask my right hon. Friend if he does not believe that the total sales of furniture for the financial year will be far less than estimated and that his yield from Purchase Tax on furniture will therefore also be far less than estimated? Will he bear that fact in mind in framing his Budget proposals?
    Mr. Maudling: I will bear my hon. Friend's point in mind. In fact, the

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    value of deliveries of furniture, exclusive of tax, was about the same in 1962 as in 1961.

    Pits (Depletion of Minerals)
    Mr. Wallasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what representations have been made to him that the depletion of minerals in pits, etc. should be allowed for tax purposes.
    Mr. Maudling: I have had representations on this matter from the Federation of British Industries, the Sand and Gravel Association of Great Britain, the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants and the Income Tax Payers' Society.
    Mr. Wall: Is my right hon. Friend aware that this principle was accepted by the Royal Commission in 1955? Since then, on a number of occasions the Government have stated that they have had the matter under consideration. May we expect a final decision some time this year?
    Mr. Maudling: I cannot say more now than that there is obviously great interest in this problem.

    Higher Civil Service (Pay)
    Mrs. Castleasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what recommendations have been received from the Standing Advisory Committee on the Pay of the Higher Civil Service about increases in the salaries of the Higher Civil Service; and what action he has taken on those recommendations.
    Mr. Maudling: The Committee recommended that in order to remove anomalies resulting from increases confined to the pay of the middle and lower grades of the Civil Service, increases of up to £150 a year should be made in the salaries of those grades whose pay falls between the minimum of the Assistant Secretary grade and the rate of salary of the Under-Secretary.
    The Government have accepted these recommendations, which have now been implemented.
    Mrs. Castle: Is it not a fact that civil servants earning between £2,500 and £3,500 a year are to receive an increase of £150 a year? Is it not also a fact
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    that this agreement was concluded on 1st March and made retrospective to 1st January of this year? In view of this fact, why have the Government refused to make retrospective the increases given to old-age pensioners, when the pensioners are clearly in so much greater need of an increase?
    Mr. Maudling: The fact is that in the maximum case this increase will be 5½per cent., and it is the first increase for these people for four years.
    Mrs. Castle: The Chancellor has not answered my question. Why is it possible to make these payments retrospective when it was found impossible to make the increases in old-age pensions retrospective to the date of the announcement?
    Mr. Maudling: That is more a matter for my right hon. Friend the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, but I can assure the hon. Lady that the date of the payment of increased social benefits was a matter that we studied very closely. The increases were made at the first possible date.
    Mr. Tiley: Will my right hon. Friend bear in mind that when the Opposition were in charge of pensions they could not provide increases for the future, never mind about back-dating them?

    Decimal System
    Sir J. Lucasasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer by what percentage he estimates the cost of living would rise if, in adopting the decimal system, there were 10 pennies to the shilling.
    The Financial Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. Anthony Barber): This is one of the matters on which Lord Halsbury's Committee is expected to advise my right hon. Friend.
    Sir J. Lucas: Will the Minister bear in mind the fact that at present we can send 80 letters for £1, whereas if this proposal goes through we shall be able to send only 60 for the same price?
    Mr. Barber: I am sure that Lord Halsbury will bear that point in mind.

    Income Tax (Rates)
    Mr. Liptonasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will reduce the

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    burden on domestic ratepayers by enabling rates to be set off against taxable income.
    Mr. Barber: I cannot anticipate my right hon. Friend's Budget statement.
    Mr. Lipton: While I agree that this concession would be of only limited value to a limited section of ratepayers, may I take it from the Minister's reply that some form of concession to ratepayers is under active consideration, otherwise indignant ratepayers might very soon sweep the present Government from power altogether?
    Mr. Barber: I am afraid that the hon. Gentleman can take from my reply nothing beyond the fact that I cannot anticipate the Budget statement.

    CIGARETTE SMOKING
    Mr. F. Noel-Bakerasked the Prime Minister what recent action he has taken to co-ordinate the instructions given by the Ministries responsible for the Medical Research Council, for health and for education, in connection with, respectively, research into the dangers to health of cigarette smoking and the provision of information and publicity on this subject.
    The Prime Minister (Mr. Harold Macmillan): No such action has been required.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Is the Prime Minister aware that the total amount of Government spending on information about the effects of cigarette smoking, excluding the cost of a 12-minute film, is about £12,000 a year and that the total spending by local authorities is a little over £10,000? Are not those amounts ridiculously small, compared with the £20 million a year that is being spent by the cigarette manufacturers on advertising? Is the Prime Minister further aware that cigarette smoking has now returned to the level at which it stood before the Report by the Royal College of Physicians? Will he look at the whole situation again and see whether Government action should be expedited?
    The Prime Minister: In reply to previous questions which the hon. Member asked me, I made it clear that the Govern-
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    meat thought they had a duty to make this information available but that they had no duty to try to prevent people from doing what they have a free right to do.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: In view of the unsatisfactory nature of that reply, I give notice that I shall seek to raise this matter on the Adjournment at the earliest opportunity.

    SCOTTISH TRADES UNION CONGRESS (LETTER)
    Mr. W. Hamiltonasked the Prime Minister what was the nature of his recent written reply to the Scottish Trades Union Congress on measures to deal with the unemployment situation; and to what extent the measures outlined in the reply differ from those recently publicly announced.
    The Prime Minister: My recent letter to the Scottish Trades Union Congress took the discussions which we had earlier this year a stage further.
    There is nothing in my letter which is at variance with Government announcements.
    Mr. Hamilton: Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether or not he agrees with the continued practice of making these announcements outside the House, where they cannot be questioned? This practice has repeatedly occurred in the last two or three months. Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that so far the actions of the Government have done nothing to alleviate the unemployment situation in Scotland? After Questions, will he take the opportunity to go upstairs in order to meet some of these people and to discuss the problem with them?
    The Prime Minister: With regard to the Question on the Order Paper, I would have no objection if the letter were published, but it would be a matter for the Scottish Trades Union Congress. I should not think it courteous to permit such publication without that Congress's permission.
    Mr. Shinwell: As this matter raises the subject of unemployment, does not the Prime Minister think that it might be a very wise procedure on his part if he met some of the thousands of people

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    who have come here from various parts of the country which are troubled about this problem? Would not he like to see them, even if their language is a little crude?
    The Prime Minister: I meet a great number of people, and I have never been afraid in my life to meet anybody who wishes to see me. But this is a matter for the Scottish Trades Union Congress, which asked to see me on two occasions. I have seen it on several occasions. In this case I wrote the Congress a letter summarising some of the decisions of the Government dealing with certain matters that the Congress had raised with me. That seemed to be a matter of ordinary courtesy.
    Mr. Hamilton: Will the Prime Minister contact the Scottish T.U.C. in order to see whether he can obtain its permission to publish the letter, in order that Members may have the benefit of knowing exactly what the Government are doing or not doing?
    The Prime Minister: Yes. I under stand that the Congress is meeting. If there is a general wish, I certainly have no objection. I will see that that view is conveyed to the Congress.

    NUCLEAR TESTS
    Mr. A. Hendersonasked the Prime Minister whether, in view of the damage to the Van Allan radiation belts caused by high-altitude nuclear explosions, he will discuss with President Kennedy and Mr. Khrushchev the cessation of all such explosions in the interests of further space research.
    The Prime Minister: We are doing our best to bring nuclear testing to an end in all environments. But in the absence of a test ban agreement I do not think any purpose would be served by trying to ban one particular type of amospheric test.
    Mr. Henderson: Is the Prime Minister aware that the official statement issued in Moscow last Friday, as reported in the Guardian on Saturday, indicated that the Soviet Government were preparing to resume atmospheric tests? Will not he consider proposing to President Kennedy and Mr. Khrushchev that they should issue a joint declaration agreeing
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    not to resume atmospheric tests pending the outcome of the Geneva nuclear test ban conference?
    The Prime Minister: I very much hope that this statement is not true. I shall certainly consider what the right hon. and learned Member has said.
    Sir H. Legge-Bourke: Will my right hon. Friend also bear in mind the fact that not only further space research but radio astronomy and visual astronomy would be affected adversely by these expositions, as was the case with the rainbow bomb?
    The Prime Minister: Yes.
    Mr. Driberg: Could the Prime Minisster say whether, since this matter was raised last Thursday at Question Time, he has fulfilled the undertaking he then gave to his hon. Friend the Member for Isle of Ely (Sir H. Legge-Bourke) that he would communicate with the President about it?
    The Prime Minister: On this particular matter I am in touch with the President on the whole problem. I hope that some advance might possibly be made.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: If the military purpose of a high-altitude test is to paralyse and put out of action the radar warning system of an enemy State, is it to our advantage to encourage Russia by our example to obtain a bomb which will do that?
    The Prime Minister: I think that is a rather shortened account of the military purpose involved.

    OFFICIAL OCCASIONS (DRESS AND DECORATIONS)
    Miss Leeasked the Prime Minister if he is aware that regulations governing dress and decorations on official State occasions no longer correspond to contemporary taste and social attitudes; and if he will seek advice from representative citizens, including Commonwealth members, with a view to modernising the practice.
    The Prime Minister: There is no Ministerial responsibility for dress on most official occasions except as regards

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    the uniform of those subject to discipline, and whether decorations should be worn on any particular occasion is usually a matter for the host.
    I hardly think it is necessary for me to initiate any action.
    Miss Lee: The Prime Minister must know that he, as Prime Minister, and the Cabinet control those responsible for all sorts of old-fashioned, stupid, snobbish regulations such as those that force men to wear clothes they do not normally wear. Would he not think it a good beginning to ask citizens to wear their own best clothes on formal occasions and not to be subject to the indignity and expense of hiring clothes?
    The Prime Minister: I always thought it was a matter of good taste on these occasions to put on the best clothes one has.
    Miss Lee: The Prime Minister must be aware that 99·9 per cent of the men now invited to official functions are not in the habit of wearing clothes which no doubt the Prime Minister likes to wear. Why cannot they simply wear their own best clothes?
    The Prime Minister: If the hon. Lady wishes to discuss the problem with me, I shall see if something can be done about it, but I have been struck when going to a large number of entertainments of all kinds, in one's constituency and all over the country, by the very widespread habit of men wearing evening clothes. I should have thought that that was widespread in many sections of the community today.

    SERVICE DEPARTMENTS (MINISTERS)
    Mr. Bellengerasked the Prime Minister by what date he expects that a decision will have been reached regarding the Ministerial status of the political heads of the Service Departments, consequent on the reorganisation of the control of the Armed Forces of the Crown.
    The Prime Minister: As I have already told the House, I hope that this question, together with the other details of the scheme for the reorganisation, will be worked out by the summer. I have nothing to add to that.
    Mr. Bellenger: The Prime Minister will be aware that there is more than a possibility that legislation will be needed to deal with the changes outlined by the Minister of Defence. As we have a busy period before us this Session, does he think it will be possible to deal with this matter before the end of the Session?
    The Prime Minister: Not before the end of the Session, but I hope by the end of the summer to have ready a White Paper setting out the plan in detail. I hope it will be possible to arrange for that to be debated and, if it is found to be necessary to have legislation, the legislation will be introduced in the next Session.
    Mr. Healey: Is the Prime Minister aware that though many of us would concede the desirability of subordinating Service Ministers to the Minister of Defence, the political advantages of such a step would be nullified if the heads of the Services retained the right of separate access to the Prime Minister? Can he assure the House that he will preserve the absolute right of political control over the Services at the same time as he reduces the status of individual Service Ministers?
    The Prime Minister: I would rather not deal with any of these questions separately. I prefer to work out plans and discuss them as a whole.
    Mr. Longden: Will my right hon. Friend take the opportunity of eliminating from the title of the civil head of the Army the words "for war"?
    The Prime Minister: The matter has been raised very often as to the nomenclature of Ministers. I think that if we were able to carry through the general plan that question would fall in with the rest.

    DOCTORS' AND DENTISTS' REMUNERATION (REVIEW BODY'S REPORT)
    Mr. K. Robinsonasked the Prime Minister if he is now able to make a statement on the report of the review body dealing with doctors' remuneration.
    The Prime Minister: I would refer the hon. Member to the statement I made yesterday in reply to my hon. Friend the Member for Carlisle (Dr. D. Johnson).
    Mr. Robinson: Would not the Prime Minister agree that this increase, amounting to 14 per cent. and coming on top of the 29 per cent. award to doctors only three years ago, is very substantial, involving the taxpayer in finding £16 million extra money per year? Will he agree that, however justifiable this may be—and I am not arguing that at the moment—other professional workers in the National Health Service, and Health Service workers generally, are no less deserving? May we take it that the Minister of Health would approve a similar increase for physiotherapists and radiographers, for example, if it were submitted? Is the Prime Minister aware that this 14 per cent. to cover three years is the equivalent of 7 per cent, cumulative per year, and not 4 per cent. as was suggested in The Times today? May we take it that 7 per cent. is the new "guiding light" for personal incomes?
    The Prime Minister: No, Sir. I am afraid I cannot accept the deductions, nor even the arithmetic, of the hon. Member. This review body has been set up and we have accepted its proposals as a whole. They relate to a period of trends much in excess of three years and they are intended to stand for at least three years from 1st April.

    N.A.T.O. (NUCLEAR FORCE)
    Mr. Rankinasked the Prime Minister if the agreement he made with President Kennedy at Nassau for the formation of a multinational North Atlantic Treaty Organisation nuclear force concedes to other participating nations the right extended to Britain in withdrawing their forces when supreme national interests are at stake.
    The Prime Minister: In the joint statement which I made with President Kennedy at Nassau, we did not specify the terms under which forces of countries other than the United Kingdom were to be assigned to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation nuclear force. This is a matter for discussion between those other countries and the North Atlantic Council as a whole.
    Mr. Rankin: In view of the lack of definition in that part of the Nassau Agreement, could the Prime Minister tell us whether or not any of the European
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    N.A.T.O. countries has protested against the possibility of its being denied the same treatment as Britain is getting?
    The Prime Minister: So far as I am aware, none.
    Mr. Rankin: Does that arise from the fact that the European N.A.T.O. countries recognise that not only will the multilateral nuclear force be controlled by America, but also the multinational one?
    The Prime Minister: No, Sir. The hon. Member is making his own deductions.

    DISARMAMENT (GENEVA CONFERENCE)
    Mr. P. Noel-Bakerasked the Prime Minister what recent proposals he has made to President Kennedy and Mr. Khrushchev in pursuance of his invitation to them in February, 1962, to join him in accepting personal responsibility for the conduct of the disarmament negotiations in the Committee of Eighteen Nations.
    The Prime Minister: Any communication I might have with President Kennedy or Mr. Khrushchev would be confidential unless it were published as, for example, was my letter to Mr. Khrushchev of 28th October.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Has the Prime Minister looked at the records of the Committee of Eighteen in recent times? Does he agree that the level of progress of the debates bears no relation to the urgency of the arms race problem as he stated it a year ago in his letter to Mr. Khrushchev?
    The Prime Minister: Yes, I am aware that there has been great delay in spite of very great movements made by the West and some, I admit, return to previous positions by the Russians; but I am hopeful that we may be able to make better progress. It is a matter of great concern to me that it has been so slow.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Will the Prime Minister in the relatively early future, in view of the long time the discussions have gone on, be willing to take some personal initiative?
    The Prime Minister: Of course the Foreign Secretary and other Ministers have taken part in this and I shall certainly consider carrying out the suggestion which has been made.

UNEMPLOYMENT AREAS (NEW INDUSTRIES)
Mr. Rossasked the Prime Minister if he will institute a council of Ministers to formulate plans and policies to promote the establishment and development of new industries in the areas of high unemployment.
The Prime Minister: In our constitution, consultation and collaboration between Ministers takes place in the Cabinet and in Cabinet committees.
Mr. Ross: The consultation is evidently not followed by satisfactory plans and policies, which I seek. Is the Prime Minister aware that if the same satisfaction and complacency were shown by other people in the community there would not be several thousand people storming St. Stephen's entrance at the moment drawing attention to the continued need for new industries in Scotland and the North-East? When will the Prime Minister realise that the nation requires expansion and the areas of high unemployment need the work implicit in the policies which would create that expansion?
The Prime Minister: It is difficult to debate this by question and answer, but, as the hon. Member knows, a great deal has been done in the past, a great deal has been announced recently and, I think, a great deal will be done in future.
Mr. H. Wilson: Since this Question relates particularly to new industries, will the Prime Minister say what machinery he is setting up for consultation with Commonwealth countries which have major development programmes, and for meeting the requirements of those by establishing new industry whether under public or private enterprise in areas of high unemployment?
The Prime Minister: We are constantly in touch with Commonwealth countries, but in this matter I do not think any particular new system is required.

N.A.T.O. COUNCIL (FOREIGN SECRETARY'S VISIT)
The Lord Privy Seal (Mr. Edward Heath): With your permission, Mr. Speaker, and that of the House, I wish to make a statement on the visit of my noble Friend the Foreign Secretary to the N.A.T.O. Council last week.
The purpose of this visit was to present to the Council the thoughts about a N.A.T.O. nuclear force already put forward in the debate in this House on 30th and 31st January.
The proposals for such a force arise from the Nassau Agreement. My noble Friend analysed before the Council the two stages envisaged in the reorganisation of the nuclear capability of the alliance. First, that dealing with the immediate problem relating to weapons already in existence; and, secondly, that concerned with the problem of possible developments later.
As far as the first was concerned, my noble Friend developed the idea put forward by my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister at Nassau, of the multinational force to which member countries would contribute weapons now at their disposal. This part of the programme, which is essentially a question of organisation within N.A.T.O., does not involve any new expenditure.
The main British contribution is the assignment of the V-bomber force, subject to the negotiation of satisfactory terms. Discussions are now proceeding in N.A.T.O. as to precisely how this assignment and those of the United States and other countries would operate. The Council felt that the organisation of this stage should be taken a step forward at the N.A.T.O. Ministerial meeting at Ottawa in May.
As regards the second stage of this development, when our Polaris submarines have been built they will be assigned in a similar manner. In addition, the American Administration have put forward a proposal for the possible creation of a mixed-manned element. This is now being discussed by the United States Government with a number of member countries.
While Her Majesty's Government will already be a major participant in the N.A.T.O. nuclear force, through the

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assignment both of the V-bomber force and of the Polaris submarines, my noble Friend, in giving a general welcome to such a mixed-manned force, if it proved to be militarily practicable, undertook to consider ways and means by which we might give practical support. The idea is now being examined in detail by Her Majesty's Government.
Meanwhile, as my noble Friend made plain, there are no commitments. Mr. Merchant, the United States representative, has not yet completed his round of visits to N.A.T.O. countries interested in this and a clearer picture of the nature and prospects of this proposal is not likely to emerge until he has done so.
Apart from these defence matters, my noble Friend also emphasised the need for further political and, where possible, economic consultation both within N.A.T.O. for the Western Alliance and in the Western European Union from the European point of view. To this end, the North Atlantic Council meeting which he attended was very valuable for the widespread support it secured in reaffirming the essential unity of the alliance.
Mr. Gordon Walker: Would it be a fair summary of what the Lord Privy Seal said that we have now expressed ourselves as extremely cool in our attitude towards the American proposal for a multilateral or mixed-manned European deterrent, and if not that, that we are against it?
Secondly, would the right hon. Gentleman clarify further what he said about the assignment of the V-bomber force? As I understood it, during the defence debate the Prime Minister said that we had already assigned the whole of our V-bomber force to N.A.T.O. We are now told that it is to be assigned subject to the negotiation of satisfactory terms. May we be told a little more about what that means? Does it mean that the terms will be such that this will be a purely verbal change, with no significant alteration? If I am wrong about that, what would be the alteration between the present position and the assignment of our V-bomber force to N.A.T.O.?
Mr. Heath: I do not think that the right hon. Gentleman would be correct to describe the attitude towards the
1128
mixed-manned force in the way that he has done. My noble Friend the Foreign Secretary recognised that such a force, from a political point of view, would have considerable advantages in giving greater cohesiveness to the N.A.T.O. alliance. At the same time, as all the member countries recognise, it needs most detailed technical examination from the military point of view, and, therefore, my noble Friend gave general support to the idea that it deserved deep examination; and all the member countries are now carrying that out.
From the point of view of the V-bomber force, I think that my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister said during the recent debate that the Government were offering to assign the V-bomber force and that the details of that assignment had to be worked out with N.A.T.O. At the moment, neither our V-bomber force nor any of the United States strategic forces have any relationship to SACEUR.
Mr. Eden: While agreeing with my right hon. Friend that the creation of an effective N.A.T.O. nuclear force is a desirable objective, would he agree with me that, first and foremost, we should seek to bring closer together the member countries in their political association, and that it is on the political association that an effective military alliance will be constructed?
Mr. Heath: I completely and wholeheartedly agree with my hon. Friend. One of the main purposes of my noble Friend going to.N.A.T.O. was to emphasise the indivisibility of the defence of the N.A.T.O. Alliance and to create greater political harmony between the members concerned.
Mr. Grimond: As the right hon. Gentleman has told us that this proposal for a multinational nuclear N.A.T.O. force comes from the Government, have they proposals for how it is to be controlled? Suppose it is necessary for the nuclear weapons to be fired. Will the decision to fire be taken by the Government who supplied the weapons, or by N.A.T.O., and will it be subject to any veto by anyone?
Mr. Heath: A number of suggestions have been put forward as to how this might be arranged. There have been discussions in N.A.T.O. in earlier periods about this. My noble Friend mentioned

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two of these in his speech to the N.A.T.O. Council. One was that there might be a small group of countries, some permanently members and some revolving members. There might also be an arrangement of the staff section of the Supreme Commander which would deal with these nuclear forces. These are matters which the countries are discussing in the N.A.T.O. Council.
The right of veto remains in N.A.T.O. as at the moment.
Mr. John Hall: In view of the fact that under the Nassau Agreement this country has retained the right to withdraw her Polaris submarines in the event of a national emergency, would the right hon. Gentleman make it clear that we would not accept mixed manning for Polaris submarines?
Mr. Heath: There is no question of mixed manning for our own Polaris submarines.
Mr. Healey: Presumably, when Her Majesty's Government put forward the proposal at Nassau for assigning national nuclear forces to N.A.T.O. command they had some objective, some political concept, in mind. Can the right hon. Gentleman be a little more definite about this? He has said that we are to assign them subject to satisfactory conditions being arranged. What sort of conditions will these be, and what does assigning mean if it is not simply a verbal formula?
Mr. Heath: The question of assignment was discussed in the Polaris debate. In any case, it involves a considerable amount of military detail being worked out, and that is what the military advisers are doing in N.A.T.O. at the moment. But beyond that there is the political significance of this, that it gives to those countries taking part in a nuclear N.A.T.O. force greater information about the means of ensuring their own security and greater participation in some of the arrangements concerning it.
Captain Litchfield: I appreciate that there may be political arguments in favour of the multi-manned naval force, but may I ask the Government to take a decision on a matter of this kind strictly on military grounds? May I ask my right hon. Friend to confirm from
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his right hon. Friend the Minister of Defence that this proposal does not make any kind of naval sense?
Mr. Heath: I have said that each of the countries which has been discussing this with the American Administration has said that it now wishes to examine this proposal most carefully from the military point of view.
Mr. Shinwell: How is it possible to create a satisfactory and effective multilateral N.A.T.O. force so long as General de Gaulle and the French Government are intransigent? If assignments have to be made by the various N.A.T.O. countries, can any reliance be placed on France? In particular, will the right hon. Gentleman look up the history of what has happened since N.A.T.O. was originally conceived and the difficulties experienced in persuading the various N.A.T.O. countries, apart from the United States and the United Kingdom, to make the normal assignments to N.A.T.O.?
In these circumstances, can we have an assurance that we shall not make any definite assignment beyond what we have already committed ourselves to until we are satisfied that the other N.A.T.O. countries make their effective contribution?
Mr. Heath: I fully recognise the difficulties to which the right hon. Gentleman has referred, but the multinational force gives an opportunity to those countries which wish to contribute to it. It is of great importance that this proposal received such a wide welcome in the N.A.T.O. Council when my noble Friend the Foreign Secretary spoke to it.
Mr. Kershaw: I recognise the political value of this scheme, but will my right hon. Friend bear in mind that its military value is likely to be fairly small, although it is likely to be very expensive? Will he ensure that the expense involved will not stop this country investing in other military means which are more necessary for its survival?
Mr. Heath: I assume that my hon. Friend is referring to the mixed manned proposals. I have explained that the very large contribution which this country is making to N.A.T.O. through the assignment of its normal forces, the assignment of the V-bomber force, and the Polaris

1131
force is already recognised. Nevertheless, we will examine whether there are ways and means in which we can help them.
Mr. G. Brown: Is it not a fact that the more words which are used about this the greater grows the confusion? Is not the present position this, that our strategic bomber forces are, in fact, already assigned to N.A.T.O., are already targeted in accordance with—[Interruption.] I am asking whether it is not the fact.
If the Lord Privy Seal now wants to deny it, perhaps he will turn up the previous statement by the Minister of Defence. Is it not a fact that our present V-bomber force is targeted in with S.A.C. and, therefore, is already assigned to N.A.T.O.?
Secondly, is it not a fact that our tactical bomber forces in Europe are already armed only with American weapons and are already under the command of S.A.C.E.U.R.? Therefore, is it not a fact that all our bomber forces are already, in one way or another, assigned to N.A.T.O. and that all these words do not change the situation at all?
Mr. Heath: With great respect to the right hon. Gentleman, the first part of his statement was not correct. The second part of his statement, about the tactical forces assigned to N.A.T.O. at the moment, is different. The difference in this arrangement, leaving aside the assignment point to which I have already referred, is the political arrangement within N.A.T.O. in regard to this force. This political arrangement is of the greatest importance, and that is why my noble Friend went to the Council in order to emphasise this point.
Mr. Brown: On the assumption that I am wrong on the first part, is the Minister now saying that the V-bombers are not targeted in with S.A.C. and, therefore, are not part of the N.A.T.O. forces?
Mr. Heath: As I understand the position, the right hon. Gentleman is correct in saying that they are targeted with S.A.C. That is perfectly true.
Mr. Brown: I said so.
Mr. Heath: It is a separate arrangement. Naturally, it is related, but it is not the same thing.
Several Hon. Members rose—
Mr. Brown: Mr. Speaker, on a point of order. We are confusing terms here and getting the House into confusion. N.A.T.O. is the wide Atlantic organisation under which the air forces of all our nations come. SACEUR is a different matter. I asked the Lord Privy Seal whether we are targeted with the Strategic Air Command. Both are part of N.A.T.O. I did not ask the Lord Privy Seal whether we were targeted in with Europe, but with N.A.T.O. Is not S.A.C. a part of N.A.T.O.?
Mr. Speaker: I am grateful for the fact that these problems of nomenclature do not raise points of order for me. What was in my mind—I know that the House will understand the fact—was that we have a great deal to do and that we really cannot debate this statement now.
Mr. Warbey: On a point of order. I wonder whether you, Mr. Speaker, would be kind enough to say how hon. Members on this side of the House who are not Privy Councillors may be enabled to catch your eye when Ministerial statements are made?
Mr. Speaker: Since I am allowed to permit only a few questions on these occasions, perhaps by persuading the Front Benches to remain seated; but I do not know.

N.A.T.O. COUNCIL (FOREIGN SECRETARY'S VISIT)
  NEW MEMBER SWORN
  Albert Edward Patrick Duffy, esquire, for Colne Valley.

LOCAL AUTHORITIES (SCOTLAND)
3.47 p.m.
Mr. William Hamilton: I beg to move,
That leave be given to bring in a Bill to enable county councils, counties of cities and burghs with a population of not less than 25,000 to have all the powers of companies under the Companies Acts.
There are four main reasons for my seeking to introduce the Bill. The first is what I can only describe as the shocking unemployment in Scotland, especially among the young people. The second is the complete and utter failure of the 1959 General Election "gimmick", the Local Employment Act. The third is the belief that local authorities can and should be allowed to play a much larger part in the solution of this problem. The fourth is the need to carry further the Government's new-found faith in the ability of public bodies and public enterprise to get the economy out of the stagnation in which it now wallows.
To deal with these reasons very briefly, the figures over the last twelve years show the extent to which the Scottish unemployment situation has deteriorated. In April, 1951, the unemployment in thousands in Scotland was 54·7. In April, 1962, after twelve years of this Conservative Government, that figure had risen to 79·9, an increase of very nearly 50 per cent. in Scotland alone.
The monthly averages show that the situation is much worse than that. In 1951, the monthly average was 53·4 thousand and in 1962 it was 83·1 thousand, an increase of 56 per cent. The current figure of unemployment in Scotland is 125,266—a post-war peak and a drop of only 564 in the last month in the total number of wholly unemployed. So there has been no impact, or scarcely any at all, as a result of the improvement in the weather. Indeed, for every vacancy in Scotland today there are 14 unemployed men chasing it.
The figures of youth unemployment represent what I can only term a criminal irony in National Productivity Year. At 9,432, the number of youths unemployed in Scotland is the highest of any region. No wonder the youth of the country is turning to the Labour Party, as every Gallup poll shows. They would be
1134
extremely foolish indeed to put their faith in people who deny them the basic right to work. In Fife alone we have had nearly a fourfold increase in youth unemployment in the last two years. Many boys, straight from school, have never had a job for more than a year. I have no apology to make for setting these facts before the House. I do not share the view of the Leader of the House of Lords, who said in an unemployment debate on 19th February last, that the House talked too much about the problem of unemployment.
Nor do I take the view of certain other Tory speakers, for example, John Clotworthy Talbot Foster Whyte-Melville Skeffington, who is, as all hon. Members know, the thirteenth Viscount Massereene and the sixth Viscount Ferrard. He said in that debate in another place that because we have the Welfare State the unemployed were not too badly off and were, in fact, becoming too choosey.
The noble Lord made those remarks because, he said, he had tried to get a gardener and an odd-job man at the employment exchange and was unable to get them because either the house which was offered was too big, or the wage was too small. I guess that the wage was too small, but he really thought, as a result of his experience, that they were becoming too choosey. He was talking about people who, of course, are living on unemployment rates. Let him and hon. Gentlemen opposite go outside the House now and they will see just what the problem is. They will see a large number of unemployed lobbying hon. Members.
The third reason for my seeking to introduce the Bill is the need to give local authorities new powers. They want much more imaginative work to do. They are responsible bodies. They are large associations of consumers of goods and services of all kinds and they have enormous purchasing power. At present, they rely too heavily for the supply of these goods on private firms, price rings and monopolistic agencies which make vast profits out of their activities.
I would like to give one or two examples of this. First, regarding common services. I do not see why local authorities should not operate their own banking services. Why should they not jointly

1135
undertake the flotation of loans through a central bureau? Why should they not have general powers to set up municipal savings banks, like the extremely successful one in Birmingham which has been going for many years?
Many local authorities in England undertake the production of goods. For example, Burnley, Sheffield and many others have their own printing works and I have received information which reveals that in Sheffield, in particular, this is an extremely impressive activity. The same could be applied to direct labour schemes for housing. I understand that in Sheffield, on eight schemes over the last five years, a saving of £½ million was achieved by the local authority in open competition with private enterprise.
I asked the Fife County Council for a list of certain items of equipment used in schools in the county and the amount spent on those items in the last year. The list includes text books, exercise books, paper and boards, stationery sundries, handwork materials, school furniture, science equipment, machine tools and many others. That is not a comprehensive list of all purchases, but the total value was £253,450. Of that, 68·75 per cent. came from firms in England and less than 32 per cent. from Scottish firms.
If local authorities could get together —and I am assuming that if the Bill reaches the Statute Book they will do so —in co-operation in consortia, which the Government are encouraging for school building purposes, and produce in their own factories goods for themselves, there would be tremendous scope for economies. Great advantages would be enjoyed by local authorities if they owned and controlled factories, for they could be sited in areas of high unemployment. They would enjoy the advantages of a known, certain and regular market, the work would be in Scotland rather than mainly in the south of England and a large supply of capital, at low rates of interest, would be forthcoming and no bad debts.
If time permitted I would give other examples of the benefits that would accrue, for there are many other possibilities. For instance, the cost of drugs used in Scotland under the National Health Service in 1961–62 was £7½ million. I have made attempts to find out
1136
which firms supplied the drugs, but even the Government are unable to give their sources of origin, athough I guess that they come mainly from firms in England. Why should these not be produced in publicly-owned factories?
My fourth reason for seeking leave to introduce the Bill is this. Since the 1959 election the Government have shown an increasing awareness of the importance of public enterprise; and I am glad to be able to say that. One of the first things they did after the 1959 election, having committed themselves to no more nationalisation, was to nationalise the Highland shipping services. My hon. Friends and I were glad to see that done because it represented the only way to solve the problem. Since then they have nationalised a big steel firm and have nationalised, or are about to nationalise, the major ports. Admiralty orders represent a growing nationalised concern and it is hoped that these orders will be pushed into the development districts. This is not being done to as great an extent as we would like.
For all these reasons, the Government should welcome my Bill. It is a natural, logical development; a step further towards their own policy, and I hope that the House will see fit to allow me to introduce it.
3.58 p.m.
Mr. Michael Clark Hutchison: The hon. Member for Fife, West (Mr. W. Hamilton) has made his case with his customary charm and clarity, but the proposition that he has put forward will not be acceptable to my hon. Friends, nor to the majority of the electorate. What he is suggesting is a sort of back-handed nationalisation. He is recommending that local authorities in Scotland should have the powers of companies and engage in all sorts of trade and commerce.
I would like to examine the hon. Gentleman's proposition a little more closely, first, in the light of the powers local authorities already possess, and, secondly, as to what they would have if his Bill were enacted.
At present, county councils and large burgh councils in Scotland can promote developments by virtue of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act, 1947. With the approval of the Secretary of

1137
State they can clear derelict sites, prepare land for industry, construct factory buildings for lease; and two or three authorities have already done this. In addition, plans for the redevelopment areas may include the providing of commercial and other buildings for lease and the setting aside of land for this purpose.
These tare wide and sufficient powers authorised by Parliament and I maintain that it is constitutional doctrine that local authorities in this country are given special powers by Parliament which are especially set out in statutes and that it is not acceptable that they should just be given wide general powers.
A company can conduct business, provided that it is lawful, in all sorts of ways. It can trade, manufacture, enter into leases and do any activity that the individual wishes provided that it is within the law and within its articles of memorandum. Furthermore, the objects of a company can be easily changed by resolution without reference to the court. Also the liabilities of members of a company are limited to the number of shares they hold.
The hon. Gentleman's idea bristles with difficulties. If such general powers were given to local authorities, there would be nothing to prevent Edinburgh Corporation setting up a steel works or making mousetraps; or it could start a shipping line or make toy trains. No doubt the Glasgow Corporation could make dustbins and then say that only that pattern would be acceptable to its cleansing department.
I should like to know what local authorities think about these proposals. Who would run all these activities? Would it be the town councils, or the paid officials? We are not given any information about this. Hon. Members opposite believe that if the State or a local authority runs a concern, it must turn to gold. I wonder whether they will ever learn. What would happen if a local authority started one of these concerns and it failed financially? I suppose that it would just be more money on the rates. The ratepayers would be asked to pump more money into it; or a new venture would be started, by which time, I imagine, the exodus of Scots to the South and abroad would be reaching gigantic proportions.
I do not think that the hon. Gentleman has made a very good case. It is purely one of nationalisation. We on this side are glad to know that the Labour Party is stilt wedded to this, because I have no doubt that it is a hobby-horse that will be trotted about in many different colours in the months to come. I have heard many Socialist ideas, but none so fatuous as the one put forward by the hon. Gentleman this afternoon.
Question put, pursuant to Standing Order No. 12 (Motions for leave to bring in Bills and nomination of Select Committees at commencement of Public Business):—
The House divided: Ayes 154, Noes 216.

Division No. 77.]

AYES

[4.4 p.m.

Ainsley, William

Castle, Mrs. Barbara

Gourlay, Harry

Albu, Austen

Chapman, Donald

Griffiths, W. (Exchange)

Allaun, Frank (Salford, E.)

Collick, Percy

Gunter, Ray

Allen, Scholefield (Crewe)

Crosland, Anthony

Hale, Leslie (Oldham, W.)

Baird, John

Crossman, R. H. S.

Hannan, William

Barnett, Guy

Cullen, Mrs. Alice

Hart, Mrs. Judith

Baxter, William (Stirlingshire, W.)

Darling, George

Hayman, F. H.

Beaney, Alan

Daviea, Harold (Leek)

Healey, Denis

Bellenger, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Davles, S. 0. (Merthyr)

Henderson,Rt.Hn.Arthur(Rwly Regis)

Bence, Cyril

Deer, George

Herblson, Miss Margaret

Bennett, J. (Glasgow, Bridgeton)

Delargy, Hugh

Holman, Perey

Blackburn, F.

Dempsey, James

Howell, Charles A. (Perry Barr)

Blylon, William

Donnelly, Desmond

Howell, Denis (Small Heath/

Bottomley, Rt. Hon. A. G.

Edelman, Maurice

Hoy, James H.

Bowden, Rt. Hn. H. W. (Leics, s.W.)

Edwards, Rt. Hon. Ness (Caerphilly)

Hughes, Cledwyn (Anglesey)

Bowles, Frank

Edwards, Robert (Bilston)

Hughes, Emrys (S. Ayrshire)

Boyden, James

Finch, Harold

Hughes, Hector (Aberdeen, N.)

Bradley, Tom

Fitch, Alan

Hunter, A. E.

Bray, Dr. Jeremy

Fletcher, Eric

Hynd, H. (Accrington)

Brockway, A. Fenner

Foot, Dingle (Ipswich)

Irvine, A. J. (Edge Hili)

Brown, Rt. Hon. George (Belper)

Foot, Michael (Ebbw Vale)

Irving, Sydney (Dartford)

Brown, Thomas (Ince)

Forman, J. C.

Jenkins, Roy (Stechford)

Butter, Mrs. Joyce (Wood Green)

Fraser, Thomas (Hamilton)

Johnson, Carol (Lewieham, S.)

Carmichael, Nell

Galpern, Sir Myer

Jones, Dan (Burnley)

Jones, J. Idwal (Wrexham)

Paget, R. T.

Stewart, Michael (Fulham)

Jones, T. W. (Merioneth)

Pargiter, G. A.

Stones, William

Kelley, Richard

Parker, John

Strachey, Rt. Hon. John

Key, Rt. Hon. C. W.

Parkin, B. T.

Strauss, Rt. Hn. G. R. (Vauxhall)

King, Dr. Horace

Pavitt, Laurence

Stross,Dr.Barnett(Stoke-on.Trent,C.)

Lswson, George

Peart, Frederick

Swingler, Stephen

Lee, Frederick (Newton)

Plummer, Sir Leslie

Symonds, J. B.

Lee, Miee Jennie (Cannock)

Prentice, R. E.

Taverne, D.

Lever, L. M. (Ardwick)

Price J. T. (Westhoughton)

Taylor, Bernard (Mansfield)

Llpton, Marcus

Probert, Arthur

Thomas, George (Cardiff, W.)

Loughlin, Charles

Proctor, W. T.

Thompson, Dr. Alan (Dunfermilne)

McCann, John

Rankin, John

Thomson, G. M. (Dundee, E.)

MacCoil, James

Redhead, E, C.

Timmoits, John

Mclnnes, James

Reid, William

Tomney, Frank

McKay, John (Wallsend)

Rhodes, H.

Warbey, William

MacMillan, Malcolm (Western Isles)

Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvon)

Watkins, Tudor

MacPherson, Malcolm (Stirling)

Robertson, John (Paisley)

White, Mrs. Eirene

Manuel, Archie

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Whitlock, William

Mapp, Charles

Royle, Charles (Salford, West)

Wigg, George

Mason, Roy

Short, Edward

Wilkins, W. A.

Melllsh, R. J.

Silverman, Sydney (Nelson)

Willey, Frederick

Mii donee, 4. Idwal (Wrexham)

Paget, R. T.

Stewart, Michael (Fulham)

Jones, T. W. (Merioneth)

Pargiter, G. A.

Stones, William

Kelley, Richard

Parker, John

Strachey, Rt. Hon. John

Key, Rt. Hon. C. W.

Parkin, B. T.

Strauss, Rt. Hn. G. R. (Vauxhall)

King, Dr. Horace

Pavitt, Laurence

Stross,Dr.Barnett(Stoke-on.TrentJC.)

Lswson, George

Peart, Frederick

Swingler, Stephen

Lee, Frederick (Newton)

Plummer, Sir Leslie

Symonds, J. B.

Lee, Miee Jennie (Cannock)

Prentice, R. E.

Taverne, D.

Lever, L. M. (Ardwick)

Price J. T. (Westhoughton)

Taylor, Bernard (Mansfield)

Llpton, Marcus

Probert, Arthur

Thomas, George (Cardiff, W.)

Loughlin, Charles

Proctor, W. T.

Thompson, Dr. Alan (Dunfermline)

McCann, John

Rankin, John

Thomson, G. M. (Dundee, E.)

MacCoil, James

Redhead, E, C.

Timmoits, John

Mclnnee, James

Reid, William

Tomney, Frank

McKay, John (Wallsend)

Rhodes, H.

Warbey, William

MacMillan, Malcolm (Western Isles)

Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvon)

Watkins, Tudor

MacPherson, Malcolm (Stirling)

Robertson, John (Paisley)

White, Mrs. Elrene

Manuel, Archie

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Whitlock, William

Mapp, Charles

Royle, Charles (Salford, West)

Wigg, George

Mason, Roy

Short, Edward

Wllkins, W. A.

Melllsh, R. J.

Silverman, Sydney (Nelson)

Willey, Frederick

Miilan, Bruce

Skeffington, Arthur

Williams, W. R. (Openshaw)

Milne, Edward

Slater, Mrs. Harriet (Stoke, N.)

Willis, E. G. (Edinburgh, E.)

Mltchlson, G. R.

Small, William

Woof, Robert

Monilow, Walter

Snow, Julian

Yates, Victor (Ladywood)

Noel-Baker, Francis (Swindon)

Sorensen, R. W.

Zilllaeus, K.

Noel-Baker,Rt.Hn.Phillp(Derby,S.)

Soshlce, Rt. Hon. Sir Frank

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Oram, A. E.

Spriggs, Leslie

Mr. W. W. Hamilton and Mr. Ross.

NOES

Aguew, Sir Peter

Emmet, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn

Kaberry, Sir Donald

Allason, James

Errington, Sir Eric

Kerr, Sir Hamilton

Arbuthnot, John

Erroll, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Kershaw, Anthony

Ashton, Sir Hubert

Faroy-Jones, F. W.

Kimball, Marcus

Awdry, Daniel (Chippenham)

Flnlay, Graeme

Kitson, Timothy

Balniel, Lord

Fisher, Nigel

Lancaster, Col. C. G.

Barber, Anthony

Fletcher-Cooke, Charles

Langford-Holt, Sir John

Barter, John

Forrest, George

Lehurn, Gilmour

Batsford, Brian

Fraser, Ian (Plymouth, Sutton)

Legge-Bourke, Sir Harry

Baxter, sir Beverley (Southgate)

Freeth, Denzil

Lilley, F. J. P.

Beamish, Col. Sir Tufton

CalnraHh, Hon. T. G. D.

Linstead, Sir Hugh

Bell, Ronald

Gammans, Lady

Litchfield, Capt. John

Bevins, Rt. Hon, Reginald

George, Sir John (Pollok)

Lloyd,Rt.Hn.Geofrrey(8ut'nCd'field>

Bidgood, John C.

Gilmour, Ian (Norfolk, Central)

Longbottom, Charles

Bitten, John

Gilmour, Sir John (East Fife)

Longden, Gilbert

Biggs-Davison, John

Clyn, Dr. Alan (Clapham)

Loveys, Walter H.

Bingham, R. M.

Goodhart, Philip

Lubbock, Erie

Birch, Rt. Hon. Nigel

Goodhew, Victor

Lucas-Tooth, Sir Hugh

Bossom, Hon. Clive

Gower, Raymond

McAdden, Sir Stephen

Bourne-Arton, A,

Gresham Cooke, R.

MacArthur, Ian

Bowen, Roderic (Cardigan)

Grimond, Rt. Hon. J.

McLaren, Martin

Box, Donald

Gurden, Harold

Maclay, Rt. Hon. John

Boyle, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward

Hall, John (Wycombe)

Macleod, Rt. Hn. lain (Enfield, W.)

Brewis, John

Hamilton, Michael (Wellingborough)

MacmlUan, Maurice (Halifax)

Bromley-Davenport,Lt.-Col.SirWalter

Harris, Frederic (Croydon, N.W.)

Macpherson.Rt.Hn.NialKDumfrles)

Brooman-White, R.

Harrison, Brian (MaWon)

Markham, Major Sir Frank

Brown, Alan (Tottenham)

Harrison, Col. Sir Harwood (Eye)

Marshall, Douglas

Buck, Antony

Harvie Anderson, Miss

Mathew, Robert (Honlton)

Bullard, Denys

Hastings, Stephen

Matthews, Gordon (Meriden)

Campbell, Cordon (Mciay & Nairn)

Heath, Rt. Hon. Edward

Maxwell-Hyslop, R. J.

Cary, Sir Robert

Henderson, John (Cathcart)

Maydon, Lt.-Cmdr. S. L. C.

Channon, H. P. G.

Hicks Beach, MaJ. W.

MIscampbeH, Norman

Chataway, Christopher

Hill, Dr. Rt. Hon. Charles (Luton)

Montgomery, Fergus

Chichester-Clark, R.

Hill, Mrs. Eveline (Wythenshawe)

Moore, Sir Thomas (Ayr)

Clark, William (Nottingham, S.)

Hill, J. E. B. (S. Norfolk)

More, Jasper (Ludlow)

Cooke, Robert

Hirst, Geoffrey

Morrison, John

Cooper, A. E.

Hocking, Philip H.

Mott-Radclyffe, Sir Charles

Cordeaux, Lt.-Col. J. K.

Holland, Philip

Nabarro, Sir Gerald

Costain, A. P.

Hollingworth, John

Neave, Airey

Coulson, Michael

Hopkins, Alan

Nichotls, Sir Harmar

Crawley, Aldan

Hornsby-Smith, Rt. Hon. Dame P.

Nicholson, Sir Godfrey

Cunningham, Knox

Howard, Hon. G. R. (St. Ives)

Noble, Rt. Hon. Michael

Curran, Charles

Howard, John (Southampton, Test)

Oakshott, Sir Hendrie

Dalkeith, Earl of

Hughes-Young, Michael

Orr-Ewing, C. tan

d'Avigdor-Goldsmld, Sir Henry

Hulbert, Sir Norman

Osborn, John (Hallam)

Digby, Simon Wlngfield

Hurd, Sir Anthony

Osborne, Sir Cyril (Louth)

Donaldson, Cmdr. C. E. M.

Irvine, Bryant God man (Rye)

Page, Graham (Crosby)

Doughty, Charles

James, David

Page, John (Harrow, West)

Drayson, G. B.

Jennings, J. C.

Pannell, Norman (Klrkdale)

Duthie, Sir William

Johnson, Dr. Donald (Carlisle)

Pearson, Frank (Clitheroe)

Eden, John

Johnson, Eric (Blackley)

Peel, John

Elliot, Capt. Walter (Carshalton)

Johnson Smith, Geoffrey

Pickthorn, Sir Kenneth

Elliott,R.W.(Newc'tle-upon-Tyne,N.)

Jones, Arthur (Northante, S.)

Pllkington, Sir Richard

Millan, Bruce

Skeffington, Arthur

Williams, W. R. (Openshaw)

Milne, Edward

Slater, Mrs. Harriet (Stoke, N.)

Willis, E. G. (Edinburgh, E.)

Mltchlson, G. R.

Small, William

Woof, Robert

Monslow, Walter

Snow, Julian

Yates, Victor (Ladywood)

Noel-Baker, Francis (Swindon)

Sorensen, R. W.

Zilllacus, K.

Noel-Baker,Rt.Hn.Phillp(Derby,S.)

SosKice, Rt. Hon. Sir Frank

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Oram, A. E.

Spriggs, Leslie

Mr. W. W. Hamilton and Mr. Ross.

NOES

Agnew, Sir Peter

Emmet, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn

Kaberry, Sir Donald

Allason, James

Errington, Sir Eric

Kerr, Sir Hamilton

Arbuthnot, John

Erroll, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Kershaw, Anthony

Ashton, Sir Hubert

Faroy-Jones, F. W.

Kimball, Marcus

Awdry, Daniel (Chippenham)

Finlay, Graeme

Kitson, Timothy

Balniel, Lord

Fisher, Nigel

Lancaster, Col. C. G.

Barber, Anthony

Fletcher-Cooke, Charles

Langford-Holt, Sir John

Barter, John

Forrest, George

Lehurn, Gilmour

Batsford, Brian

Fraser, Ian (Plymouth, Sutton)

Legge-Bourke, Sir Harry

Baxter, sir Beverley (Southgate)

Freeth, Denzil

Lilley, F. J. P.

Beamish, Col. Sir Tufton

Galbraith, Hon. T. G. D.

Linstead, Sir Hugh

Bell, Ronald

Gammans, Lady

Litchfield, Capt. John

Bevins, Rt. Hon, Reginald

George, Sir John (Pollok)

Lloyd,Rt.Hn.Geofrrey(Sut'nCd'field>

Bidgood, John C.

Gilmour, Ian (Norfolk, Central)

Longbottom, Charles

Bitten, John

Gilmour, Sir John (East Fife)

Longden, Gilbert

Biggs-Davison, John

Clyn, Dr. Alan (Clapham)

Loveys, Walter H.

Bingham, R. M.

Goodhart, Phllip

Lubbock, Eric

Birch, Rt. Hon. Nigel

Goodhew, Victor

Lucas-Tooth, Sir Hugh

Bossom, Hon. Clive

Gower, Raymond

McAdden, Sir Stephen

Bourne-Arton, A,

Gresham Cooke, R.

MacArthur, Ian

Bowen, Roderic (Cardigan)

Grimond, Rt. Hon. J.

McLaren, Martin

Box, Donald

Gurden, Harold

Maclay, Rt. Hon. John

Boyle, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward

Hall, John (Wycombe)

Macleod, Rt. Hn. lain (Enfield, W.)

Brewis, John

Hamilton, Michael (Wellingborough)

Macmillan, Maurice (Halifax)

Bromley-Davenport, Lt.-Col. Sir Walter

Harris, Frederic (Croydon, N. W.)

Macpherson. Rt. Hn. Niall(Dumfries)

Brooman-White, R.

Harrison, Brian (Maldon)

Markham, Major Sir Frank

Brown, Alan (Tottenham)

Harrison, Col. Sir Harwood (Eye)

Marshall, Douglas

Buck, Antony

Harvie Anderson, Miss

Mathew, Robert (Honiton)

Bullard, Denys

Hastings, Stephen

Matthews, Gordon (Meriden)

Campbell, Cordon (Mcray & Nairn)

Heath, Rt. Hon. Edward

Maxwell-Hyslop, R. J.

Cary, Sir Robert

Henderson, John (Cathcart)

Maydon, Lt.-Cmdr. S. L. C.

Channon, H. P. G.

Hicks Beach, Maj. W.

Miscampbell, Norman

Chataway, Christopher

Hill, Dr. Rt. Hon. Charles (Luton)

Montgomery, Fergus

Chichester-Clark, R.

Hill, Mrs. Eveline (Wythenshawe)

Moore, Sir Thomas (Ayr)

Clark, William (Nottingham, S.)

Hill, J. E. B. (S. Norfolk)

More, Jasper (Ludlow)

Cooke, Robert

Hirst, Geoffrey

Morrison, John

Cooper, A. E.

Hocking, Philip H.

Mott-Radclyffe, Sir Charles

Cordeaux, Lt.-Col. J. K.

Holland, Philip

Nabarro, Sir Gerald

Costain, A. P.

Hollingworth, John

Neave, Airey

Coulson, Michael

Hopkins, Alan

Nicholls, Sir Harmar

Crawley, Aldan

Hornsby-Smith, Rt. Hon. Dame P.

Nicholson, Sir Godfrey

Cunningham, Knox

Howard, Hon. G. R. (St. Ives)

Noble, Rt. Hon. Michael

Curran, Charles

Howard, John (Southampton, Test)

Oakshott, Sir Hendrie

Dalkeith, Earl of

Hughes-Young, Michael

Orr-Ewing, C. Ian

d'Avigdor-Goldsmld, Sir Henry

Hulbert, Sir Norman

Osborn, John (Haliam)

Digby, Simon Wingfield

Hurd, Sir Anthony

Osborne, Sir Cyril (Louth)

Donaldson, Cmdr. C. E. M.

Irvine, Bryant Godman (Rye)

Page, Graham (Crosby)

Doughty, Charles

James, David

Page, John (Harrow, West)

Drayson, G. B.

Jennings, J. C.

Pannell, Norman (Kirkdale)

Duthie, Sir William

Johnson, Dr. Donald (Carlisle)

Pearson, Frank (Clitheroe)

Eden, John

Johnson, Eric (Blackley)

Peel, John

Elliot, Capt. Walter (Carshalton)

Johnson Smith, Geoffrey

Pickthorn, Sir Kenneth

Elliott, R. W.(Newc'tle-upon-Tyne, N.)

Jones, Arthur (Northants, S.)

Pilkington, Sir Richard

1140

1141

Pott, Percivall

Smyth, Rt. Hon. Brig. Sir John

Turton, Rt. Hon. R. H.

Prior, J. M. L.

Spearman, Sir Alexander

Tweedamuir, Lady

Proudfoot, Wilfred

Speir, Rupert

van Straubenzee, W. R.

Pym, Francis

Stanley, Hon. Richard

Vane, W. M. F.

Quennell, Miss J. M.

Steward, Harold (Stockport, S.)

Vaughan-Morgan, Rt. Hon. Sir John

Redmayne, Rt. Hon. Martin

Studholme, Sir Henry

Vosper, Rt. Hon. Dennis

Rees, Hugh

Summers, Sir Spencer

Wade, Donald

Ridley, Hon. Nicholas

Tapsell, Peter

Walker-Smith, Rt. Hon. Sir Derek

Robertson, Sir D. (C'thn's & s'th'Jd)

Taylor, Sir Charles (Eastbourne)

Wall, Patrick

Robinson, Rt. Hn. Sir R. (B'pool,s.)

Taylor, Edwin (Bolton, E.)

Ward, Dame Irene

Rodgers, John (Sevenoaks)

Taylor, Frank (M'ch'st'r, Moss Side)

Wells, John (Maidstone)

Ropner, Col. Sir Leonard

Temple, John M.

Williams, Dudley (Exeter)

Royle, Anthony (Richmond, Surrey)

Thatcher, Mrs. Margaret

Williams, Paul (Sunderland, S.)

Scott-Hopkins, James

Thomas, Sir Leslie (Canterbury)

Wills, Sir Gerald (Bridgwater)

Seymour, Leslie

Thompson, Sir Kenneth (Walton)

Wolrige-Gordon, Patrick

Sharpies, Richard

Thornton-Kemsley, Sir Colin

Wood, Rt. Hon. Richard

Shaw, M.

Thorpe, Jeremy

Woodnutt, Mark

Skeet, T. H. H.

Tiley, Arthur (Bradford, W.)

Smith, Dudley (Br'ntf'd & Chiswick)

Touche, Rt. Hon. Sir Gordon

TELLERS FOR THE NOES:

Smithers, Peter

Turner, Colin

Mr. Clark Hutchison and

Mr. Forbes Headry.

ORDERS OF THE DAY
  CONSOLIDATED FUND (No. 2) BILL
  Considered in Committee; reported, without Amendment; read the Third time and passed.

SCHOOL BUILDING AND TEACHER SHORTAGE
4.15 p.m.
Mr. Frederick Willey: I beg to move,
That this House regrets the further cuts in the school building programmes and the failure to take adequate steps to recruit sufficient teachers.
This is not a debate about whether there should be an increase in our expenditure on education—the Government could not avoid that even if they wished to, and it is no part of my case to suggest it. We have only to appreciate that there are 1 million more children in our schools now than there were ten years ago and that there will be 1½ million more in the schools in ten years' time than there are now to realise that it is not only a question of numbers, but of standards, demands and needs, and that increasing expenditure on education is necessary for our national survival. Increased expenditure is not the issue: the issue is whether we are increasing it at a sufficient pace and whether we are devoting our resources to the right priorities.
No Tory Minister of Education has had such an opportunity as the right hon. Gentleman. What would Lord Eccles have given for the right hon.
1142
Gentleman's opportunities? That is a rhetorical question, because we know that that is why Lord Eccles went. But the right hon. Gentleman took office within sight of a General Election, and everyone knows that a Tory Cabinet turns a more favourable ear to education when there is a General Election in the offing. If I were to call the right hon. Member for Sutton Coldfield (Mr. G. Lloyd) dynamic, he would probably challenge me to repeat it outside the House, but even the right hon. Gentleman, in the corresponding period before the 1959 General Election, introduced his White Paper, his five-year plan and his new drive for school building. The right hon. Gentleman the present Minister has an even greater opportunity, because this is education year, the year when the campaign for education is arousing interest throughout the country.
Surely, this was the Minister's opportunity. Even the Economist blurted out the other day:
"Sir Edward Boyle should already be twisting the Treasury's arm."
What a hope! The right hon. Gentleman is the Treasury's Trojan horse at Curzon Street—that is why he is there. Only a year ago, in this House, he complacently tried to justify the completely unjustifiable. He tried to justify what the vice—chancellors—all of them—found profoundly disturbing" and described as devastating—the absolutely unprecedented rejection by the Government and the Treasury of the recommendations of the University Grants Committee. That rejection was, at any rate, made on grounds of economy, but now that the Chancellor of the Exchequer is removing

1143
the ravages of his predecessor and boosting public expenditure what is the right hon. Gentleman doing?
The Minister of Education has the two major responsibilities of promoting school building and providing an adequate supply of teachers. What is he doing? He is cutting back the building programmes and treating the teaching profession with the contempt which the Government reserves for the academic profession. The moral is that if we have a Tory Government we cannot afford to have a weak Minister of Education—and that is not an exaggeration by a politician or an expression of political bias.
I could call in aid many examples, but let me call in aid Education, which no one can allege is a party political publication. It is, in fact, the official organ of the Association of Education Committees. In its article on the building programme, that journal began:
"Is Sir Edward Boyle really Lady Horsbrugh in disguise? His actively misleading treatment of the building programme suggests that, as during the régime of his noble forerunner, there is a substantial cut taking place under the smokescreen of deceptive statistics about approvals and starts."
As I have said, his noble forerunner was acting under the duress of economic crisis, but the article concludes:
"This is a shabby little episode made the more shabby by the shifty way in which it has been put across. If Sir Edward cares for his image he must not put himself forward as Mr. Geoffrey Lloyd and Lady Horsbrugh rolled into one. Fighting for the building programme is the Minister's first duty. If he fails so badly when capital spending is rising, how will he do when the cold wind blows?"
The position of school building is simply that, in spite of the new schools built since the war. a large proportion of our children are enjoying their schooling, eighteen years after the end of the war, in appalling conditions. Even today there are in use 100 schools which were blacklisted and condemned as long ago as 1921.
The recent report on a survey made by the National Union of Teachers shows that one in seven of primary schools completely lacks any water sanitation, one in six has no hot water supply, only 40 per cent. have separate dining rooms, only 50 per cent. have playing fields, no more than 60 per cent. have an assembly hall, and only 41 per cent. a separate staff room.
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Let hon. Members try to visualise these conditions and picture the difficulties of teaching in them, and teaching, more often than not, over-sized classes. Then, bearing this factor in mind, let hon. Members realise that there will be 750,000 more children in these schools in 1970.
The position of the secondary schools is little better. We talk a great deal about science teaching. I notice that in its most recent survey the Association of Science Masters says that if we take only grammar schools and apply the standard applied by the Industrial Fund to independent schools only 1 per cent. satisfy their test in science laboratory standards. Against this background we have to regard the building programme today as inadequate. This is why, in spite of the economic crisis, we on this side of the House resisted cuts made at the expense of education.
First, there were the minor works, which were important because the improvement and modernisation of the old schools is so desperately needed. The value of minor works has gone up steadily over the years. In 1960–61, the value of minor works started was £21 million. No one for a moment, and least of all. Lord Eccles, regarded this as the ceiling. It was a satisfactory achievement, but it was only a stage towards far greater expenditure. The economic crisis came, and this was the particularly vulnerable part of education expenditure. It was halved and then more than halved. This was a mean and contemptible economy.
The present Minister, in a way which Education would describe as shabby and shifty, has created the impression that he has restored the minor works programme to £21 million. He has done nothing of the sort. He has brought it back to no more than £16 million. This takes no acount of the increased building costs and the greater needs caused by the fact that the programme was, interrupted by the right hon. Gentleman's predecessor.
We have a five-year school building programme under which it is the Government's aim to get work costing £300 million started in that period. In 1961–62, actual works started were of the value of £66,400,000. The economic crisis came and Lord Eccles told us that he had been

1145
obliged to cut the programme back to £55 million, that is, £11 million less than the starts achieved in 1961–62. He informed the respective local education authorities and we on this side of the House pressed him to review the programme. He said that he could not do so and he could not increase the allocations made.
I therefore asked the right hon. Gentleman, as he then was, to provide the House with particulars of the programme. He gave us the particulars, but they did not add up to £55 million. They added up to £47 million, or £19 million short of what had been achieved in 1960–61. Lord Eccles, however, offered us one consolation. He said that he still believed that at the end of the fourth year he would have achieved four-fifths of the five-year programme and that we should have a £60 million allocation in the fifth year. Incidentally, he said that we should have this announcement in the late summer or the early autumn.
Lord Eccles went, the late summer went, the early autumn went, and we came to the late winter and with a flourish of trumpets the right hon. Gentleman the present Minister announced his school building programme. What was it? It was £55 million, not a penny more than Lord Eccles had been able to hold under the stress of an economic crisis. When the Chancellor of the Exchequer was saying that he wished to promote public building, the Minister of Education, after all this procrastination and delay, could promise no more than his predecessor had been able to hold under a Chancellor of the Exchequer who was imposing savage economy cuts.
It is, however, far worse than this. What was adequate in 1958 is no longer adequate today. I should like to give the House an illustration. We all welcome the encouraging trend of children staying on at school after the school-leaving age, but this is happening in far greater measure than it was happening in 1958. Again the position is far worse because building costs have gone up sharply since then. The right hon. Gentleman has told us that if we take into account building costs and cost limits the total sum would not be £300 million. He estimates that this is a programme amounting to a cost of £344 million. I do not accept this figure. I believe that
1146
it is an underestimate, but if we accept it the programme which the right hon. Gentleman has announced is not £5 million short, but £49 million short, of the programme which the Government announced as long ago as 1958. Worse still, all assumptions of the 1958 programme have gone.
When the right hon. Gentleman was at the Ministry as Parliamentary Secretary he spoke with some ebullience. He said he did not think that there would be unemployment among teachers in the mid-1960s, or that there would not then be a surplus of teachers. The Government were basing their programmes and assumptions on the belief that the child population in our schools was static. We know that the Government were l million or ¾ million out in their estimates. We must make provision for this in these building programmes, but even if we disregarded these factors the right hon. Gentleman has not even matched the targets laid down as long ago as 1958.
Again, just as with Lord Eccles, having waited for months, and having pressed the right hon. Gentleman to give us particulars of the allocations, we find that they do not total £55 million. They do not even add up to the £47 million of Lord Eccles's programme. They total only £42 million. The local authorities submitted programmes totalling, according to particulars given by the right hon. Gentleman, £187 million and probably a good deal more. In fact, the right hon. Gentleman had previously indicated that it was more. Against that we have this pitiful allocation of £42 million.
Let us look at the list. We find no fewer than 13 counties which have been told by the Minister that they have no need at all for new school building. They have been given no allocation at all. More than 30 county boroughs have been told that they shall have no school building whatsover. I name a few: Blackburn, Burnley, Derby, Dewsbury, Halifax, Huddersfield, Smethwick and West Ham. Can hon. Members envisage that in these boroughs, heavily concentrated industrial boroughs, there is no place whatever for new school building?
Mr. George Thomas: Will my hon. Friend mention the fact

1147
that there are six counties in Wales which have been told that they shall not have a single school building next year?
Mr. Willey: What my hon. Friend says is quite right. I mentioned the 13 counties. The fact that six of them are Welsh shows how badly the Welsh have suffered. They have suffered badly, probably, because of the particular regard which they pay to education.
I mention three boroughs in particular— the right hon. Gentleman will know why I do so—Gateshead, Preston and Worcester. None of these three has received any allocation at all. In the Minister's White Paper top priority was accorded to the reorganisation to the all-age schools. These three boroughs are among the four worst authorities in the country for all-age schools, yet they do not get a single new school building from the Minister.
Let us look at the list a little further. I take the example of Yorkshire. It is not true, unfortunately, that every local education authority in Yorkshire is Labour. They are Labour and Tory. But all the Yorkshire education authorities subscribed to a resolution and sent a telegram to the Minister expressing their deep concern that these very severe reductions should be made at this time against the background of increased costs and the background of the reductions already made in the previous year's programme. We know, of course, that these authorities had reason to feel aggrieved. Almost without exception, they did not get even 50 per cent. of the work which they had declared themselves willing and able to carry out and which they believed to be necessary to implement the Government's policy.
I turn now to London. London was encouraged by the Government when they produced their White Paper, and it said that to carry out the Government's intentions it was willing and able to carry out the necessary programme amounting to £4 million each year. In fact, over the past three years, London has carried out programmes averaging £3,200,000. But it is an interesting index of the increase of school building costs that, although the programmes have averaged in cost £3,200,000, not a single programme is in volume greater than the originally sanctioned programme of
1148
£2,400,000. Lord Eccles cut that to £1¾ million. What has the present Minister done? Has he given London an allocation of £3,200,000? Has he given London an allocation of £2,400,000, or has he even given London the allocation of £1¾ million which Lord Eccles gave? The right hon. Gentleman has given London an allocation of £877,000, about half what Lord Eccles gave London under the duress of economic crisis.
Now I come nearer to the constituency of my right hon. Friend the Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown). I have said that Derby has had no allocation whatever. The Director of Education for Derbyshire has published the figures for the county. In 1960–61, Derbyshire had an allocation of £830,000. In 1961–62, it had an allocation of £1 million, and in 1962–63 it had an allocation of £844,000. Along came Lord Eccles with his economy axe and Derbyshire got an allocation of £756,000. But what has the present Minister done? He has given Derbyshire an allocation of £446,000.
Finally, I turn to my own constituency. Sunderland, with its heavy unemployment, is in the heart of the unemployment area of the North. In Sunderland, we have had a massive school building programme since the end of the war. But—this is why I began as I did—we have to look at these things realistically. It is still the fact, in spite of the new schools, that one in every three children in Sunderland is being taught in a school which was built before the beginning of the century. About half our children in the secondary schools are being taught in schools built before the First World War. This is the measure of the neglect of the Tory Government before the war.
I have said before in the House that what oppresses me in education are the two nations of school children, those who go to the new schools and those who go to the old We could not find this situation more dramatically exposed than it is in Sunderland. We have the new schools all on the periphery, on the new housing estates, and in the heart of the town we have disgraceful and appalling slum schools. This is a condition, of course, which we can find repeated in almost every industrial urban area in the country.
Mr. Eric Lubbock: I sympathise with the hon. Gentleman when

1149
he speaks of his own constituency, but does he not agree that this is a widespread problem? In my constituency, for instance, there is one primary school building which was built in 1851.
Mr. Willey: I am obliged to the hon. Gentleman for his help. I do not suggest that this is peculiar to any particular place. It applies throughout the whole country.
The Minister, probably anticipating the interest which he knew I should take, and have taken, in these programmes, issued a Press release which made a special point of what his Department had done for Sunderland. He pointed out that, in fact, Sunderland has the largest allocation of any education authority in the North-East except for the counties of Durham and Northumberland. This is absolutely true. But what is equally true is that the allocation we have received from the right hon. Gentleman is the smallest allocation we have had for five years and it is £200,000 less than the allocation we got two years ago.
The Minister of Education (Sir Edward Boyle): Since the hon. Gentleman is making a point about Sunderland, and has referred to a large number of authorities which are to receive less in 1964–65 than in 1963–64, I should point out that my figures show that Sunderland received £49,000 in 1963–64 and is to receive £320,000 in 1964–65.
Mr. Wiley: What the Minister overlooks is that the £49,000 allocation was so ridiculous and contemptible that his predecessor immediately revised it after I had raised the matter in the House.
In view of his ill-success last year, I advised Lord Eccles, the previous Minister, to stop being pushed around from pillar to post by the Treasury and to stop wasting his time in the Cabinet. I do not know whether he took this advice to heart, or whether it was the Government who thought that he was too tough a Minister of Education. But, however much Lord Eccles failed, he did not fail so miserably as has the present Minister, who frustrated and exasperated the University Grants Committee last year. He upset the universities, and it will take them a long time to recover. Now he has frustrated and upset—I say this for the benefit of the hon. Member for Orpington (Mr. Lubbock)—every education authority in the country.
1150
Let us now turn to the alarming question of the teacher shortage. No one should be in any doubt about how grim is the teacher supply situation. The right hon. Gentleman will agree with that because that is what he himself has said. But it is no good saying it and not accepting responsibility for it. The responsibility is that of the right hon. Gentleman and his Government. This is the result of past indifference and neglect.
I remind the House of what was said in July, 1956, by Lord Eccles, when he was Minister. He told the House:
"It is now too late to build any more training colleges. They would come into service only in 1958, and their first students to enter the schools would pass out of those colleges only in 1960, by which date the school population will be declining …"—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 25th July, 1956; Vol. 557, c. 445.]
In the event, there were 300.000 more children in the schools when the time came. What disturbs me far more than this massive miscalculation is that there was no sense of urgency for the Government to deal with the problem of oversized classes. This was the great opportunity. If the Government had taken that opportunity, they would have failed, but they would nevertheless have prevented the chaos which we are now facing.
The problem of oversized classes is the biggest source of social inequality and the greatest bar to equality of opportunity that there is. The right hon. Gentleman will agree with that, because those are words which he has used. But it is no good saying that without accepting responsibility. The Minister was Parliamentary Secretary in 1958 when the Government rejected the very cautious advice of the National Advisory Council on the Training and Supply of Teachers, which recommended that 16,000 more places should be provided in the training colleges.
That is why we have oversized classes today, eighteen years after the war. We have had no policy from the Government, but only a makeshift provision from year to year. It is incredible. One would think that in this country children sprang from the womb five years old with their school caps on. The birth rate began to increase and to increase very sharply in 1955, and it has gone on increasing sharply ever since, but the Government have not taken account of that increase.

1151
When I undertook the responsibilities of the Opposition's spokesman on education, and opened my first debate on the subject in 1961, the facts were stark and obvious—the birthrate figures, the oversized classes, the wastage rates among teachers. Lord Eccles was kind enough to comment that I had made an interesting speech. He said that he had believed that in 1965 there would be 6 million children in the schools, but that he now thought that there would be 7 million. Having made that interesting observation, he said that he could not see how he could go any further in the training of teachers. He said that the Government were awaiting the Robbins Report, but nothing was done.
We returned to the issue of the crisis in teacher supply last summer. The then Parliamentary Secretary said "We had estimated that the school population would be 7 million and remain at that figure; but, oh dear me! we were wrong. We understand that it will be at least 7¾ million in 1970 and 8½ million by 1980." Because that was the second occasion on which we had raised the subject, the Government had to produce something. They produced a couple of "gimmicks"—auxiliary service and short-term commission. What has the right hon. Gentleman to tell us about those this afternoon? They were produced dramatically as the solution, but nothing has been heard of them since. They were quietly buried until we had another debate on education.
The Minister himself has said that this problem is the biggest single source of social inequality in Britain. He gave me the figures recently.There are million children in primary schools in classes of more than 40; there are nearly 2½ million in oversized classes—and those are classes which are oversized by pre—war standards and those are the figures for January, 1962. Why cannot we have the figures for January, 1963? What is the good of the Department having a computor if we have to wait all this time for the figures? We want the figures for 1963, because this is the year of intermission.
The appalling figures for 1962 which the right hon. Gentleman has given me are the optimum figures. From now on the position will deteriorate rapidly and will be worse next year than this. The
1152
Government estimate that there are 5,000 fewer first appointments in primary schools this year than last year. We know the wastage rate of teachers and we know that we began the year with 2,500 fewer teachers in the primary schools than last year. By a singular feat of social engineering, it so happens that this year when we have a shortfall of teachers, is the first year of the new bulge coming into the schools.
The crisis of teacher shortage which is facing our schools is not just a question of the numbers of teachers. It is also a matter of the qualifications of the teachers. As I pointed out in our last debate, whereas 78 per cent, of the teachers in the grammar schools are graduate teachers only 17 per cent. in secondary modern schools are graduate teachers. The disparity is almost as great as that between elementary schools and grammar schools before the war. It is no good talking about parity of esteem and equality of opportunity if this disparity exists. Among the graduate teachers there is an acute and desperate shortage of teachers of mathematics and science.
We can deal with this problem only it we have a policy. What has the right hon. Gentleman to say about the longterm aspects of the eighth Report of the National Advisory Council? What has he to say in advance of the Robbins Report? We know that the Robbins Report will say that there is an appalling inadequacy in the provision of higher education. We have to act now. We ought to have acted years ago.
When the right hon. Gentleman says, as he will say, that the Government are waiting for the Robbins Report, I remind him that we are still awaiting the implementation of the Crowther Report, which is very germane to the issue of higher education. We will not have the numbers we need in higher education until we raise the school-leaving age. We will not get the numbers in full-time education at 18 until everyone is educated up to 16.
The truth is that the Government have no plan and have given us no constructive response. What they have given has been too little, too late, and too begrudgingly. The right hon. Gentleman recently expressed his great personal pleasure at announcing further places

1153
in the training college—I do not know how many we have had. We welcome the increase, but I join with Education in saying that the Minister's statements are very shifty and shabby. He knows that he cannot do this on £7 million.
We are facing a desperate shortage. In the light of this shortage, it is a great tragedy that last year 2,000 or more fully qualified young people failed to embark on training for teaching in the training colleges and that several thousand failed to get into university. The tragedy will be greater, because we know that this year the position will be worse and that next year it will be much worse. Yet this still evokes no plan and no response from the Government. All that we have had is makeshift arrangements year after year.
When I heard about the right hon. Gentleman's plan to disrupt the Burnham Committee and to destroy the negotiating machinery which has been built up over the years, I thought that this was gigantic stupidity, the peevishness of a Billy Bunter dictator. But I have had second thoughts. I do not think that that is the explanation. I think that this is the exasperation of a man not big enough for his job. No one would gainsay, least of all myself, the size of this job. I believe that the right hon. Gentleman has sought to escape his responsibility by deliberately causing a diversion even at the cost of disrupting negotiating machinery which has been laboriously and patiently built up over the years.
Not only will the right hon. Gentleman fail, but his failure will cause a volume of protest which will join the increasing volume of discontent which will sweep not only him but his Government from office.
4.52 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education (Mr. Christopher Chataway): I beg to move, to leave out from "House" to the end of the Question and to add instead thereof:
"recognising the continuing problem of staffing the schools and the difficult physical conditions under which many schools still have to work, welcomes the notable progress made with the recruitment and supply of teachers and the impementation of the school building programme set out in the White Paper of 1958: and notes with approval the Government action in devoting a steadily rising proportion
1154
of the national resources to the public system of education".
The hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) uses such a quantity of black in the picture that he paints of the education service that it is sometimes hard to distinguish any likeness between the picture and the reality. I would never suggest that his speeches were other than works of art, but his effort today was more in the nature of a thoroughly gloomy abstract than an attempt at representational painting. His general charge—and, in essence, it is a generalised charge that he makes—is that we do not spend enough money, that we are starving the service, and that we give to education a miserably low priority. I think that that is his charge, because throughout he argued that inadequacies resulted from insufficient expenditure.
That is an odd charge, as I hope to show, to make of the Government at this time, and it is made all the odder by the quarter from which it comes, whether one considers the record of hon. Members opposite in office or their present attitudes. One would never guess from the hon. Gentleman's remarks that Britain spends more per head on education than almost any Western European country.
Mr. Stephen Swingler: Who says that?
Mr. Chataway: The U.N.E.S.C.O. statistics. They may be checked by hon. Members who wish to check them.
Before turning to general questions of priorities and gross expenditure, I should like to give a little more of the detail of the two main subjects of the debate —teacher supply and school building.
I take first the question of the supply of teachers, because it is here—in securing for the schools enough teachers of the right quality—that my right hon. Friend places his first emphasis. In common with, I think, every other developed nation, we have today a situation, as the hon. Gentleman pointed out, in which the demand for teachers substantially exceeds the supply. Overlarge classes, particularly in some of the primary schools, as the hon. Gentleman and my right hon. Friend have said, are a big hindrance to equality of opportunity. They place a burden on teachers, an obstacle in the way of many children's full development, and undoubtedly involve a waste

1155
of talent, particularly of talent which is less than first-class.
It is with these considerations in mind that the Government have embarked on, and we are now in the middle of, an expansion of teacher training colleges which is not only without precedent in this country, but has few parallels, if any, anywhere else, Our prime source of supply of new teachers lies in the teacher training colleges. There are now 142 general and specialist colleges, plus four concerned with technical teacher training. They are of critical importance.
As the House knows, we embarked upon a major expansion of the training colleges in 1958. It seemed to me that some of the hon. Gentleman's criticisms —I do not say all of them—would have required estimates from the Registrar-General or from my right hon. Friend's predecessor as to the way in which the birthrate was likely to move, which seems to me unreasonable. The expansion which we embarked on in 1958, half of which was completed last year, was designed to add 24,000 permanent training places. We have supplemented this effort by keeping on certain premises due to be given up, by opening, as we are in the process of doing, a number of day units, some of them in improvised premises, sometimes attached to existing colleges and in other cases as separate colleges.
I draw particular atention to the special day provision which has been made in the larger centres of population for older students. There are now eight day colleges specially catering for their needs, and they are proving a great success. With all these measures to date and the good use to which the colleges are already putting their accommodation, the total number in the colleges has already risen from 28,000 in 1957–58 to 48,000 this year. Of course, much more accommodation is yet in the pipeline. We were, therefore, able to look forward to a total training college population of 65,000 by 1966–67.
But we have not been content with that, and, as the hon. Member for Sunderland, North cursorily mentioned, my right hon. Friend recently announced the Government's decision to accept in full the recommendation of the National Advisory Council on the Training and Supply of Teachers that we should aim to
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raise total numbers in the training colleges to no fewer than 80,000 by the end of the decade. This is by any standards a very large undertaking indeed. It will involve something approaching a tripling of numbers in twelve years—less if the time taken in planning is omitted—and I think that the House would be interested if I dwelt for a few minutes on some of the issues involved in this exercise.
In carrying out this further expansion, my right hon. Friend has laid particular emphasis on the need to derive the greatest possible advantage from investment by intensive use of the places provided. We have gained much experience of these possibilities as colleges have responded to the pressures of numbers already put upon them, and we believe that still more can be done. Various methods have been canvassed by the National Advisory Council and others. One of them—the possibility of keeping a college open all the year round—has been mentioned in debate before.
My right hon. Friend hopes that there will be a readiness to experiment, but has taken the view that the precise method to be adopted is for colleges themselves to determine in the light of their own particular circumstances, and they are, of course, rightly anxious to preserve the quality of training and to avoid undue pressures upon the students. At the moment, it looks as if the most useful and most fruitful methods will be found in some expansion of the size of teaching groups, still more intensive use of lecture space, and an extension of the formal teaching day.
Although more students will be accommodated in lodgings, or living at home, the colleges will make a great effort to ensure that they share to the full in the communal life of the college. If these measures are to have full effect—and this could be considerable—there will undoubtedly be cases where selective additions to accommodation will be needed, whether in teaching, library space, or communal accommodation, so that the whole may be used to the full, and we expect to devote many of the further resources that are available to projects of that kind.
We also hope to use this opportunity to increase certain colleges to a considerable size. It has been the intention to

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expand the size of these colleges. In 1958–59, there were only six colleges with 400 students. Already, there are as many as 47 of that size. We hope now to take this process further both as a result of intensive use and also by building up a significant number of colleges to the 1,000 mark.
Throughout this expansion, emphasis is still placed on training for the primary schools, but as total numbers go up increases will be possible in secondary training. In particular, we shall ensure that specialist provision which is made in science and practical subject is used to the full. The colleges have offered every co-operation in these efforts and the implications of expansion to so large a total are far-reaching for them, as the House will appreciate. I cannot pay too high a tribute to the way in which they are tackling a gigantic job.
The expansion comes at a time when there has been marked improvement in the qualifications of candidates entering the teacher-training colleges.
Mr. G. Thomas: There is not enough room at the universities.
Mr. Chataway: I would not contest that the pressure upon university places has had a good deal to do with this.
Equally, I would expect that even with the rapid expansion of university provision, we shall be able to maintain a much higher level of qualification in entrants to teacher-training colleges than has been the case in the past. Nearly 40 per cent. of those entering last September had two A-level passes. This will mean that the teacher-training colleges will undoubtedly take their place with the universities and the technical institutions as one of the three main strands of our higher education system. The momentum of academic development which is now being generated should steadily increase.
The Robbins Committee is considering the precise directions and methods by which that should occur. One thing, however, which seems plain already is the need for a better opportunity than now exists for students at training colleges who so wish, and who can, to go on to get degrees and similar qualifications.
We are, therefore, now engaged upon the fashioning of the long-term structure of the training college system. I find it difficult to understand what the hon.
1158
Member for Sunderland, North might have had in mind when he talked about the absence of a plan concerning the training colleges. Here, surely, we are embarked upon a long-term plan of the utmost significance and the scale am', speed of this operation cannot leave much doubt of the urgency of the efforts now being made to increase teacher supply.
What of the immediate prospects? This year of intermission, when there was less output from the teacher-training colleges because of the introduction of the three-year course in 1960, obviously presented considerable problems for the colleges. Many feared that they would not be able to admit nearly as many as in previous years, but by making a great effort they did even better and took well over 17,000 students, an achievement which deserves thanks and admiration.
Admittedly, about 800 good or acceptable candidates and over 2,000 borderline candidates were unsuccessful. The hon. Member for Sunderland, North accuses my right hon. Friend of making slipshod statements, yet he says that 2,000 good and acceptable candidates were refused entry. That simply is not the case. The figures have been published and are available.
Mr. Wiley: What does the hon. Gentleman mean by "good" and "borderline"? Incidentally, he is quarrelling with the Minister's figure of about 1,000. I took my figure of 2,000 from the Central Clearing House figures.
Mr. Chataway: These categories are known. They are made by the Clearing House. I am not saying that all the borderline candidates would not be accepted for a teacher training college if there were space. All I am saying is that the figures as the hon. Member presented them were wrong. Eight hundred definitely good or acceptable candidates were refused entry and a further 2,000 borderline candidates also failed to gain admission.
Mr. James Boyden: How many borderline candidates applied for admission but failed to pursue their application for a variety of reasons which could have been overcome if the Ministry had had a more friendly attitude towards their application?
Mr. Chataway: That is another question, which requires a breakdown of the numbers who withdrew for a host of reasons, either because their qualifications were clearly inadequate, because they were going to university, or for many other reasons. I am not saying that all the borderline candidates would have failed to gain entry had there been sufficient places, but many of these people were young enough to stay on at school for another year and to try for a place again next September.
It is still too early to predict the size of the colleges' intake next time. There are more applications, both men and women, than ever before, but, on the other hand, many more places will be available. We shall have completed a further section of the current expansion programme for 24,000 places and there will be at least four new temporary day colleges and a number of day units attached to existing colleges. These are intended mainly for girls coming straight from school and when fully in use, they should be able to provide about 1,600 places. All these have been found since the early summer of last year. I should like to thank all the local education authorities who searched their areas to find them.
I hope, too, that many colleges will be able, even in the coming September, to make a good initial response to the plans which my right hon. Friend has put before them, and which I have just described, for more intensive use of their premises. Thus, although it is too early to give precise figures, I am confident that the colleges will surpass all their previous records.
The year of intermission, with few recruits coming from the training colleges, presented difficulties also for the schools. Here, too, there was a great deal of apprehension last summer. In the event, although there has been a temporary decline of about 1 per cent. in the nation's full-time teaching force, the schools are weathering the current academic year much more successfully than many had feared, helped by a vigorous recruitment of part-time teachers—whose numbers are 4,000 higher this year compared with an increase of 3,000 the year before—and of married women returning. They have been helped, too, by teachers postponing retirement for a year and, I admit, by an increase in the number of temporary
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teachers, although this was only to be expected this year.
Now, the schools can look forward to an increasing flow from the training colleges. The immediate increase in intakes to the colleges will have a welcome effect within the next few years and as the expansion programme gathers momentum, its benefits will be increasingly felt by the schools towards the end of this decade and in the 1970s.
It is true, as will be seen from the latest issue of the Ministry's statistics, that our estimates of school population have already had to be revised upwards compared with those of the seventh Report of the National Advisory Council. We must now reckon to have another¼million children in school in 1980 and there is reason to expect that the figure may need to be further increased. It is hardly surprising that adjustments of this kind have to be made as further evidence accumulates of the trend for young women to marry earlier, to have their families sooner and to have larger families, too.
There are two other main sources besides the training colleges from which the schools can expect reinforcements. Recent evidence about the progress so far achieved in persuading married women to come back to the schools and the prospects for a special continuing influx of these teachers are encouraging. Figures about the progress of the campaign to attract women back to the schools have been given to the House from time to time. Now that the campaign, which was launched in February, 1961, has completed its second year, hon. Members will be glad to know that the rate of recruitment in the second year totalled nearly 5,600, which was a real advance on the very promising figure of 4.700 achieved during the campaign's first year.
The fact that the campaign has sustained its momentum for two years in this way is encouraging. The evidence now available about the prospect for the future is even more important. Although the Nuffield Survey on women and teaching is not yet complete, we have been allowed by Professor Kelsall to see the valuable and significant information which he has collected and from which certain provisional conclusions have already been drawn.

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This information suggests, for example, that we can expect at least half of the young women who leave the schools early in their teaching career to return when their family commitments allow, and that, on average, they are likely to return about ten years after leaving the service. It seems that the intention to return to teaching is most marked amongst the younger teachers.
These are good omens for the future. We were rather surprised by the significant number of women who return while their children are still under school age. This was one of the considerations which influenced my right hon. Friend in making his recent announcement in the House about the provision of nursery schools for the children of teachers who wish to return to the schools. That is one example—and an important one—of the ways in which we are buttressing our policy with research.
I have already referred to the growth in the number of part-time teachers. Married women account very largely for this development. About two in every five of the married women returning in the last two years have taken part-time posts, at least initially. Professor Kelsall's data confirmed, as one would expect, a continuing preference among a high proportion of married women for part-time service.
The employment of part-time teachers on a large scale is clearly one aspect of the general staffing situation to which the schools will need to adapt themselves. Many authorities and many schools have learned to employ part-time teachers extremely efficiently. I do not underestimate the difficulties there are in this, but I am quite sure that the success of some areas can be followed by others.
The supply of teachers of mathematics and science was debated in the House on the Christmas Adjournment and, of course, the shortage of these teachers continues to be serious. I referred then to the steering committee which brought together representatives of the universities, schools and the Ministry to consider the problem of securing an adequate supply of graduates in mathematics. This committee, among other work, has secured information about the number of students admitted to honours courses in mathematics at the universities, and it is clear that these numbers are increasing very
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rapidly. The universities seem likely to produce roughly twice as many of these graduates this year as they are doing in the middle of the 1950s and admissions to earlier years of the course show that the trend is being well maintained.
From all these sources, the flow of teachers is broadening. From the university expansions we can expect greater numbers. Married women are returning to the schools in larger numbers. The whole scale of teacher-training provision is undergoing little short of a revolution.
Now I turn to the subject of school building and, first, I must comment on the word "cuts" that appears in the Opposition Motion and with which the hon. Member for Sunderland, North made great play. He knows that it is thoroughly misleading invariably to describe the system by which we decide the projects which are to be included in any programme as the Ministry "cutting" the programmes of local education authorities.
Mrs. Harriet Slater: What else is it?
Mr. Chataway: I will explain to the hon. Lady. The procedure is probably not widely understood outside the House. One gathers that from reading local newspapers. Perhaps I may explain it briefly for those who may be under a genuine misconception.
Each local education authority may submit a list of projects from which, after comparison with the needs of other areas, and bearing in mind the resources he has available, my right hon. Friend selects those that are to go into the programme for any one year. He does not object to authorities submitting lists of projects which they know to be larger and more expensive than can be authorised, because it gives him a broader picture of their needs and may facilitate the right selection. But there can be few authorities in any year which expect to get every project that they have submitted included in the programme.
If, in some year, every project of every authority were to be so included—perhaps by calling a complete halt to hospital or house building—I think that there would be quite a large number of authorities and ratepayers who would be very alarmed. I hope, therefore, that in this debate we may have a rational

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discussion which does not start from the belief that projects submitted by local education authorities add up in total to a sort of national plan which the Minister then proceeds, as a result of a change of policy, to cut.
Mrs. Slater: Is the hon. Gentleman saying, then, that every local authority deliberately puts in more than it needs?
Mr. A. E. Cooper: Of course they do and have done for years.
Mrs. Slater: I said "every local authority". Is the Parliamentary Secretary suggesting that all authorities have not really considered their problems? Is he aware that I have here a list of my local authority's requirements for the last five years and of the schools which have been struck out by the Minister each year and never returned, but which we consider to be of vital importance to our education programme? He suggests that this is not a cut, but no local authority will believe that it is not.
Mr. Chataway: Perhaps the hon. Lady will develop that when she comes to make her speech.
The fact is that this is the procedure which has been followed by successive Governments. Inevitably, it is the Government's job to judge between the priorities in different areas and the only way in which one could avoid having a cut in the sense in which hon. Members opposite use the word is if every local education authority were able to determine the size of its own building programme. If that were the case, however, I do not believe that there would be many local education authorities which would submit building programmes of the size they do now.
This is no criticism of them. It is helpful if they submit a wide range of projects so that they can be compared with the needs of other areas and so that my right hon. Friend has a broad picture. This is just a thought on the procedural aspect. I do not believe that it helps towards a rational discussion to proceed on the assumption that this represents "cutting" by my right hon. Friend.
Mr. George Brown: Can we apply that to the case of Derby County Borough? The local education authority put up some schemes to the Minister
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and he struck the whole lot out. Is the hon. Gentleman saying that that was not a cut in the borough programme? Does he say that there is no need in Derby for any new schools?
Mr. Chataway: I am not saying that Derby will not need any new schools. All I say is that, in allocating the resources that we have in any one year, it is necessary to make choices between different areas. There are 50 local education authorities which have larger allocations this year than they had last year. The hon. Member for Sunderland, North does not add to his argument greatly by picking out local education authorities and implying that they are entirely representative.
Mr. Willey rose—
Mr. Chataway: No, I must get on.
Now I come to consider the figures for 1964–65 building programme. This is the last for the 1960–65 quinquennium, and will complete the £300 million building programme announced in the Government's 1958 White Paper. The figure for 1964–65 has been announced by my right hon. Friend as not less than £55 million, the figure for 1963–64.
But as in the previous year, the total of new projects announced to the authorities is less than the figure for authorised starts. It is around this difference that much discussion has centred. The hon. Gentleman has frequently ignored the difference between programmes, between starts and between work done. He compares the figures with gay abandon. Today, he tried several times to make capital out of the difference existing between them. I will explain as clearly as I am able the reasons for the disparity between the two figures.
If every project started in the year it was programmed to start, there would be no difference. But for a variety of reasons mostly unavoidable—difficulties of site acquisitions, shortage of architectural staff and tendering problems—some projects start late. Therefore, when fixing the total value of new projects announced to the authorities, we have to take account not only of the starts authorised for that year, but the value of the projects likely to be carried over from the previous years, and any

1165
rise in the value of those projects compared with the original estimates.
The five-year programme has to be looked at as a whole. In the first two years the Government deliberately announced programmes somewhat in excess of the authorised starts so as to "prime the pump" and move to a higher level of investment quickly and smoothly. We did the same in the case of the five-year further education building programme from 1956 to 1961.
Mr. Willey: I concentrated on starts, so that there would be a consistent comparison throughout my argument. I took the year and gave the starts, which amounted to £66,400,000, because this showed what the local authorities could do. This was the whole point. If they could start work totalling this sum, they should do the same in the year we are now discussing.
Mr. Chataway: The hon. Gentleman is referring to the figure for 1961–62. In considering what starts are possible there are a number of other factors which have to be taken into account. The large school building programmes of 1960–61 and 1961–62 will cost a great deal more than was originally allowed to them. That is mainly due to rises in cost limits which came after the announcement of the programmes and increases in the cost of new construction. In consequence the programmes of new projects for the last two years have had to be below the starts authorised. But there is no doubt that work done in the five-year period will amount to the full £300 million.
Mrs. Eirene White: Will the hon. Gentleman say what allowance has been made over the five-year period for the increase in costs to which he has referred, of the £300 million in 1958? We ought to know exactly what the Government have in mind.
Mr. Chataway: I am coming to that point.
The hon. Lady's argument is that in view of the rising costs the Government ought to announce an increase in order to ensure that a quinquennial programme is carried through which is worth £300 million. It would be very satisfactory always to be able to avoid the effects of inflation in that way. It would be even
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more satisfactory from our point of view to have had work done over the five years to the value of £300 million at 1958 prices—the year of the publication of the White Paper.
Those who have supported the Government in resisting and limiting inflation may, with greater justification, complain of its ill-effects. But it is not always possible to compensate for rising costs in that way. Projects programmed in this instance will total fully £300 million over the five years.
No final decision has been taken on this 1964–65 programme, but any further increases in authorised starts will have to await the outcome of the Government's review of capital investment and the future load on the building industry. In any case, the effect of the 1960–65 building programmes will be very substantial. The programme will greatly alter conditions in which most of our schools have to function.
The hon. Gentleman mentioned the N.U.T. survey. A survey is also being undertaken by my right hon. Friend. Both will refer to the condition of schools in the summer of 1962. Previous to 1960 nearly all school building resources had to be devoted to providing roofs over heads. There was very little if any capital devoted to straight improvements. Now there is £200 million for straight improvements in the programme up to 1965 and, therefore, one may look for striking and recognisable improvements in standards particularly in secondary schools in the next few years.
Mr. G. Thomas: Would the Parliamentary Secretary tell me what proportion of that money is to go to areas which has been refused any new schools, like the six Welsh counties? What proportion for improvement is going to them?
Mr. Chataway: I do not suppose that the hon. Gentleman expects to obtain that figure from me at the moment. But I will get him the figure.
Alongside that quantitative expansion continued efforts are being made to achieve better schools at a more economic cost. I should not like the House to think that the emphasis is purely on science, or that the only problem considered is that of science. A long-term effort is needed to modernise our schools

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and there is a firm basis of past achievement and experience and current work from which to tackle that task.
I have outlined the Government's action in both spheres covered by the Opposition's Motion. In both the true picture is one of rapid expansion. This is questioned by the right hon. Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown). If he will look at the figures, I think that he will find that he cannot come to any other conclusion. The charge of the hon. Member for Sunderland, South is that we do not spend sufficient money. He made virtually no other serious criticism of our policy. I understand that it is not his case that there is wasteful expenditure in any direction, or that in any educational field our resources could be better distributed, or that we have the balance between capital and current expenditure wrong. None of these charges is made by the hon. Gentleman. His professed concern is solely with gross expenditure.
Let me deal briefly with gross expenditure. What has happened? In 1952–53 education in England and Wales, excluding the universities, cost £404 million. In 1957–58, it cost £663 million. In 1962–63, the figure is over £1,000 million and next year it will probably be £1,088 million. These figures show a steady expansion in the first six years of Conservative Government which has gathered momentum since 1957, and when every allowance is made for inflation it is still the case that the total education expenditure has almost doubled in real terms—
Mr. Lubbock: Will the hon. Gentleman give the figures in real terms?
Mr. Chataway: If the hon. Member is asking me to do the conversion in my head, he overestimates my abilities. But the hon. Gentleman can well see that it represents double in real terms. Perhaps he would prefer it in proportions of the gross national product.
Mr. Lubbock: Yes.
Mr. Chataway: Of course, if the nation is better off today than in 1951, one would expect a higher proportion of the national resources to be devoted to education.
Mr. Lubbock indicated assent.
Mr. Chataway: I see that the hon. Gentleman agrees with me.
From 3·1 per cent. of the gross national product in 1951 the figure has risen to 3·8 per cent. in 1957 and 4·7 per cent this year. It will probably be 4·9 per cent. in 1963–64, which is little short of a rise of 2 per cent. of the gross national product. One wonders what precentage of the gross national product hon. Gentlemen opposite believe should be devoted to education.
Where else are the necessary cuts to be imposed? Should hospitals or housing receive a smaller proportion of the national resources? Hon. Members opposite have made it clear that they would spend no less on defence, although they would spend it differently. It is not clear that they wish to see a larger proportion of the national product being expended by local government and the Central Government.
They cannot ride out this question by talking about growth, because it seems to hon. Members on this side of the House extremely unlikely not only that there would be any growth under a Labour Government, but that even if a Labour Government were able to achieve the N.E.D.C. 4 per cent. rate of growth, rather than the present 2½ per cent.—and their proposition is that if they are able to achieve a 4 per cent. rate of growth they will devote 4 per cent. more, in real terms, to education each year—this makes the criticisms of the hon. Member for Sunderland, North look hollow, because expenditure on education over the past five years has improved by 5·7 per cent. in real terms.
The hon. Member for Flint, East (Mrs. White) hopes to find a complete answer in the increase of the number of children, but that increase has been about one-sixth over the past decade, during which period expenditure on education has doubled, in real terms.
Mr. Willey: I made it clear that I was not charging the Government with any desire to cut back educational expenditure, but the whole drift of what the hon. Member is now saying is to that end. Will he declare where he stands? Is he in favour of expanding education?
Mr. Chataway: The Conservative Party's record gives the hon. Member the answer to that question. We should not

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have gone for an expansion of this kind were we not convinced that education should be given a high priority. If the hon. Member really believes that there is a serious possibility of a Labour Government, the best service he can do for education is to persuade his right hon. arid hon. Friends that it is right to make sacrifices and show restraint in other fields in order to devote a rising proportion of the nation's resources to education.
Alongside the hon. Member's criticisms one would expect him to show an awareness of the vastly increased share of the national wealth which has been devoted by this Government to education, and an awareness that it is showing a good return. One would think, from listening to him, that there was nothing to show for an extra 2 per cent. of the gross national product for education, and nothing to show from a doubling in real terms of education expenditure over a decade. What a basis, if ever he were Minister of Education, from which to start arguing with all the other claimants upon the Exchequer that his party encourages so freely!
The Government believe that education should be, as it is, the fastest growing item of expenditure in the national budget, not only because we know that there is still much to do but because we recognise that a greatly increased expenditure has brought a greatly increased return, both in skills that are of economic importance to the nation and in expanding individual opportunity.
Sir Leslie Plummer: If the hon. Member believes that, will he explain why, in the borough which he has the honour to represent, one of the few Catholic grammar schools—St. Joseph's Academy—has been denied the opportunity even of having a science laboratory? How does he explain that, in terms of what he has said?
Mr. Chataway: If the hon. Member suggests that the figures concerning the increase in national expenditure on education that I have given him are fraudulent, I hope that he will frame his charge a little more directly. I have never said that we do not have to make hard choices between different areas. I have never implied for a moment that there is not a great deal left to do. I hope that I made that absolutely clear at
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several points in my speech. Naturally, as the Member for Lewisham, North, I wish that that project could have been included in the building programme, but I am satisfied that we are taking the right decision, and that there were other projects of higher priority.
5.35 p.m.
Mr. Philip Noel-Baker: The County Borough of Derby has already figured in the debate, and it may now be appropriate for me to make the brief intervention for which you have been good enough to call me, Mr. Deputy Speaker. I rise at the express request of the Council of the County Borough of Derby, conveyed to me in an official letter from the Town Clerk. The decision that the Town Clerk should write to me and send me a copy of a letter which the Council addressed to the Ministry on the subject of school building was agreed to unanimously, the Conservative members of the Council giving their support to the proposal of the Labour majority. The proposal was made by a Labour member and seconded by a Conservative member, with not a voice being raised in opposition.
The opening paragraph of the Council's letter to the Minister is in forthright terms. It says:
"Your letter dated 14th February notifying my Authority of the decision of the Minister not to include any of our proposals in the Major Building Programme for 1964–65, has been received with great dissatisfaction by the Council. I am instructed to write to you expressing their very strong protest at your decision."
What moved the Council—including the Conservative members—to write to the Ministry in that way?
I will read the Ministry's letter to the Council. It said:
"Sir, With reference to Mr. Middleton's letter of 29th June, 1962, I am directed by the Minister of Education to state that he regrets that it has not been found possible to include any of the Authority's projects in the Major Building Programme for 1964–65.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient Servant,
(Signed) S. M. Smith pp. (A. S. Gann)"
That is a scandalously casual way to notify Derby Council of a major policy decision, which was of immense importance to the borough. It was very damaging to the education policy and programme of the Education Committee,

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and to the interests of the people of Derby. I should have thought that in a matter of this importance the Minister would have thought it right to sign the letter himself, rather than leave it to his regional officer, Mr. Gann. Indeed, the House will note than not even Mr. Gann troubled to sign the letter himself. He left it to a clerical assistant to sign on his behalf.
But much more serious than the casual and discourteous form of the letter is the substance of the decision which it conveys: no school building at all for Derby in 1964–65; everything cut off; their urgent needs wholly disregarded; their forward plans in chaos; the work of their architect and his staff disrupted at a moment's notice, by an arbitrary Ministerial decision which I confess I find it impossible to understand. I keep in close touch with the educational work of the Council, and I believe that there was nothing in the building programme for 1964–65 which was not genuinely—and I would say urgently—required.
The schools of Derby are a source of pride to all the people—especially the modern schools, which are admirably designed and splendidly equipped. But this has not been done by extravagant or crash programmes. It has been done by very careful planning over the years. All the new building for which the Council asked, and which was part of this planning, is thrown into total confusion by this retrograde and reactionary decision which the Minister has made. No wonder the Council says that Mr. Smith's letter was received with "great dissatisfaction" and that it told the Town Clerk to write expressing its "very strong protest" at the decision.
There was one project to which the Education Committee and the Council attached particular importance—the project to replace St. Mary's Secondary School. That is a Roman Catholic school. I know it and I have greatly admired the work done by the headmaster and staff. It has been agreed for years that the building was no longer adequate for a secondary school and that it must be urgently replaced. The Council put this at the top of its programme for 1964–65. This is what it said in its letter:
"The highest priority in this Council's submission was for a replacement of St. Mary's
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Secondary School. This has appeared in our major building programme proposals for a number of years, and is now very much overdue. This particular proposal is strongly supported by the Nottingham Roman Catholic Diocesan Commission for Schools, and the new building would replace premises which are quite inadequate for a secondary school. It would also release the existing premises for use as two primary schools, so relieving considerably growing pressure in the existing Roman Catholic schools. Moreover, as an aided school, the full cost of the proposals would not fall upon public funds."
We all admire the devotion and generosity of the Roman Catholic community in raising money for building and maintaining schools. If the project for St. Mary's Secondary School were carried through, the Roman Catholics would have carried a quarter or a half of the financial burden, according to a formula which the Ministry has devised and applies in such cases.
I cannot conceive how the Minister came to this extraordinary decision about St. Mary's. Probably the reason was that he had never heard of St. Mary's and did not make any inquiry into Derby's problems, but gave his regional officer orders in general terms to make economies, and endorsed without question what that officer said. I am now challenging that decision with all my power. I am calling on the Minister to tell us tonight that he will reverse it, and reverse it without delay.
In asking that I am transmitting the wishes of Derby Council and of the Conservative members on it. This is what they say in the Town Clerk's letter:
"My council feel the urgent need for going ahead with this particular project very strongly indeed, and I am instructed to ask the Minister for reconsideration of his decision and the inclusion of this project at least in the 1964–65 major building programme."
I hope the Minister will tell us that he has agreed to do what my Derby friends desire. In urging the case for Derby, I am also voicing the wishes of all the boroughs, county boroughs and counties which have been given nothing for school building and of whom my hon. Friend the Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) spoke this afternoon. In a telegram the Yorkshire Association of Education Committees said to the Minister on 19th March:
"This Yorkshire Association of Education Committees, meeting today in Ilkley expresses its deep concern that, after the reductions

1173
already made in the 1963–64 building programme of authorities in membership and the greatly increased costs of building, there should he severe reductions in their 1964–65 building programmes; and asks the Minister to make urgent representations to Her Majesty's Treasury for additional funds to be placed at the disposal of the education service in respect of both school and further education building".
I have been in close touch with teachers in Derby in recent weeks. In nearly thirty years I have never known them so united and so indignant as they are today. The Burnham machinery was created in 1922—before either of the Ministers on the Government Front Bench was born. It has worked admirably for forty years. The Committee is very widely representative of the teachers and local education authorities who employ them and who, let it be remembered, pay 40 per cent. of their salaries. The Minister came to his present office in the great purge of last July. After nine months he has done something which none of his predecessors has ever done. He has not only rejected the Committee's last proposal about salaries, but he has done so without taking into consideration, so far as I can see see, any of the proposals about differentials which had been agreed to and adopted over the years since 1945. Let him be very certain that the teachers bitterly resent what he has done. They regard it as a grave discouragement to the younger teachers who bear such a heavy burden of the out-of-school activities which are of such importance to our educational system. Several people who are well informed have said to me last weekend that they believe what the Minister has done will accentuate the tendency for young teachers to augment their incomes by taking outside employment in their spare time instead of taking out-of-school activities to which they have given themselves in the past. By recent decisions the Minister and the Parliamentary Secretary have struck a grave blow at their own future political careers. They have done much worse than that—they have struck a grave blow at British education. In the Treasury view they may have made economies, but the Treasury's economies often mean a grievous national loss.
Mr. Chataway: I think the right hon. Member must be under a basic misconception about the whole Burnham Com-
1174
mittee question. There is absolutely no question of my right hon. Friend asking for a rise for teachers less than that recommended by the Burnham Committee.
Mr. Noel-Baker: Of course, I understand that the Minister, against the wishes of the Burnham Committee, has redistributed the sum which has been agreed, but it is on the building programme that the Treasury believes it has made economies and the Treasury's economies often mean a grievous national loss.
Mr. Charles Curran: Will the right hon. Member give way?
Mr. Noel-Baker: I cannot give way now. Our education is Britain's future. The Ministers have done a bad day's work for Britain by the short-sighted and lamentable proposals which we are debating today.
5.46 p.m.
Mr. Gilbert Longden: The right hon. Member for Derby, South (Mr. P. Noel-Baker), in his praise of the Burnham Committee, seems to be more diehard than the deepest Tory I have ever known. Because something is old it must therefore be good and incapable of improvement—that would seem to be his argument. I am afraid that I cannot follow him in it, although I shall have something to say about teachers.
The Opposition Motion
"regrets the further cuts in the school building programmes and the failure to … recruit sufficient teachers".
It is true that it is the duty of the Opposition to oppose, but one is somewhat amazed at the effrontery of this particular attack. It is not as if there were any cause whatever for the Opposition to do its job by keeping the Government on their toes, because the Government have been on their toes for a very long time in this matter. I have been refreshing my memory about some things which used to happen during the six post-war years in reference to education; I have looked at various Ministry circulars which were published from 1947 to 1951. I read:
"the shortage of certain principal building materials … will inevitably entail drastic curtailment of new works programmes generally. …
Even in 1949 it will be essential to avoid new building wherever possible."
Mr. Edward Short (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central): Four years after the war.
Mr. Longden: I also read:
"There will be some slowing down of our advance"
in educational building. That was said by Mr. Attlee in 1949. Then I read:
"For the 1951 programme a reduction of 12½ per cent. …will not be sufficient."
"The maintenance of…
Government policy —"
"depends, however, on the strictest economy being exercised … Authorities are asked to submit to the Ministry as soon as possible … a statement showing the amount of the savings which they will effect …
The value of improvements to old schools started during the financial year, 1951–52, must still be restricted to about three-fifths of the figure for … 1949."
Lastly, in 1951:
"The Minister regrets"—
the late Miss Otis had nothing on him—
"that the resources available are not sufficient to permit any significant increase in expenditure"
on educational works.
Mr. William Hamilton: Would the hon. Gentleman say from which document he is quoting?
Mr. Longden: These are extracts from Ministry circulars, published in the "Conservative Party Campaign Guide". The source of my information does not make the quotations any less authoritative. We must remember, too, that in those days there were no nursery schools. There was a ban on them, and on major improvements to old schools. There were no new buildings for the school meals service. There were reduced transport facilities, and increased charges for school meals. No doubt they were all necessary at the time, but they were certainly more "cutting" than anything we are doing now.
By contrast, what are we doing now? My right hon. Friend the Prime Minister when he first took office gave education first priority of the social services, and this afternoon we have heard that the total cost of offering equal opportunities to all our children has nearly trebled since 1951, and that it is now 4·7 per cent. of the gross national product. Not enough yet, it will be said, and truth-
1176
fully said, but it is increasing annually far more rapidly, I am sorry to say, than the gross national product, and if the Opposition would lend their influence to increasing that rather than increasing the expenditure on education, which we do not have to be asked to do, it would be more beneficial to the country.
As for school buildings, we have built four times as many schools each year as the Opposition did when they were in office. The average number is 480 against 110. I know that these are unpalatable facts to the party opposite, but it is time that they were disclosed. Every day during our period of office one school and one-third of another school has been completed, and they are much better schools and they cost far less per place than those built by the Opposition.
As the hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) said, between 1951 and 1962 the number of school children in England and Wales increased by 1¼ million. What he did not say was that the number of school places increased by 2½ million, and that 380,000 places are now under construction. Nor did he tell us that during the same period the all-age, or the black list, schools fell from 5,636 to 775. The £300 million programme for England and Wales announced in the 1958 White Paper for the five-year period 1960 to 1965 will have been achieved when the amount recently announced for 1964–65 has been spent. There has been no cut, and the fact of the matter is that any figure which is less than the Opposition would have liked represents a "cut" to them.
The making of new places in teacher training colleges forms a bridge from the Opposition's first criticism to their second. Since 1958–59 these colleges, as we have heard from the Parliamentary Secretary, have expanded their intake from 28,000 to 48,000, and plans have now been made to enable them to take 80,000 by 1970, which is the number recommended by the National Advisory Council.
What, then, of the alleged failure to
"take adequate steps to recruit sufficient teachers"?
The supply of teachers depends upon adequate facilities for training and upon enough applicants to be trained. The facilities are not yet enough but they are being increased as rapidly as it is practically possible to increase them. As to

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applicants, in spite of the pay and conditions, there are more would-be teachers of good calibre than can at present be trained.
That brings me to this perennial discontent about salaries. I made it the subject of my maiden speech in this House and said:
"… I have chosen this occasion not only because of the paramount national importance of the subject … but also because it is or should be non-contentious."
I went on to say:
"I pass now to the second method whereby we seek to give a sound education to our children, and that method is by paying their teachers properly … we who control the public purse … should not sit idly by and allow the builders of future generations to be paid scarcely more than a jobbing gardener."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 4th May, 1950; Vol. 474, cc. 2013 and 2016–17.]
I am amused to see that the then Member for Aberavon (Mr. Cove), who had the customary task of offering congratulations, said:
"I am quite certain that he will get the teachers' vote. He has indeed been most outspoken in support of their claims."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 4th May, 1950; Vol. 474, c. 2018.]
Today I fear that I shall not get the bulk of the teachers' vote because I have had to tell them quite plainly that I wholly support my right hon. Friend in what he is trying to do for the profession.
After all, my right hon. Friend has nothing whatsoever to gain by alienating the whole of the teaching profession. If it be true, which I doubt, that he has done—
Mr. G. Thomas: Does the hon. Gentleman think that his right hon. Friend knows better than the profession what is good for the profession?
Mr. Longden: We are not always the best judges of what is good for us. By Statute my right hon. Friend is responsible for the conduct of the educational system in this country. He has nothing to gain by alienating the teachers. His reason can only be that he genuinely believes it to be in the best interests of the profession as a whole. Of course, he must, as the largest paymaster, be a party to the negotiations, and of course he must have a say in the salary structure of the profession.
I have had to tell my teachers, too, that I do not think that the proposed
1178
starting salaries compare unfavourably with the first earnings, generally after six years' training, in other professions. Nor can the other professions look for such early increments. Between 1955 and 1961 the average salary of men teachers rose by nearly 50 per cent., and of women teachers by over 50 per cent. In both cases that was more than the average earnings in this country, and very considerably more than the rise in the retail price index.
But the intermediate and ultimate rewards of the teaching profession compare very unfavourably with those of other professions, and I agree with the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester who wrote to The Times the other day and said that
"where scholars do leave the country, in my experience, it is far more often the prospect of future advancement and opportunity than salary which is the operating cause."
My right hon. Friend believes that it is that prospect which will encourage the best people to come into teaching, far more than the prospect of an additional £50 at the start, and I agree with him.
Let us look at the solutions the Opposition have to offer. At a time when too many classes are already over-sized, when the number of pupils is increasing, when more are staying on after 15—one-third of the 15-year-olds now stay on as against only one-fifth in 1951—and at a time when six times as many pupils at our secondary modern schools are taking O-level examinations than was the case in 1954, the Labour Party announces that the reduction of all classes to 30 and the increase of the school-leaving age to 16 are
"decisions which can no longer be postponed".
That is to say, they must immediately be introduced. This is to be found in Signposts for the Sixties.
Mrs. White: That does not necessarily mean that it must be immediately implemented. It is clear that hon. Gentlemen opposite have not read the Crowther Report. This made it clear, after a careful study of population trends, that one ought urgently to take a decision on the timetable by which one would then raise the school-leaving age. The Committee said that it ought to have been taken years ago, but we still have not had it from the party opposite. The decision

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on the timetable would then condition all the other decisions, but we have never had a decision on the timetable. Members opposite said that they accepted the principle, but we have never had the nub of the Crowther Report, which is the decision on the timetable.
Mr. Longden: The hon. Lady is perfectly right, as one would expect her to be, about the Crowther Report, but I was quoting from Signposts for the Sixties, which says that the increase in the school-leaving age to 16 is
"a decision which can no longer be postponed."
I would have said that that means that it must immediately be introduced.
Yet to effect these very desirable reforms another 140,000 plus 20,000—that is, 160,000—teachers would be necessary in our maintained schools. To effect these desirable reforms which "can no longer be postponed" would mean that. There is no indication whatever of where these teachers are to come from, nor any sign of acknowledging the problem of wastage among young women, which is being so successfully tackled by my right hon. Friend. No wonder The Times could write, as it did on 29th June, 1961:
"An assertion of ambition which so blandly ignores all the more obvious practical impediments … does not deserve very much respect."
Not only do the Opposition make suggestions whose fulfilment would demand far more teachers and make no suggestions as to where they are to come from, but they have also made two specific proposals which would very greatly increase our existing difficulties. These two proposals are, first, that they would "integrate", whatever that word means, the so-called public schools, and so saddle the State with the cost of educating getting on for another half million children. Yet not so long ago they were saying, with very much more commonsense—I quote from Learning to Live (1958):
"We are saying that the citizen has a right to decide for himself. If, in addition to paying his rates and taxes, he wishes to buy private education, he cannot in a free country be prohibited from so doing."
I say, "Amen!"
The other specific proposal made by the Labour Party is contained in what
1180
The Times has described as a piece of "fairly tale pamphleteering". The Times comments:
"Everything is to be doubled, or trebled, or quadrupled (it is not clear which) within a term of years (it is not clear how many)."
We are to have forty-five new universities which are to be
"centres of research and forward-thinking where new ideas are germinated."
To elevate "a wide range of institutions" to university status in order to reduce "academic and social snobberies" is, according to The Times, "a piece of doctrinaire absurdity".
It is a piece of doctrinaire absurdity which well illustrates the Achilles heel of the Labour Party. Its attitudes to Oxford and Cambridge, to the public schools, to the comprehensive schools, and to teachers' salaries, all tell the same story—the adulation of equality and the adulteration of quality. They remind me of the Emperor Claudius who went along with his stick lopping off the heads of the taller poppies to reduce them all to the same size. The Labour Party's highest aim is to ensure the compulsory standardisation of mediocrity. What must at all costs be scotched is the natural inequality of the individual. They are the poppy-loppers of today.
There will always be much more to do, but having regard to the record of the Labour Party when in office and to its policies, or lack of them, when in opposition, I must say that I think these monotonous partisan attacks fail to carry any conviction whatever among those who know the facts. The Government have nothing to be ashamed of in their record, and no intention of resting on it, and I hope that the House will support the Amendment in the Lobby tonight.
6.5 p.m.
Mr. George Thomas: I am grateful for the opportunity to follow the hon. Member for Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. Longden), who seems to believe that quality is to be found in the public schools. This is the old idea on which the Tory Party has lived for so long. The Tory Party is, it is true, seeking to foster the privilege which attaches to the old school tie of the public school. It is the negation of equality of opportunities that we should be able to talk of privileged sectors in education

1181
today. I believe that the hon. Gentleman has missed an opportunity to deal with the matters which are disturbing those concerned in education at present. There are confusion and crisis in education, as the House well knows.
I enjoyed the speech of the Parliamentary Secretary. If I may say so without patronage, he is a very pleasing speaker. I, as a schoolmaster, give him full marks, but who would have believed from his speech that there was trouble in the world of education? I have never heard a Minister speak at a time of such crisis as this in education without one word to reveal that he is aware that in every schoolroom in the land there is indignation, and in every local education office, there is resentment. The Parliamentary Secretary stood at the Dispatch Box for three-quarters of an hour without making any reference to it. If this is indicative of the understanding of the Ministry of Education today, small wonder that we are in a crisis.
I want to refer to the school building programme. I endeavoured, thanks to the courtesy of the Parliamentary Secretary in giving way, to raise the question of the six counties in the Principality of Wales—largely rural counties, it is true—which have been told that in 1964–65 they shall not replace one school in the whole of their area. The Parliamentary Secretary and my hon. Friend the Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) referred to the inquiry into the state of our schools which was undertaken by the National Union of Teachers. The schools which are without adequate sanitation, with the old earth closet, are largely in the rural areas. It is monstrous that in 1963 the Government should tell six Welsh counties, "We are so poorly off that we cannot afford for a single child in your areas to be rehoused in a better school in 1964–65".
If I may refer briefly to a constituency case, the case of the Llandaff Church School, in the City of Cardiff, has been submitted year after year after year to successive Ministers of Education. I have been requested by the Cardiff Education Committee to raise this question today. The chairman of the committee happens to be an ornament of the party opposite. He is a gentleman whom I have fought on two occasions at General Elections. I only say that so that the House shall
1182
realise that criticisms are coming from Conservatives in the country who know something about education and who are appalled at the mix-up of the priorities of the present Ministry of Education.
In Llandaff, the site has been bought, the land is available, the local authority is eager to go ahead, and believes that it could proceed, but the Minister has said that he knows best what is good for Cardiff and that the authority should not proceed with this Church school. I ask him to consider this case afresh. Without developing the argument further, I urge him to consider the very special circumstances involved, because I consider that further consideration by the Ministry is necessary.
The Parliamentary Secretary was pleased to tell us that 40 per cent. of the entrants to teacher training colleges last year had two A-levels or more. I agree that this is a high level. These are all people who are capable of taking a good degree. No hon. Member will deny that any high school student who takes two good A-levels is not good university material and, given an opportunity, would take a good degree. This demolishes the case for the Ministry delaying much longer facing up to the fact that teacher training colleges which keep such high calibre students for three years should be entitled to give them a degree when they leave. It is unreal to say that while those who are lucky enough to get into a university can, after three years, take a degree, equally qualified young people who spend three years in a teacher training college must come out with a lesser qualification and, thereby, suffer financially all the days of their teaching careers.
The Minister has really established our case. He seemed to think, from all the figures he poured upon us, that he was doing all he could to recruit the right number of teachers. His faithful friend from the back benches, the hon. Member for Hertfordshire, South-West, can always be relied upon these days to rush to the defence of his Front Bench. I do not know why—
Mr. Longden: I hope that the Chief Whip will note that remark.
Mr. Thomas: —he always gets up to defend his Front Bench these days. He also poured out statistics indicating,

1183
somehow or other, that the target of the Ministry was adequate to our needs.
But what is the truth? The Minister will confirm that on present figures he does not expect, by the mid-1970s, to have brought the size of classes down to 40 in the primary and 30 in the junior schools. Am I not right in saying that the ambition of the Government is to mark time with the size of classes for the next decade and a half? I invite hon. Members opposite—and I accept that some of them know a good deal about education—to join me in criticising the Ministry because its targets are not high enough.
From where are we to recruit our teachers? It is a sorry fact that only eight out of every 100 boys and girls in Britain stay on for full-time education until they are 18 years old. It is from that 8 per cent. that all the professions—the nationalised industries, the Civil Service, and so on—must recruit. The Minister can check these figures, but I am sure that he will find that my calculation is right. Out of that 8 per cent. only 4 per cent. reach universities. Further, an examination of these figures reveals the appalling fact that a very low proportion of those who stay on until 18 are the children of manual workers.
It is still important in this country for one to have money if one's child is to stay longer at school. That is why there is so much privilege on the benches opposite. It is not preaching class war to acknowledge that there is a sector of our national life whose children can stay on until they are 18, 19 or even 20. They can go to the public schools or universities. There is another sector, nearly all of whose children are out of full time education before they are 18; yet despite this Britain needs all the latent skill and talent of her people. We do not know how much ability is being lost.
Mr. Curran: Does the hon. Member believe that parents should be forbidden from buying their children's education?
Mr. Thomas: No, not at all. I thought that the hon. Member knew me better than that.
What I think is appalling is that the State should provide such a low standard of education that those who are well off in life should be able to buy for their
1184
children a privilege that should be available for all. I believe that many of our young people are being denied the opportunity of going further with their education. We might take a leaf out of the book of some of the Communist countries in this respect, for they at least ensure that all the talent of their people is developed.
Sir E. Boyle: I have looked the figures up and I entirely agree with the hon. Member about the importance of this question. His figure of 8 per cent. is rather behind the times, because if he will look at page 24 of the Ministry's statistics he will see that the right figure is now 9·9 per cent. for full-time students in schools.
Mr. Thomas: I am grateful to the right hon. Gentleman. It seems that I was 1 per cent. out. [An HON. MEMBER: "Slightly more."] I was a history master, not a mathematics teacher. In any case, the Minister's intervention does not in any way detract from the argument I am advancing. It still means that there is a privileged elite who are buying privileges for their children.
Mr. Ellis Smith: Has my hon. Friend ever doubted that?
Mr. Thomas: No, but we must not cease to point it out.
We hear a lot of talk these days about there being a broad highway of opportunity for all people of ability and that no young man or woman is denied the chance of going all the way with his or her educational abilities. That is a lot of poppycock. We are behind most civilised countries in the way in which we allow snobbery and privilege to play a part in our education services.
Mr. A. Bourne-Arton: I am following the hon. Member's argument with interest. Is he arguing that too few children stay in full-time education in the sixth forms of our grammar schools until they are 18 years of age? How are children under-privileged if they do not—those who could benefit—take advantage of the excellent facilities in our grammar schools?
Mr. Thomas: I will put it as simply as I can. The plain truth is that to stay at school until 18 presents an economic

1185
crisis for many working-class homes today. The only way to increase the figure the Minister gave—the 9 per cent., or slightly over—to 20 per cent., as I believe it should be, is for the Government to face up to the need for adequate maintenance allowances in secondary schools. That would at once increase the pool of ability available for us to recruit for the teaching and other professions. It is not only a matter of social justice, but of elementary human rights for the individuals who are concerned.
The Minister of Education came to office—and, for that matter, so did his Parliamentary Secretary—with much good will; an astonishing degree of good will from the education world.
He knows that the National Union of Teachers and other educational bodies, the local education authorities, and right hon. and hon. Members on these benches, gave a warm welcome to his appointment. No Minister, during the past ten years, has started off with more good will than the right hon. Gentleman. It is six months ago since he became Minister. [HON. MEMBERS: "Twelve months."] I take the average and say eight months. Eight months ago, I was one who had high hopes of the right hon. Gentleman. I said so in the House and I said so, as some of my hon. Friends know, in their constituencies, to the teachers.
As the Minister knows, I paid high tribute to him in various parts of the country. I respected his moral courage on another occasion, and I have always respected his ability. But the Minister has completely dissipated that good will. He has been irresponsible, to an astonishing degree, in his relationships with other people equally responsible with himself for the conduct of education in this country.
Would the right hon. Gentleman deny that the teaching profession is an able profession, that it has always co-operated on major issues with the Ministry? Have not local authorities co-operated with the Ministry? How does the Minister expect to recruit teachers and to have the help of the teaching profession in recruiting teachers when he himself behaves rudely and inconsiderately to their elected representatives who serve them on the Burnham Committee? [HON.
1186
MEMBERS: "Oh."] I am able to substantiate what I say, and I am speaking with due care for every word that I utter.
The Minister of Education, I believe, has every right to take his place in Burnham. He provides a lot of the money—well, let him be there. But he did not say, at the beginning of the last Burnham negotiations, "I want to take my part in the negotiations." However, he is saying it now. He is imposing his will, as I shall show in a moment. But the Minister had his representative sitting at the table for every word of the deliberations that went on for seven months and the Minister knew, as well as Sir Ronald Gould and Sir William Alexander, every stage that was reached in the negotiations on teachers' salaries.
Sir E. Boyle: The hon. Gentleman may possibly, I think quite unwittingly, be giving in two respects an untrue impression. The first is that I have no representative on the Burnham Committee. I have two assessors present, but they are not my representatives, and they are not, in any case, empowered to speak on my behalf.
The other point is this. I say categorically that I had absolutely no indication at that time, or any means of knowing, that the provisional agreement that was reached on 24th January would be reached on that date. I had an account of what had happened at the previous meeting in December. As the hon. Gentleman knows, there was a gap of some weeks, and I had absolutely no means at all of knowing that the provisional agreement that was reached would, in fact, be reached.
Mr. Thomas: The Minister has made a very important statement. The Minister's assessors, as he calls them, were there and he will not pretend to the House that he is not normally aware of the stages in the negotiations at the Burnham Committee, as he has just revealed that he was up to December. Why his assessors did not tell him what went on in January, I do not know.
Sir E. Boyle: They told me what had happened at the December meeting. There was then a gap before the January meeting. I had absolutely no means of gauging what would take place at the January meeting. I had no knowledge beforehand of what provisional agreement would be arrived at on that date.
Mr. Thomas: The Minister is getting worse and worse. What he is admitting is that he was kept fully informed of the seven months' negotiations and that it was only about the last meeting, when agreement was reached—he could not be told in advance what people were going to negotiate; not unless he is a dictator—that he did not know what happened. The Minister knew the results of that January meeting very quickly. He had them in his possession for many weeks, and what did he do?
I suggest to the House and to the Minister that he behaved in a thoroughly irresponsible manner by withholding his intention to reject the scales until after the special conference of the National Union of Teachers. He knew, the country knew, that this conference was to be held. It cost the union about £10,000 to call the conference at Croydon. It was a complete waste of time, because we were trying to get our members to ratify proposals that were non-existent. But Sir Ronald Gould and the Executive of the National Union of Teachers had never an inkling from the Minister, not a hint, that he would reject the proposals. He let them go ahead, and two or three days after the conference he dropped his bombshell. How does the right hon. Gentleman expect to have the good will of the teaching profession when he works with honourable people in this way?
Yesterday, the right hon. Gentleman submitted his proposals to the Burnham Committee. I hasten to tell him that I have been informed within the last hour that the National Association of Schoolmasters has published the details of the statement that he made. I have heard—and I invite the Minister to his feet on this—that it is the Minister's intention to publish them tomorrow.
Sir E. Boyle: After this debate.
Mr. Thomas: Is it true that the Minister will publish the details of these proposals tomorrow? Since he made them yesterday, why are they not published in time for this debate? Was the Minister trying to avoid facing up to the matter? Will the Minister tell me whether it is true that these figures are to be published tomorrow?
Sir E. Boyle: I did not send my proposals to the Burnham Committee yester-
1188
day. I sent them a week ago, with a confidential letter. I had been accused before of treating the Burnham Committee in a rough manner, and, therefore, I said that I would not publish anything until the Burnham Committee had a full chance to consider them. I received the Burnham Committee's answer at approximately seven o'clock yesterday evening, and in view of the debate today I took the view, I think perfectly fairly, that I would not have time fully to consider the Burnham answer, which was a technical one, before this afternoon's debate. As soon as I have had time to consider the Burnham answer, I will arrange for publication of the report.
So far as the National Association of Schoolmasters is concerned, I have heard what has happened, and only this afternoon it has been made plain to the National Union of Teachers that, of course, they could send their scales to their own members under the ordinary confidential rule. There is absolutely nothing more to it than that. I have not been trying to hide it from this debate at all. It was merely that I had not had time to consider a letter that had been sent to me last night.
Mr. Thomas: Of course, I accept that statement, but now that the news is out I think that the right hon. Gentleman should have told us what his proposals are to help the recruitment of teachers. He has told the profession that he thinks the salary of £650 a year for young teachers, proposed by the united Burnham Committee is too much, and wants to reduce it to £630 a year. The Minister, who talks much about the criteria for giving extra for posts of new responsibility in his new award, gives no added increment for the degree. I think that I am right in saying that.
The responsibility allowance for head teachers is 9 per cent. on the small level and 6 per cent. on the large level. It is quite clear that of the 115,000 teachers who hold posts of special responsibility in our schools today, 95,000 will, under the plans that the Minister submitted yesterday—which the Burnham Committee has unanimously rejected—get £30 or less, and a great many of them will be losing £30 under another part of the Minister's proposals. Thousands and thousands of teachers about whom the Minister has said he felt it necessary to

1189
smash the Burnham proposals will get no increase at all.
The local authorities have, therefore, once again joined with the teachers to tell the Minister that he is on the wrong tack. If we are to recruit more teachers, the Minister must change his tack. Unfortunately, I think that he has already gone too far in breaking up relationships, built up by others over many years, between the teachers, the local authorities and the Ministry of Education.
Over the past decade, crisis after crisis has brought teachers demonstrating to this House. During the last few years, we have seen university professors and lecturers queueing up to see Members of Parliament because of the educational and financial policy of Her Majesty's Government. Tomorrow, we shall see around this House a few thousand more teachers who have a sense of burning injustice. I only hope that members of the teaching profession will at last learn the lesson that they are always pushed around by that side of the House—that, at bottom, this is a political matter—and I hope that their memory will last until the General Election.
6.33 p.m.
Mr. A. E. Cooper: I cannot follow the hon. Member for Cardiff, West (Mr. G. Thomas) in all the details that he has learned, presumably from the "tape", since I have not had the advantage of that information, but I hope that he is not trying to create the impression that the entire teaching profession is opposed to the Minister. I have no doubt that most right hon. and hon. Members have read letters in the responsible Press and in technical weekly journals fully supporting the Minister's proposals.
I think that I am correct in saying that all hon. Members have today received a letter from the Incorporated Association of Head Masters, but in case there are any who have not yet had time to read their post, I will just read the last paragraph, which states:
"The Association recognises the importance of the basic scale. At the same time we have long believed it to be good national strategy to develop a range of highly paid posts at the top of the tree which will attract men and women of first-class distinction who command similar or better emoluments in other types of employment. The Association recently accepted with some reluctance the proposed
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Burnham Agreement. But in the present situation the Association recognises the wisdom of the Minister's advice that the Burnham Committee should now re-examine its conclusions in the light of his emphasis on the importance of payments to highly qualified teachers holding critical top posts of responsibility in the schools."
It is interesting that even Sir Ronald Gould, in a recent letter to The Times, did not deny that Burnham itself should be reconstituted. I do not think that anyone attempts to argue against the desirability of the Minister from now on playing an important part in Burnham discussions. It really is intolerable that the purse that finds more than half the money can have no say whatsoever in the negotiations until an agreement has been reached. The statement made by the hon. Member for Cardiff, West that the present Burnham Committee in these recent negotiations had no knowledge whatever of the Minister's thoughts on the subject really does not bear examination, for the simple reason that in the previous difficulties, when Lord Eccles was Minister of Education, the views of the Government and the policy of differentials was well known, and it must then have been obvious to everyone taking part in future Burnham discussions that the Government's policy was to give higher differentials for greater skills—
Mr. G. Thomas: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that the National Union of Teachers, and the teachers' side of Burnham, are not opposed to differentials for posts of special responsibility, but because, in recent awards, the young teacher at the bottom of the scale has been left behind it was felt that his turn must now come? The teachers are very anxious to give more to people in posts of special responsibility if the Minister will find the money.
Mr. Cooper: As I said when I began, I do not propose to argue these new proposals with the hon. Gentleman because I have not seen them.
I should like, at this stage, to congratulate my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary on a really first-class speech. It is high time that my right hon. and hon. Friends on the Government Front Bench ceased being mealy-mouthed about the Government's record and started slapping down the Labour Party once

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in a while. The Government are promoting policies in almost every field of activity in an attempt to bring the country up to date, and all the opposition we get everywhere is from a reactionary, old-fashioned and out-or-date Labour Party. Signpost For The Sixties is the modern Bible of hon. Members opposite—unfortunately, they have forgotten to tell us in which century it is supposed to be. It is an impertinence for the Opposition to table this Motion of censure, particularly when one recalls their appalling record in education when in Government. I can well understand them being very sensitive when that sore is touched.
Let me quote one or two figures. I know all about the story of, "It was the years after the war and we had a great deal to do". That is admitted, but I would point out that in those six years the Labour Government had at their disposal the full paraphernalia of Socialist controls. They controlled building and industry from top to bottom, and appropriations and allocations throughout the country. The Labour Government said that such planning would provide a new heaven on earth, but they failed to do so—failed dismally. Hon. Gentlemen opposite now wish to hang the same sort of albatross round the neck of the British people if we ever have a Labour Government again.
Let us see what the Labour Party did, and why hon. Members opposite are so sensitive. In six years of a Labour Government, new schools completed averaged 110 a year; our average has been 481. When they were in power, they provided an average of 101,000 places a year; we have never provided less than ¼ million in any one year. Today, we have been told about cuts in expenditure. Let us examine those cuts. In 1946–47, the Labour Government spent £217 million on education. In 1951, when we came to power, that expenditure was £381 million in the very first year. Today, it is £1,111 million.
Mrs. Slater: What about increasing costs?
Mr. Cooper: That point can be dealt with quite easily as time goes on. There
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has been no comparable advance in the education service of the country at any previous period in our history under any Government. This is a record of which we should be proud, and we should not be mealy-mouthed about proclaiming it in the House of Commons.
The proposals totalling £300 million in the 1958 White Paper have been practically all completed, and I do not recall that any right hon. or hon. Member opposite made any serious criticism of the extent of that building programme. It was thought to be a reasonable programme and to be within the ability of the nation to deal with it. What are the proposals which have been put forward and which are the subject of the Opposition's Motion of of censure? The proposals put forward by the local authorities for this one year—not a five-year programme—total £240 million, or roughly what we had been taking four years to spend.
The hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) quoted the Economist in his aid. I will also quote it in my aid. If the hon. Member will be kind enough to refer to page 1124 of the issue of 23rd March, he will find these words:
"What happens is that every year local education authorities send to the Minister of Education a set of proposals which they know that no minister could fit inside any national budget; as their programmes will never see the light of day, they can thus appear progressive in ratepayers' eyes without attacking ratepayers' pockets—and, for a Labour council there is the added advantage that the bigger their 'proposals' the bigger the 'cut' that the wicked Tories must make."
This is the situation. It is all very well to go electioneering when the municipal elections are a couple of months ahead, but one day, which I hope will be many years hence, a Labour Party may form the Government. Right hon. and hon. Members opposite will then have to face the realities of life and the apportioning of the nation's resources.
Let the House think of the conduct of right hon. and hon. Members opposite in the House over the last few months. Today, we on this side of the House are told to spend more money on schools and on teachers. A few weeks ago we were being reviled because the housing programme was said to be inadequate

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and we were told that it should be pushed up to a total of 400,000 houses. A little while before that we had a rugged debate because the hospital programme was said to be not going along as fast as it should be, and a little earlier than that we had a massive debate on the roads programme.
Where in heaven's name do right hon. and hon. Members opposite think that all this money and all these resources are to come from to do all these things? It is all very well to lie back in the luxury of irresponsibility as the Opposition. We on this side of the House are the Government. We have to face the responsibilities of the times in which we live and we have to apportion the nation's resources properly.
Part of the Opposition's Motion asks that adequate steps be taken to recruit a sufficient number of teachers. When the Conservative Party took office, there were 215,000 teachers. Today, there are 279,000, which is a fair step-up in that period. Hon. Members should try to understand some of the facts about what is going on now in the education service. The number of students admitted annually to courses of teacher-training has risen from 15,000 in 1951 to 21,000 in 1961, and at present there are no fewer than 48,000 students in colleges. When the present £44 million expansion programme is completed in 1966–67 the number of students will be about 65,000, and by 1970 there will be as many as 80,000. These are not insignificant figures. They are a very considerable advance on anything that has been done before.
The hon. Member for Sunderland, North spoke about oversize classes. Perhap he has not the figures before him of what is happening. When the Conservative Party took office, no fewer than 49·5 per cent. of all children were being educated in oversize classes. Today, the figure is 34·6 per cent. Nobody denies that the figure is still bad, but it is a substantial improvement on the conditions which obtained when we took office. My hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education, and my hon. Friend the Member for Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. Longden) have said, and nobody would deny it, that although enormous advances have been made there remains very much more still to be done. I should like to emphasise to
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the hon. Member for Sunderland, North that not only has there been this big reduction in the number of children in over-sized classes, but that this reduction has been achieved at a time when the school population has increased by no less than 1¼ million.
One direction in which Her Majesty's Government must provide over the years an increasing proportion of their resources is the construction of new universities from which we shall find ultimately the future professors, the top scientists, and the men who will be heading the new training colleges. It is from the development and cultivation of our brains that the country will be able in future to earn its living in a difficult world.
But what is the policy of the Labour Party when it comes to higher education? My hon. Friend the Member for Hertfordshire, South-West has already drawn attention to part of the leading aricle in The Times on his matter, but there was one paragraph which he did not quote. Referring to the same Labour Party programme, it states:
"Every now and then one of the genuinely difficult issues which have to be resolved in this field of policy is allowed to obtrude, to be disposed of in a few sentences of breath-taking superficiality."
The fact is that when it comes down to precise details the Labour Party is quite incapable at this time of promoting any policy, whether for education or for the economy, which makes any sort of sense. Instead of censuring the Government for their educational policy, we should congratulate them on their outstanding achievements, which are unmatched by any previous Government in our history.
6.49 p.m.
Dr. Horace King: I would make only one comment on the speech of the hon. Member for Ilford, South (Mr. Cooper). I agreed with one sentence in it when the hon. Member cautiously hazarded the prophecy that a Labour Government would be taking over some time in the future. We on this side of the House have been attacked today for effrontery. This is the last charge that should come from a party which continues to hang on to power when it finds it very difficult to get a third place in a by-election.

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I hope that some day in the House we shall be able to discuss education itself—and how we can achieve the quality of education which is vital if Britain is to survive the struggles ahead. We have, however, first to win certain elementary battles, and it is a matter on which both sides of the House should agree that certain of these battles have not yet been won. We have not won the battle of decent school buildings for all our school pupils. Only blind complacency would suggest that we have. We have not won the battle for proper sized classes for all our school children. We have not won the battle for an adequate supply of teachers. We have not won the battle to give equal opportunity as between the 6 million children who go to our State schools and the 250,000 who go to private schools. It is in this atmosphere that I have something to say about some of the events connected with this year's school building programme and the supply of teachers.
It seems to me certain that this cannot be an election year. Successive Ministers of Education have had a "stop and go" programme for school building, and this year we have imposed the cuts which the Parliamentary Secretary tells us are not cuts. The stop, of course, comes in non-election years, and the green light is shown always in election years.
It is a matter of fact, not argument, that practically every local authority in the country has seen its programmes slashed to ribbons this year. I shall not speak of that in detail. I do not speak of the slashing of the programme in my own city, the authority of which is Labour-controlled and where it might be thought that protest was politically inspired. Hampshire, which is Conservative-controlled, is a typical progressive and expanding county. All its school building programmes ever since the war have largely been swallowed up in providing schools for new housing areas. The remnant of this year's programme, after the Minister has cut it to about half, consists chiefly of expenditure on schools going to the new housing areas which we are establishing as part of our help to the city of London.
Hampshire, like other local authority areas in England, has been compelled, year after year, and will be compelled
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this year, to neglect the old and shabby schools. One of the Minister's own supporters, speaking of Leicester in the debate last Thursday, said:
"Leicestershire is a veritable museum of mediaeval school buildings."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 21st March, 1963; Vol. 674, c. 789.]
What is true of Leicestershire is true of some schools under almost every local authority in the country.
I welcome the expansion of the training college programme which the Minister recently announced—the third crash programme, which followed the second one, which followed the first. Our criticism of this programme, as of previous programmes, is that it has come too late. Any hon. Member who turns up HANSARD for the last ten years will find that from this side of the House we have been asking for such programmes as the one of which the Parliamentary Secretary was so proud today years ahead of the time when the Government were prepared to give it.
There never was a time, I think, when more people in Britain were conscious of the need for and the importance of expanding British education. The school population has been expanding since the war, the first bulge being followed by the second. Anyone with any sense knows that this will be followed by an even more frightening third bulge when those who were children in the first bulge have their children. This being so, it is certain that teachers will continue to have to work under difficulties, for years to come, as they have done since the war.
The first bulge overcrowded the primary schools, with a peak year in 1957. Now, the peak has hit the top of the secondary schools, with just under half of all our children in secondary schools being taught in over-size classes and with the sixth forms crowded with young students who will not be able to go to university, although they merit places there, because there are not enough places for them. All this puts a great burden on the teaching profession.
However, as the Parliamentary Secretary hinted today, the second peak for the primary schools is on its way. In 1957, the number of children in primary schools was 4·4 million. In 1969, it will again, by the Ministry's own forecast, be 4·4 million, a difference of merely

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20,000. The secondary school population will rise from 2 million in 1951 to 5 million in 1980. It is against this upsurge that the Minister and previous Ministers have struggled. Some of the difficulties have been unforeseeable, but some of them have been due to the policies of the Government themselves.
This year, the year of intermission, we face one of the most critical phases in this long struggle. I should have thought that, this year of all years, it was necessary for a Minister of Education to convince the teaching profession that he holds it in esteem, that he concedes it professional status, that he wants good will between himself, as supreme director of education, and the humble class teacher on whose work in the schools of England day by day the whole structure of education depends.
My hon. Friend the Member for Cardiff, West (Mr. G. Thomas) has pointed out that we welcomed the right hon. Gentleman as the new Minister. The whole education world recognises his ability and his qualities. But at present he seems to cast himself as Rehoboam following Solomon. Lord Eccles chastised the teachers with whips, but the present Minister will chastise them with scorpions.
I am one who has always held the almost heretical opinion that Lord Eccles was a greater friend of the teachers than they knew. I only say grimly that they now know, when they consider the present Minister, that I was right. I confess that I find it very difficult to understand what could compel the Minister in this year of crisis to go out of his way to attack the teachers and to anger them when there is no finance at stake. It seems almost as though the Government cannot help spoiling everything they touch. From Blue Streak to Burnham the pattern is the same—muddle and blunder.
My attack on the Minister is political, not personal. I interpose here to say how much I deplore, as all decent citizens do, the personal smears which the worst of the British Press has been using during recent days on some politicians, apparently sheltering behind the sacred slogan, "The freedom of the Press." There seems to be one standard of political controversy for Lobby correspondents and the decent newspapers of this
1198
country and no standard at all the others. It is possible to fight most bitterly without intruding into private lives, as, it seems to me, has been done disgustingly in recent months.
I charge the Minister, first, with destroying wage negotiating machinery, one of the wage negotiating bodies which Britain has built up over the last fifty years. He is not alone in this. Other Ministers have done the same thing. It seems to be part of Tory policy. About three years ago, there was the attack on wage negotiations for the lower grade health workers. Then came the attack on some humble workers in the Admiralty. Then came the attack on the nurses, after which was the first attack on the teachers by Lord Eccles, and now this one by the present Minister. It is the pursuit of a policy to lay down the kind of increase in reward which the Government think ought to be allowed to certain groups of British citizens—and this from a Government who have permitted the most shocking scandal of the century, the land racket, by which landowners are able to get year by year a fantastic increase in the tribute which they draw from the community.
The Burnham Committee which the Minister is almost destroying has an honourable record. It was set up after the First World War, and by 1920 Lord Burnham could write to Mr. Fisher, the first post-war President of the Board of Education:
"It has already succeeded in creating in the country at large a much clearer atmosphere and better temper. … It has grown up into an organisation on whose public spirit and statesmanlike quality you can confidently rely".
This was from Lord Burnham, the first chairman, to Mr. Fisher, and Mr. Fisher, the great Minister and author of the 1918 Act, wrote to Lord Burnham in 1921 saying:
"A prospect has been opened up of closer and more effective co-operation between the agencies of central and local government in the service of public education".
For forty years, both sides of Burnham had battled fiercely, the local authority representatives to control the financial advance in the cost of the teaching profession, the teachers to win what they have not yet won, that is, what they regard as an adequate financial reward for their profession. But in the end they have

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usually reached agreement, and in the end Ministers have usually accepted the proposals.
There may be a case for a Government putting a ceiling on a Burnham award. Incidentally, until this Government came along very few Ministers had attempted to do so. It was Lord Eccles who smashed the last overall award by Burnham of £47 million to some £40,500,000. I am not too happy about the State interfering in wage negotiations quite in this way. I do not think that it is quite a good thing that we should drive groups of workers one after the other into open combat and hostility with the State. Ultimately the Government must win, although one would hope that my comrades the French miners would win in their struggle with de Gaulle; but it is a bad thing for constitutional government if workers are driven into a position where they find that they are bargaining not with their employers but ultimately with the Government. It may be an excellent thing for a Government to have a giant strength, but it is tyrannous and dangerous to use it like a giant, and that is what the Minister has done.
This young Minister has gone much further than that. He has said to the Burnham Committee, "I accept the figure of £20,500,000, but my advisers and I know better than you do how to share it out." This is "Whitehall knows best" with a vengeance, and yet it comes from a representative of a Government which wrote to the County Councils Association when begging the Association to support the general grant in 1957—and I quote what my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) quoted—
"… the Government genuinely desires to increase the independence of local authorities as far as it is possible to do in the world in which we live."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 10th December, 1957; Vol. 579, c. 1140.]
Mr. Ede: It is true that I quoted it, but I never said that believed it.
Dr. King: The last thing I would do would be to pray my right hon. Friend in aid of the Government.
It comes from a Government in which the present Home Secretary, defending the general grant, said:
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"These changes are the price which will have to be paid and which will be worth paying to help make local government vigorous, popular and effective. We want to give members and staffs of local authorities a worthwhile job, not as puppets of Parliament, but as partners."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 9th December, 1957; Vol. 579, c. 920.]
The charge against the Minister is that he is making local authority representatives on the Burnham Committee the puppets which his right hon. Friend said he was anxious to prevent them from becoming.
I believe far more deeply than I can say in the unique British system of shared responsibility in education, in the marriage between local authorities and the Government. It is worth pointing out that the men and women who serve Britain on local councils are unpaid. They are devoted, and the best of them know the job that they are doing. Those who serve on education committees know more about their schools and their teachers than the Minister does. To me that is a truism, although I am beginning to suspect that it is heresy to the Ministry. When the Burnham Committee distributed the latest award along the chain of the teaching profession, it did so not idly but after a long period of discussion. Local authority representatives on the Burnham Committee have devoted many years of their lives to this intricate and complex problem which the Minister now seeks to unravel from outside, and I am certain that they must deeply resent, as I do, the impertinence of the Minister in stepping in and tearing up their proposals.
Many people share my disquiet at the growth of the power of the Executive. I believe that there is a Motion about this on the Order Paper, and certainly the subject has been broached in the House quite recently even so far as Parliament is concerned. When we were arguing about whether we should go into Europe, one of the arguments was that if we went in, in education especially we would have the growth of bureaucracy. We are, however, having the growth of the power of the central bureaucracy in education although we are not in Europe, and the Minister is now claiming to know which teacher should receive less and which more, which is only one step from the Ministre de l'Instruction publique who could boast that he knew what a teacher

1201
was doing in any particular class at any particular hour in France.
Mr. John Harvey: The hon. Member is very fair-minded and is a most experienced educationist. In his attack on the Minister he cannot be altogether unmindful of the fact that the Minister's intervention has received approval in the columns as such widely divergent organs as The Times, the Economist, the Statist, the Daily Herald and the Daily Mirror.
Dr. King: I am not sure what that has to do with the argument. I wonder whether he and I are living in the same country if he thinks we are to reach the stags when the deliberations of the House of Commons are decided by quotations and counter-quotations from the Economist, which cancel out, and from The Times, which is not perfectly right about everything, even including its views on the dignity of the Press. We have to argue these things out for ourselves. I think that some of us are getting too Press-conscious.
I was saying that the Minister's intervention comes at the very time when from one end of England to the other local authority citizens are complaining of the increase in the rate burden and local authority councillors are complaining that most of the work they have to do in local government is shaped by the laws and the instructions of the Government.
So much for the local authorities. I think that we can understand the anger of the teachers. I know that the old Tory, like the old Roman, policy is "Divide and rule". The Minister must have hoped—and the quotation which his hon. Friend just made supported that hope—that if he offered more money to some teachers the teachers who were to get more money would back him against the teachers who were to get less. It is not surprising that the Association of Headmasters has come to the unanimous opinion that it is a good thing that money should be taken from poor young teachers and given to them. The head teachers' modestly think that they are worth every penny of it, and when people are selfish it is not to be unexpected.
The remarkable feature about the protest of the teachers today—and hon. Members will see evidence of it tomorrow
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—is that by and large this protest is an altruistic protest. The bulk of the Executive of the N.U.T. and the bulk of the men and women teachers who will come here tomorrow to protest against the action of the Minister are people who will lose by the Burnham proposals as compared with the Minister's. I can believe that the profession is at last becoming a profession when it is getting that kind of solidarity. I will quote part of a letter from the headmistress and staff of an infant school which says:
"We who have taught for many years do not wish our salaries raised at the expense of the young teacher, although we know our work justifies a high increment."
These may be extraordinary sentiments which are alien to Tory philosophy and the materialist society in which we are living, but they are fine sentiments; these are the views of many of those in the profession whose affairs we are discussing. A deputy head writes to me:
"I am a deputy head with allowances accordingly. In previous salary negotiations I feel that I have been dealt with quite fairly and I wholeheartedly support the settlement agreed upon by the Burnham Committee."
A letter signed by seven teachers from a school in Southampton says:
"We, the undersigned, who would stand to gain most by the implementation of the salary scheme which the Minister of Education proposes to impose, protest most strongly at his high-handed action.
We are all most decidedly in favour of increases in our salaries, but we do not wish to obtain them at the expense of our colleagues."
The Minister should note the new feeling which is emerging among the teaching profession.
I believe that what the Minister has done is a blow to the status of the teaching profession. I do not think that a profession can fix its own salaries. This is our own dilemma in the House. But I do think that a profession knows more about the internal structure of its corpus than anyone outside and knows where the shoe pinches hardest. The teaching profession, like the local authorities, has said that the greatest need at present beyond a peradventure is to give to the young entrant into the teaching profession a reasonable income. That reasonable income, which is proposed in the Burnham scale, the Minister is denying the young teacher.
I know that some hon. Members, misled by the expert work of the Public

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Relations Department of the Ministry of Education, have thought that the issue between the Minister and the Burnham Committee was that the Burnham Committee was egalitarian and democratic and that the Minister believed in rewarding talent and that the teachers did not. Perhaps I can speak with more personal knowledge of this than anyone in the House. During my time as a teacher I had at some time each of the differentials in question under the settlement. Before the war the head of a department in a large grammar school received £40 for that responsibility. He now receives £350. It is a matter of simple fact that every differential in the scale has increased at a rate greater than the basic scale has risen since 1945. No one knowing this could charge the Burnham Committee with being egalitarian or with failing to recognise the academic qualifications, length of service, and so on, which demand extra reward. But here let me enter a caveat—any amount of academic qualifications do not necessarily make a good teacher.
If it were humanly possible to discover who were our best teachers, I would be in favour of giving them almost the sky as their reward, but it is certain that we would find some of the best teachers in the infants schools just as we would find them in the sixth forms of the grammar schools.
My last quotation is from a letter from an infants school which reads:
"As teachers in an infants school we have very little opportunity of obtaining special posts which carry increases of salary. … We feel very strongly about this since primary teaching is of equal importance to secondary teaching. Our hours in school are fully occupied with teaching … we have no free periods and preparation of lessons must be done in the evenings. Our salaries depend on the basic scale. Therefore, we feel that the Burnham Committee were fully justified in raising the basic scale to £650. After three years' training this is a very poor salary compared with industrial and other workers".
The Government have made many blunders. For some of them there is a defence. For this—
Mr. Tiley: I know that the hon. Gentleman has a deep knowledge of these matters, but, in comparing teachers' salaries with those in industry, it is fair to point out the wonderful pension arrangements which are applicable to the
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teachers and which, I believe, at the moment are running at a deficit of about £250 million, all of which will be made up by the taxpayers. It is right that we should bear these things in mind in considering salary levels.
Dr. King: I agree I have never attempted to do the Burnham Committee's job for it, as the Minister has tried to do. There is quite a lot in what the hon. Gentleman says. We want the support of the House and indeed, of the Minister again himself in this. All that I have tried to do is to show that there are certain misconceptions which must be cleared up and certain principles which we wish to establish. Among those principles are the ones which I have tried to enumerate. I will not deal any further with the issues at stake. I merely say that I think that the Minister can end the ill-will which he has engendered in the last few weeks by accepting the basic minimum proposed by the Burnham Committee and by giving the extra differentials which he desires to give by providing the necessary extra £2 million or £3 million which the headmasters and the rest of the teaching profession would welcome. I do not think that the House should let the right hon. Gentleman placate the highly qualified teachers who want a higher income by robbing the young entrants to the profession. It is not too late for him to change his mind. I urge the right hon. Gentleman to think again. He must surely want the good will of the teaching profession. Let him learn to deserve it.
7.16 p.m.
Mr. Philip Goodhart: Politics is not a particularly generous calling, and I would not expect even such a kindly man as the hon. Member for Southampton, Itchen (Dr. King) to pay tribute to the fact that during the past decade there has been a staggering improvement in the educational and financial system of this country. I would not expect him to pay tribute to the fact that we have been able to introduce a three-year teacher training programme. I would not expect him to draw attention to the fact that the recruitment of teachers has been such during the last decade that, although the number of children has increased by about 20 per cent., the size of the teaching profession has increased by 35 per cent. and there has

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been a real decrease in the number of oversize classes.
I would not expect the hon. Gentleman to call attention to the fact that this country devotes a higher proportion of its national income to education than any country in the Common Market, or to the fact that the teacher-pupil ratio in primary schools and at the junior secondary level, and, indeed, in the universities, is better in this country than it is in France, Germany, or the United States.
I would not expect that the Opposition should try to paint a balanced picture. But I thought that the speech of the hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) was peculiarly ungenerous and that the picture which he attempted to draw was one of unrelieved monotony which did not fit the facts at all.
I admit, however, that our education system is facing a crisis—a two-pronged crisis. On the one hand, there is the break-down of, or, at least, the need drastically to modify, the machinery for negotiating teachers' salaries. I intend to return to that later. On the other hand, there is the fact that the increase in rates which is largely caused by the tremendous rise in expenditure on education has produced a growing demand that a growing proportion of expenditure on education should be put on the Exchequer and that the sharing of this expenditure between the local authorities and the Government should be considered again. I support this view.
There are items in our national educational bill which should be a great deal more local than they are—for example, minor capital works. In my own County of Kent, this part of the educational programme has been cut during the past year from an estimated £880,000 to £260,000, which has then been raised to £280,000. There is a great deal to be said for making minor capital works much more the responsibility of local education authorities and of local finance and the rates.
Again, there is an immense amount of misunderstanding concerning new school building and major capital works. I was glad that in his forceful speech this afternoon my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary explained the system in detail, but the fact remains that there is still
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immense ignorance in the country as a whole and, indeed, frustration amongst those who administer education.
Other hon. Members have been talking of their constituency problems. I merely cite the example of the Penge Secondary School for Boys, which was programmed for rebuilding sixteen years ago. When the money has been available, there has not been a site for it. When it seemed that the site and the money would both be available, the project no longer found a place in the Ministerial programme. Thus, there has been a kind of stately minuet of procrastination and recrimination between the local education executive, the county council and the Ministry. Certainly, I would not, in the course of a brief speech tonight, wish to put forward alternative proposals, but we need to have a new look at the whole system and see whether better arrangements cannot be devised and whether we cannot avoid the idea that major increases in school building programmes are continually put forward and misrepresented as cuts.
The main problem with which we are dealing in this debate is the question of teachers' salaries and the machinery for negotiating them. I wholeheartedly support the view taken by my right hon. Friend the Minister.
Mr. G. Thomas: Does the hon. Member agree with the Minister's latest demand that he not only sits at the table and negotiates teachers' salaries, but should also keep for himself a veto over those negotiations in which he has taken part? He has said it in confidence and it ought to be brought out into the public eye.
Mr. Goodhart: I will be coming to the question of how we should pay teachers' salaries and how they should be negotiated. It seems to me to be quite mad, however, that when the Minister is directly responsible for finding 60 per cont. of the bill for teachers' salaries, as he is now, he should come into the negotiations which decide the salary levels only indirectly and round the corner.
I am in entire agreement with those sections of the educational world—and they are numerous—who concede that the Minister must sit in at the negotiations. Even if my right hon. Friend had allowed the present disallowed settlement

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to go forward, I would have had to suggest that it should be modified.
I do not believe that the last Burnham settlement fitted the facts of the educational picture. The extraordinary position in which we are placed is that although recruitment is going exceedingly well, and although tens of thousands of young men and women are coming out of the teacher training colleges, vast numbers are leaving extremely quickly.
My eye was caught by a reply given on 6th March by my right hon. Friend the Minister to my hon. Friend the Member for Manchester, Wythenshawe (Mrs. Hill), in which he said:
"A three-year course for a woman student at a teachers' training college at present costs about £2,000 …
From next September, the great majority of new women teachers will be aged 22, having trained for three years. Thus, while at present it is reckoned that 57 out of each 100 women will still he teaching after four years' service and 21 after nine years, the corresponding figures for later in the decade show a reduction to 47 after four years' service and 19 after nine years."—[OFEICIAL REPORT, 6th March, 1963; Vol. 673, c. 70.]
In other words, more than half of the women going to the teacher training colleges and having this vastly expensive course will have left within five years and almost 80 per cent. will have left within ten years.
Dr. King: Even if there were anything in this argument, which the Minister has not dared to use, even if it were true about the women who left, why should we penalise the thousands of young women who make the teaching profession their life's work, and why should we penalise the young men in the same way?
Mr. W. R. van Straubenne: They are not penalised.
Mr. Goodhart: In reply to the hon. Member for Itchen, may I say that that is not my argument. I consider it to be senseless to pour the funds that are available on to these fly-by-night females, who, before they have made any repayment to our society for this expensive education, have gone flying off, with twigs in their beaks, to make nests of their own. It is silly to use our scant resources for teachers' salaries in that direction instead of increasing
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still further the emoluments and salaries of those who intend to make their career in the teaching profession. It is this that would encourage people to stay on.
Again, we should be considering the question of family allowances. As my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary said, about two-fifths of the married women who leave the profession will, it is hoped, return. Perhaps the introduction of family allowances, which, I see, is now advocated by Lord Eccles now that he has left this House, would encourage these young women to return more quickly and in larger numbers. This really is essential if we are to meet the challenge of the future.
I believe that my right hon. Friend must play an integral part in the Burnham negotiations of the future, and that we should take the opportunity presented by the breakdown of the existing machinery to transfer the responsibility for finding the salaries of teachers from the local authorities to the national Exchequer. Only in this way will we be able to meet the financial burdens of our education system that will grow over the years and maintain the tremendous rate of growth reached during the last decade of Conservative government.
7.31 p.m.
Mr. Edward Short (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central): I shall reply later to some of the main points made by the hon. Member for Beckenham (Mr. Goodhart), so perhaps he will forgive me if I do not deal with them immediately.
The Motion specifically mentions buildings. As the right hon. Gentleman knows, in my constituency I have a very great building problem. However, he has seen me privately about this and has received a deputation from my council. He knows that we are extremely dissatisfied and has come some little way to meet us.
The Motion also deals with the failure of the Government to attract sufficient teachers, while the Amendment talks about the increasing share of the national resources devoted to education and of the difficulty in staffing schools. Both buildings and teachers are extremely important but, as an ex-teacher, I do not think that they are equally important. I think that teachers are a good deal more

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important than buildings, important as these are.
Teachers are the first essential in an education system. But Government policy in recent years has done a great deal of damage—irreparable damage—to the prospects of assembling in this country a teaching force adequate, both in size and calibre, to meet the challenge of the future. This is particularly shown in the Government's attitude to the Burnham Committee. The right hon. Member for Sutton Coldfield (Mr. G. Lloyd) threw the first stone at Burnham. His successor, now Lord Eccles, threw the second stone, and now the right hon. Gentleman has thrown the biggest of the lot in recent weeks.
The Burnham Committee unanimously rejected the Minister's policy on salaries. I raise the matter tonight—it is the only point I want to talk about—because there is now an opportunity for the right hon. Gentleman to think again and to see reason on this issue before it is too late. Thousands of teachers are coming to Westminster tomorrow from all parts of the country to lobby hon. Members and put their point of view on this, and it would be extremely unfortunate if a very strong appeal were not made to the right hon. Gentleman now to change his mind, to retreat or to reach the sort of compromise suggested by my hon. Friend the Member for Southampton, lichen (Dr. King).
What is the size of the teacher problem? It can be simply put. The right hon. Gentleman's own Advisory Council has suggested that even if we implement current policy without any other advance in educational thinking—that is, the reduction of classes to 30 pupils each and the raising of the school-leaving age to 16—by 1975 we will need 482,000 teachers. On present trends, with present training facilities and the way they are developing, we will be about 140,000 teachers short in order to implement even our current policies by 1975. In other words, we are to train over the next twelve years about 11,000 teachers a year, which is fewer than we shall need to implement the Government's present plans.
In view of all this, it seems rather silly for hon. Members opposite to point to the 2,000 young people who could not get places in the training colleges last year
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and say that the Minister's salary policy need not bother about attracting more young people into the profession. Of the 2,000 who could not get in last year, many, of course, would be excellent—there is no doubt of that—and many would be mediocre and have the bare minimum of classes. Indeed, I received a letter from a girl who could not get into a college last year, in which she complained bitterly. The letter contained six spelling mistakes. Thus we cannot assume that all the 2,000 were fitted to get in.
Mr. John Wells: I cannot resist capping the hon. Member's story. I had a letter from a teacher complaining of my right hon. Friend's actions, and that contained seven spelling mistakes.
Mr. Short: There is urgent need for provision for more places in teacher training colleges. There is urgent need for attracting more people into teaching in each of the next twelve years. Even if every applicant last year had been suitable, we would need 8,000 more a year than we are getting.
What makes a profession such as teaching attractive? What must we do to make it attractive to young people? Attractiveness is a complex of many inter-related factors. The most important step would be the revaluation of the place of the teacher in society and the contribution he can make. I saw in today's Daily Mail two adjacent stories on the front page. The first was headed "Teachers" and said:
"Minimum up by £30 to £600 a year".
The second was headed "Doctors" and said:
"Average up by £340 to £2,740 a year".
We really do need a revaluation of the contribution our teachers make to society.
Mr. Bourne-Acton: I am sure that the hon. Member would not wish to follow the error of the Daily Mail in quoting only one of the many basic scales on which teachers operate.
Mr. Short: I am not quoting basic scales. I am quoting the headlines used in the Daily Mail as evidence that the teachers are not accorded their rightful place in the scheme of things today.
Mr. Bourne-Acton rose—
Mr. Short: Quite a number of hon. Members still wish to speak and I have already given way enough.
The revaluation of teachers in society involves many things. I am delighted that my hon. Friend the Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) mentioned one close to my heart. We must end completely the out-of-date view of the teachers' own professional subject, education, held by so many university professors—in other subjects, of course—and officials of the Ministry. Education today is a subject which can stand on its own four legs, and universities should be giving first degrees in education. But not a single university in this country has yet got round to that, although many abroad are doing so. We should begin to do so at once.
When the right hon. Gentleman the Minister was Parliamentary Secretary, some years ago, I raised this matter on a number of occasions and he always rejected it. I am delighted, therefore, that the Labour Party, in its recent policy statement on education, has been doing some thinking in this direction. I look forward to the day when teacher training colleges will become colleges of education equal in status to the colleges of medicine at our universities and giving first degrees in education.
Re-evaluating the place of teachers in society also involves remuneration. Hon. Members opposite sometimes talk of the sense of vocation in teaching. That argument is usually used by people who do not want to pay teachers any more. When we talk about remuneration being attractive we mean the overall salary structure. We do not talk about the remuneration in the medical profession being attractive because one or two top-level surgeons get very high salaries. When we talk about it being attractive we mean the general overall picture of salaries in the medical profession.
Yet the Minister of Education has intervened and, in my view, destroyed the Burnham machinery, in order to make this very point, that differentials are all-important in making the teaching profession attractive, or he says he has. But the argument and the facts are so flimsy as to make this extremely difficult for me to believe.
Does the Minister really assert that his scales—we know now what they are
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because the N.A.S. has told us—will make teaching more attractive than those of the Burnham Agreement? Does the right hon. Gentleman really dare to assert that the Burnham Committee, since 1945, has not paid sufficient attention to differentials? Let me tell the Parliamentary Secretary that the two-year trained teacher minimum has gone up by 110 per cent. and the maximum by 135 per cent. The head teacher allowance has gone up by 150 per cent. at the minimum and 220 per cent. at the maximum.
The present Minister or Education has said this about Burnham:
"Salary settlements since 1945 have progressively improved the prospects and rewards for advancements within the profession by increasing the payments for longer training, higher qualifications and greater responsibility in relation to the basic scale."
The Minister has said that about Burnham. Yet he is now destroying Burnham because he asserts that Burnham is not paying sufficient attention to the differentials.
The Burnham Committee has existed for forty years. It has worked happily and satisfactorily. But suddenly, in the last few years of this Government, for some reason or other, Burnham has become unsatisfactory and must be altered.
I think that at this moment and in this context it would be appropriate if I said how sorry are hon. Members on both sides of the House at the death of Mr. William Cove, the former Member of Parliament for Aberavon. He was in at the formation of Burnham, and it is rather tragic that he should have died in the year in which Burnham is being destroyed by the Minister. Mr. Cove gave a lifetime of service to education and we all regret his passing.
The Minister's function at Burnham was stated very well by the present First Secretary of State at the time of the passing of the 1944 Act and we should get it on the record. The right hon. Gentleman said:
"The functions of the Minister under Section 89 of the Education Act, 1944, are limited to approving or disapproving the scales of remuneration submitted to him by the Burnham Committee and, if he approves them, to making the order requiring local authorities to remunerate teachers in accordance with those scales. It was made quite clear when the Clause, which is now Section 89, was introduced in another place that it was so drafted as to

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leave no responsibility with the Minister for framing the scales or amending the scales submitted to him."
Burnham worked on that basis, as I say, quite happily until the right hon. Member for Sutton Goldfield tried to cut the basic scale increases; until Lord Eccles, in 1961, dictated his new scales involving a £5½ million cut; and until this Minister has persisted in redistributing the £21 million award in favour of teachers at the higher end of the scale.
The right hon. Gentleman is doing this in spite of the fact that the present award is really part of a package deal for the peace that was patched up with Lord Eccles in 1961. The Parliamentary Secretary will recollect that the teachers agreed with the local authorities to accept the Eccles scales only if negotiations could take place for new scales to be paid on 1st April, 1963. Therefore, I think that teachers were entitled to expect that Burnham would be allowed to function on its normal lines. Yet the Minister of Education has intervened and refused to accept the unanimous decision of the Burnham Committee on the new scales. He has drawn up his own scales and says that he intends lo enforce them.
I see from the Press that the Minister of Education was interviewed recently by the teachers in his own constituency. The right hon. Gentleman claimed that he was the first Minister to intervene in Burnham on purely educational grounds. What arrant nonsense this is proved to be, when one sees the scales. It is a pity that they are not available now during this debate so that hon. Members might look at them. In the scales the Minister is delaying the assimilation of two-year trained teachers. Is that on educational grounds? The Minister is to reduce the amount proposed by the Burnham Committee for all two-year trained teachers up to about the age of 32 or 33. Is that on educational grounds?
In my view, to assert that this is on educational grounds is so ridiculous as to he quite unacceptable. Even three-year trained graduates get a reduction from what the Burnham Committee proposed for the first three years. They get no increase for the first three years and an increase of only £20 per annum for the next five years. It means that, in total, over all this period of eleven years they
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will receive £300 more. Is that on educational grounds? Does the Minister really feel that this will make any difference to anybody? I believe that it amounts to nothing more than sheer bad faith to the category of teachers who are concerned. They actually lose money. I think that hon. Members will agree, having studied the matter, that this amounts to nothing more than sheer bad faith.
The only logical assumption at which I can arrive is that the Minister of Education wishes to provoke a crisis in Burnham. This is in line with Government policy in dealing with other employees in the public sector. The Minister, when talking to the teachers in his own constituency, said:
"…it is not my intention to dictate the future of the negotiating machinery, but I think I should have a share in the new machinery and further discussions with the teachers' associations."
Obviously, the Minister intends to do what Lord Eccles thought better of doing.
I wish to put a specific question to the Minister and I hope that the Parliamentary Secretary will make a note of it. This is of tremendous importance to the teachers. Does the Minister want to be in the negotiations and to be the final arbiter as well? He was asked this during the discussion with the teachers in his constituency. He was accused of being both judge and juror who assumed a place in the negotiating machinery. He was asked whether he proposed to make provision for arbitration, and he replied that he "took the point", but that it was really a matter for negotiation.
Will the Minister please stop being "cagey" about this? The teachers want to know about it. I do not think that teachers would object to the Minister being in on the negotiations. But obviously, if he is in on negotiations, there must be some arbitration machinery at the end of the process. I wish to make clear that I have no right to speak for the teachers' organisations. But I think that no teachers' organisation would agree to the Minister's inclusion in the Burnham process, in the negotiations, unless the machinery also included adequate and trustworthy arbitration machinery.
I see from the Press that representatives of the National Association of

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Schoolmasters say that Parliament must be the final arbitrator. That means the Minister. The right hon. Gentleman is welcome to the support of the National Association of Schoolmasters.
The Minister says that he wants to come in. What we want to know, on behalf of the bigger teachers' organisations, is whether he is prepared to agree to some independent arbitration machinery at the end of the process. At the moment, it appears that he wants to be in on the salary negotiations and also to be the judge and jury.
In spite of what the Parliamentary Secretary said in an intervention, I believe that the whole purpose of this operation is directed to the belief that the Burnham Committee has been too generous during the last few years. My view, and the view of most teachers, is that the purpose of ensuring that the Minister is in on the negotiations is to see that future Burnham awards will be less generous than they have been in the past.
I want to deal with the claim made by the Minister that he has public opinion behind him. He repeated this claim in the interview which I have quoted on a number of occasions. He said that what he meant was that he had the support of a large measure of the Press, including the Left-wing daily Press. There have been a number of leading articles on this matter, and some letters in support of the Minister from the few teachers who hope to gain at the expense of their younger colleagues.
Mr. Chataway: I must intervene if this charge is to be reiterated. Ought not the hon. Member to think about this? Will not hon. Members apposite concede that the teachers concerned believe that this is right for the profession, and that they are not acting in a spirit of self-interest, any more than are the younger teachers, in the view that they take?
Mr. Short: That may be so in some cases. The number of leading articles supporting the Minister has been amazingly small. In spite of the strenuous efforts which we know to have been made by the Minister's public relations officers behind the scenes in recent weeks, there has been remarkably little support for
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this action of the Minister. Some of the most influential newspapers have expressed a great measure of disagreement with the Minister—newspapers such as the Guardian, the Observer, the Sunday Telegraph, the Evening News and the Western Mail. Nearly all the support has been purely political, and has come from the newspapers that one would naturally expect to support the Minister.
The Times had two leading articles putting the Minister's point of view, but when the general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, Sir Ronald Gould, wrote a letter putting the other side of the argument The Times would not publish it. It said, "We will give you 500 words." That was the attitude of a great newspaper which is supposed to be the pinnacle of justice, and the champion of the freedom of the Press. It refused to publish the reply from the National Union of Teachers.
The Daily Express published a leader and a feature article—I mention this because of the Minister's boasts about Press support—but when the public relations officer of the N.U.T. sent a reply to the Daily Express it printed only 82 words of that letter. One hon. Member opposite referred to the Daily Herald. Certainly, that newspaper supports higher salaries—for higher qualifications and responsibilities. So do we all, and so does the N.U.T., of which I have been a member since 1931. This has been N.U.T. policy for all those years. It has said that there should be no extra payment for sex, but that there should be for higher qualifications, longer service and greater responsibilities. What the hon. Member did not tell us was that the Daily Herald was extremely critical of the way in which the Minister has handled the situation.
In this matter The Times has played a pretty disreputable part. It asserted—it did not hint; it asserted—that the teachers were aware of the Minister's attitude. This is quite untrue. It is absolutely false, and The Times knows that it is. Sir Ronald Gould pointed out that this was untrue in the letter that The Times would not publish.
I ask another specific question on this matter. Is it a fact that the Minister interviewed two members of the Burnham Committee before the negotiations started—a member of the A.M.C. and the member of the C.C.A.? Could we be told

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whether the Minister did interview those two officials? If he did, they did not breathe a word of it to the Burnham Committee. Perhaps the Minister will tell us what happened. We are entitled to know. It is ridiculous of the Minister to claim that he has wide support in this matter.
As I see it, three issues arise from this crisis. They are all extremely relevant to the future of the teaching profession, but some of them have very much wider significance than that. First, young teachers, up to the age of 30 or 31 years of age, will not be paid adequately under the Minister's scales. I do not agree with the hon. Member for Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. Longden) about this. The starting point of the Burnham discussions was—as it always has been—the minimum salary and the starting point, which, according to the Burnham Committee, was £650 a year. As I see it, the failure to pay an adequate salary to young teachers will retard recruitment, especially in view of the modern habit of early marriage. This is at a time when we need about 10,000 extra teachers a year. That is the first consequence of the crisis.
The second one concerns my hon. Friends who are involved in their own trade unions. This is an attack upon collective bargaining. The battle which the N.U.T. is fighting here is a battle of all the trade unions, especially in the public sector. The Minister of Education intends to get in on the negotiations and he wants also to be the final arbiter. What kind of collective bargaining is this? It is a mere travesty of it.
The third consequence is that the Minister will destroy the employer-employee relationship which exists now between teachers and local authorities. This is one of the best features of our education system. During the passing of the Local Government Act, 1958, many expressions of faith in local government were made by hon. Members opposite. Many of them asserted that the men in Whitehall did not know best, and that local government should be given its head. I started to look up quotations from speeches made in the proceedings on that Bill, but I found so many that I soon stopped. If hon. Members care to read the reports they will find literally scores of quotations from hon. Members opposite saying that local government should be given more power.
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Their policy since then has been to weaken local government, and this interference is one of the biggest steps so far. It not only alters the status of the teacher, but it takes away something very valuable from local government.
It is not too late for the Minister to retreat. I know that it is a difficult thing for a Minister to do, but it is not too late for him to tell the faceless men behind him that he will not see our education system destroyed in this way. Yesterday, the Burnham Committee rejected his proposed scales. If he wishes to persist in this folly he has no option but to bring in legislation to enforce his new scales. We will fight this every inch of the way, and so will the teachers.
What will be the result? We shall have an embittered and angry profession. It is that now, but that will be its permanent attitude if the right hon. Gentleman persists in this proposal. The result would be a weakened education system. That system is nothing if it is not a partnership comprising teachers, local authorities and the Government. It would weaken the structure of local government. What would the Minister achieve? He would achieve the opportunity to save £2 million or £3 million once every few years.
Will the policy which the Minister is pursuing attract the right numbers and the right kind of new entrants to the profession? Of course it will not. If we say that we want to attract teachers up to 30 when they want to get married, but they are to have less than the Burnham award, obviously new entrants will not be attracted. I appeal to the Minister to abandon this policy before it is too late. There is a way out. It was suggested by my hon. Friend the Member for Itchen. That is to make £4 million available to pay the higher differentials which he desires. That would be a reasonable compromise which I believe local authorities and teachers would be prepared to accept.
I appeal to the Minister and to the Government to consider this before irreparable damage is done to education and local government in this country.
8.1 p.m.
Mr. Charles Curran: I have listened attentively to the case against the Minister's decision which has been made by the hon. Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central (Mr. Short), but I must tell him I found it totally unconvincing. He seemed to try to prop up a bad case by using a lot of violent language. I have made notes of some of the phrases which dropped from him. He was throwing phrases about like confetti at a wedding. He used phrases such as, "nonsense", "bad faith" and fighting every inch of the way".
I do not believe it is any good trying to discuss a question as important as this with that sort of street-corner claptrap. I invite the hon. Member and those who agree with him to believe that I recognise that there is a case—which has not been at all effectively put by the hon. Member—a genuine case for those who criticise the Minister's decision. I want to look at that case and to suggest why I think it faulty. As we have been told over and over again, the Burnham Committee was set up at the end of the First World War, more than forty years ago. When the Burnham Committee was created the amount of money which the country devoted to education was trifling by comparison with what it is now.
I have looked up the figures, and I find that in 1920 the total cost for England and Wales was £52 million, out of which the taxpayer, through the Treasury, provided £30 million. That was very small. Even in 1945–6, after the Butler Act, the total cost was just over £140 million and the Treasury share was just over £80 million. I suggest that it is no good at all looking at Burnham or the Government's part in Burnham without taking into account the enormous expansion of public money which is now put into education. I suggest that that enormous expansion has completely removed the assumptions on which the Burnham Committee was created.
It was perfectly reasonable forty years ago to say, "The Minister is providing a very small sum. Why should he interfere? What has it to do with him? Let the two sides of Burnham agree and let the Minister keep out". I suggest that it is totally unreasonable
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to take up that position today. Just as war is too important to be left to the generals, education is too important to be left to Burnham. The Minister of Education has a judgment to perform.
Mr. Short: The hon. Member evidently has not been listening to me. I have no objection to the Minister being included in the negotiations, and I do not think teachers object to that. What we want is that if the Minister comes in there should be some independent arbitrator at the end and the Minister should not be the final arbiter.
Mr. Curran: I am quite prepared to take that point. I am not speaking for the Minister but for myself. I believe that the position which the Minister ought to occupy in relation to wage negotiations in education is a commanding position. I do not believe he should be there simply for the purpose of endorsing decisions taken by the two sides of the Committee. Because of the enormous expansion of education, because of the enormous increase in public spending on education—something which I welcome and which I suppose we all welcome—because of these fundamental changes over the last forty years the Minister must take up a position in relation to Burnham which is radically different from any position taken up by any Education Minister in the past.
Mr. Short: What about arbitration?
Mr. Curran: As I have listened to speeches made from the other side of the House, it has seemed that hon. Members were saying that Burnham knows best and decisions taken in the Burnham Committee are decisions which should be accepted because its members are the experts and know more than anyone else about the matter.
Mr. G. Thomas: Is the hon. Member arguing that the Minister knows best?
Mr. Curran: I am quite prepared to argue that the Minister is at least as good a judge of what education means in this country as is the Burnham Committee. What we have been hearing from some hon. Members opposite has been almost a sort of scholastic syndicalism, the idea that Burnham knows best and that decisions about education must be left to its two sides, the doctrine that the

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schools belong to Burnham. I do not believe that any more than I believe that the trains belong to the railwaymen or the dust to the dustmen. The State, the Minister, the public and this House of Commons have every bit as much right to express themselves about education and to impose decisions about education as any Burnham Committee.
I flatly decline to accept any assertion—and we have had a good many from hon. Members opposite—that decisions taken inside the Burnham Committee ought not to be upset, over-ridden or criticised. Every speech against criticism of the Rurnham Committee has been taken to mean that the Burnham Committee is a better judge than the Minister. I do not accept that. If the Minister is not as good a judge of what education means as is the Burnham Committee, I do not see any reason for having a Minister of Education. We might as well allow Burnham to take over education completely. I invite the critics of the Minister to look at the assumptions on which the Minister has been acting. Some people impute motives to him. I do not think we shall get anywhere in this matter by the imputation of motives. The Minister has been acting on certain assumptions which are perfectly valid and which make abundant sense the moment they are examined.
The Minister is acting on the assumption that when distributing a large sum of public money to education he has a right and a duty to the House to see that it is spent in a way which will produce the maximum benefit for education. He must do that in his own judgment, and I again suggest that as a Minister he is in a better position to form a judgment, because he is able to take the whole national picture and to see far more effectively than any local committee or trade union can see what the country needs or ought to have. I suggest that if the Minister is not competent to do that there is no point in having a Minister. He is there to make decisions on national policy on education.
The Minister has come to a conclusion about the matter, and there is an enormous amount to be said for that conclusion. He has come to the conclusion that the primary necessity now in education is to improve the career prospects of teaching as a profession. That is the decision to which he has come
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after surveying the national picture. I repeat that he is in a better position to make a national survey than is the Burnham Committee or any component of the Burnham Committee.
After surveying the national picture, he has come to the conclusion that what is most needed in education is a radical improvement in career prospects. He therefore insists that when millions of pounds of public money are allocated to education that money should be spent to produce what he considers to be the maximum public benefit, and that it is used to ensure that the objective he has in mind is obtained. After all, he is there to make certain that education becomes better and better.
Mrs. Slater: Is the hon. Gentleman saying that the Minister is right in saying that £12 a week is an adequate wage to attract people into the profession? After deductions for superannuation and National Insurance contributions, they will take home about £9 17s. 6d. Is the hon. Gentleman saying that that is sufficient to attract people into the profession to take advantage of the career prospects?
Mr. Curran: I am happy to deal with that point. I suggest that when people decide to go into a profession what they look at is not so much the initial income but the income they will receive in middle age. Consider the analogy of another profession, that of the Bar, about which I know something. To recall my experience, I was told, "You must expect to work at the Bar for two or three years before you can make a. living. You must expect to work for two or three years before you make enough money to support yourself". That fact does not deter people from entering the legal profession, because when they decide to enter it they look not at the initial salary, or the initial income, but at the career prospects and what they can expect to earn when they reach their thirties, forties, and fifties.
The great flaw in the teaching profession is that it does not offer to people in middle life the sort of incomes which they could get had they chosen some other profession or gone somewhere else in the labour market. It is this which is causing an enormous amount of damage to the schools. We cannot get people with science degrees to come into the teaching profession. We cannot get

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honours graduates to come in. If they take their abilities somewhere else in the labour market they will not necessarily command a larger income at the beginning of their careers, but they can look forward to a career structure which in middle life will give them more money than the teaching profession can give them. Consequently, in our schools we are suffering from a grave deficiency of the skilled ability which we need. It is this fact on which the Minister is basing himself, and it is this fact which the critics have ignored.
It is not a question of how much money teaching offers to somebody aged 21 or 22. The capital question is what does this profession offer to people in middle life? When this is matched against the rewards available for the same sort of ability in other directions, the comparison is startling, and this, I suggest, is the basic reason why we are failing to get the kind of recruits in the numbers that we want. We shall not solve the problem by increasing the starting salary. What we have to do is to ensure that in the course of their careers people can get the sort of incomes which they would get had they taken their abilities elsewhere on the labour market.
All these arguments—and we have heard them over and over again—about "Can somebody live on £12 a week?" "How would you like to live on £12 a week?", and "Is it fair to give somebody f12 a week to teach, and somebody else £1,200 a week to stand in front of a microphone and croon?" get us nowhere, because they fail to touch the problem which we have not solved, that of how to get into the schools the flow of skilled ability without which the schools will fail this country?
Everybody agrees that this country urgently needs more trained minds. Everybody agrees that if this country is to keep pace with the rest of the world we need a greater flow of trained ability. To get that means providing a greater flow of trained ability in the teaching profession, and the Minister's intervention is in pursuit of that goal. It is not only wrong but squalid that the decision which he has taken on national grounds and in the interests of the children should be attacked by the squalid trade union restrictionism which has been
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inflicted on us from the other side of the House.
Mr. Stan Awbery: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that for many years there has been a negotiating committee for the teachers and the education authority? This Committee has always laid down the principle to be adopted. We are now destroying the principle which has been laid down for the last twenty or thirty years, and we are not even prepared to accept the Committee as an advisory one, much less as a negotiating body to work out the wages of the teachers.
Mr. Curran: The hon. Gentleman seems not to have grasped the argument. This is not something which can be settled in terms of wage negotiations. We are discussing education, and I suggest that we cannot discuss that by analogy. We cannot discuss it by reference to wage or salary negotiation methods which apply elsewhere, because here we have a unique problem. We are here considering children, the sort of facilities which we provide for them, and the kind of people we provide to teach them. We cannot judge this matter in terms of the ordinary negotiations in the labour market. This is something quite apart and quite different, and I suggest that the Minister, in tackling the matter as he has done, is doing his duty as the Minister of Education. He is carrying out the duty which he owes to the children and to the parents, and I do not believe that there is the smallest ground either for criticising him or for making the imputations against him to which we have listened far the last few hours.
I am not representative of any teachers' union or any other body connected with education. I am simply a taxpayer and a Member of the House who is anxious, as I suppose we all are, to see an immense expansion of education in this country. I believe—[Interruption.] I listened with courtesy to the speeches of hon. Gentlemen opposite, and I hope that they will do as much for me. I listened to the figures given by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary of the increase in the proportion of the national income which we allot to education. He said—and this is a figure which cannot be repeated too often—that over the last ten years the proportion of the national income

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allotted to education had risen from 3 per cent. to nearly 5 per cent. This is a tremendous achievement without precedent in our social history, but, tremendous and unprecedented as it is, we cannot stand on it. I believe that it is necessary to allocate a still larger slice of the national income to education.
To bring that about we have to carry the people with us. We cannot in a free society make that kind of allocation of our resources unless the people are in favour of it. The people of this country will be prepared to allocate a larger amount of the national income to education, but I believe that when they do they will insist on having control of how the money is spent. If we are to succeed in allocating a larger proportion of the national income to education, it is imperative that we make it clear that decisions about the spending of that money will be taken inside this House and not inside the Burnham Committee.
8.19 p.m.
Mr. J. Idwal Jones: In replying to the speech of my hon. Friend the Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey), the Parliamentary Secretary complained that my hon. Friend had used too dark colours in his painting, that he had used black rather too often. Perhaps I may be allowed to point out to the Parliamentary that every true artist builds up his picture from the shadows. A true artist always starts with the black and works out to the light. In other words, he concentrates on the shadows and lets the lights take care of themselves. That is the policy in which we on this side believe. We believe in concentrating upon the shadows in our education system. Hitherto, the lights have had far too large a share of the educational privileges. We believe that the time has arrived to concentrate on the shadows.
I listened carefully to the hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Curran), but I was not able to make much of his contribution to the immediate problem facing us. The problem is to reduce the size of classes, to build new schools and to extend existing schools, and to increase the number of teachers, with the necessary extension and building of new teacher training colleges. The Minister is faced with this problem because ten locust years
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have been wasted since the Government came to office in 1951. Neither hon. Members opposite nor the Government were convinced that expansion of teacher training colleges was necessary before 1958. They adopted a policy of expansion in 1960. Even now they find that that policy is not meeting the requirements.
There is no difficulty whatsoever in recruiting men and women to the teaching profession. There is no difficulty in recruitment. The difficulty arises from the fact that hitherto the country has not provided the means to train them. In 1962 there were 13,300 applications to the university colleges of Wales. Of those 13,300 applications, only 2,200 were admitted. In other words, 11,100 applicants were refused. I cannot agree with the Parliamentary Secretary that those 11,100 applicants were marginal applicants. Most of them had obtained high qualifications at their grammar schools at G.C.E. A-level, but there were no places for them at the universities. Consequently we have been denied the services of many of them in the teaching profession.
The Minister set his target of 80,000 teachers by 1970–71. There is nothing wrong with the target. It shows the immensity of the problem. It is the result of the accumulation of the Government's lack of activity in the last twelve years. The target is all right. What is wrong is that the Government have not faced up to the situation boldly and with imagination in an effort to reach the target. The Government are not providing the finance needed if the target is to be reached by 1970. Colleges are being asked to solve the problem for the Ministry. They are being asked to take one-third extra students in 1964–65, nearly half extra in 1966–67, and well over half extra by 1968–69. How is this to be achieved? The only practical method of achieving it is by building new colleges or expanding existing ones. That is what the Government are not prepared to do.
I know that these colleges cannot be built in a day. I know that they may take two or three years or more. The fact remains that in those few years the existing colleges and their staffs would co-operate to the full and assist the Minister. At present the Minister does not contemplate establishing any further training colleges, unless an exceptional

1227
case can be made for one. Eighty thousand extra teachers are wanted by 1970, but the Minister is not prepared to contemplate the building of a new teacher training college. I know that he is prepared to spend £7 million on major enlargements of existing colleges and small projects. These projects are very interesting. They mean extending a library or a kitchen, or a study space, to solve the problem of teacher shortage! That is the extent to which the Government are prepared to spend money in an effort to solve this enormous and urgent problem. It boils down to the fact that the Minister wants as much as possible done with the least possible expense.
The Minister proposes to play about with college terms, college timetables, and the supervision of students. That is his solution. He proposes to hand this problem over for the colleges and the schools to solve. For example, there is the so-called Box and Cox arrangement. I do not know the origin of the term. For the benefit of some of my hon. Friends, perhaps I may be allowed to explain this Box and Cox arrangement. The Minister proposes to divide the nine college terms into two periods of six terms and three terms. The students are expected to be in the colleges for six terms and in the schools doing practice for three terms, the idea being that while the students are in schools their places can be taken at the college, thus increasing the number of admissions to the colleges. Who is going to supervise the students? The supervision of the students is to be handed over to the school staffs. A more pathetic suggestion I have never read. It is called a Box and Cox arrangement. I call it a cock and bull suggestion.
In addition, what I am going to mention now is incredible. They are suggesting also the possibility of accommodating more students in the existing college bedrooms. This is preposterous. We have seen this sort of thing happening in our gaols, putting two or three prisoners in one cell. Now they are suggesting doing the same in training colleges. They cover themselves by saying this in their circular:
"Colleges will naturally take as their starting point the welfare of their students, so many of whom are young people straight from school."
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I am suggesting to the Minister that practice is better than precept.
Apart from criticising, I wish to make a practical proposition. There is at Wrexham a training college for women. At present it contains 303 students and, by instalments of 150 each year, will have 450 in three years' time. The college wants six extra lecture rooms and a common room to accommodate the extra fifty who will be taken in next September. We are already towards the end of March and the authorities at the college do not know where they are and what is the position regarding the extra accommodation needed if the extra number of students is to be admitted. I urge the Minister to consider this problem most seriously and urgently.
In Wrexham there is the Hermitage Camp which used to belong to the War Office but is in process of being purchased by the education authority for a training college and other education purposes. There are extensive, well-paved roads, extremely good playing fields, gas, electricity, water services and other amenities all laid on. There are one or two Army huts still in good condition, well heated and well lit. There are also good gymnasia, dining rooms and well equipped kitchens. The cost to make the camp more attractive to students would be negligible. Despite this, the Minister has not agreed to approve spending even a very small sum for the improvements. I hope that he will reconsider this matter carefully.
Within four miles of my home there are five large secondary modern schools which were built between sixty and eighty years ago as elementary schools. They have been condemned by the inspectorate. Generation after generation of children have passed and are still passing through them to receive what is known as their secondary education. I repeat—for I have said this many times before—that throughout the education system of this country no pupil has been dealt with more shabbily than the one who attends the secondary modern school. I have never believed in the tripartite system, but so long as that system prevails the secondary modern school should be given the status it merits. Do not let us deceive ourselves into thinking that we can give the secondary modem schools that status by

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allowing one or two of the best pupils who attend them to pass the G.C.E. examination. That is really the task of the grammar school, and I would be the last to commend any secondary modern school which does the work of a grammar school. The answer, of course, is that there should be more places in grammar schools.
The secondary modern school has its own work to do; useful work for the community and as important a task as any other school—that is, if we have the right sense of values. These schools need playing fields, gymnasia, laboratories, gardens and libraries, but they are not getting them now. In this connection, Denbighshire put forward schemes costing £641,000 but was granted £48.000–7 per cent. Anglesey put forward schemes worth £424,000, but did not get a penny. The same can be said of Pembrokeshire.
What about mid-Wales? Here is an area crying out for resuscitation. Efforts are being made to introduce new industries and to bring new life and a good heart to this area. It is already threatened with railway closures, but despite all of this, the Minister wields his axe remorselessly, resolutely and decisively and these vital improvements cannot be made. Cardiganshire put forward schemes for £137,000, Merionethshire, put forward schemes for £177,000, and Montgomeryshire put forward schemes for £179,000. It is worth noting the marked similarity of the sums proposed. Radnor and Brecon put forward schemes for £73,000 and £374,000, respectively. How many of these projects was the Minister prepared to approve? Not one.
The whole area is not allowed to proceed with a single project; such is the measure of the Minister's assistance to that part of Wales. There are seventeen authorities in the whole of Wales, and of the total number of schemes submitted only eight have been awarded anything at all. I believe that those awards have amounted to between 7 and 10 per cent. of the original amounts of the schemes submitted. It is most disappointing, and I urge the Minister to look again at his policy which, as it stands, will not bring him credit.
8.35 p.m.
Mr. W. R. van Straubenzee (Woking-ham): I hope that the hon. Member
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for Wrexham (Mr. Idwal Jones) will acquit me of discourtesy if I cannot follow him in his detailed knowledge of educational matters in Wales today, to which he has drawn our attention.
I would respectfully disagree with him, with less knowledge than he, on one matter, which some hon. Members may think a small aspect of his speech, when he was objecting to secondary modern schools. I thought that I detected in his argument the point of view that this was a type of school where we should concentrate not so much on brains, but on hands. I think that he used the phrase that the secondary modern school was not a place where children should be taking the G.C.E. I disagree with him. I think that the work of the teaching profession in many of our secondary modern schools is among the most exciting educational work going on in this country.
Mr. Idwal Jones: I have great experience of secondary modern school work, and I know very well the intellectual capacity and the ability which is found there. The grammar school should look after the G.C.E. stream. I would prefer the comprehensive school, but if we are to have the secondary modern school, I suggest that its work should be of a non-examination character.
Mr. van Straubenzee: I still record quite simply, without the knowledge of the hon. Gentleman, that I respectfully disagree. I maintain the point that I was making when I was interrupted, that our secondary modern schools have tended to be the poor relations of our educational system for too long. There is some intensely interesting educational work in progress among them, and, speaking for my own constituency, I find the constant rise in intellectual standards in our secondary modern schools among the most interesting products of our modern educational system. It disposes, so far as I am concerned, with the rather snob outlook, which I have detected in various places, that there is only a certain top level of person who can benefit from education.
I make it quite clear that I am not referring to the hon. Gentleman's point of view when I say that. I am referring to a point of view that I have heard that there is only a limited section that God has created which can benefit from

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this type of education. I should have thought that the work in secondary modern schools would show that there is a far greater section which can benefit if it has the opportunity. Therefore, I merely place on record my divergence from the hon. Gentleman on that point.
I must obviously truncate my remarks, probably to the advantage of everybody, but I want, first, to say this. I have, for a reason that some hon. Members will recall, sat through all our education debates of the last two years until last July. I have always felt, first, that the House debates education far too little, and, secondly, that it tends to do so when there are matters in dispute. Frankly, when all the thunder and the shouting dies down, as with quite a bit of other work in this House, there is very little between the sides and a very deep belief in certain fundamentals which we hold in common.
It seems regrettable that so often we should be appearing to differ when there is much that binds us together. For that reason, I shall try to tackle the subject in a reasonably neutral sort of way, and shall certainly not trot out statistics of a party political nature, because I believe that in educational matters that does not much benefit anybody.
There are those, and I accept the sincerity of their views, who are profoundly disturbed by the present situation in which my right hon. Friend finds himself with Burnham, but they ought to be more appreciative of the very deep-seated feeling of a large number of people who are interested in education that it no longer makes sense for the Minister to be in this curious position vis-à-vis Burnham where he is recognised as having a place, but a place that only gives him the ability to say yea or nay at the very end.
As I understand the tenor of our debate, and I have heard most of the speeches, a number of hon. Members who carry great weight in educational matters, such as the hon. Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central (Mr. Short) and the hon. Member for Cardiff, West (Mr. G. Thomas)—and I regret their absence now; they have been present practically throughout our debate and even now are only temporarily absent—speaking with much experience of teacher matters, said that while they deplored the method of
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the doing they were in favour—and I hope that I am not in any way taking their names in vain—of the Minister's presence in Burnham. It is only fair to add that they both made certain reservations.
That view is not universally accepted in the teaching profession. I did not feel that it was accepted by the hon. Member for Southampton, Itchen (Dr. King)—and I see he indicates that I am correct in that thought—speaking, if I may say so, not only as a distinguished educationist, but as a very strong local government man. I believe that in this matter his hon. Friends' views are right. I do not think that the general public are any longer prepared to have a situation in which their representative, of whatever party he may be, who produces such a high percentage of the cash for the salary scales, has no ability to express himself at the formative stage.
I must go on record as being firmly in favour of the Minister having a place. I have no idea how long it will take my right hon. Friend to negotiate this, or whether, in fact, it will be possible to reach an agreed solution—my right hon. Friend may be able to indicate his views a little more to us in a few minutes—but there is the quite totally different point, is there not, of whether the particular intervention he has made in relation to this salary scale is right or wrong. That is a different matter.
I take the view expressed several times from this side. I am quite sure that when one talks to young people and considers one's own start in life—and this applies to all of us in one way or another—one considers the salary scale and not just the starting salary. I beg hon. Members opposite to believe that I am not trying to say that I am satisfied with every element of the staffing salary. I make no such sweeping assertion, but I seek to say that when there is reasonableness one does not seek necessarily to destroy Burnham or the union, or break confidence in the profession, if one tries to look at the structure to the best of one's ability.
In talking to men and women I have been impressed often with the necessity for increased recognition after the first five years or so when, as a generalisation, they tend to take on greater responsibilities. I cannot go into the matter

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in any greater detail now, but it is for that reason that I think there is far greater wisdom in my right hon. Friend's action than has always been attributed to him. The hon. Member for Itchen made a pleasing reference, though he qualified it slightly afterwards, to my noble Friend, Lord Eccles, when he said that he thought that my noble Friend was a greater friend to teachers than they knew. Respectfully, I believe that that is right.
I have frequently said to my teacher friends that I believed it was in the teachers' own interests that they should have a Minister—and I make clear that I mean a Minister of any party—inside their negotiating body. I say without a note of criticism of either the teachers' panel or the local authorities' panel that I believe that this could bring to that body a wider point of view. I believe that my right hon. Friend has statistical material at his disposal and that increasingly he will have research material at his disposal—and he ought to have had it long before. All this, I should respectfully have thought, would have been to the positive benefit of teachers as members of a profession. I have frequently argued this at teachers' meetings and have found that in the end there was a substantial proportion who felt that there was justice in it.
Mr. T. W. Jones: Is the hon. Member aware that the Burnham Committee has to be unanimous in its recommendations? If the Minister were a member of the Committee he could veto decisions at all times so that the Committee would be carrying out only just what the right hon. Gentleman wanted it to carry out.
Mr. van Straubenzee: That is a fair point, assuming that the Minister simply entered the Burnham Committee as constituted at present. Given the assumption of no change at all, except that my right hon. Friend was added to the Committee, the hon. Member's point is valid. I cannot have any idea of what is in the Minister's mind at the moment. I have sufficient faith in him as an individual, as I am sure have many other hon. Members, to believe that he has a mind which is receptive to argument on this point. A great deal will depend on the reconstituted Burnham Committee as it emerges.
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Meanwhile, we are on the verge, in educational matters, of one of the most exciting inquiries which the country has on hand. If I had any one reason why I am hoping, possibly slightly forlornly, to be returned to the House after another General Election, it is that I should dearly love to be here, on whatever side of the House I find myself—and I cannot be more neutral than that—to take part in the legislation which I am certain all parties will put in the forefront of their programmes to implement the Robbins Report. This could be the 1944 Act for higher education generally. But in many a common room it will set a real cat among the pigeons. All I have to say on it in this debate is that I believe that the report will have far-reaching recommendations on teacher training colleges.
I cannot defend any longer the slightly snob difference between a qualification achieved at the end of three hard-working years of a full degree course, on the one hand, and a course in the technical colleges, on the other. I am well aware of the intellectual argument that, theoretically, the degree is the product of a long course carried out over a wide intellectual area and that it should not be given for something of a highly technical nature. I have had the enlightening experience, through a post which I held for a year, of visiting in that time very nearly all the universities. After talking to undergraduates, one does not find it easy to sustain the argument that they are proceeding on a broad intellectual front and not dealing merely with a narrow technical subject.
Mr. Ellis Smith: You can say that again.
Mr. van Straubenzee: I am prepared to say it again, but not at the price of other hon. Members' time.
We must recognise that what will be proposed will be highly controversial. It will be hotly debated in the House and elsewhere. When it comes, it will be the occasion of tremendous interest.
References have been made to the universities. It is, perhaps, permissible to say this much about them, although they do not come within the purview of my right hon. Friend. I say this without the smallest suggestion of a cheap jeer at the Treasury. It is very easy to raise a cheap laugh at the expense of Treasury

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civil servants, but I do not believe that the Treasury, through the instrument of the University Grants Committee, is any longer the right parental body, in Government terms, for the universities.
When the change comes, we shall, I hope, consider one matter which I put forward now with very great reticence since it is liable to be wildly misconstrued. I hope that any hon. Members who may wish to take me up on this will, at least, do me the justice of reading my remarks in full. My point is simply this. I am deeply concerned lest we politicians, on both sides of the House, should be pushing the academics too fast in terms of university expansion. This is, I know, a most dangerous thing to say.
I am only too well aware of the many sixth formers and others who would love to go to university. Nevertheless, I cannot but express my profound concern about some of our universities where, it seems to me, although we are making places, what we are doing, in fact, is creating "9 till 5" places of lecture, from which people go away, sometimes 25 or 30 miles, with none of what I would loosely call the out-of-school activities which I, as one who, unfortunately, never experienced it, should regard as one of the priceless advantages in the broadening of the mind at university.
I suppose that it is asking too much of politicians to accept what I say. One says X. Another says Y. The first says that he will double Y on top, and so on. This is, alas, one of the weaknesses of politics at times. Nevertheless, I have the feeling that we may still be going too fast.
I think that both sides of the House realise that there is a malaise in the teaching profession. I come back now to the primary and secondary schools for which my right hon. Friend has a responsibility. It is very easy to blame the malaise on salary scales and say that, if only the salaries are put right, all will be well. I have many ambitions in terms of salary scale, but I wonder whether they are the real answer. I am not arguing myself into the position of saying that salary does not matter. I am not arguing myself into the position of not wanting to see, for instance, depen-
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dants' allowances and things of that kind for both men and women.
There are many other things which we should like to see. However, I am searching and groping, inadequately, I know, for something rather more positive to deal with the malaise which one finds in many a common room and staff room expressed roughly in these terms, "We are no longer respected as we used to be. We are no longer a profession which people respect."
In how many staff rooms or common rooms have I heard this said. I find it very regrettable. I regard teaching as one of the really great professions. I say bluntly that I should not have enough courage to take it up. Considering the good which a good teacher can do and the bad which a careless and heartless teacher can achieve throughout a life of office, the man or woman who takes up teaching is a very brave person, and I pay the profession that tribute.
I ask myself where the answer to this lies. There is not one single answer of course, but I believe that we shall never get it right until the teaching profession has one self-disciplining, self-governing professional body. I belong to such a body myself. I am a solicitor, one of the underpaid members of the community, as hon. Members on both sides of the House will agree.
The point about my professional body, and I say it without a note of defence, is that it is strongly organised within the House—there is no secret of this—and we work together across the Floor on our strictly professional matters. Woe betide any Government, or future Government, which may overlook the just demands of our profession in professional matters—I might as well stick my oar in both ways. We are also viciously self-disciplining. We have the ability, through our own courts, to remove a member's whole right of livelihood, and we are self-governing. From this, perhaps without its being felt, perhaps sub-consciously, comes a certain pride in one's professional standing, and I long for the day when we can get teachers into this same state of mind.
It is so easy to say. The tragedy of the teaching profession is that it is split into one larger and several smaller bodies. Frankly, there are some petty empires

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which are defended at the top in this setup. It is so easy for me to say when I am not one, but when one is a general secretary of one body—and I make no reference to anyone—or the president of another, one tends to be ultra-conservative about any change in one's own professional body. It is just as in local government. When one is three away from being mayor, one's local government boundaries are sacrosanct, but when one has passed through the chair one may be prepared to take a rather broader view.
I am putting it out as a suggestion that the time may come when a Government, preferably with the agreement of the profession as a whole, will find themselves forced to legislate. I wish profoundly that this can come from below. I am well aware of the moves which are made and, incidentally, of the generous attitude of mind towards the proposal from at least one of those who, as a big member of the team, could tend to dominate, but who chooses rather to seek to work by agreement and bringing all together. I am equally well aware that, in the early stages at any rate, some form of proportional representation would be necessary if minority interests were to be safeguarded.
But let us think of the strength of a body which would be self-governing in the sense that if any of its members defaulted from the high standards which it had set, it would be the body itself which took the disciplinary action and which asserted its high ideals upon the erring member. What a strength this would be! I have said over and over again to my teacher friends, as I say to the House, that so long as Governments—and I use the word in the plural, for it is Governments and not Government—can divide, so long will they rule the teaching profession.
I must, clearly, on that point come to an end. I want just to recapitulate, if I may. I do not believe that anything useful is gained by casting allegations, from one side or the other, or not caring, or having neglected, or having deliberately chosen to depress standards. Both sides of the House, according to their lights, have the interests of education at heart, and we should be intensely foolish and narrow minded people if that were not so, for on the increasing and
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developed ability, not just technically but broadly, of our young people depends the prosperity of the nation, and that is what this debate is about.
9.0 p.m.
Mr. Sydney Irving: I have a very short time in which to speak since I have promised to sit down by five minutes past nine.
Nothing that we have heard today in any way allays the deep underlying anxieties felt by many people throughout the whole teaching profession about the Government's actions in recent weeks and months. We have heard today hon. Members attempting to draw a smokescreen across the bitter resentment felt by teachers, parents and local authorities alike at the Government's action. We have heard Members trotting out some of the information given to them by the Tory Central Office. I should have thought that after the nationalisation flop they would be much more wary.
Hon. Members have spoken about the period from 1945 to 1951. At that time we were leading the Western world. We are certainly not doing that today. The Parliamentary Secretary suggested that there were figures which proved that we are setting aside a bigger percentage of our gross national product for education than any country in the West. I should like the Minister tonight to give us those figures, because we are unaware of them. We were told that by the end of this decade the Government would have provided 80,000 places in training colleges, but it is clear that we will not have achieved the minimum targets set by the Education Act, 1944, by 1975, thirty years after the passing of that Act, let alone by the end of the decade.
I particularly express my great concern at the effect of the small allocations for both major and minor works in the education service in Kent. A complete breakdown has been averted only by expediency, such as hiring halls or by the addition of utility standard hutments. Neither is satisfactory. Sanitary accommodation is poor or non-existent. In more than one case in my constituency the hired hall is more than a mile from the school. This makes control almost impossible.
The toilet accommodation in a number of rural schools is a disgrace. Much

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of it is out of date and out of doors. In one case, because of the slope of the playground, whenever it rains the toilet area is under water, which means that children who should be using the toilet facilities regularly are deterred from doing so.
We cannot separate the effects of inadequate major and minor works programmes. When I say that the Kent Education Committee's reaction at finding that its programme has been cut from £4,777,511 to £1,290,000 was one of alarm and dismay I am not underestimating it. The effect of omitting so many projects—and out of 20 secondary school projects submitted only two have been approved—is not that children will be out of school immediately but that by 1967–68, when the 1964–65 programme will have been completed, we shall again begin to have a new bulge in the secondary schools. By 1970 the bulge will be very substantial. By 1971–72 it will reach a peak.
The result of these meagre programmes is, first, to stultify the declared policy of the 1958 White Paper and to leave far too many schools struggling with seriously substandard accommodation for far too long. The second effect is to store up serious trouble by the start of the next decade when the secondary school numbers, which are now relatively low, will have risen to crisis proportions. There will be very little time left after the completion of the 1964–65 programme to prepare for this situation.
To attempt to put right in the 1965–67 programme all the shortcomings of the previous programmes would, obviously, be wholly impossible, particularly when one takes into account the growth of population in the South-East. The accumulation of rejected projects alone in Kent totals £3½ million. This means that in the years to come, projects to this amount will be competing for a place in programmes before any new projects or priorities can be established.
Kent submitted a large programme. There was nothing frivolous or irresponsible about it. Kent considered that it had a duty to put clearly to the Minister the implications for this programme of his own policy statements in the White Paper, in the circular and in the Ministry's projects letter of May, 1962.
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I hope that even at this late hour, the Minister will face his responsibility.
9.5 p.m.
Mr. George Brown: Unfortunately, but understandably, a debate on this subject tends for the most part to get into the hands of those who are professionally engaged in it. On the other hand, I hope that my arrival on the scene will serve as a reminder that this is much more the concern of pupils and parents than it is of the practitioners in the professions associated with it. It is that to which I want to bring the House back in the short time while I speak.
As I go round the country—and I imagine that my experience must be the same as that of most other right hon. and hon. Members—I find that this is one of the subjects which arouses the deepest interest at meetings which I attend. People are extremely concerned about the lack of facilities for their Tommy or their Mary, whether it be at primary, secondary or higher level, to get the education that they cherish for them.
I mention that because in listening to the debate, and certainly in listening to the Parliamentary Secretary, I had a strong feeling that there is a good deal of unwillingness on the benches opposite to recognise the degree of worry and concern that exist. It is clear that successive Ministers of Education—of whom there have been almost as many as there have been successive Ministers of Defence under the present Administration—have made some substantial miscalculations. They have persistently miscalculated the population development and today it sounded to me as though they would go on hoping that this would some day put itself right and that there would be fewer children at some stage to deal with. This is one of the reasons why they hang back from facing the severity of the problem. I doubt very much whether in our lifetime that hope on the part of the Government will be satisfied.
Secondly, the Government continue to underestimate seriously the willingness, and, indeed, the desire, of young people and their parents nowadays to keep those young people at school until a much later age. In making their plans for dealing with the problem, even in assessing its size, either for places, facilities, classrooms or teachers, the Government

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should give much more weight to what, I think, will be a developing and not a lessening trend.
When, as happened this afternoon, the Parliamentary Secretary is put up, as those of us who have belonged to the club in our days know, to open a serious debate like this while the Minister holds himself back for the end, one knows fairly well from experience what that means. The brief that the hon. Gentleman is given leaves out most of the titbits, which will be kept back for the Minister at the end of the day. So it was in my day, and so, quite clearly, it was today. If I criticise the Parliamentary Secretary, it has nothing to do with his charms or plausibility in delivering his brief. I sympathise very much and understand the restrictions under which he worked.
I was not clear on which of two legs the Parliamentary Secretary wished to stand. At different stages he used both of them. I was not clear whether he was saying, "Yes, I recognise the seriousness of the situation as described in the devastating speech by the hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey), but, I am sorry, this is all we shall be able to do or can do about". At one stage, that was what the hon. Gentleman said. At another stage he wanted to make the defence that the situation was not as we describe it, that the Government are spending more and doing more, that things ars getting better and that in educational expenditure we are one of the foremost nations in Europe, if not in the world. Both these lines of defence were open to the hon. Gentleman, and I imagine that the Minister himself will soon tell us which one he selects.
Let us get the position clear. First, 60 per cent. of our secondary school population is still being taught in classes with more than the limit of 30 pupils which the Butler-Ede Act of 1944 envisaged us achieving long before now. Secondly, it was hoped to achieve a maximum of 40 children per class in primary schools long before now. Anyone who knows what teaching is like in primary schools regards even 40 as an idealistic figure to aim for, and the size of the classes at present is a continuing criticism of the progress we have failed to make during the last two decades.
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I saw a survey recently published by the N.U.T. showing that some 17 per cent. of our primary schools have no hot water supply and that one-seventh have no flush lavatories. This kind of thing is a severe indictment of the conditions under which our children are supposed to be educated and their teachers to work. About three-quarters of our primary schools still have pre-1914 buildings. Many of them were forced to close during the recent cold spell because of the inadequacy of the buildings.
Thirdly, many hon. Members have referred to the inadequacy of the provision of university places, which is getting steadily worse every year. A recent report showed how serious this has been this year. Do not let us imagine that any nation can be a powerful, industrially expanding nation in the second half of the twentieth century—quite apart from the moral aspect—if it turns away from its universities qualified young people at the rate at which we have turned them away this year, and will go on turning them away for some years to come.
Fourthly, it has been stated that we refused 3,000 recruits who were ready to enter the teaching profession this year simply because places for them in training colleges did not exist. I listened carefully to the Parliamentary Secretary saying that 800 of them were good and that 2,000-odd were borderline cases. I was not comfortable about his division. I have an awkward feeling that the Government are gradually raising the standards in this and that by "good" he meant those with university education, while those he called "borderline" were people with very good General Certificate results who would be perfectly capable of training as good teachers. The word "borderline" was a very doubtful one for him to use. It seems to be admitted that we need 50,000 more teachers in order to bring the class levels down to the figures envisaged in the 1944 Act, without allowing for the growth of population and all the other things. Obviously, the Minister's plans for teacher-training will not make that shortage up.
A great deal was made by the hon. Gentleman of the increased expenditure on education. But the point about this is not that the expenditure has increased,

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for it is impossible that it should not have done so, partly because of the decline in the value of money and partly because the number of children has increased. It would have been miraculous even for this Government to have produced the opposite result. They can hardly claim the credit for that. The point is that the increase has not provided for any real improvement in standards over a very large part of education.
The Government say that between 1955 and 1962 they provided nearly 900,000 new secondary school places. But in that same period the number of secondary school pupils increased by over 800,000. Thus, in the light of how far behind we were in the beginning, the Government's achievement is really rather modest. From this the Government could say that there were 40,000 additional teachers in secondary schools in the last seven or eight years. In point of fact, we know that the 800,000 or 900,000 increase in pupils during that time has meant no improvement in the position. The pupil-teacher ratio has worsened, I am told, during that period.
One could go on giving such examples and refer to new schools opened in 1961 as compared with 1951. But fewer new schools were opened in 1961 than ten years previously. So it seems pretty clear that, broadly speaking, the situation has worsened and not improved, despite the additional expenditure, and it leaves us, at the end of twelve years of Conservative Government, in a very serious situation. The Government ought either to apologise and say, "We have done the best we can" or claim credit for the situation being no worse than it is. But they cannot pretend to the parents that in 1963 there exists an educational system which will give their children anything like the chances which they are entitled to claim.
We now turn to what it is that the Government are doing about the situation. Clearly the first thing is a cut in the building programmes of local education authorities. I will not repeat the figures or the counties or county boroughs listed by my hon. Friend the Member for Sunderland, North. What fascinated me was the extraordinary attempt of the Parliamentary Secretary, in accordance with his brief, to prove when a cut was not a cut. It was the most fascinating exercise
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I have heard for a long time. The hon. Gentleman admitted that the schools that county or county boroughs want to build are not to be built, and they are not being built on the instructions of the Minister. But the Minister has not cut the building programme. That is nonsense. I do not know how one might describe it. But the fact is that projects which would have been in the building programmes have taken out by the hon. Gentleman and his Minister.
Take, for example, the situation in my own county. It is always easier to talk about a place that one knows. We in Derbyshire asked for permission to start £10·8 million worth of school building work. We were allocated £3·9 million, of which two-thirds had to go to the improvement of existing schools and only one-third for new buildings. That cannot be described as anything other than a cut, and it was a very substantial cut in what the county wished to do.
I should like the House to be aware of what this means. I have a list of schools in Derbyshire which we are not to be allowed to have. Some of the projects have been regularly put in the programme and taken out year after year. They did not appear this year for the first time. There is a school at South Normanton which was built in 1880, and we are not to be allowed to replace that school building. There is another school which was built in 1878, and we are not to be allowed to replace that. There is another which was built in 1869, and we are not to be allowed to replace it. I repeat that many of these projects have appeared in our programme year by year and have regularly been taken out.
I will not weary the House with a long dissertation about Derbyshire. But the situation in the county and in the County Borough of Derby is one which must be reproduced in constituencies of many hon. Members opposite. Urgently needed, desperately needed, building projects are being prevented on the instructions of the Minister. Whether this is called a cut or a ban, it is one or the other, and either way it is preventing us from giving our people the kind of school facilities which they ought to have.

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The Parliamentary Secretary said that it was a matter of priorities and that if we built schools we could not build houses or hospitals. I wish to heaven, that were a correct description of the way this Government carries out its building programme. But it is not. The Government have no machinery for doing it in that way. One of the big issues at the next election will be that the party on this side of the House will he saying that we ought to have a mechanism for establishing proper social priorities in building work. What does go on is anti-social building. That is what is collaring the building labour and resources. It is anti-social building. Public works, education, housing and hospitals—the whole of the public sector has to suffer a cut, because that is the only sector in which the Government are able to make their influence felt. Therefore, every time they want to cut or reduce it is in the public sector that they cut or reduce. That hare which the Parliamentary Secretary tried to flush will not run.
What the Minister must do tonight is either to disprove the picture which we have painted—which he clearly will not be able to do; any hon. Member who is in touch with the situation in his own county knows that—or explain why he proposes to apply a smaller building programme rather than a larger one to a situation as bad as the present one.
I now turn to the second leg of the Motion, which relates to teacher supply. We have had a series of policy statements from the Ministry in the last few years, many of which have tended to imply that we are producing more teachers and are catching up with the problem. In fact, we are doing nothing of the sort. The Minister's own programme for increasing teacher supply by the early seventies will clearly solve nothing. It will not enable us to meet even the immediate demands that ought to be met within the teaching service. The 30,000 extra places ought to be achieved much earlier than the date by which the Minister proposes to achieve them, and even then—as I showed by the figures I quoted earlier—the number of places will be too small to meet the essential minimum needs of an improved education service.
We have heard a lot about the stopgap arrangements which have been made
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—the crowding out of existing colleges, and so on. I do not oppose them. We must take every step we can in a situation of this kind. But it is not enough merely to do that. We should not use the fact that that is being done as an excuse for not providing more places in our new institutions. But that it what the Minister is doing. He is using his stop-gap measures—or is allowing the Treasury to enforce them upon him—as an excuse for not doing the things that should be done.
In the next twenty years we shall be short, and we shall have no hope of raising the school-leaving age or of getting classes down to the proper limits. The brave words used by the First Secretary in 1944 when he was Minister of Education about the intention being to keep right ahead in education and not to go along leisurely look awfully sick words now—just about as sick as do the words he used later, when talking about the standard of living. They have got pretty well out of date, too.
Mr. Longden rose—
Mr. Brown: I am sorry, but I cannot give way. I held back in order not to interfere with the debate and I promised the Minister that I would suffer the loss and not take it out of his time.
The Parliamentary Secretary's reference to married women who have come back into the profession as part-time teachers amounted to a considerable eulogy. I do not criticise that, but it cannot make any long-term effective contribution to the solution of the lack of teachers. Nevertheless, I thought that he brought it forward as though the problem was not nearly as serious as it is, or as though the problem was within sight of being solved.
I should like the Minister to consider a pet theory of mine, to which I have referred before. I do not believe that we pay enough attention to the effect which the quota system has on the availability of teachers. There is no way of knowing how many teachers who are refused jobs in London or the Home Counties because of the operation of the quota system drift away altogether from the profession because they will not live somewhere else. They find some other kind of job in the area in which they want to live. We must discover how big this problem is.

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I do not know, but I have a feeling that we are losing a good number by the rigid operation of the quota system. It wants looking into.
In this situation of teacher supply, is it not absolutely absurd, as so many of my hon. Friends have said, for the Minister to pick this moment to have a row with the Burnham Committee and all the teachers' organisations, or nearly all of them? I am not going to take the view that the Minister is necessarily wrong to say that the Burnham Committee has been putting too much emphasis on the basic and general rates and not enough on the structure. I do not know enough about it to take that position. There may well be considerable force in the Minister's view that at some stage there has got to be a change. There may well be considerable force in the Minister's view that, in view of the national Exchequer contribution, at some stage the Minister has got to have a rather more direct hand in the negotiations, although I point out that if that is true of teaching, then, under the present block grant arrangements, it becomes true of every other form of public service, and would make a considerable change in the existing situation.
I am prepared to say that there is some force in that argument. It may be high time that it was discussed. I am absolutely sure, however, that the time to enforce it is not in the middle of the current negotiations. It must be a good British tradition that the side which is losing does not put in its own referee and change the rules because it is losing. One cannot have good will and a rational approach and expect people to listen to what one is trying to do if in the middle of the negotiations one tries to do this. To one who is not a teacher but a taxpayer and parent it seems that the Minister had no alternative. Having let that set of negotiations reach the point they did and an agreement having been made between the two sides, the Minister was under a moral obligation to honour that agreement and allow it to be paid. He was quite willing to find the £21 million because he has no quarrel about the fact that that sum of money should be found. I ask him to stop and think again. This has been done by other Ministers in other situations. Having thought again, they have formed their
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decision. It was the Minister's duty so to honour the agreement as his colleagues have done when a similar dispute has arisen.
Then, with that out of the way, he could have found extra money. It is not an enormously large sum in the total cost of education—we are talking about £3 million or £4 million—not a tremendous amount. He could have found the money for the additional payments so that this could operate now. Then he could invite the authorities and the unions to meet him to discuss a modification of the negotiating machinery. At that stage he would be entitled to use a good deal of pressure on them to bring about what he wanted. Then he would be doing it in the sort of atmosphere in which people would listen to him and he might have found support in all quarters for what he wanted to do. It would not have been seen as a brutal dictatorial way of interfering with voluntary salary negotiating machinery and bludgeoning people into doing what the gentleman in Whitehall happens to think they ought to do.
I think the Minister has made a tremendous, crashing mistake by doing it in the way he has done it or at the time he has done it. It is terrible to rouse all this bitter feeling for the sake of this small sum of money when he could almost certainly have got what he wanted. Later on—I mean in months, not years he could do it in the way I have described. The effect of this row is bad. It is bad for the educational system. It has a bad effect on the pupils who are the residual legatees of ill-will when it exists. It is bad for the existing teachers. Above all, it must be bad for the image of the profession and, therefore, bad for the recruitment of new teachers just at the moment when we are so short of them and anxious to get new teachers.
I shall not go into the argument about whether the starting salary is too low or just about right. I think that hon. Gentlemen opposite toss aside too easily the effect on teachers of a starting rate as low as it is. It is all very well to say that what matters is what someone will receive when he is 30 or 40 or 50, and that it is this which induces him into a profession. With respect, this argument can be heavily overdone. When a person is 22 he cannot pay his landlord

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or his bitcher out of the prospects which he thinks he will have later in life. One has to consider these things, and I have a feeling that the present starting salary is too low to attract people into the profession.
But whether I am right or wrong, if the Minister is still open to think again, if his Treasury masters will allow him to think again, I ask him to consider allowing this agreement to go through and then getting everybody together and insisting on the way in which he thinks the machinery ought to be maintained, and seeing where we get to by this method.
I repeat what I said at the beginning. In the light of all the evidence before us, I think that the Ministers and their supporters are deceiving themselves about the state of our educational facilities, about the inadequacies of the system, and about the possibilities of putting the matter right in anything like the near future. The disappearance of half the Government's vote at Colne Valley and other places has as much to do with this feeling of people that Ministers and Conservative Members are out of touch with what is really happening as with anything else. I believe that the speech of the Parliamentary Secretary and the speeches of his supporters today reinforce only too well the belief that they do not realise how serious and grim the situation is in education as seen from the point of view of the pupil, the teacher and the parent, and unless we have something much better from the Minister I think that the House will have ample grounds for supporting our Motion.
9.32 p.m.
The Minister of Education (Sir Edward Boyle): I should like to comment on three points of the speech of the right hon. Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown). I say straight away how much I am sure we all welcome him to an education debate.
First, I disagree with the right hon. Gentleman when he claims that there has been no improvement in the quality of the education service during recent years. During this Parliament the expenditure on education in real terms has been rising by between 5 and 6 per cent. a year, and I shall cite one example to the right hon. Gentleman where we have undoubtedly seen a real improvement in the service, and
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that is that with the completion of rural reorganisation every boy and girl in a country district now gets a full secondary education. I believe that the secondary modern schools in the country areas, to mention only one example, make as far bigger difference than many of us who live in the towns realise.
The right hon. Gentleman referred to oversize classes. I shall have a certain amount to say on teacher supply. I do not want to underplay the problems ahead, but if one considers the percentages of those in oversize classes one sees that the percentage has fallen steadily from about 37·4 per cent. in 1951 to 28·9 per cent. now, and while I shall not gloss over the problems of the 'sixties, I think that the right hon. Gentleman is wrong in suggesting that there has not been a real improvement in the quality of the service.
Mr. A. V. Hilton: The right hon. Gentleman said that every child who is entitled to it is receiving a full secondary education. If he checks with the Norfolk County Education Authority—and I am a member of it—he will find that hundreds of children in our county are not getting a full secondary modern education. This is the point I shall make if I catch Mr. Speaker's eye.
Sir E. Boyle: The hon. Gentleman's intervention will not encourage me to be so generous in giving way to other hon. Members.[HON. MEMBERS: "Answer."] Certainly. The answer to the hon. Member's intervention is that over the country as a whole rural reorganisation has been completed, but that urban reorganisation has still to be completed. I am not denying that there may still be occasional pockets. Everything has been put into programmes which are now under way.
On the quota system, in answer to the right hon. Gentleman, as a Birmingham Member I know very well the problems which this system has brought. I do not want to get rid of this framework prematurely. I think that it would be a great mistake. I am perfectly ready to consider improvements in its operation. For example, the concession which already applies to returning married women teachers has been extended to married women graduates who turn to teaching

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for the first time after some years. I am quite ready to consider any suggestions the right hon. Gentleman may wish to make about this.
I wish to say a word on the subject of the Burnham Committee, though it is not strictly in line with the debate. I said in my first letter to Sir Thomas Creed that I thought that the total of the Burnham award was a generous one which I was not prepared to see increased. I believe that I acted properly in accordance with Section 89 of the 1944 Act. I acted in what I believe to be the best long-term interests of the profession. I believe that many people in all political parties and none are fully aware of the importance of a proper salary scale structure in the teaching profession. I fully recognise that education must be a partnership between the partners, but I cannot agree that because the teachers and the local authorities are agreed on an issue I am, therefore, not entitled to disagree or express my own view on educational grounds.
I should like to answer a question put by the hon. Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central {Mr. Short). I am sorry that I was not here when he spoke. He asked whether I had discussions with the employers' panel. The answer is, "No ". I am not sure that perhaps all hon. Members realise how closely the Ministry of Education is in touch with local authority associations on all sorts of educational topics. It is certainly true that during the long period since last June, while these negotiations have been going on, the opportunity has been taken for informal exchanges of views about teachers' salaries with representatives of these associations, but I have never asked them, and the associations have never made any commitment, about the course they intended to pursue. Any informal discussions have left the associations completely free to formulate the policy which guides their members on the employers' panel. I want to make that point absolutely clear in view of what has been said in some sections of the Press.
The hon. Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central also asked, on the subject of future Burnham machinery, whether it was my intention to retain a power of veto as well as seeking a place in the negotiations. My answer is simply this.
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It is my intention to discuss the future shape of negotiation machinery fully with all my partners in the education service, but I cannot anticipate the particular balance of interest which will best secure to each partner his proper place in the negotiations. I cannot say more than that tonight. I think that that is a perfectly fair statement.
I repeat to the House that my action was taken after considerable thought. I believe that it will prove to be best in the long-term interest of the teaching profession, and I am absolutely certain that the esteem of that profession and the service it can render to the nation must depend not only on the starting salary, but also on the rewards and possibilities it offers to the most able. I point out, also, that there is the point of equity. One must bear in mind that people have greater family responsibilities as they get older. It is those points which have guided me entirely.
I did not seek this quarrel. I did not deliberately try to make an occasion for upsetting the existing machinery. I took this decision on its merits, though I fully realise—this is accepted on both sides of the House—that there is a strong case also for a revision of the machinery and procedures for settling teachers' pay.
I wish to answer some of the questions put about teacher supply and I will then deal with school building. On the former, I would say straight away that I am absolutely in agreement with those who have said that this is the most serious and difficult question facing the education service today. The school population now is 2 million bigger than it was at the end of the war. By 1970, we shall have between 750,000 and 800,000 more children in school than we have today and by 1980 we shall probably have 2 million more than we have today.
It is quite possible that even these figures may be an under estimate, because there are those—and this is a subject on which my right hon. Friend the Minister of Health, if he were here, would have something to say—who feel that the figures represent dramatic developments in our population such as we have not known since the start of the nineteenth century.
Alongside this there is the great problem of what is inelegantly called

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"wastage"; that is, the natural tendency for young women to leave the profession early and get married and have families. The National Advisory Council's seventh Report assumed, on the basis of current trends, that by the end of the 1960s only 47 women out of every 100 would still be in service after four years, and 19 after nine years of service. It seems surprising that we should be censured on this subject, bearing in mind that we have already, during the course of only five years, increased the student population of the training colleges from 28,000 to nearly 50,000, and that we shall be almost tripling the student population over a period of twelve years.
I think that, basically, we have three sources of teacher supply. There are, first, the training colleges. They alone can supply in really large numbers the primary teachers we need to get down the size of our classes; and this especially applies to women teachers of infants. This means that expanding the supply of teachers from the training colleges is the most helpful single step any Government can take to improve conditions in the primary schools. I have quite deliberately given first priority since I have been Minister to the expansion of the training colleges.
As the House knows, I have accepted in full the recommendation of the National Advisory Council that we should aim at a total student population in the training colleges of 80,000 by 1970. This will mean a considerable increase in building programmes. The building programme for the training colleges in 1963–64 was £6 million. It will rise by 50 per cent. to £9 million next year and will remain at a high figure, £8·5 million, in 1965–66. Furthermore, there will be a very big increase in current expenditure on teacher training; at least threeand-a-half times as much in 1970 as in 1957.
There will have to be a great and continuing administrative effort to build up the numbers from 28,000 to 80,000 students by 1970. It will mean that by 1970 at least 24,000 students a year will be leaving the training colleges and entering the teaching profession. This figure of 24,000 students—and I ask the House to note this carefully—will be double the 1958 figure, despite the fact that we now have a three-year, and not a two-year, training course.
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Perhaps I should say a word about the immediate outlook in the training colleges, that is, for the next year or so. The training colleges did extremely well to admit more than 17,000 students last year. I cannot yet forecast admissions for the next academic year, but one thing is quite certain: the total student population next autumn will certainly top 50,000 for the first time. There will also be at least four new temporary day colleges coming into operation this autumn.
It is also worth remembering—as my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary pointed out in his admirable speech—that there has been a marked improvement in the qualifications of students coming into the colleges. As he said, nearly 40 per cent. last September had two A levels or more.
But I want to say to the House that I very much hope that as colleges expand we shall not become dominated too exclusively by the A levels, because there are still a great many people wanting to enter a training college with lower qualifications than that, who, I believe, will make admirable primary and infant teachers. I do not wish to make too much of this A level point, but there is no fear at all of what one occasionally sees in leading articles that we shall not get students of the requisite quality.
There is no likelihood of that, in my view, at all. We are achieving far more colleges of good size, and, in general, I believe that, as the expansion programme proceeds, many of the training colleges will increasingly take their place alongside the universities and the technical colleges as first-class institutions of full-time higher education in their own right.
The second source of supply of teachers is, of course, the universities. Here we expect to gain substantially from the expansion already announced. During recent years, the proportion of the university output going into the teaching profession has been rising each year. Our present recruitment of graduates is about 6,000 a year. My objective must be not only to step up this rate of increase, but also to see that the schools get a rising share of really good honours graduates.
I do not think that one can overrate the importance to the schools of having a

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sufficient supply of really good honours graduates who can, as it were, view the whole educative process as a continuum and bring new ideas into the schools. What we need to do is to persuade more and more graduates to look on teaching as a worthwhile career, and in this context, not least, one must consider both the pay structure of the profession and also the general esteem in which it is held in the community.
Thirdly—here I take rather a different view from that of the right hon. Gentleman—I want to say something about married women returners. I regard these as more important than he does. A campaign to attract married women back to the schools was launched in February, 1961. In the first year we got back 4,700; and in the second year nearly 5,600. I know that there were certain special factors last year. Some married women felt an obligation to return because it was the year of intermission, with virtually no people coming out of the training colleges, and they felt particularly that they ought to go back to teaching. One very encouraging feature about these figures was that 7,000 out of 10,000 went back to the primary schools. I think that there are two reasons why this trend may very well continue.
The first is the general trend in our society—it is one that I welcome almost without reservation—for more married women to go out to work. In 1931, only one married woman out of 10 went out to work. By 1951, the proportion was one in four, and by 1961 it was one in three. The second factor is the very striking one that wastage rates for young women teachers are now so high that by 1970 there will be a larger number of trained women teachers who have left the service than trained women teachers actually in the schools. I believe that, if we take these two factors together, there may be an increasingly, as it were, large reserve army of potential returners if only we know how best to approach them.
Here, the Nuffield Survey, to which my hon. Friend referred, can be of very great importance. It has already given us some valuable ideas. For example, we can expect, on the basis of the information that we already have, half of the young women who leave schools
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early in their career to return as soon as their commitments allow, and there is a significant number of women who are ready to return while their children are still under school age. That is one reason why I was recently able to make an announcement, in answer to a Parliamentary Question, about the provision of nursery schools for the children of teachers who wanted to return to the schools.
The hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) asked what plan we had, and I will make a forecast. Taking the 24,000 a year coming from the training colleges by 1970, plus the 9,000, or rather more, graduates a year, there will be by then, plus the married women returners, I believe that we shall get another 40,000 extra teachers a year by 1970. That, at any rate, is about two-and-a-half times the figure we had when we first started our policy of expanding the supply of teachers as fast as we could. I must say that, despite all the problems—and I am the last to minimize those problems—I cannot see anything worthy of censure in our performance under this head.
I turn now to the second point, which is school building. The hon. Member for Sunderland, North said that one of my principal jobs was to promote school building. I would rather widen the definition, and say that one of my principal jobs is to see a very high level of educational building, and successive Conservative Ministers have done precisely that. Public investment as a whole has risen during this Parliament by 49 per cent—from about £735 million a year to £1,100 million a year. During that period, educational investment has risen by 43 per cent., or by nearly as much as the overall figure, despite the fact that many public services started from a much lower basis than did education.
I make no apology for the fact that between now and 1966 higher education will be the main expansionary force in educational building. If we take starts for further education, including the C.A.T.s, teacher training and the universities, the total figure for 1959, the last year of the old Parliament, was £26 million worth of starts. This coming financial year, 1963–64, the figure for

1257
higher education will not be £26·4 million but exactly double—£52·8 million, and it will be higher again, £61·3 million, in the year after. I am absolutely certain that this is the right sense of priorities at a time when the bulge is leaving the secondary schools and moving into precisely what might be called the university age group.
I make no apology for pointing out that university investment is rising, because just as the expansion of the teacher training colleges is vital to the primary schools so an increase in higher education investment is essential at a time when the numbers in sixth forms have risen in the lifetime of this Parliament from 76,000 to 126,000. In the same way, I am absolutely sure that it is right that the level of investment in colleges of advanced technology is to be doubled to £4 million. These are important institutions, which I think we should sometimes debate in this House. There has been an enormous development in their work, including a great development in some of them of social studies.
Then there are the teacher training colleges, the figures for which I have just mentioned, and we must not forget ordinary investment in technical colleges, because in many of them the standard of the work fully overlaps with the standard of the work in the colleges of advanced technology. So, altogether, it is absolutely right that today it should be higher education that should be the main expansionary force in educational building.
I come to school building specifically. Here, I would say: do not let us get so pre-occupied with the building programme for 1964–65, which has not yet been finally fixed, that we lose sight of the progress in school building that is being made here and now. Only about a quarter of the £300 million building programme announced in the 1958 White Paper has actually been completed. Work done last year on school building reached the record figure of £66 million, and the figure will be almost as good in this calendar year. No fewer than 400 new schools will be completed during the current financial year, and during the forthcoming financial year as well. Above all, about £200 million worth of improvements in the schools are in the pipeline at this precise moment.
1258
As soon as the Ministry survey is completed and we have the information about the state of the schools, I have promised to pass that information on in a suitable form to the House; but let us remember that it cannot include this very large amount of improvement work which is now going on. This very large figure for improvements is highly relevant to what the right hon. Member for Belper said about whether we get a real expansion of the services. The more improvement in the secondary schools and the more expanded courses, the more voluntary staying on beyond the school-leaving age we shall have. The proportion voluntarily staying on in school beyond the leaving age in this Parliament has risen from 33 per cent. to 37·5 per cent.
This seems to me a most important figure. It will be found in secondary schools of all kinds, comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern and all the rest, and I am rather glad to see, in looking at the statistics, that the very rigid classifications of secondary schools is just beginning to break down a little. I regard this as a welcome sign. I agree with my hon. Friend the Member for Wokingham (Mr. van Straubenzee), who made an admirable speech, when he says that we tend to underrate what is being done in many secondary modern schools. He is perfectly right, and what he says is equally true of critics both of the Right wing and the Left wing.
In the provisional 1964–65 building programme we shall, at any rate, be able to complete reorganisation, that is to say, we shall finally include in that programme all the projects needed to get rid of all-age schools. I know that the hon. Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central is thinking of Newcastle and the prospects of a school which would effect very great improvements. We have discussed this together. May I be allowed to say to him that having got one very large project in 1963–64 I still believe that it was not unreasonable to say, at the same time, that the next project must wait for two years and not for one year?
The hon. Member for Sunderland, North mentioned Preston and said that there was still reorganisation to do. I think that that work is in the pipeline. Preston will not have a nil programme.
Mr. Willey: Will the right hon. Gentleman deal with Gateshead, about which I know more?
Sir E. Boyle: In Gateshead, there were certain difficulties, about which I will write to the hon. Member. But the hon. Member mentioned Preston and, I repeat, Preston will not now have a nil programme.
I have deliberately weighted the programme in favour of the North. The northern authorities will have more in 1964–65 than in the previous year. Durham will increase from £1·7 million to £2·3 million. Northumberland will move from £0·6 million to £1 million, and Liverpool, where there is a strong Roman Catholic problem, from £1·7 million to £1·9 million. I am sorry about Llandaff, but Cardiff will do better in 1964–65 than in 1963–64. Do not let us forget, also, the minor works con-
cession, off the ration, as it were, in the unemployment areas, which have added £2 million, equally divided between the North-East and the North-West, to the minor works total for 1962–63.
I very much hope that after 1964–65 it will be possible to do more for primary schools in the way of replacements and new building. I am sure that when the full £300 million programme is completed hon. Members will feel that there is no stronger case for censuring the Government on school building than there is on teacher training and I confidently advise the House to vote for the Amendment and reject the Motion.
Question put, That the words proposed to be left out stand part of the Question:—
The House divided: Ayes 241, Noes 322.

Division No. 78.]

AYES

[10.0 p.m.

Abse, Leo

Davies, S. O. (Merthyr)

Hughes, Hector (Aberdeen, N.)

Ainsley, William

Deer, George

Hunter, A. E.

Albu, Austen

Delargy, Hugh

Hynd, H. (Accrington)

Allaun, Prank (Salford, E.)

Dempsey, James

Hynd, John (Attercliffe)

Allen, Scholefield (Crewe)

Diamond, John

Irvine, A. J. (Edge Hill)

Awbery, Stan (Bristol Central)

Dodds, Norman

Irving, Sydney (Dartford)

Bacon, Miss Alice

Donnelly, Desmond

Jay, Rt. Hon. Douglas

Baird, John

Driberg, Tom

Jeger, George

Barnett, Guy

Duffy, A. E. P.

Jenkins, Roy (Stechford)

Baxter, William (Stirlingshire, W.)

Ede, Rt. Hon. C.

Johnson, Carol (Lewisham, S.)

Beaney, Alan

Edelman, Maurice

Jones, Rt. Hn. A. Creech (Wakefield)

Bellenger, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Edwards, Rt. Hon. Nese (Caerphilly)

Jones, Dan (Burnley)

Bence, Cyril

Edwards, Robert (Bilston)

Jones, Elwyn (West Ham, S.)

Bennett, J. (Glasgow, Bridgeton)

Edwards, Walter (Stepney)

Jones, J. Idwal (Wrexham)

Benson, Sir George

Evans, Albert

Jones, T. W. (Merioneth)

Blackburn, F.

Finch, Harold

Kelley, Richard

Blyton, William

Fitch, Alan

Kenyon, Clifford

Boardman, H.

Fletcher, Eric

Key, Rt. Hon. C. W.

Bottomley, Rt. Hon. A. G.

Foot, Dingle (Ipswich)

King, Dr. Horace

Bowden, Rt. Hn. H. W. (Leics, S.W.)

Foot, Michael (Ebbw Vale)

Lawson, George

Bowen, Roderic (Cardigan)

Forman, J. C.

Ledger, Ron

Bowles, Frank

Fraser, Thomas (Hamilton)

Lee, Frederick (Newton)

Boyden, James

Galpern, Sir Myer

Lee, Miss Jennie (Cannock)

Braddock, Mrs. E. M.

George, Lady Megan Lloyd (Crmrthn)

Lever, Harold (Cheetham)

Bradley, Tom

Ginsburg, David

Lever, L. M. (Ardwick)?

Bray, Dr. Jeremy

Gordon Walker, Rt. Hon. P. C.

Lewis, Arthur (West Ham, N.)

Brockway, A. Fenner

Gourlay, Harry

Lipton, Marcus

Broughton, Dr. A. D. D.

Griffiths, David (Rother Valley)

Loughlin, Charles

Brown, Rt. Hon. George (Belper)

Griffiths, W. (Exchange)

Lubbock, Eric

Brown, Thomas (Ince)

Grimond, Rt. Hon. J.

Mabon, Dr. J. Dickson

Butler, Herbert (Hackney, C.)

Gunter, Ray

McCann, John

Butler, Mrs. Joyce (Wood Green)

Hale, Leslie (Oldham, W.)

MacColl, James

Callaghan, James

Hamilton, William (West Fife)

MacDermot, Niall

Carmichael, Neil

Hannan, William

Mclnnes, James

Castle, Mrs. Barbara

Hart, Mrs. Judith

McKay, John (Wallsend)

Chapman, Donald

Hayman, F. H.

Mackie, John (Enfield, East)

Cliffe, Michael

Healey, Denis

McLeavy, Frank

Collick, Percy

Henderson, Rt. Hn. Arthur (RwlyRegis)

MacMillan, Malcolm (Western Islet)

Corbet, Mrs. Freda

Herbison, Miss Margaret

MacPherson, Malcolm (Stirling)

Craddock, George (Bradford, S.)

Hill, J. (Midlothian)

Mallalieu, E. L. (Brigg)

Cronin, John

Hilton, A. V.

Malialieu, J.P.W. (Huddersfield, E.)

Crosland, Anthony

Holman, Percy

Manuel, Archie

Grossman, R. H. S.

Holt, Arthur

Mapp, Charles

Cullen, Mrs. Alice

Houghton, Douglas

Marsh, Richard

Dalyell, Tam

Howell, Charles A. (Perry Barr)

Mason, Roy

Darling, George

Howell, Denis (Small Heath)

Mayhew, Christopher

Davies, G. Elfed (Rhondda, E.)

Hoy, James H.

Mellish, R. J.

Davies, Harold (Leek)

Hughes, Cledwyn (Anglesey)

Mendelson, J. J.

Davies, Ifor (Gower)

Hughes, Emrys (S. Ayrshire)

Millan, Bruce

Milne, Edward

Reid, William

Thomas, lorwerth (Rhondda, W.)

Mitchison, G. R.

Reynolds, C. W.

Thompson, Dr. Alan (Dunfermline)

Monslow, Walter

Rhodes, H.

Thomson, G. M. (Dundee, E.)

Moody, A. S.

Roberts, Albert (Normanton)

Thornton, Ernest

Morris, John

Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvon)

Thorpe, Jeremy

Moyle, Arthur

Robertson, John (Paisley)

Timmons, John

Mulley, Frederick

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Tomney, Frank

Noel-Baker, Francis (Swindon)

Rodgers, W. T. (Stockton)

Wade, Donald

Noel-Baker, Rt. Hn. Philip (Derby,S.)

Ross, William

Wainwright, Edwin

Oliver, C. H.

Royle, Charles (Salford, West)

Warbey, William

Oram, A. E.

Shinwell, Rt. Hon. E.

Watkins, Tudor

Oswald, Thomas

Silverman, Sydney (Nelson)

Weitzman, David

Padley, W. E.

Sheffington, Arthur

Wells, William (Walsall, N.)

Paget, R. T.

Slater, Mrs. Harriet (Stoke, N.)

White, Mrs, Eirene

Pannell, Charles (Leeds, W.)

Small, William

Whitlock, William

Pargiter, G. A.

Smith, Ellis (Stoke, S.)

Wigg, George

Parker, John

Snow, Julian

Wilkins, W. A.

Parkin, B. T.

Sorensen, R. W.

Wllley, Frederick

Patcn, John

Soskice, Rt. Hon. Sir Frank

Williams, D. J. (Neath)

Pavitt, Laurence

Spriggs, Leslie

Williams, W. R. (Openshaw)

Pearson Arthur (Pontyprind)

Stewart, Michael (Fulham)

Williams, W. T. (Warrington)

Peart, Frederick

Stonehouse, John

Willis, E. G. (Edinburgh, E.)

Psntland, Norman

Stones, William

Wilson, Rt. Hon. Harold (Huyton)

Plummer, Sir Leslie

Strachey, Rt. Hon. John

Winterbottom, R. E.

Popplewell, Ernest

Strauss, Rt. Hn. G. R. (Vauxhall)

Woodburn, Rt. Hon. A.

Prentice, R. E.

Stross,Dr.Barnett(Stoke-on-Trent,C.)

Woof, Robert

Price, J. T. (Westhoughton)

Swain, Thomas

Wyatt, Woodrow

Probert, Arthur

Swingler, Stephen

Yates, Victor (Ladywood)

Proctor, W. T.

Symonds, J. B.

Zilliacus, K.

Pursey, Cmdr. Harry

Taverne, D.

Rankin, John

Taylor, Bernard (Mansfield)

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Redhead, E. C.

Thomas, George (Cardiff, W.)

Mr. Short and Mr. G. H. R. Rogers.

NOES

Agnew, Sir Peter

Cole, Norman

Gilmour, Ian (Norfolk, Central)

Aitken, W. T.

Cooke, Robert

Gilmour, Sir John (East Fife)

Allan, Robert (Paddington, S.)

Cooper, A. E.

Glyn, Dr. Alan (Clapham)

Allason, James

Cooper-Key, Sir Neill

Glyn, Sir Richard (Dorset, N.)

Arbuthnot, John

Cordsaux, Lt. -Col. J. K.

Goodhart, Philip

Ashton, Sir Hubert

Cordle, John

Goodhew, Victor

Atkins, Humphrey

Corfield, F. V.

Cough, Frederick

Awdry, Daniel (Chippenham)

Costain, A. P.

Gower, Raymond

Barber, Anthony

Coulson, Michael

Green, Alan

Barlow, Sir John

Courtney, Cdr. Anthony

Gresham Cooke, R.

Barter, John

Craddock, Sir Beresford (Spelthorne)

Grosvenor, Lt. -Col. R. G.

Batsford, Brian

Crawley, Aidan

Gurden, Harold

Beamish, Col. Sir Tufton

Critchley, Julian

Hall, John (Wycombe)

Bell, Ronald

Crowder, F. P.

Hamilton, Michael (Wellingborough)

Bennett, Dr. Reginald (Gos. & Fhm)

Cunningham, Knox

Hare, Rt. Hon. John

Berkeley, Humphry

Curran, Charles

Harris, Frederic (Croydon, N.W.)

Bidgood, John C.

Currle, G. B. H.

Harrison, Brian (Maldon)

Biffen, John

Dalkeith, Earl of

Harrison, Col. Sir Harwood (Eye)

Harvey, John (Walthamstow, E.)

Biggs-Davison, John

Dance, James

Harvie Anderson, Miss

Bingham, R. M.

d'Avigdor-Goldemid, Sir Henry

Hastings, Stephen

Birch, Rt. Hon. Nigel

Deedes, Rt. Hon. W. F.

Hay, John

Bishop, F. P.

de Ferranti, Basil

Heald, Rt. Hon. Sir Lionel

Black, Sir Cyril

Digby, Simon Wingfield

Heath, Rt. Hon. Edward

Bossom, Hon. Clive

Donaldson, Cmdr. C. E. M.

Henderson, John (Cathcart)

Bourne-Arton, A.

Doughty, Charles

Hendry, Forbes

Box, Donald

Drayson, G. B.

Hicks Rcach, Maj. W.

Boyd-Carpenter, Rt. Hon. John

du Cann, Edward

Hiley, Joseph

Boyle, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward

Duncan, Sir James

Hill, Dr. Rt. Hon. Charles (Luton)

Brewis, John

Eden, John

Hill, Mrs. Eveline (Wythenshawe)

Bromley-Davenport, Lt. -Col. Sir Walter

Elliot, Cant. Walter (Carshalton)

Hill, J. E, B. (S. Norfolk)

Brooke, Rt. Hon. Henry

Elliott, R. W. (Nwcastle-upen-Tyne, N.)

Hirst, Geoffrey

Brooman-White, R.

Emery, Peter

Hobson, Sir John

Brown, Alan (Tottenham)

Emmet, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn

Hocking, Philip N.

Browne, Percy (Torrington)

Errington, Sir Eric

Holland, Philip

Bryan, Paul

Erroll, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Hollingworth, John

Buck, Antony

Farey-Jones, F. W.

Hope, Rt, Hon. Lord John

Bullard, Denys

Farr, John

Hopkins, Alan

Bullus, Wing-commander Eric

Fell, Anthony

Hornsby-Smith, Rt. Hon. Dame P.

Burden, F. A.

Fisher, Nigel

Howard, Hon. G. R. (St. Ives)

Butcher, Sir Herbert

Fletcher-Cooke, Charles

Howard, John (Southampton, Test)

Campbell, Gordon (Moray & Nairn)

Forrest, George

Hughes Hallett, Vice-Admiral John

Carr, Compton (Barons Court)

Foster, John

Hughes-Young, Michael

Cary, Sir Robert

Fraser, Rt. Hn. Hugh (Stafford&Stone)

Hulbert, Sir Norman

Channon, H. P. G.

Fraser, Ian (Plymouth, Sutton)

Hurd, Sir Anthony

Chataway Christopher

Freeth, Denzil

Hutchison, Michael Clark

Ciark, Henry (Antrim, N.)

Galbraith, Hon. T. G. D.

Iremonger, T. L.

Clark, William (Nottingham, S.)

Gammans, Lady

Irvine, Bryant Godman (Rye)

Clarke, Brig. Terence (Portsmth, W.)

Gardner, Edward

James, David

Cleaver, Leonard

George, Sir John (Pollok)

Jennings, J. C.

1262

1263

Johnson, Dr. Donald (Carlisle)

Moore, Sir Thomas (Ayr)

Sheet, T. H. H.

Johnson, Eric (Blackley)

More, Jasper (Ludlow)

Smith, Dudley (Br'ntf'd & Chiswick)

Jones, Arthur (Northants, S.)

Morgan, William

Smithers, Peter

Jones, Rt. Hn. Aubrey (Hall Green)

Morrison, John

Smyth, Rt. Hon. Brig. Sir John

Joseph, Rt. Hon. Sir Keith

Mott-Radclyffe, Sir Charles

Soames, Rt. Hon. Christopher

Kaberry, Sir Donald

Nabarro, Sir Gerald

Spearman Sir Alexander

Kerans, Cdr. J. S.

Neave, Airey

Speir, Rupert

Kerby, Capt. Henry

Nicholls, Sir Harmar

Stanley, Hon. Richard

Kerr, Sir Hamilton

Nicholson, Sir Godfrey

Stevens, Geoffrey

Kershaw, Anthony

Noble, Rt. Hon. Michael

Steward, Harold (Stockport, S.)

Kimball, Marcus

Oakshott, Sir Hendrie

Stodart, J. A.

Kirk, Peter

Orr, Capt. L. P. S.

Storey, Sir Samuel

Kitson, Timothy

Orr-Ewing, C. Ian

Studholme, Sir Henry

Lagden, Godfrey

Osborn, John (Hallam)

Summers, Sir Spencer

Lambton, Viscount

Osborne, Sir Cyril (Louth)

Talbot, John E.

Lancaster, Col. C. G.

Page, Graham (Crosby)

Tapsell, Peter

Langford-Holt, Sir John

Page, John (Harrow, West)

Taylor, Sir Charles (Eastbourne)

Leather, Sir Edwin

Pannell, Norman (Kirkdale)

Taylor, Edwin (Bolton, E.)

Leavey, J. A.

Partridge, E.

Taylor, Frank (M'ch'st'r, Moss Side)

Leburn, Gilmour

Pearson, Frank (Clitheroe)

Teeling, Sir William

Legge-Bourke, Sir Harry

Peel, John

Temple, John M.

Lewis, Kenneth (Rutland)

Percival, Ian

Thatcher, Mrs. Margaret

Lilley, F. J. P.

Peyton, John

Thomas, Sir Leslie (Canterbury)

Lindsay, Sir Martin

Plckthorn. Sir Kenneth

Thompson, Sir Kenneth (Walton)

Linstead, Sir Hugh

Pike, Miss Mervyn

Thompson, Sir Richard (Croydon, S.)

Litchfield, Capt. John

Pllkington, Sir Rlcharid

Thorneycroft, Rt. Hon. Peter

Lloyd, Rt. Hn. Geoffrey (Sut'nC'dfield)

Pitman, Sir James

Thornton-Kemsley, Sir Colin

Lloyd, Rt. Hon. Selwyn (Wirral)

Pitt, Dame Edith

Tiley, Arthur (Bradford, W.)

Longbottom, Charles

Pott, Percivall

Touche, Rt. Hon. Sir Gordon

Longden, Gilbert

Price, David (Eastleigh)

Turner, Colin

Loveys, Walter H.

Price, H. A. (Lewisham, W.)

Turton, Rt. Hon. R. H.

Lucas-Tooth, Sir Hugh

Prior, J. M. L.

Tweedsmuir, Lady

McAdden, Sir Stephen

Profumo, Rt. Hon. John

van Straubenzee, W. R.

MacArthur, Ian

Proudfoot, Wilfred

Vane, W. M. F.

McLaren, Martin

Pym, Francis

Vaughan-Morgan, Rt. Hon. Sir John

McLaughlin, Mrs, Patricia

Quennell, Miss J. M.

Vosper, Rt. Hon. Dennis

Maclay, Rt. Hon. John

Ramsden, James

Wakefield, Sir Wavell

Maclean, Sir Fitzroy (Bute&N. Ayrs.)

Rawlinson, Sir Peter

Walder, David

Macleod, Rt. Hn. lain (Enfield, W.)

Redmayne, Rt. Hon. Martin

Walker Peter

MacLeod, John (Ross & Cromarty)

Rees, Hugh

Walker-Smith, Rt. Hon. Sir Derek

Macmiilan,Rt.Hn.Harold(Bromley)

Rees-Davies, W. R.

Wall, Patrick

Macmillan, Maurice (Halifax)

Renton, Rt. Hon. David

Ward, Dame Irene

Macpherson, Rt. Hn. Niall (Dumfries)

Ridley, Hon. Nicholas

Watkinson, Rt. Hon. Harold

Maddan, Martin

Ridsdale, Julian

Webster, David

Maginnis, John E.

Rippon, Rt. Hon. Geoffrey

Wells, John (Maidstone)

Maitland, Sir John

Robinson, Rt. Hn. Sir R. (B'pool, S.)

Whitelaw, William

Markham. Major Sir Frank

Robson Brown, Sir William

Williams, Dudley (Exeter)

Marples, Rt. Hon. Ernest

Rodgers, John (Sevenoaks)

Williams, Paul (Sunderland, S.)

Marshall, Douglas

Roots, William

Wills, Sir Gerald (Bridgwater)

Marten, Neil

Ropner, Col. Sir Leonard

Wilson, Geoffrey (Truro)

Mathew, Robert (Honiton)

Royle, Anthony (Richmond, Surrey)

Wise, A. R.

Matthews, Gordon (Merlden)

Russell, Ronald

Wolrige-Gordon, Patrick

Maudling, Rt. Hon. Reginald

St. Clair, M.

Wood, Rt. Hon. Richard

Mawby, Ray

Sandys, Rt. Hon. Duncan

Woodhouse, C. M.

Maxwell-Hyslop, R. J.

Scott-Hopkins, James

Woodnutt, Mark

Maydon, Lt. -Cmdr. S. L. C.

Seymour, Leslie

Worsley, Marcus

Mills, Stratton

Sharpies, Richard

Miscampbell, Norman

Shaw, M.

TELLERS FOR THE NOES:

Montgomery, Fergus

Shepherd, William

Mr. Chichestor-Clark and

Mr. Finlay.

Question put, That the proposed words be there added:—
The House divided: Ayes 323, Noes 240.

Division No. 79.]

AYES

[10.14 p.m.

Agnew, Sir Peter

Bidgood, John C.

Brown, Alan (Tottenham)

Aitken, W. T.

Bitten, John

Browne, Percy (Torrington)

Allan, Robert (Paddington, S.)

Biggs- Davison, John

Bryan, Paul

Allason, James

Bingham, R. M.

Buck, Antony

Arbuthnot, John

Birch, Rt. Hon. Nigel

Bullard, Denys

Ashton, Sir Hubert

Bishop, F. P.

Bullus, Wing Commander Eric

Atkins, Humphrey

Black, Sir Cyril

Burden, F. A.

Awdry, Daniel (Chippenham)

Bossom, Hon. Clive

Butcher, Sir Herbert

Barber, Anthony

Bourne-Arton, A.

Campbell, Gordon (Moray & Nalrns)

Barlow, Sir John

Box, Donald

Carr, Compton (Barons Court)

Barter, John

Boyd-Carpenter, Rt, Hon. John

Cary, Sir Robert

Batsford, Brian

Boyle, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward

Channon, H. P. G.

Beamish, Col. Sir Tufton

Brewis, John

Chataway, Christopher

Bell, Ronald

Bromley-Davenport, Lt.-Col. Sir Walter

Clark, Henry (Antrim, N.)

Bennett, Dr. Reginald (Gos & Fhm)

Brooke, Rt. Hon. Henry

Clark, William (Nottingham, S.)

Berkeley, Humphry

Brooman-white, R.

Clarke, Brig, Terence (Portsmth, W.)

Cleaver, Leonard

Hollingworth, John

Noble, Rt. Hon. Michael

Cole, Norman

Hope, Rt. Hon. Lord John

Oakshott, Sir Hendrie

Cooke, Robert

Hopkins, Alan

Orr, Capt. L. P. S.

Cooper, A. E.

Hornsby-Smith, Rt. Hon. Dame P.

Orr-Ewing, C. Ian

Cooper-Key, Sir Neill

Howard, Hon. G. R. (St. Ives)

Osborn, John (Hallam)

Cordeaux, Lt.-Col. J. K.

Howard, John (Southampton, Test)

Osborne, Sir Cyril (Louth)

Cordle, John

Hughes Hallett, Vice-Admiral John

Page, Graham (Crosby)

Corfield, F. V.

Hughes-Young, Michael

Page, John (Harrow, West)

Costain, A. P.

Hulbert, Sir Norman

Pannell, Norman (Kirkdale)

Coulson, Michael

Hurd, Sir Anthony

Partridge, E.

Courtney, Cdr. Anthony

Hutchison, Michael Clark

Pearson, Frank (Clitheroe)

Craddock, Sir Beresford (Spelthorne)

Iremonger, T. L.

Peel, John

Crawley, Aidan

Irvine, Bryant Godman (Rye)

Percival, Ian

Critchley, Julian

James, David

Peyton, John

Crowder, F. P.

Jennings, J. C.

pickthorn, Sir Kenneth

Cunningham, Knox

Johnson, Dr. Donald (Carlisle)

Pike, Miss Mervyn

Curran, Charles

Johnson, Eric (Blackley)

Pilkington, Sir Richard

Currie, C. B. H.

Johnson Smith, Geoffrey

Pitman, Sir James

Dalkeith, Earl of

Jones, Arthur (Northants, S)

Pitt, Dame Edith

Dance, James

Jones, Rt. Hn. Aubrey (Hall Green)

Pott, Percivall

d'Avigder-Goldsmid, Sir Henry

Joseph, Rt. Hon. Sir Keith

Price, David (Eastleigh)

Deedes, Rt. Hon. W. F.

Kaberry, Sir Donald

Price, H. A. (Lewisham, W.)

de Ferranti, Basll

Kerans, Cdr. J. S.

Prior, J. M. L.

Digby, Simon Wingfield

Kerby, Capt. Henry

Profumo, Rt. Hon. John

Donaldson, Cmdr. C. E. M.

Kerr, Sir Hamilton

Proudfoot, Wilfred

Doughty, Charles

Kershaw, Anthony

Pym, Francis

Drayson, G. B.

Kimball, Marcus

Quennell, Miss J. M.

du Cann, Edward

Kirk, Peter

Ramsden, James

Duncan, Sir James

Kitson, Timothy

Rawilnson, Sir Peter

Eden, John

Lagden, Godfrey

Redmayne, Rt. Hon. Martin

Elliot, Capt. Walter (Carshalton)

Lambton, Viscount

Rees, Hugh

Elliott,R.W.(Nwcastle-upon-Tyne,N.;

Lancaster, Col. C. G.

Rees-Davies, W. R.

Emery, Peter

Langford-Holt, Sir John

Renton, Rt. Hon. David

Emmet, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn

Leather, Sir Edwin

Ridley, Hon. Nicholas

Errington, Sir Eric

Leavey, J. A.

Ridsdale, Julian

Erroll, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Leburn, Gilmour

Rippon, Rt. Hon. Geoffrey

Farey-Jones F. W.

Legge-Bourke, Sir Harry

Robinson, Rt. Hn. Sir R. (B'pool, S.)

Farr, John

Lewis, Kenneth (Rutland)

Robson Brown, Sir William

Fell, Anthony

Lilley, F. J. P.

Rodgers, John (Sevenoaks)

Fisher, Nigel

Lindsay, Sir Martin

Roots, William

Fletcher-Cooke, Charles

Linstead, Sir Hugh

Ropner, Col. Sir Leonard

Forrest, George

Litchfield, Capt. John

Royle, Anthony (Richmond, Surrey)

Foster, John

Lloyd, Rt. Hn. Geoffrey (Sut'nC'dfield)

Russell, Ronald

Fraser, Rt. Hn. Hugh (Stafford & Stone)

Lloyd, Rt. Hon. Selwyn (Wirral)

St. Clair, M.

Fraser, Ian (Plymouth, Sutton)

Sandys, Rt. Hon. Duncan

Freeth, Denzil

Longbottom, Charles

Scott-Hopkins, James

Galbraith, Hon. T. G. D.

Longden, Gilbert

Seymour, Leslie

Cammans, Lady

Loveys, Walter H.

Sharpies, Richard

Gardner, Edward

Lucas-Tooth, Sir Hugh

Shaw, M.

George, J. C. (Pollok)

McAdden, Sir Stephen

Shepherd, William

Gilmour, Ian (Norfolk Central)

MacArthur, Ian

Skeet, T. H. H.

Gilmour, Sir John (East Fife)

McLaren, Martin

Smith, Dudley (Br'ntf'd & Chiswick)

Glyn, Dr. Alan (Clapham)

McLaughlin, Mrs. Patricia

Smithers, Peter

Glyn, Sir Richard (Dorset, N.)

Maclay, Rt. Hon. John

Smyth, Rt. Hon. Brig. Sir John

Goodhart, Philip

Maclean, Sir Fitzroy (Bute & N. Ayrs)

Soames, Rt. Hon. Christopher

Goodhew, Victor

Macleod, Rt. Hn. lain (Enfield, W.)

Spearman, Sir Alexander

Gough, Frederick

MacLeod, John (Ross & Cromarty)

Spelr, Rupert

Gower, Raymond

Macmillan, Rt. Hn. Harold (Bromley)

Stanley, Hon. Richard

Green, Alan

Macmillan, Maurice (Halifax)

Stevens, Geoffrey

Gresham Cooke, R.

Macpherson, Rt. Hon. Niall (Dumfries)

Steward, Harold (Stockport, S.)

Grosvenor, Lt.-Col. R. G.

Maddan, Martin

Stodart, J. A.

Gurden, Harold

Maginnis, John E.

Storey, Sir Samuel

Hall, John (Wycombe)

Maltland, Sir John

Studholme, Sir Henry

Hamilton, Michael (Wellingborough)

Markham, Major Sir Frank

Summers, Sir Spencer

Hare, Rt. Hon. John

Marples, Rt. Hon. Ernest

Talbot, John E.

Harris, Frederic (Croydon, N. W.)

Marshall, Douglas

Tapsell, Peter

Harrison, Brian (Maldnn)

Marten, Neil

Taylor, Sir Charles (Eastbourne)

Harrison, Col. Sir Harwood (Eye)

Mathew, Robert (Honiton)

Taylor, Edwin (Bolton, E.)

Harvey, John (Walthamstow, E.)

Matthews, Gordon (Meriden)

Taylor, Frank (M'ch'st'r, Moss Side)

Harvie Anderson, Miss

Maudling, Rt. Hon. Reginald

reeling, Sir William

Hastings, Stephen

Mawby, Ray

Temple, John M.

Hay, John

Maxwell-Hyslop, R. J.

Thatcher, Mrs. Margaret

Heald, Rt. Hon. Sir Lionel

Maydon, Lt.-Cmdr. S. L. C.

Thomas, Sir Leslle (Canterbury)

Heath, Rt. Hon. Edward

Mills, Stratton

Thompson, Sir Kenneth (Walton)

Henderson, John (Cathcart)

Miscampbell, Norman

Thompson, Sir Richard (Croydon, 8.)

Hendry, Forbes

Montgomery, Fergus

Thorneycroft. Rt. Hon. Peter

Hicks Beach, Maj. W.

Moore, Sir Thomas (Ayr)

Thornton-Kemsley, Sir Colin

Hiley, Joseph

More, Jasper (Ludlow)

Tiley, Arthur (Bradford, W.)

Kill, Dr. Rt. Hon. Charles (Luton)

Morgan, William

Touche, Rt. Hon. Sir Gordon

Hill, Mrs. Eveline (Wythenshawe)

Morrison, John

Turner, Colin

Hill, J. E. B. (S. Norfolk)

Mott-Radclyffe, Sir Charles

Turton, Rt. Hon. R. H.

Hirst, Geoffrey

Nabarro, Sir Gerald

Tweedsmuir, Lady

Hobson, Sir John

Neave, Airey

van Straubenzee, W. R.

Hocking, Philip N.

Nicholls, Sir Harmar

Vane, W. M. F.

Holland, Philip

Nicholson, Sir Geoffrey

Vaughan-Morgan, Rt. Hon. Sir John

1266

1267

Vosper, Rt. Hon. Dennis

Webster, David

Wolrige-Gordon, Patrick

Wakefield, Sir Wavell

Wells, John (Maidstone)

Wood, Rt. Hon. Richard

Wilder, David

Whitelaw, William

Woodhouse, C. M.

Walker, Peter

Williams, Dudley (Exeter)

Woodnutt, Mark

Walker-Smith, Rt. Hon. Sir Derek

Williams, Paul (Sunderland, S.)

Worsley, Marcus

Wall, Patrick

Wills, Sir Gerald (Brigwater)

Ward, Dame Irene

Wilson, Geoffrey (Truro)

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Watkinson, Rt. Hon. Harold

Wise, A. R.

Mr. Chichester-Clark and

Mr. Finlay.

NOES

Abse, Leo

Gordon Walker, Rt. Hon. P. C.

Milne, Edward

Ainsley, William

Gourlay, Harry

Mitchison, G. R.

Albu, Austen

Griffiths, David (Rother Valley)

Monslow, Walter

Allaun, Frank (Salford, E.)

Griffiths, W. (Exchange)

Moody, A. S.

Allen, Scholefield (Crewe)

Grimond, Rt. Hon. J.

Morris, John

Awbery, Stan (Bristol, Central)

Gunter, Ray

Moyle, Arthur

Bacon, Mies Alice

Hale, Leslie (Oldham, W.)

Mulley, Frederick

Baird, John

Hamilton, William (West Fife)

Noel-Baker, Francis (Swindon)

Barnett, Guy

Hannan, William

Noel-Baker, Rt. Hn. philip (Derby, S.)

Baxter, William (Stirlingshire, W.)

Hart, Mrs. Judith

Oliver, G. H.

Beaney, Alan

Hayman, F. H.

Oram, A. E.

Belienger, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Healey, Denis

Oswald, Thomas

Bence, Cyril

Henderson, Rt. Hn. Arthur (RwlyRegis)

Padley, W. E.

Bennett, J. (Glasgow, Bridgeton)

Herbison, Miss Margaret

Paget, R. T.

Benson, Sir George

Hill, J. (Midlothian)

Pannell, Charles (Leeds, W.)

Blackburn, F.

Hilton, A. v.

Pargiter, G. A.

Blyton, William

Holman, Percy

Parker, John

Boardman, H.

Holt, Arthur

Parkin, B. T.

Bottomley, Rt. Hon. A. G.

Houghton, Douglas

Paton, John

Bowden, Rt. Hn. H. W. (Leics, S. W.)

Howell, Charles A. (Perry Barr)

Pavitt, Laurence

Bowen, Roderic (Cardigan)

Howell, Denis (Small Heath)

Pearson, Arthur (Pontypridd)

Bowles, Frank

Hoy, James H.

Peart, Frederick

Boyden, James

Hughes, Cledwyn (Anglesey)

Pentland, Norman

Braddock, Mrs. E. M.

Hughes, Emrys (S. Ayrshire)

Plummer, Sir Leslie

Bradley, Tom

Hughes, Hector (Aberdeen, N.)

Popplewell, Ernest

Bray, Dr. Jeremy

Hunter, A. E.

Prentice, R. E.

Brockway, A. Fenner

Broughton, Dr. A. D. D.

Hynd, H. (Accrington)

Price, J. T. (Westhoughton)

Brown, Rt. Hon. George (Belper)

Hynd, John (Attercliffe)

Probert, Arthur

Brown, Thomas (Ince)

Irvine, A. J. (Edge Hill)

Proctor, W. T.

Butler, Herbert (Hackney, G.)

Irving, Sydney (Dartford)

Pursey, Cmdr. Harry

Butler, Mrs. Joyce (Wood Green)

Jay, Rt. Hon. Douglas

Rankin, John

Callaghan, James

Jeger, George

Redhead, E. C.

Carmichael, Neil

Jenkins, Roy (Stechford)

Reid, William

Castle, Mrs. Barbara

Johnson, Carol (Lewisham, S.)

Reynolds, G. W.

Chapman, Donald

Jones, Rt. Hn. A. Creech (Wakefield)

Rhodes, H.

Cliffe, Michael

Jones, Dan (Burnley)

Roberts, Albert (Normanton)

Collick, Percy

Jones, Elwyn (West Ham, S.)

Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvon)

Corbet, Mrs. Freda

Jones, J. Idwal (Wrexham)

Robertson, John (Paisley)

Craddock, George (Bradford, S.)

Jones, T. W. (Merioneth)

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Cronin, John

Kelley, Richard

Rodgers, W. T. (Stockton)

Crosland, Anthony

Kenyon, Clifford

Ross, William

Crossman, R. H. S.

Key, Rt. Hon. C. W.

Royle, Charles (Salford, West)

Cullen, Mrs. Alice

King, Dr. Horace

Silverman, Sydney (Nelson)

Dalyell, Tam

Lawson, George

Shinwell, Rt. Hon. E.

Darling, George

Ledger, Ron

Skeffington, Arthur

Davies, G. Elfed (Rhondda, E.)

Lee, Frederick (Newton)

Slater, Mrs. Harriet (Stoke, N.)

Davies, Harold (Leek)

Lee, Miss Jennie (Cannock)

Small, William

Davies, Ifor (Gower)

Lever, Harold (Cheetham)

Smith, Ellis (Stoke, S.)

Davies, S. O. (Merthyr)

Lever, L. M. (Ardwick)

Snow, Julian

Deer, George

Lewis, Arthur (West Ham, N.)

Sorensen, R. W.

Delargy, Hugh

Lipton, Marcus

Soskice, Rt. Hon. Sir Frank

Dempsey, James

Loughlin, Charles

Spriggs, Leslie

Diamond, John

Lubbock, Eric

Stewart, Michael (Fulham)

Dodds, Norman

Mabon, Dr. J. Dickson

Stonehouse, John

Donnelly, Desmond

McCann, John

Stones, William

Driberg, Tom

MacColl, James

Strachey, Rt. Hon. John

Duffy, A. E. P.

MacDermot, Niall

Strauss, Rt. Hn. G. R. (Vauxhall)

Ede, Rt. Hon. C.

Mclnnes, James

Stross, Dr. Barnett (Stoke-on-Trent, C.)

Edelman, Maurice

McKay, John (Wallsend)

Swain, Thomas

Edwards, Rt. Hon. Mesa (Caerphilly)

Mackie, John (Enfield, East)

Swingler, Stephen

Edwards, Robert (Bilston)

McLeavy, Frank

Symonds, J. B.

Edwards, Walter (Stepney)

MacMillan, Malcolm (Western Isles)

Taverne, D.

Evans, Albert

MacPherson, Malcolm (Stirling)

Taylor, Bernard (Mansfield)

Finch, Harold

Mallalieu, E. L. (Brigg)

Thomas, George (Cardiff, W.)

Fitch, Alan

Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Huddersfield, E.)

Thomas, lorwerth (Rhondda, W.)

Fletcher, Eric

Manuel, Archie

Thompson, Dr. Alan (Dunfermline)

Foot, Dingle (Ipswich)

Mapp, Charles

Thomson, G. M. (Dundee, E.)

Foot, Michael (Ebbw Vale)

Marsh, Richard

Thornton, Ernest

Forman, J. C.

Mason, Roy

Thorpe, Jeremy

Fraser, Thomas (Hamilton)

Mayhew, Christopher

Timmons, John

Galpern, Sir Myer

Mellish, R. J.

Tomney, Frank

George,LadyMeganLloyd(Crmrthn)

Mendelson, J. J.

Wade, Donald

Ginsburg, David

Millan, Bruce

Wainwright, Edwin

1268

1269

Warbey, William

Willey, Frederick

Woof, Robert

Watkins, Tudor

Williams, D. J. (Neath)

Wyatt, Woodrow

Weitzman, David

Williams, W. R. (Openshaw)

Yates, Victor (Ladywood)

Wells, William (Walsall, N.)

Williams, W. T. (Warrington)

Zilllacus, K.

White, Mrs. Eirene

Willis, E. G. (Edinburgh, E.)

Whitlock, William

Wilson, Rt. Hon, Harold (Huyton)

TELLERS FOR THE NOES:

Wigg, George

Winterbottom, R, E.

Mr. Short and Mr. G. H. R. Rogers.

WiIkins, W. A.

Woodburn, Rt. Hon, A.

Main Question, as amended, put and agreed to.
Resolved,
That this House, recognising the continuing problem of staffing the schools and the difficult physical conditions under which many schools still have to work, welcomes the notable progress made with the recruitment and supply of teachers and the implementation of the school building programme set out in the White Paper of 1958; and notes with approval the Government action in devoting a steadily rising proportion of the national resources to the public system of education.

SCHOOL BUILDING AND TEACHER SHORTAGE
  BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE.
  Proceedings on the Motion in the name of Mr. Harold Wilson relating to Chief Enahoro exempted, at this day's Sitting, from the provisions of Standing Order No. 1 (Sittings of the House) for Two hours after Ten o'clock.—[Mr. Redmayne.]
  BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE
  Proceedings on the Motion in the name of Mr. Harold Wilson relating to Chief Enahoro exempted, at this day's Sitting, from the provisions of Standing Order No. 1 (Sittings of the House) for two hours after Ten o'clock.—[The Prime Minister.]

CHIEF ENAHORO
10.26 p.m.
Mr. George Brown: I beg to move,
That this House regrets the action of Her Majesty's Government in refusing political asylum to Chief Enahoro.
We are picking up the debate which had to end the other night when we were dealing with the Consolidated Fund Bill at a point where we had failed to carry the Home Secretary or the Attorney-General with us. Arguments were submitted from both sides of the House, but we were unable to test the feeling of the House by a Division. For that reason, it has been arranged that we should return to the debate for a short time in order to make a further attempt to carry the Ministers with us. Failing that, we shall ask the House to express its view on the matter.
In view of the length of the debate the other day, it is unnecessary for me to return to the major arguments deployed then. I am sure that I carry the whole House with me, or at any rate those hon. Members who have been interested in this case, when I say that we are dealing here with a matter which is as grave as it could be. It affects only one man; but it does affect his liberty and possibly his life. There is no subject to which hon. Members would turn in a more serious frame of mind than the liberty and life of one of Her Majesty's subjects.
I repeat that I will not go further into the case made by the Home Secretary or the Attorney-General, except on one point, to which I still think they did not give enough attention the other night. I refer to the alternative available other than political asylum in this country, or returning the man to Nigeria. In view of the misunderstanding—I put it no higher—which led Mr. Enahoro to come to this
1272
country from Dublin, where he certainly was in no danger, and the part the Home Office played, wittingly or unwittingly, in that misunderstanding, I still feel that we are entitled to press the Home Secretary to give a good deal more thought to the possibility of letting Mr. Enahoro return to Dublin, or some other place of his choice, rather than insisting on returning him to Nigeria.
Having said that, which I hope the House will consider, I wish to concentrate on a matter which was not taken the other night because the House relied on an assurance from the Home Secretary, given and repeated by the right hon. Gentleman on two occasions, and later repeated by the Attorney-General in even stronger words. This was an assurance that Mr. Enahoro, if returned to Nigeria, would not be at risk of his life because the offence with which he was charged did not carry the death penalty. It will be my purpose tonight to submit to the House that the Home Secretary has misdirected himself in making that assumption and has, therefore, exercised his discretion on a fundamentally mistaken basis and has subsequently—of course, not deliberately—misled the House in the advice which he has given.
May I first establish what the Home Secretary said. Answering something that I had said about the basis of political asylum, he said, in column 594 of the OFFICIAL REPORT:
"The tradition of this country is that a person is granted political asylum if, in his own country, he appears to us to be in danger of life or liberty on political grounds, or on grounds of religion or race."
That was the Home Secretary's statement of the tradition of this country. He did not limit it in any way to the Commonwealth or any other such territory. Later the right hon. Gentleman said in column 601:
"Let me add, because there have been misconceptions and misstatements about this, that there is no question of Chief Enahoro being sent back to stand trial for his life. The offences for which he is charged under Nigerian law do not carry the death penalty."
He repeated that in column 603.
The Attorney-General returned to this in column 669. He said:
"… one reserves to the Home Secretary what is plainly right that he should have, namely.

1273
a discretion not to return those for whom it would be oppressive if he were to return them, and I submit to the House that the Home Secretary ought in this case to apply the same principles in deciding whether a person should have political asylum—is he a person whose life or liberty would be in danger on account of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion, if he were refused asylum?"[OFFICIAL REPORT, 21st March, 1963; Vol. 674. c. 594, 601, 669–70.]
The Home Secretary established that this is the tradition. The Attorney-General said that he ought to exercise his discretion if the Chief were in danger of his life, and then the Home Secretary said he had not exercised his discretion because the offences did not carry the death penalty and, therefore, Mr. Enahoro was not in danger of his life.
I ask the House now to consider a document to which I want to refer, which is the affidavit sworn in Lagos on 8th December, 1962, and put in at Marlborough Street Police Court in the extradition proceedings under the Fugitive Offenders Act. This is an affidavit sworn by the Acting Senior Crown Counsel in the Federal Ministry of Justice on behalf of the Nigerian Government requesting the extradition of Mr. Enahoro.
It states three charges against him. The first is that he is guilty of a treasonable felony contrary to Section 41 (b) of the Criminal Code, and it sets out in full the Code and the punishment, which is, for that particular offence, that he is liable to imprisonment for life. It then goes on to set out a second charge. This is conspiracy to commit a felony contrary to Section 516 of the Criminal Code. It then quotes Section 516 verbatim and sets out that if he is guilty of this offence he is
"liable, if no other punishment is provided, to imprisonment for seven years, or, if the greatest punishment to which a person convicted of the felony in question is liable is less than imprisonment for seven years, then to such lesser punishment."
I repeat that conviction on the second count would carry a sentence of imprisonment for seven years if no other punishment were provided. There is a third charge which carries a punishment of two years' imprisonment, but I need not refer to that because it is not relevant to my case.
On the next page of the affidavit, paragraph 7 reads:
1274
"That the felony referred to in count two on the endorsed warrant is an offence of treason punishable under section 37 (i) of the Criminal Code Chapter 42 and the offender if found guilty is liable to punishment of death."
Paragraph 8 says:
"That section 37 (i) of the said Criminal Code Act reads as follows: 'Any person who levies war against the Sovereign in order to intimidate or overawe the Governor-General or the Governor of a region is guilty of treason and is liable to punishment of death '."
The Home Secretary was at pains elsewhere in his speech to tells us that the crime for which this man was to be charged was treason against the Sovereign. It seemed to me when this affidavit was sent to me that on point II of the warrant he could be sentenced to seven years' imprisonment, provided there was no punishment provided elsewhere in the Criminal Code, and that the Acting Senior Crown Counsel, speaking on behalf of his Government, took pains to point out specifically to the magistrate in the court here that punishment was provided elsewhere in the Criminal Code, and that that punishment was death.
I have consulted such legal advice as is open to me. My right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Newport (Sir F. Soskice)—an ex-Attorney-General—permits me to say that he has given this matter consideration at my request during the day. Other lawyers in the House have also considered it. The position seems clearly to be that at the very best it could be said that this is a badly drafted Statute, and that being a criminal Statute it is just possible that the court, in the presence of any ambiguity, would construe it in favour of the subject. I am told that that is the normal practice in connection with a criminal Statute where there is ambiguity. It is said that it is just possible that that would be done.
But there is unanimity among my legal advisers that nobody could possibly say with any certainty that that would be so; indeed, there is strong and distinguished legal advice available to say that the ambiguity is nothing like so great as that, and that it is pretty clear that the death penalty is one of the punishments open to the court to impose upon Mr. Enahoro for his political offence.
In the light of that legal advice, and in the light of the Government's own

1275
statement that they ought not to return this man were he in any danger of the death penalty, I feel bound to tell the Home Secretary that this is a totally new factor which the House is bound to ask him to take into account. It is well worth pointing out that, whatever may be the difference of legal view, it is clear that the Nigerian Government believe this to be one of the penalties available, for that was the reason—and it could only be the reason—why their Acting Senior Crown Counsel went to the trouble to include it in the affidavit which he swore before the magistrate.
In those circumstances, I hope that the Home Secretary will immediately address the House, without waiting for other arguments on other points, and will deal with this point. I can tell the House that although it was our honest intention last Friday not to treat this other than as just an extension of the debate so as to bring the matter to a vote, unless the legal advice open to the Government can undoubtedly and unequivocally controvert that which is open to the Opposition, I sincerely hope that the Government will be willing to grant a further stay of execution in this case while talks can take place and people can be consulted—and perhaps our lawyers can talk with those of the Government so that there will be absolutely no doubt in anybody's mind before we do anything further in this case that this man will not be sent back while there is the slightest risk of his facing the death penalty.
10.40 p.m.
The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mr. Henry Brooke): I beg to move, to leave out from "House" to the end of the Question and to add instead thereof:
"mindful of Great Britain's tradition of granting political asylum here to persons who might otherwise be exposed to unjust or oppressive treatment in their own country, is confident of the fair and impartial administration of justice in Nigeria and upholds the decision of the Secretary of State for the Home Department to return Chief Enahoro to stand his trial there".
I willingly respond to the invitation of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown) to speak at once. Perhaps if other matters are raised in the course of this short debate the
1276
House will grant me leave to speak again for a few minutes. I went over the facts of this difficult and heart-searching case in Thursday's debate at length. I shall deal specifically with the matter raised by the right hon. Member. Otherwise I intend to speak briefly.
Chief Enahoro is charged in Nigeria with treasonable felony and conspiracy. The Nigerian authorities, acting within their rights under the Fugitive Offenders Act, have called for him to be returned there to stand his trial. A person cannot be returned under the Act if the courts in this country find that there is not "a strong or probable presumption of guilt"—I am quoting the words from the Actor, quite distinct from that, if the High Court on an application made to it under Section 10 of the Act find that it would be
"unjust or oppressive or too severe a punishment"
to send him back. The Bow Street magistrate before whom the case came found that there was
"a strong or probable presumption of guilt"
against Chief Enahoro. The High Court, presided over by the Lord Chief Justice, endorsed that finding and, in relation to Section 10 of the Act, that it would not be
"unjust or oppressive or too severe a punishment"
to return him. The Appeal Committee of the House of Lords evidently agreed with the conclusions of the High Court, because it refused him leave to appeal to the House of Lords.
The right hon. Member suggested that I misled the House the other day when I said that Chief Enahoro, if he went back to Nigeria to stand his trial, would not be standing his trial on a capital charge. We have been in communication with the Nigerian High Commission in London on this matter and we have received an unqualified assurance from the High Commission on behalf of the Government of Nigeria that if he were returned to Nigeria he would not be at risk of the death penalty. A number of other people are at present on trial in Nigeria on similar charges. None of them is in danger of the death penalty. That is my reply to the right hon. Member.
Now I must come to my duties under the Act.
Mr. G. Brown: The right hon. Gentleman and his colleaeues made—and it

1277
seemed right at the time—a great point last week, and I did not challenge it, that one of the reasons why we should not consider that this man was in too much danger was that the courts were not subject to political direction. If the courts are not subject to political direction, how can the High Commissioner give any worth-while assurance about what the court will do in the light of the law set out in the affidavit?
Mr. Brooke: I am sure the right hon. Gentleman will appreciate that our channel of communication with Nigeria is through the High Commission, and we thought it desirable to ascertain this fact, because I had made a statement to the House, by which I stand, and it was desirable, in case any doubt should be cast on it, that it should be made absolutely clear and beyond doubt. We have received this categorical assurance from the High Commission. This is the information on which I must rely, and I have not the slightest doubt of its truth and accuracy.
Sir Frank Soskice: Is the High Commissioner in a position to assure the Home Secretary that the second charge, which is the charge which carries the death penalty, is going to be withdrawn? If that charge is not going to be withdrawn, would not the Home Secretary agree that if this affidavit is correct the accused person stands charged with an offence which, upon the plain terms of this affidavit which has been put before the Marlborough Street Police Court, carries the death sentence?
Mr. Brooke: I have received this categorical assurance from the High Commission that if Chief Enahoro returns to Nigeria he will not be in danger of his life in the courts.
Mr. C. Brown: I am not trying to be discourteous to the House but so that we may check the validity of this assertion, will the Home Secretary say whether our High Commissioner in Lagos, under the same Act, would be able to give an assurance to the Nigerian Government about the action to follow in our courts on a similar charge?
Mr. Brooke: I must rely completely on this assurance that I have received from the Nigerian High Commission in this country that Chief Enahoro, if he
1278
is returned to Nigeria, will not be in danger of his life. That is absolute.
Miss Jennie Lee: If the High Commissioner is in a position to tell us the penalty which will not be imposed, is he also in a position to tell us the penalty which will be imposed'? if so, what is the meaning of this trial?
Mr. Brooke: Quite clearly, the courts in Nigeria are independent and not under political control. I am giving the House the information of which I am certain, and that is that if Chief Enahoro is returned to Nigeria he will not be on trial on a charge in respect of which he will be in danger of his life. In any case, I have not the slightest doubt about the integrity, fairness and competence of the Nigerian courts. The information that I have given to the House throughout is strictly correct.
There are a number of further matters with which I think I should deal.
Mr Harold Wilson: We are not interested in the doubts and hesitations of the right hon. Gentleman. We want an answer to the question asked by my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Newport (Sir F. Soskice). The right hon. Gentleman tells us that he has an assurance from the Nigerian High Commissioner which none of us believes the High Commissioner is in a position to give if those courts are as free of political dictation as the right hon. Gentleman tells us and as we all want to believe. Has the right hon. Gentleman had an assurance, and is it an assurance which carries any weight, that the second charge has been dropped? Or is he merely telling us that he has been told by a political officer who has no authority to speak for a court of law that that charge does not carry with it the capital sentence? Will he answer that?
The Attorney-General (Sir John Hobson)rose—
Hon. Members: Is this in order?
Mr. Sydney Silverman: On a point of order. Are we to understand from the intervention by the Attorney-General that the Home Secretary has finished his speech?
Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Sir William Anstrnther-Gray): It is a matter of what

1279
suits the wishes of the House. I understand it to be the wish of the House. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] If it is not the wish of the House, the Home Secretary has possession of the Floor of the House.
Mr. H. Wilson: Further to that point of order. It is quite clear that if the Home Secretary in the middle of his speech cannot answer a question and calls across the Prime Minister's front for the Attorney-General, it should be the wish of the House that this debate should be adjourned until we can get a clear answer from the Home Secretary. In these circumstances Mr. Deputy-Speaker, would you accept a Motion, "That the debate be now adjourned", or alternatively that the Prime Minister now rises and exercises his authority and tells us whether it is a matter for the courts of Nigeria, for the Government of Nigeria, for the Government of this country, or who is in charge of the whole business?
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order, order. If indeed it be the wish of the House—it seems to be the wish of the House—that we stay strictly to the rules, the fact is that the right hon. Gentleman the Home Secretary is in possession of the House and has the right to continue his speech. Mr. Brooke.
Mr. Brooke rose—
Mr. Wilson: Further to that point of order. Could I have a reply, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, to my point of order? Since we now have three right hon. Gentlemen—the Prime Minister, the Home Secretary and the AttorneyGeneral—all falling over one another's feet and none of them knowing the answer, will you now accept my Motion,
"That the debate be adjourned?"
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I am unable at this early stage in the debate to accept the Motion of the right hon. Gentleman. May I put the position in another way? If the right hon. Gentleman the Home Secretary has concluded his speech, then indeed if he wished to speak again it could only be with the permission of the House.
Mr. S. Silverman: He would not get it.
Mr. Brooke rose—
Mr. Tom Driberg: Further to that point of order, Mr. Deputy-Speaker. Would it not be competent for the Home Secretary to give way to the Prime Minister for an interruption, or to the Attorney-General for an interruption, as he so courteously does to hon. Members of this side of House?
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I am bound by the rules of the House. I tried a little laxity but it was not accepted by the House. The position is that a speaker in the course of his speech can give way only in answer to a question. Mr. Brooke.
Mr. Brooke rose—
Mr. S. Silverman: Further to that point of order. The position appears to be at this moment that the Home Secretary has confessed that he does not know the answer to a fundamental question, a question fundamental to what the House has to decide tonight. In those circumstances, since you, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, will not accept a Motion to adjourn the House, would it not be in accordance with the procedure of the House for some Minister who is responsible and who knows the answer to tell us what it is?
Hon. Members: The Prime Minister.
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Allow me to reply, please. If the right hon. Gentleman in possession of the Floor wishes to resume his seat, it is open to another hon. or right hon. Gentleman on either side of the House to rise and to catch the eye of the Chair. Mr. Brooke.
Mr. Brooke: Mr. Deputy-Speaker—
Mr. Silverman: On a point of order, Mr. Deputy-Speaker. Would it be in order to move that the right hon. Gentleman be no longer heard?
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: No. Mr. Brooke.
Mr. Brooke: A point of an essentially legal character has been raised. I thought that it would be to the advantage of the House to hear the Attorney-General. I am perfectly ready to sit down now, but perhaps the House will, in the circumstances, do me the courtesy of giving me leave to speak again, as there may be other matters raised in the debate. But I am prepared now to sit down—to give way to the Attorney-General to enable him to clear up the specific point that has been raised.
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order. In order to make the position clear, I should point out that the right hon. Gentleman the Home Secretary rose to propose an Amendment to the original Question. It is therefore my duty to put the Amendment from the Chair. The original Question was:
"That this House regrets the action of Her Majesty's Government in refusing political asylum to Chief Enahoro."
since when an Amendment has been moved, in line 1, to leave out from "House" to the end and to add:
"mindful of Great Britain's tradition of granting political asylum here to persons who might otherwise be exposed to unjust or oppressise treatment in their own country, is confident of the fair and impartial administration of justice in Nigeria and upholds the decision of the Secretary of State for the Home Department to return Chief Enahoro to stand his trial there".
The Question is,
That the words proposed to be left out stand part of the Question.
The Attorney-General (Sir John Hobson): I hope that I can assist the House on the point that has just been raised by the right hon. Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown). I hold in my hand the original warrant, which sets out the exact nature of the second charge upon which turns the discussion that has just arisen. It is correctly set out by the right hon. Gentleman as being conspiracy to commit a felony contrary to Section 516 of the Criminal Code. The felony is that Chief Enahoro
"… and others on divers days between December, 1960 and September, 1962 conspired together with other persons unknown in Lagos and in various other places in Nigeria to commit a felony, to wit, to levy war against our Sovereign Lady the Queen in order to intimidate or overawe the Governor-General."
Mr. S. Silverman: Levy a war?
The Attorney-General: Overawe the Governor-General.
If one looks at the Criminal Code of Nigeria, one finds that there is in it, as there is in the code of the English law, a distinction between treason and treason felony. While I concede that I have not had time to study this at length—[HON. MEMBERS: "Oh"}—I take the immediate view that the felony with which Chief Enahoro is charged is a charge of conspiracy to commit treason felony and not treason, because—I come to the point of the hon. Member for Nelson and
1282
Colne (Mr. S. Silverman), who speaks so much when sitting—Section 41, which creates the offence of treasonable felonies, states:
"Any person who forms an intention to effect any of the following purposes, that is to say … to levy war against the Sovereign within any part of Her Majesty's dominions ֵ in order to put any force or constraint upon, or in order to intimidate or overawe any House of Parliament or other legislature or legislative authority of any of Her Majesty's Dominions, or of any country which has been declared to be under her protection. …"
Therefore, I think that without any doubt at all the conspiracy to commit a felony is a conspiracy to commit treason felony, because the charge of felony is
"Any person who conspires with another person with intent to cause such levy of war as would be treason if committed by one of Her Majesty's subjects …"
Therefore, while the distinctions between treason and treason felony are nice, I have no doubt at all that the felony in count 2 is one of a conspiracy to commit treason felony. But I am authorised by the Prime Minister to say that the Government will not in any circumstances send back Chief Enahoro until this point has been cleared up between the legal advisers of the British Government and the legal advisers of the Nigerian Government. As my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary has already said, there has been an assurance that the position in this case was that there was no risk of the death penalty, but we will make assurance doubly sure before the Chief is sent back. I give that undertaking on behalf of the Government before he is sent back.
Mr. G. Brown: Before the hon. and learned Gentleman sits down, or if the House will grant me leave—whichever it may be—may I say that we are very grateful for what the Attorney-General said towards the end of that interruption? I repeat that all of us are more concerned with the life and liberty of one of Her Majesty's subjects than with any other Motion that may arise. Does the undertaking given by the Attorney-General, on behalf of the Prime Minister, involve the corollary that the Government will come back to the House to let us know what their view of the situation then is so that we may then pick this matter up, as it were, at this point?
The Prime Minister appears to be shaking his head. I submit that we are not

1283
being given that assurance. I well understand that there has not been a great deal of time to discuss this and that time is required. If the Prime Minister could indicate that we could find time through the usual channels to resume discussion and for a Division at a subsequent date, we would be prepared to withdraw our Motion tonight. But the House would be put in an impossible position if the Attorney-General, having said frankly that he had not had time enough to consider the mattter, the Home Secretary has exercised his discretion on an issue the answer to which is not yet clearly known. I find it impossible to believe that anyone in the House would, in those circumstances, vote for a Motion tonight which would lead to the return of this gentleman.
The Prime Minister (Mr. Harold Macmillan): If I may by leave answer the question and also be in order—and I do not know whether the right hon. Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown) was himself in order—I would make this absolutely clear. Up to the moment when the right hon. Gentleman raised this point I was unaware of it. It was a general discussion we had last Thursday to be resumed tonight and on which, I think, the House could well reach a decision. A new point has been raised whether charge 2 does or does not allege a crime which would carry or might carry the death penalty.
I give this undertaking: that until I am satisfied that either this charge is withdrawn, or our legal advisers and others tell me that the view just expressed is absolutely right beyond peradventure, we shall not return this man; that is to say, the charge is withdrawn, there is doubt about its meaning, or we are satisfied beyond any doubt at all that the legal view which has just been given is correct.
Mr. H. Wilson: While thanking the right hon. Gentleman for his intervention, may I say that I am sure that when he considers the matter he will realise that this is simply not good enough? What he has said in the middle of a debate on a Motion and Amendment before the House is that the Government will take it back and, when the Attorney-General has had time to consider this admittedly difficult point, if he, the
1284
Prime Minister, is then satisfied that the point is not valid, presumably the chief will be deported; but if the Prime Minister is not so satisfied, then the chief will be kept here.
With respect to the Prime Minister and the whole Government, who have made an unholy mess of the whole business, it is for the House to be satisfied, not the Prime Minister. As my right hon. Friend has said, we are prepared to withdraw the Motion tonight, or move the Adjournment of the debate. Will the Prime Minister give this assurance: first, that if he finds that the point my right hon. and learned Friend has made is valid, the chief will not be deported; and, second, if he is not so satisfied and if the Home Secretary wants to go on with the deportation, the matter can be brought back before the House and time will be found to debate the Motion again? In other words, may we have an assurance that we shall not have this question pass once again from the control of the House? Will the right hon. Gentleman agree to that?
The Prime Minister: There are two quite separate questions. There is the debate as it was conducted on Thursday and as we expected it to be conducted for the rest of tonight on the general merits and whether this Act of 1881 should operate or not. There is also a new and purely legal point raised. I do not think that the House can be satisfied about the legality of this, because we are not lawyers. But I go further and make this perfectly clear. If this other charge is withdrawn, the point which has been made will fall. I take it that the right hon. Gentleman would agree With that. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Yes; if this particular charge is withdrawn, the point falls. Would that be agreed? If the point is attached to charge 2 and that charge is withdrawn by the prosecution, surely the point falls. That must be so. Very well. If the charge is withdrawn, that point falls.
I make this perfectly clear. Until either the charge is withdrawn, or if the lawyers decide and advise—[HON. MEMBERS: "Which lawyers?"] I am quite prepared that my right hon. Friend and, let us say, the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Newport (Sir F. Soskice) should agree about this. My

1285
right hon. Friend would be quite prepared to consult him. I tell the House that there will be no question of this man being returned if there is any doubt or any question at all of the death penalty being enforceable by the courts. This, surely, can be met either by the charge being withdrawn by the prosecution, in which case the point falls, or if the legal advisers—and my right lion. Friend will consult with any other legal advisers—are satisfied that the point is not a good one.
Mr. G. Brown: Does not the Prime Minister see the point that, if an assurance were now given that the charge was withdrawn, the House would, I imagine, before it made up its mind that the Home Secretary was properly exercising his discretion, wish to consider whether there was any question of a charge being re-laid when Chief Enahoro returned to Nigeria? Does not the Prime Minister see that the merit of the case is the legal one? The Home Secretary has exercised a discretion wholly his without knowing the legal basis on which he had to make it.
The House cannot possibly abdicate its rights at this point. Will not the Prime Minister allow us to adjourn the debate tonight and conduct this business in better form? He will lose nothing. Let us adjourn tonight. Let consideration be given to the matter, and let the House return to it in a proper way when we know what the situation is.
The Prime Minister: I only wish to do that which is most fair and most agreeable to the House. I think it fair to say that the main debate has been on whether the 1881 Act ought to be applied or whether the view is that it is obsolete or obsolescent. That is really what Thursday's debate was about. Now, however, a new point has been raised as to whether a charge against Chief Enahoro might be one which would carry with it the death penalty.
Mr. Brown rose—
The Prime Minister: It was raised by the right hon. Gentleman.
Mr. Brown: With respect, may I put this to the Prime Minister? I also said when I began that this point would have been raised last Thursday but for the Home Secretary and the Attorney-General specifically saying that it did not
1286
arise. What is new is that it is only since then that we have discovered that the Home Secretary had not enough legal assurance to enable him to give the undertaking he gave us then.
The Prime Minister: To be fair, the right hon. Member for Belper was not only going over the old ground, but he raised this new point which came to him in the course of today. The view of my hon. and learned Friend the Attorney-General is that it is a bad point; but I will give this assurance: we will not return Chief Enahoro until either this is shown by the lawyers, after consideration, to be a bad point, or, if it is held to be a good point, the Nigerian Government have given a definite undertaking that no charge will be brought against the chief carrying the death penalty either now or at any other time.
That seems to me to be as clear a statement as I can make. The chief will not be returned to Nigeria until there is a definite undertaking from the Nigerian Government that this charge, if it carries the death penalty, is withdrawn and that no other charge that could carry the death penalty is substituted, or until the interpretation placed on this point by the right hon. Gentleman is shown by the lawyers to be incorrect, which I believe to be the case.
Under these circumstances, I would be quite willing that the House, when it returned to the subject, should discuss merely the question which was left last Thursday, if it was satisfied on the legal question or with the understanding of the Nigerian Government that there was no question of the death penalty. That would seem to be a reasonable course.
If that is the view of the House, and it would make it easier for the House for me to do so, I am ready to move that we should now adjourn the debate, it being understood that it is not the wish of the Government, or of the House, that there should be any circumstances in which this man should be subject to danger of his life. If it is the wish of the House, I am quite ready to move the adjournment of the debate. But if the legal point at issue is satisfied, then the Government will continue to put forward the view that they put forward on Thursday.
Mr. Brown rose—
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order. I think it would be right for me now, in order to meet the point, to propose the adjournment of the debate as a Question.
Hon. Members: No.
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order. It is perfectly debatable. I want to, be sure that I correctly understand that the Prime Minister is proposing that the debate be now adjourned.
Hon. Members: Hear, hear.
The Prime Minister: Yes, Mr. Deputy-Speaker. I beg to move,
That the debate be now adjourned.
Question proposed, That the debate be now adjourned.
Mr. G. Brown: It is much more agreeable to my right hon. Friends and myself—and I suspect to the whole House—in view of the situation which has arisen, that we should now adjourn this debate. I accept the Prime Minister's willingness to face the situation, and I respect him for it. It seemed to me that he was trying to limit the rights of the House and of hon. Members as to what they would say, or might say, were we to return to this matter. I am sure that on reflection he will take the view that that cannot be done. Obviously, when we have returned to it, anything that is in order will be said.
I have not had time to consult my right hon. Friends, but I believe that I will have their support in saying that if we return to the Motion later we will not want to do more with it than we would have been able to do with it tonight. I am prepared to say, beyond that, that we ought to accept the Adjournment on the understanding that we are now to have a look at this matter, that the lawyers will have a look at the basis of it. If it is found, in the sense that the Prime Minister puts it, that the man will not be deported, in that case there will be no further need to move the Motion—the Home Secretary can tell us that. If the Government go on with the deportation, time will be found for us to resume the debate on the Motion that we are on at this point.
The Prime Minister: I think that is a fair picture of what is the intention
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and what, I think, the House wishes. If there is any question of the death penalty at any time, either by the legal position or by any other position, of course the House can debate that, either the validity of the assurance given or the validity of the legal view given. Of course it can debate that. From what the right hon. Gentleman said, in view of the pressure of business, it will not debate the broad general question at any great length. But it will proceed as it would have proceeded tonight had this point not been raised. I think that a fair assumption and that it would be the wish of the House.
Mr. A. Fenner Brockway: I do not know whether the Prime Minister is deliberately seeking to misunderstand the attitude expressed from these benches or whether he does not understand the point that we are trying to make. There are really two matters before us. When the debate began the issue of the death penalty, as raised by the right hon. Gentleman, was not before us. But the main issue of the deportation was before us and many of us took the view, whatever may be the legal decision about the death penalty, that the issue of the deportation remains. We should want to be satisfied that this House would not merely pass into the hands of the Government the matter of the death penalty, but that the House should have the opportunity to decide the issue of the deportation.
The Prime Minister: If I may be allowed to intervene; what the hon. Gentleman says is exactly what is my intention. There are two questions. After the death penalty question is out of the way, we should proceed, as we had intended tonight, to discuss the second question, and all the rights of the House are preserved.
Question put and agreed to.
Debate to be resumed Tomorrow.

CHIEF ENAHORO

  ADJOURNMENT
  Resolved, That this House do now adjourn.—[Mr. I. Fraser.]
  Adjourned accordingly at eighteen minutes past Eleven o'clock.

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION
  Africa (Commonwealth Countries)
  Africa (Commonwealth Countries)
  Research Officers, West Africa (Compensation Scheme)
  Research Officers, West Africa (Compensation Scheme)
HOUSING
  Prefabricated Houses
  Prefabricated Houses
  New Towns
  New Towns
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
  Rating
  Rating
  Historic Buildings, Somerset
  Historic Buildings, Somerset
  Draft Building Regulations
  Draft Building Regulations
NATIONAL FINACE
  Local Authorities (General Grant)
  Local Authorities (General Grant)
  North-East
  North-East
  Civil Servants (London)
  Civil Servants (London)
TRADE AND COMMERCE
  Ford Motor Company (Doncaster Factory)
  Ford Motor Company (Doncaster Factory)
  Vegetables
  Vegetables
  North-East
  North-East
  Chinese Trade Mission (Visit)
  Chinese Trade Mission (Visit)
  Consumer Council
  Consumer Council
MALTA
  Emergency Powers Act
  Emergency Powers Act
  Joint Study Group (Report)
  Joint Study Group (Report)
  Mr. D. S. Stephens
  Mr. D. S. Stephens
  Services (Run-down)
  Services (Run-down)
SWAZILAND
  Sugar Industry
  Sugar Industry
  Constitution
  Constitution
SWAZILAND, BASUTOLAND AND BECHUANALAND
  High Commission Offices
  High Commission Offices
HONG KONG
  Advisory Committee on Corruption
  Advisory Committee on Corruption
  Corruption (Convictions)
  Corruption (Convictions)
POST OFFICE
  Sub-Office, Hartlepool
  Sub-Office, Hartlepool
  Vans (Heaters)
  Vans (Heaters)
TELEPHONE SERVICE
  Applications
  Applications
  Telephones (Design and Colour)
  Telephones (Design and Colour)
  Subscriber Trunk Dialling
  Subscriber Trunk Dialling
  Telephone Cords
  Telephone Cords
  Trunk Calls (Yorkshire)
  Trunk Calls (Yorkshire)
SCIENCE
  Nuclear Reactors (Risley)
  Nuclear Reactors (Risley)
  Marine Nuclear Propulsion (B.B.C. Broadcast)
  Marine Nuclear Propulsion (B.B.C. Broadcast)
  Civil Development Contracts (North-East)
  Civil Development Contracts (North-East)
  Research Programmes (Northern Ireland)
  Research Programmes (Northern Ireland)
MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
  Casualties, Oman
  Casualties, Oman
  UNITED STATES (BRITISH INFORMATION SERVICES)
  UNITED STATES (BRITISH INFORMATION SERVICES)
SCOTLAND
  Industrial Development
  Industrial Development
  Primary School, Airdrie
  Primary School, Airdrie
  Chief Constable of Inverness County (Appointment)
  Chief Constable of Inverness County (Appointment)
  Police Widows (Pensions)
  Police Widows (Pensions)
  Road Programme
  Road Programme
  North-East Scotland
  North-East Scotland
  CIVIL DEFENCE (MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITY)
  CIVIL DEFENCE (MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITY)
EDUCATION
  Certificate in Office Studies
  Certificate in Office Studies
  Willesden
  Willesden
HOSPITALS
  Cancer Treatment, Shropshire
  Cancer Treatment, Shropshire
  Bristol Royal Infirmary
  Bristol Royal Infirmary

Preamble
The House met at half past two of the clock, The LORD CHANCELLOR on the Woolsack.
Prayers—Read by the Lord Bishop of Liverpool

STEEPLE ASHTON AERODROME
2.32 p.m.
VISCOUNT LONG: My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.
[The Question was as follows:
To ask Her Majesty's Government what are the conditions under which the Bath Glider Club have been granted a licence to use the Steeple Ashton Aerodrome and whether the local constabulary and the adjoining landowners have been consulted.]
THE FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY (LORD CARRINGTON): My Lords, the Air Ministry are considering a number of applications from various clubs, including the Bath Gliding Club, for licences to use this airfield. They have consulted, as a matter of courtesy, all the interested local authorities, of whom only one has objected. A final decision has not yet been taken.
VISCOUNT LONG: My Lords, I am grateful indeed to my noble friend for his Answer. May I ask him this one question? If a licence were granted, would there or would there not be an insurance policy which would cover any loss of life by landowners and their livestock or destruction of their buildings?
LORD CARRINGTON: My Lords, I really do not know the answer to that question; but, if I may, I will write to the noble Lord and let him know.
VISCOUNT LONG: Certainly, my Lords.

BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE
EARL ST. ALDWYN: My Lords, I should like to inform the House that my noble friend Lord Home will be making a statement on NATO at about 3.30.
MARINE SOCIETY BILL [H.L.]
Read 3ª, and passed, and sent to the Commons.

HOUSING (PAYMENTS FOR WELL MAINTAINED HOUSES) ORDER, 1963
2.34 p.m.
THE JOINT PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (LORD HASTINGS): My Lords, I beg to move that the Housing (Payments for Well-Maintained Houses) Order, 1963, be approved. This Order is consequential on the introduction on April 1 of the new valuation lists, in which all rateable values are substantially higher than in the previous lists. Under the Housing Act, 1957, houses which are unfit for human habitation can be dealt with by compulsory purchase order, clearance order, demolition order or closing order. Whichever method is used, compensation is not normally paid for the loss of the buildings. But if the house has been well maintained, in spite of inherent defects which make it unfit, the local authority may be required to make a special payment. This payment is the higher of two alternative amounts: either the actual expenditure on the house during the last five years, less 1¼ times the rateable value; or the rateable value multiplied by the appropriate multiplier. These two formula' may be described respectively as "the expenditure formula" and "the multiplier formula".
These provisions were originally enacted in the Housing Act, 1935. The purpose of the expenditure formula was to reimburse a landlord for expenditure on maintenance, less that proportion of the rent which he could have been expected to devote to maintenance in any event. The multiplier formula was designed to produce a broadly similar result in cases where the landlord could

69
not produce accounts, and also to allow for the fact that owner-occupiers receive no rent. The multipliers of rateable value, prescribed in the 1935 Act, were 1½ for rented houses and 3 for owner-occupied houses.
By 1956, maintenance costs were substantially higher than they were before the war, but the rateable values of houses were, of course, still calculated by reference to the 1939 rental values. Power was therefore taken in the Slum Clearance (Compensation) Act, 1956, to alter the multipliers by Order, and the Housing (Payments for Well-Maintained Houses) Order, 1956, altered them from 1½ and 3 to 4½ and 9 respectively. This Order is still in force.
The new rating valuations, which come into force on April 1, will obviously have a striking effect on these calculations. The Valuation Office advise us that the new rateable values for unfit and nearly unfit houses are on average about 2½ times as high as the previous values. The purpose, therefore, of the present Order is to give claimants approximately the same payments as they would receive in present circumstances. It is thought that multipliers of 2 and 4 respectively, applied to the new rateable values, will produce this result, and that is what is contained in this Order. I hope, therefore, that your Lordships will approve it.
Moved, That the Housing (Payments for Well-Maintained Houses) Order, 1963, be approved.—(Lord Hastings.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

DRAINAGE RATES BILL
Read 3ª (according to Order), and passed.

THE OVERSEAS INFORMATION SERVICES
2.37 p.m.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD rose to call attention to the Overseas Information Services; and to move for Papers. The noble Viscount said: My Lords, four and a half years ago I had the honour of initiating a debate in your Lordships' House on the Overseas Information Services. Many of the things I said then are equally relevant to-day. At the commencement of my speech then I said that, with the advent
70
of nuclear weapons, and consequent global suicide in the event of their use, the future battle of the world must be a battle for men's minds allied to supplying their economic needs. Those words are just as true to-day as they were four and a half years ago.
Certainly some progress has been made in the Overseas Information Services since those days, but those mysterious figures who control the purse-strings of the nation have, I fear, failed to grasp the vast importance of the war of words, spoken and written, which engulfs the modern world. Every year throughout Asia, and now Africa, the number of literates rises by millions. They are all avid for knowledge and thirsting for material to read, but too poor to buy anything but the cheapest literature.
It is a surprising fact, but there are vast areas of the world to-day in which the per capita income is still under £30 a head. The Communist Powers, especially Russia and China, realise this only too well and are flooding the low-standard living areas of the world with an abundance of cheap reading matter. Of course, the countries which supply this reading matter to Asia and Africa are very liable to gain control of the trade of those areas. The Ministry of Culture of the Chinese People's Republic has called for a big leap in publishing work
"to oppose the enemy at home and abroad, for the extermination of Capitalism, and to secure a leap forward in thought so as to cope with a demand for unceasing revolution."
At a conservative estimate, the Soviet Government spends every year on literature sent overseas for propaganda purposes £500 million. When we compare this to the current expenditure on our Overseas Information Services of about £23½ million, which includes expenditure on broadcasting and television, it does not make a very happy picture.
With our external broadcasting the position is much the same. At the end of the last war we had the biggest external broadcasting services in the whole world. We also had a great reputation. which we still have, for truth and independence in our information services, and especially in our broadcasting services. In 1950 the then Director-General of the B.B.C. said that the B.B.C. produced the most massive of

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all international broadcasting efforts, but he added ominously, "The future of the B.B.C.'s foreign service depends on the will of the British Government". Unfortunately, this will was not forthcoming, and to-day we are the only nation which broadcasts for fewer hours than ten years ago. We have, I am afraid, sunk to fourth place in the external broadcasting race. We broadcast an average of 600 hours per week. If you count the Soviet satellites as an entirety we have, in fact, sunk to fifth place, and catching us up are Egypt and Germany.
It was Lenin who was the first to grasp the great power of broadcasting. He called it an international newspaper which could cross frontiers and gain access to men's minds. As often happens in this country, it took us the Second World War to grasp this truth. Now that the bombs and shells have ceased we have tended to forget this truth. I pointed out in this House in 1958 that perhaps owing to our history in the 19th century, when we had the greatest Empire in the world, it was in our nature not to broadcast ourselves and not to try to tell people about ourselves because we had this instinctive idea that as we were so powerful everybody knew about us anyway. In 1963 I am afraid that does not go down, and I am pleased to see that certainly among all the staffs of the Overseas Information Services there is a great keenness and great endeavour to present to the world our image, what we stand for. The information services, if you compare them to those of other nations, have on the whole fairly limited resources at their disposal. We have to face an absolute torrent of words and every form of propaganda aimed at destroying our way of life and the way of life of all freedom loving peoples throughout the world.
Perhaps I ought to refresh your Lordships' memory very briefly on how the Overseas Information Services are organised. We have the information services of the overseas Government Departments—that is to say, the Foreign Office, the Commonwealth Relations Office, the Colonial Office and the Central Africa Office—while the Board of Trade holds a watching brief to protect United Kingdom commercial interests.
These overseas Departments work in close consultation with the Central Office of Information, which is responsible for the promotion of publicity material and services needed by the overseas Departments.
We have also the British Council, responsible for promoting a knowledge of the English language and literature and for the promotion of cultural relations, and, I think most important of all, responsible for the welfare of students from overseas and the fostering of contacts between high executives, doctors and other people of the same calling from overseas. Last but by no means least, we have the external services of the B.B.C. To co-ordinate all these services we have a Minister, Mr. Vosper, the Minister for Technical Cooperation. It is his job to try to co-ordinate all the various organisations. But it is a matter of surprise to me that the Overseas Information Services do not have a Minister in the Cabinet. We have in the Cabinet the Minister for home information services, but I personally should have thought that the Overseas Information Services were far more important. Apparently Her Majesty's Government do not.
Of course, the B.B.C. have a unique place in our Overseas Information Services, in that by this medium millions of illiterate and semi-literate people can be contacted. You can call it, if you like, a form of mass diplomacy. I have already said, as is true, that millions are becoming literate every year; but still over half the world's population are illiterate, and the only means of contacting them is through broadcasting and television. In the past, the influence of radio was curtailed by the number of sets, but to-day there are, at a rough estimate, 400 million sets in the world, of which half receive short-wave transmissions. Thus, there is one set for every eight people on the globe, and you can be sure that more than one person listens to every wireless set.
The increase in the number of wireless sets has been greatest in the areas of illiteracy. For instance, in some parts of Africa the number of sets is doubling every year. A survey made by the Indian Institute of Public Opinion last year found that a higher proportion of illiterate than educated listeners tuned in to foreign

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stations. But the question is: are we putting sufficient resources at the disposal of the B.B.C. to cope with this vast global increase in radio sets? Your Lordships will be familiar with the relationship between the external services of the B.B.C. and the oversea Government Departments. You have this laid down in the licensing agreement of the B.B.C. Briefly, the languages and hours of broadcasting are chosen by the Government Departments, but the B.B.C. enjoy independence in regard to programme content, having obtained from Her Majesty's Government the policies towards the various countries to be broadcast to.
In the Financial Estimates for the year ending March 31, 1964, the external services have been granted £9,934,000, £4½ million of which is to improve and extend our relay stations overseas. This is an improvement on the £5½ million of 1958; but, of course, if we take into account increased costs the improvement is, on the 'whole, not so great. We have one great improvement here—namely, in our Arabic service. In the debate in 1958, I pleaded for a greatly increased Arabic service and, thanks to Her Majesty's Government, I am glad to say that we have got it. The B.B.C. are now broadcasting in this service for ten to twelve hours a day, and they have established a really first-class service. I am told that the B.B.C. receive from 30,000 to 40,000 letters annually from Arab listeners to this service. This is a great feather in their cap. In the same debate I mentioned also the trouble that we might expect from our friends the Somalis. I am sorry to say that that trouble has arisen. It is an absolute tragedy that we have had to close down our transmitter in that part of Africa. Of all the areas of the world, we do need transmitters in Africa.
As I said earlier, the B.B.C. broadcast for 600 hours weekly in these external services. Moscow and her satellites broadcast for 2,000 hours; the "Voice of America", over 800; and China, about 750. I believe that Egypt and Germany broadcast for about 450 hours weekly. We have also, I am afraid, acquired the rather nasty habit of "robbing Peter to ray Paul" in the external broadcasting services. We are inclined to cat down the hours of broadcasting to any country which appears to be Anglophile. friendly to us, and to con-
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centrate on another country which is perhaps not so friendly. On the face of it, this sounds logical enough, but if you once stop radio contact with people it is extremely hard to re-establish it. I feel it is a great mistake to break continuity. Owing to this break in continuity, I am afraid we have lost our dominant position in all languages except Arabic and, of course, English. Even in certain areas of the Commonwealth they are tending to have their best coverage from Peking. It will be a great tragedy if English becomes a form of Pekingese in various parts of Asia.
How can we rectify this? As in almost all these things, the answer is money, but it needs comparatively little money. The cost of leadership in this field is so low that almost any country can achieve it—otherwise how else could Egypt aspire to pass us? In the United Kingdom it is surprising to discover that the cost of our external services is only 0·1 per cent. of the national income. We could lead in external broadcasting and television for under 1 per cent. of our national income. It is quite fantastic that people do not realise this. It could not harm the economy. When I mention television I think of the Old Testament and the walls of Jericho crumbling before the trumpet blasts of the priests; because television is an explosion that has struck the world, and the blast will strike down the walls which still surround half the population of the world.
When Gutenberg invented printing in the fifteen century the walls of Europe containing men's minds commenced to crumble. The Dark Ages went, the Reformation came in, followed by the revolutions and reforms from which has emerged our present political and economic system. The walls in Europe crumbled slowly because men had to learn to read and write, but with television what took Europe generations will happen in the under-developed areas of the world in our lifetime. It will cause angry, blind nationalism with consequent confusion and turmoil, but it is our duty to see to it that Communism does not use this all-powerful medium further to confuse the emerging nations with lies and false theories.
To date, so far as I can see, Her Majesty's Government have done hardly anything to help television overseas. It

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is true they have granted £100,000, spread over five years, to an organisation called CETO which has boon founded by the Nuffield Foundation for the teaching of English by television. The B.B.C. themselves have done a great deal by selling programmes overseas; last year they sold 3,000 TV programmes overseas. But, of course, these programmes are chiefly for entertainment and have to be sold on their merits. We do make sales of these programmes to under-developed countries and to the Commonwealth through the Central Office of Information and the British Council, who subsidise this activity. Furthermore, the B.B.C. receive £50,000 a year for the teaching of English which they are enabled to put into television.
But, my Lords, this is all puny stuff. I am quite certain that our ancestors, especially the Victorians, would have reached for the skies and seen the limitless horizons in the opportunities of television. It was not a nineteenth century invention which is perhaps rather a pity. After all, they had steam—and see what they did with that ! Democracy appears somehow to have limited our vision. The trouble is that anything that does not give immediate benefit to the voter is dispensed with. But every nation to-day, big or small, wants its television station: it is the status symbol of the 'sixties. The United States of America has been quick to see this, and is financing the erection of TV stations throughout the world; and the country which puts up a TV station will, of course, automatically supply the majority of programmes and thereby gain immense influence commercially and otherwise.
I am told that to set up a TV station costs, on average, £1 million. We are ahead of the world electronically in regard to television, and I would ask Her Majesty's Government to set up a fund of £10 million—after all, that is only a quarter of the cost of an aircraft carrier—to enable us to equip the emergent nations with these stations.
THE EARL OF ARRAN: My Lords, may I interrupt the noble Lord for a moment? I worked for many years for the Overseas Information Services and we used to reckon ten or twelve years ago that the cost of the Overseas Information Services was less than that
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of a cruiser. Now, of course, cruisers have become much more expensive. I would say now that the cost was about that of a modernised destroyer.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD: My Lords, I thank the noble Earl for supporting me in that argument, because what my noble friend says is, of course, quite true. If we had this fund, it would benefit the whole of British television. It would help our export trade in the sale of our television equipment overseas, and it would also put great heart into all the brilliant research scientists, engineers, technicians and others who are behind our television enterprises in this country. And there is no doubt that it would return to this country a hundredfold in good will and trade. But if this country is to refuse to throw in our influence at this stage of history, when the horizons are going back to the final limits, we shall be betraying our ancestors who brought civilisation and tolerance to vast areas of the world. I am afraid I have spoken rather too long on the external services of the B.B.C. because I am 100 per cent. convinced of their vast importance and I am quite sure that the average person does not realise it.
My Lords, I must say a few words, very shortly, about the Central Office of Information, which is of course responsible for the daily flow of material in all media required by the information services overseas. This material includes, of course, Press, radio, tape-recorded, cinema and TV. The Central Office of Information also arranges exhibitions, other than cultural ones, and, of course, it organises a supply of literature, including industrial prestige material, for the reading rooms of overseas information officers. One of its most important works is the provision of cheap textbooks for overseas. I was shown one textbook, the publishing price of which I think was £4, which is provided to countries overseas for, I believe, about 15s. Clearly, it is a great help to the trade of this country that the poorer countries, the poorer students and the poor people overseas can have access to all our best technical works.
The estimated net expenditure of the Overseas Department of the C.O.I. was £2,839,000, but of course one cannot really estimate it, as it is an allied

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service. For instance, I understand that all the printing is done by Her Majesty's Stationery Office. My Lords, there are one or two excellent publications which stand out, but they are held up by lack of funds to increase their circulation. Nevertheless, 4¾ million copies of British Government-produced magazines are distributed annually in 17 different languages. A small charge is usually made for these publications, because it has been found that if anything is handed out free a great number of people are liable to think that it is of no value.
In some ways I have perhaps been rather unfair about the effort made in sending our literature overseas, in that I compared the expenditure of £23 million-odd on all of our Overseas Information Services, with the expenditure on publications of £500 million by the Soviet Government. But we have to remember that for a long time Great Britain has been, and is still, the greatest exporter of books in the world. We have all the private publishing houses sending out vast quantities of magazines, periodicals and books. These do not necessarily promote the Government's views, but almost all of them have one thing in common: they are alien to the Communist doctrine.
My Lords, I was anxious to say one thing more on this matter, but I see that time is running out before the Foreign Secretary's Statement. However, I think I ought to mention that in Russia we have one Russian publication from the English, called Anglia, which we have been supplying since February, 1962. This comes out quarterly and has a circulation of about 50,000. It is only to be hoped that this trade in literature between the Soviet and us can grow. So far as I am aware, we in England have no ban on Soviet literature coming in here. Of course, Shakespeare is a best seller in Russia, as also is Dickens—but perhaps that is not so applicable to England of the twentieth century. But, of course, it is towards Africa and Asia that the great propaganda effort of the Soviet bloc is directed. It is even influencing women's organisations in Africa now; and, of course, the Pan-African conferences, the Afro-Asian conferences and all those friendship societies are all happy hunting grounds for the Soviet bloc. But I am quite sure
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that our information officers out there on the spot are capable of coping with this situation if they have the support and the resources from the home country.
We also have the British Council about which I shall have to say a few words. All your Lordships know of the great work of the British Council in spreading English and English literature abroad. In the last debate we had I rather criticised the arrangements for the teachers, saying that it would be extremely hard to get teachers for the overseas services if they did not have security and the same rates of pay abroad. I am glad to say that the former position has now been rectified; but, as I said earlier, I think the most important work of the Council is in looking after the thousands of overseas students who come here annually. I think the total number of students who came here last year was 60,000. The British Council meets them at their point of disembarkation and finds them lodgings, and it generally initiates them into English customs. I was very impressed by the efficient filing system of this department regarding landladies. They have a sort of Debrett of landladies, which has notes on the eccentricities of this formidable breed.
I am quite sure that, without the work of the British Council, the student problem would lead to great abuses and colour problems. The Council also, of course, look after visiting professors and other people anxious to meet their opposite numbers here in this country. The majority of these visitors come here at their own expense, which some people do not realise.
I cannot end without saying one word about an independent organisation which does not strictly come under the Overseas Information Department, and that is the British Travel and Holidays Association. This Association promotes tremendous good will for us abroad. In foreign currency alone it earned, indirectly, £320 million last year. The organisation is also the largest dollar-earner in the country. There is another point I should like just to mention. I am not so happy about some of our compatriots who travel abroad for their holidays. I have seen some of our countrymen behaving in a most atrocious manner. It was quite unknown before the wars; and, of course, every Englishman abroad ought to be an ambassador for his country. What the

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answer is to our countrymen behaving badly abroad I do not know, but perhaps it is possible, although I suppose it is quite impracticable, for the Foreign Office to issue, with passports, a booklet setting out the various customs in different countries and how not to offend while in them.
I end just in time, I am glad to see, for the statement, and I am sorry to have kept your Lordships so long. I should like to end with a plea to Her Majesty's Government to realise the immense importance of the Overseas Information Services. We have a revolution taking place overseas, but it is a revolution in men's minds, and if the tolerance of this country is not heard throughout the world we shall have great chaos and, I am afraid, untold misery. The English language is, it is true enough, spread throughout the world, as are our great traditions of law and justice, but if we do not keep our image, our presence, in the minds of ordinary people, the memory of Britain is bound to fade. The empire of the future is an empire of men's minds, and I beg Her Majesty's Government really to do everything to aspire to that situation. My Lords, I beg to move for Papers.
3.28 p.m.
LORD TAYLOR: My Lords, I do not intend to inflict a long speech upon your Lordships, but in this matter good intentions are not enough. I should be extremely grateful if the Government Whip would warn me at any moment when it is appropriate that the statement should be made. I will then at once sit down, and, perhaps, if I have not finished my speech, I can resume it later.
I think we should be very grateful to the noble Viscount, Lord Massereene and Ferrard, for raising this subject, because it is something which has not been discussed in either House of Parliament for, I believe, five years—and it certainly is a very important subject. Indeed, the noble Viscount was the last person who raised it and, thank! goodness! he, at least, is keeping an eye on what is a very important and fundamental little piece of Government machinery. Information is the most powerful, long-term instrument of foreign policy.
I gather it is now the wish that I should break off here so that the statement may be made.

FOREIGN SECRETARY'S VISIT TO NATO
3.30 p.m.
THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS (THE EARL OF HOME): My Lords, I covered so many of these matters in the Defence debate in your Lordships' House that I do not think I need make a long statement, but I thought the House would like to hear a statement which is being made by the Lord Privy Seal in another place about my visit to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
The purpose of my visit to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation on March 20 was to present to the Council the thoughts about a NATO nuclear force already put forward in the debate in this House on March 14 and in another place on January 30 and 31. The NATO Council until now has had no chance to hear those points of view. The proposals for such a force arise from the Nassau Agreement. I analysed two stages envisaged in the reorganisation of the nuclear capability of the Alliance: First, that dealing with the immediate problem relating to weapons already in existence; and, secondly, that concerned with the problem of possible developments later.
So far as the first is concerned, I developed the idea put forward by the Prime Minister at Nassau of the multinational force to which member countries would contribute weapons now at their disposal. This part of the programme, which is essentially a question of organisation within the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, does not involve any new expenditure. The main British contribution is the assignment of the V-bomber force, subject to the negotiation of satisfactory terms. Discussions are now proceeding in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation as to precisely how this assignment and those of the United States and other countries would operate. The Council felt that the organisation of this stage—that is, the multi-national force—should be taken a step forward at the NATO Ministerial meeting in Ottawa in May. When our Polaris submarines have been built they will be assigned in a similar manner.
In addition, the American Administration has put forward a proposal for

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the possible creation of a mixed-manned element. This is now being discussed by the United States Government with a number of member countries. While Her Majesty's Government will already be a major participant in the NATO nuclear force through the assignment both of the V-bomber force and of the Polaris submarines, in giving a general welcome to such a force, if it proved to be militarily practicable, I undertook to consider ways and means by which we might give it practical support. The idea is now being examined in detail by Her Majesty's Government. Meanwhile, as I made plain, there are no commitments. Mr. Merchant, the United States representative, has not yet completed his round of visits to North Atlantic Treaty Organisation countries interested in this matter; and a clearer picture of the nature and prospects of this proposal is not likely to emerge until he has done so.
Apart from these defence matters, I also emphasised the need for further political and, where possible, economic consultations, both within the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, for the Western Alliance, and in the Western European Union, from the European point of view. To this end, the NATO Council meeting which I attended was very valuable for the widespread support it secured in reaffirming the essential unity of the Atlantic Alliance.
3.34 p.m.
EARL ALEXANDER OF HILLSBOROUGH: My Lords, I thank the noble Earl the Foreign Secretary for making this statement to us. One would have thought from the facts that it would have gone even wider. I am not making any suggestion that we have any complaint to make about it, because obviously a great part of what the Foreign Secretary said to-day might have been anticipated from his speech on March 14. Nevertheless, the general around which he has covered, then and now, are not matters for us to think upon beyond the fact that he has given us information; we have not to think of it in terms of having a decision either by NATO or ourselves at this stage. Obviously, there are questions within it that may give rise to some matters of debate when it conies to it. No doubt the Foreign Secretary will consider giving us an opportunity for that at a
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later date. In the meantime, we hear about the multi-national force, but we have not yet heard very much about suggestions which have been bandied-about for a multilateral force. Perhaps I should have felt inclined to ask a few critical questions, had he gone very far on that line to-day. But, so far as he has gone, I am content at least to let it rest there for the time being.
LORD OGMORE: My Lords, we on these Benches thank the Foreign Secretary for making this statement and for adding a little to the information which he gave us in the debate on the 14th March. We regret the failure to convene the Western European Union. This seems to us to be an ominous failure and one more blow at the unity of Europe, following the failure to accept the British proposals to enter the European Economic Community.
I should like to ask the Foreign Secretary three questions. First, are not these developments further reasons why the Atlantic Powers should give urgent consideration to the formation or development of Atlantic institutions, such as an Atlantic Assembly to be developed from the NATO Parliamentarians' Conference? The second question I would ask is whether any thought is being given by the Council of Ministers to the political control of the nuclear weapons in the multi-national force. The third question I would ask is what are the reactions of Germany, so far as he has been able to ascertain, to the proposed multi-lateral force.
THE EARL OF HOME: My Lords, I am obliged to the noble Earl. I think there are going to be many matters here which are the proper subjects for debate at some future time, but not now, because they have not yet taken sufficient form for me to be able to put them before the House for the House to take a decision. But I will do so, of course, when either the multi-national or the mixed-manned force is at a further stage of development.
Lord Ogmore asked whether this did not mean there was greater need for institutions of a political nature within NATO. I think I told him in the debate a few days ago that I had a quite open, but not an empty, mind on these matters. What we want to avoid is the proliferation of

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institutions for the sake of setting up some other institution. That does not make sense. It leads only to more frustration. But if anybody can prove to me that another institution is wanted inside the NATO Alliance, then I would consider it very carefully. The noble Lord, Lord Crathorne, and other Parliamentarians are to make recommendations on this matter, which I await. Secondly, of course the NATO Council will be giving close attention to the question concerning political control. This is one very important part of this matter. Management is one and the sharing of command is another. But political control plays a very important part, because you must retain the credibility of the deterrent. So the answer is, Yes, the Council will be giving close attention to the matter over the coming months.
I cannot really answer for the German Government as to their attitude to a mixed-manned force. All I can say is that in the Council the political reasons for such a force were very clearly appreciated, but, of course, it has to be examined with the greatest care to see that it makes military sense and is practicable.
LORD KENNET: My Lords, can the Foreign Secretary say whether the adherence of Britain to a mixed-manned force would involve a treaty, and the degree of Parliamentary comment and control that goes with treaty procedure?
THE EARL OF HOME: I do not think I can say yet. It would be better to wait and see how Mr. Merchant's visits to the other countries go; whether, on the whole, the European countries think the idea of a mixed-manned force can be adopted. Then there will be the process of working out what form it should take. Whether it would need a treaty I do not know at the present time, but, of course, we could not possibly adopt this procedure without coming to Parliament and explaining it all and what was involved.
LORD REA: My Lords, I should like to thank the noble Earl for answering in such detail the three questions put to him. I think that I express what all noble Lords would like to say when I welcome the noble Earl back after his indisposition.

THE OVERSEAS INFORMATION SERVICES
3.43 p.m.
Debate resumed.
LORD TAYLOR: My Lords, I will now return to the subject of Government information services overseas. In a way, it is appropriate that we should have been interrupted for a few minutes to think about some of the problems of overseas policy, because I would maintain the proposition that information is one of the most powerful long-term instruments of foreign policy, and one that can play a large part in determining the way our foreign friends and enemies behave.
Your Lordships will recall the last act of Shaw's St. Joan, when the Dauphin is cross-examining the spirit of St. Joan and she is asking him how he has got on since she died. He replies that he has done very well militarily but that he thinks one good treaty is worth a dozen victories. That has always been my view, and I believe that the information services are the background which can provide the basis of good treaties. The more we reach a stalemate in arms—which simply means an enforced and recognised draw—the more important do information services become.
I spent much of my time during the war building and operating machinery for the Government to assess the effect of the Government information services at home, and in doing this work I learned many useful lessons, which in my view have equal application abroad; because the behaviour of English people is not so very different from the behaviour of foreign people when they receive information from an official source, whatever that source may be. I have tried to think out, on the basis of my own experience, what are some of the principles which have universal application in Government information work.
The first is that, in the long run, truth wins. In the short run, it may not. We saw during the early days of the war, during Nazi rule in Germany, how falsehood could win for a time. It follows that the long-term policy of Her Majesty's Government is all-important. A short-term policy, doing a bit of propaganda or information work, however honestly and well done, is of limited value unless we are prepared to go on as long as, indeed

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longer than, those with whom we are competing. The fallacies of the "Stop and Go" policy applied to information services are very great indeed, as the noble Viscount was saying in respect of the B.B.C.
The second principle is that every recipient of Government information tends to judge its truth by his own personal experience. If the information he receives does not accord with what he knows about, he tends to discredit the lot. This means that everybody doing overseas work and endeavouring to introduce local colour and local information must he very careful to get this accurate; because it is on the accuracy of what the recipients know about that the accuracy of the whole will be judged.
The third lesson which I learned forcibly was that the most powerful medium was personal contact. One of the jobs which the Ministry of Information (as it was then called) was given during the war was to persuade people to have their children inoculated against diphtheria. This was something quite new. Nobody had done it before. It was a very good and sensible thing to do, but nobody quite knew how to do it. All kinds of Government information services were brought into play and it was the job of the Social Survey Department, which I was looking after, to try to assess which method worked best. We found that, when it came to getting anything done, the important thing was the personal contact with doctors, health visitors and district nurses. This was far more powerful than advertisements or Press announcements, or even pictures in the cinemas. I think that this lesson has been learned by the Government information services generally, and they are more and more using the personal angle in their work and thereby making themselves more effective.
The next principle, which is simply the corollary of the previous one, is that, after personal contact, the second most powerful agent was the B.B.C. in Britain. And the reason why the B.B.C. was so powerful was because the people of Britain were satisfied that it always spoke the truth, or as much of the truth as it could find out. It never gave anything in the way of "doctored" news: it was operated with complete integrity. That was the secret, which remains the
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secret of the B.B.C., and the secret of its foreign broadcasts as well.
A further principle we found was that the impact of any information varies inversely with the square of the distance, which is rather an elaborate way of saying that what happens next door is more important to most people than what happens a hundred miles away. I remember that, during the war, when Singapore fell the "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" sailed up the Channel. The British people were much more upset about the "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" than about the fall of Singapore, though undoubtedly the latter was of great importance. But the German warships were right on our doorstep and created a furore among the ordinary British people—unless they happened to have relatives in Singapore. This is a very important thing to remember in our information work. What happens immediately adjacent is interesting, and producers of information must remember that it must have a real interest and relevance to the people who are listening to it. It is no good giving a highbrow and obscure lecture to ignorant peasants who need instruction about primitive agriculture or the elements of reading. I would say that this lesson has been pretty well learned.
The next principle is that the long-term attitude of the recipient is determined largely by this own personal experience. When a British person gets to know well a friend overseas, that is likely to have far more effect than a hundred pamphlets. One good British machine, which does its job properly and does not break down, is worth a thousand export leaflets or press advertisements. A Briton who goes overseas to do a job of work is doing a first-class job as an instrument in the process of information.
I do not think that the noble Viscount is right in thinking that our behaviour when we go abroad for our holidays is worse than it used to be. There have always been some Britons who have behaved badly. This has happened for centuries. One can think of Smollett and others, who knocked about the Continent in the most wild way. But I think that, on the whole, British people behave reasonably well. Though it is worth reminding them that the more

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they can get to know and be friends with people of other countries, the better our overseas relations will be in the long term.
One thing that is frequently forgotten is that information should be for mutual advantage. I was pleased to see this stressed in the short account of policy of the British Council. It is not a question of simply doing something for the advantage of the United Kingdom; it is for the advantage of the United Kingdom and the recipient, as well. Unless we bear that in mind, it is quite useless. Which of us wants to receive information from another country which is put out solely for his own country's benefit? It is like mercy: it ought to bless him that gives and him that takes. The Nazis, again, tried to give this one-sided kind of information, this unilateral propaganda, and it just did not work. But it is worth remembering that, when it comes to the Communists, they believe most firmly that their philosophy will benefit the recipients, and in that way they do not resemble the Nazis.
I was wondering whether it is possible to define the philosophy which we are trying to put over through our information services. I suppose it is almost impossible, and yet I should like to feel that it was a sore of pragmatic utilitarianism, though that is hardly a battle cry for anything. I suppose that we all desire, in the long run, to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number, with everybody gaining equally; and that is perhaps the underlying philosophy for which we are working when we are dealing with other countries. But the Americans have a better way of putting it, in those memorable words that
"All men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which rights are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
I hope that that is the philosophy working behind our information services.
The next principle I would lay down is that the best of all information is education. All over the world there is now an immense hunger for education, and first for technical and scientific education; and the basis for that has to be literacy. Here it is a matter of education in their own countries, and
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education, so far as we are concerned, of foreign nationals and Commonwealth nationals here in Britain. The first step, again so far as we are concerned, is the teaching of English, to which the noble Viscount, Lord Massereene and Ferrard, referred.
The last principle which I think is important is that in any information work it is vital to study the impact of what one is doing on the recipient: to study the effect of Government information services on the people who are getting the information; first of all, to know how many are getting it, and, secondly, to know what their attitude is. That is what we were doing during the war, and what, to some extent, the Central Office of Information, through its social surveys division, still does in home affairs when it is assessing, for example, the effectiveness of Government propaganda in recruiting for the Services, or in any other Government-sponsored advertising campaign.
To do this properly, it is vitally important to know where to put the maximum effort. It can be done, although it is not easy, because it involves studying what is happening in the country, asking people if they have seen or heard certain things, and trying to do sampling. This might sound to be a hopeless task in a foreign country; but it is not. Many of them have their own private "Gallup Poll" organisations operated commercially, and I cannot see why they should not be quite properly rented in order to find out the effectiveness of overseas broadcasting, or what you will. I am sure that the commercial organisations in this country who carry out surveys, provided that they do it honestly and openly, can do so for anybody, and I do not think the Government would interfere.
I think it is important that the people who assess the impact of Government information services should not be the same as those who are giving the stuff out. Otherwise, they tend to find that what they are giving out is all right. The ideal is that there should be in each of the Embassies or High Commissioners' Offices overseas somebody whose job it is to make what I can only describe as social studies of the behaviour and attitude of the ordinary people in the country to which our information services

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are directed, and who would be watching all the time to see what the impact was and whether we were getting over what we intended to get over. Those are all the general observations that I wish to make.
I shall now make a few (and they will be few) specific observations, and I will try not to repeat what has already been said by the noble Viscount. I think that, in general, the quality of our Overseas Information Services is excellent, but the quantity is still far too small. We still think in terms of massive armed forces, and we should be thinking in similar terms—I do not say massive, but fairly massive—about teachers, engineers, scientists, doctors, writers, journalists, film makers and broadcasters; for these are the real agents of an enlightened foreign policy. I think that of the three major Government agencies, the British Council, to which the noble Viscount referred, has increased its expenditure most since the White Paper in 1957 or 1958. This is probably correct, and it is the right emphasis. My noble friend Lord Lucan will be dealing in rather greater detail than I shall with some aspects of the work of the British Council, and particularly the work for students and overseas offices. I want to mention students, quite briefly, and also the value of the visits organised to this country. They also organise visits from this country; but it is the visits to this country of all sorts of experts and specialist people with which one is particularly concerned.
I have inquired about what are the things which impress foreign visitors most, and I am told that two things stand out, if they have seen them: one is the New Towns, and the other is Coventry. These are the things which really strike the average visitor from overseas. No doubt it is a good thing for the visitor to take home a lot of coloured films of the Changing of the Guard, of Windsor Castle, and so on; but the things which have a real relevance to his life are physical reconstructions on a really large scale. I cannot help feeling it is a pity that we have not more New Towns to show our foreign visitors. And what a pity it is, in a way, that we are not starting more cathedrals! I think one often forgets how many Africans are deeply Christian people and are greatly impressed to see the British people build-
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ing a cathedral. I suppose Coventry Cathedral was largely built with Government money, through war damage—in fact, I know that it was. I do not see anything wrong with building a cathedral; I think it is a good thing to do. One of the strange accidental effects is the feeling it gives our friends from overseas that this country is not a decadent race, but a believing race, full of vigour.
There is one small practical point about these visits, and that is the danger of over-programming. Anybody who has been on one of these official tours will know how boring they can become for the recipient. I know that this is in the minds of those who organise them, but I do not think they are quite harsh enough with themselves. One really ought to say that two days in every week are free. You need two free days. One's time tends to get filled up, as sure as can be, simply by somebody offering some extra hospitality. You need one day a week when you are making these vigorous tours, when you can put up your feet, not get up quite so early, and not dash quite so far. So I would urge that over-programming be avoided at all costs.
One word about students in this country: my noble friend Lord Lucan will deal with them at greater length. I want to compare their position for a moment with the position of the students in Russia. Of course the students in Bulgaria did not have such a pleasant time, but with regard to the students in Russia one of the things which strikes one is the enormous number of African students at the University of Moscow and in the technical colleges of Russia. They are paid a small salary of 90 roubles a month. Post-graduates receive 150 roubles a month; they also get free tuition. It is just enough for them to live on. The food costs 3 roubles a day, so that takes nearly all their 90 roubles, but their lodgings cost only 1·5 to 5 roubles a month, depending upon whether there are two, four or six in a room. So they can just scrape through without any external grant.
This makes a tremendous appeal to these students. One can see it perfectly well. They say: "We come over here"—and I talked to many of them—" and they give us a very good do. It is not

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luxury". It certainly is not: they live in extreme discomfort. The first year they are taught to understand and read Russian. That is the first job, and the whole of their first year is devoted to this. Thereafter, they can begin their proper pedagogic studies. They do not pay anything for extra fees, and books are very cheap. The libraries are good, and there are many lending facilities, so the students do not have to buy textbooks. Incidentally, they do not have to go to the Marxist-Leninist lectures—at least, the ones I met did not. Such lectures are, in most cases, optional. But the students felt a longing for any British newspapers that could be sent out. That was a personal thing one noticed.
The students said that the technical standard of the teaching they received in Russia was very high. The lecturers and professors were kind, going slowly for them when they knew they came to a difficult bit. The final contrast was their popularity with the ordinary general public. We do our best, though not so extensively as the Russians. There is such an emphasis inside Russia on the feeling one ought to have, the moral compunction to have a warm feeling towards coloured people, particularly from Africa, that they are popular everywhere with the general public. That is all I wished to say about students in this country, except to emphasise how important it is that, in the months and years ahead, when the pressure on our universities will increase, we should not reduce the percentage of foreign and overseas students that we take in.
Now just a word or two about the Central Office of Information. Here again there has been a steady increase in expenditure since the White Paper of 1957. There is greater regionalisation and localisation of the material put out. I think the Overseas Press Service, which used to go out in about five regionalised forms, now goes out in about 23 regionalised forms. More and more the C.O.I. try to show Nigerians or Ghanaians, so that when the material goes to the country it has a local and a personal interest. I am sure that that is right.
The C.O.I. are developing (and here I think the noble Viscount did not quite do justice to them) their own television films for free or cheap distribution to
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the increasing numbers of television stations overseas. Unfortunately, they cannot earn any money by them because, as the noble Viscount said, these television stations are simply prestige stations. They are ridiculous, really: it is a misspending by these developing countries. They are putting up television stations just because the Joneses next door in the next country have one, even though they have only 200 people with television receivers. They are trying to fill far too many hours with programme time. There is no money to be made, but they are pleased to have Central Office of Information documentaries and newsreels from Britain, which is a good thing. They are getting a great many cheap American commercial films—cheap because they have "done their stuff". They have lived their life and earned their money, and anything they may earn on these services is a little extra for their owners. I feel it is a pity that Her Majesty's Government wound up the Crown Film Unit a number of years ago. It would have been so useful and such a good thing to have it operating alongside the excellent commercial producers of different countries who are working for the Government, and we could do even better than we are doing now in that respect.
Strangely enough, the C.O.I. also arrange tours and look after visitors, and for a long time I could not understand why some of the visitors who came to see the New Town where I was working came under the ægis of the British Council and others under the ægis of the C.O.I. The division is that the specialists are looked after by the British Council, and the "generalists"—such people, for example, as journalists, trade union officials, Government officials, local government officers, and so on—are looked after by the Central Office of Information. I well remember that a little while ago we had a charming party of Burmese politicians, including the leader of the Burmese Communist Party. His colleagues were pulling his leg all the time. I took them to an old inn called "The Old Mill" at Harlow, and as we came through it one of these Burmese gentlemen turned to me and said: "This reminds me of the 'Admiral Benbow' in Treasure Island." I said, "What on earth do you know about that?" and he said: "We did

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it for our school certificate." That shows how education has played its part in altering British attitudes.
One last word about broadcasting. It is in this sphere that the "Stop-go" policy since 1958 has been most marked. I do not propose to raise again the points mentioned by the noble Viscount, but I think he was quite right. We have not used broadcasting overseas as we should; it has been used as a tactical weapon rather than as a strategic one. It is a long-term process, as the noble Viscount rightly said, and to do any good one has to go on and on, and build up an audience slowly. If one stops and tries to start again, that audience has gone; and, incidentally, one's expert staff has gone as well. This, alas ! has happened over the years. The evidence of this, for all to see, is available in a very good lecture which Mr. Tangye Lean, the Assistant Director of External Broadcasting, gave on March 13 last, when he emphasised these very things. He explained exactly how at the end of the war we had a position of supremacy, and how we have slowly been overtaken, first by Moscow, then by Peking, and, of course, by the United States, and that we are now reaching a stage where we are being caught up by Egypt.
All this would be so cheap to do, relatively, as compared with any other form of active foreign policy. This is one of the cheapest ways of going about it, and it is a very powerful thing, provided it is being received. Here, again, I would return to something I was saying at the beginning, that it is vitally important all the time to be trying to make a scientific assessment of the impact of the country's information services. One is casting one's bread upon the waters in the hope that it will return to one and it might be good to have a continuous look at where it is falling. I would urge the Government therefore to try to build up machinery to do this very thing.
I hope that the Government have read this lecture most carefully and of the difficulties which are occurring, particularly in the Near East and the Far East, where, in one case, Moscow and, in the other case, Peking are very well sited for medium-wave services. It is medium-wave services which these people need more than short-wave services, if it can
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possibly be done, because a short-wave set is a much more tricky thing to operate and more expensive; and, of the tremendous numbers of receivers which the noble Viscount mentioned, the great majority among the poorer people of this world—and those are the people whom we particularly ought to be reaching—are medium-wave sets.
Policy has been to cut off an external service where it appeared to be not really needed, but time and again the area concerned has turned out to be the very place where it was needed. Everything seems to be quiet in one particular area, so it is decided, as an economy, to get rid of the particular external service for the area, and then suddenly things go wrong, difficulties are encountered and the need for an information service on a large scale—to France, shall we say?—arises: and the service has been cut. This is the strangest and worst way possible to run an information service. I do hope that the Government, while accepting the bouquets which I have tried to offer them for their other information services—and, on the whole, I think their quality is excellent, even if they are too small in quantity—will now try to give thought continually to their external broadcasting services, or the B.B.C.'s external broadcasting services, and steadily increase them in volume and in power and in the amount of medium-wave transmission so that they can match, and in due course overtake, those of other great nations of the world.
4.14 p.m.
THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS (THE EARL OF DUNDEE): My Lords, in July, 1958, the noble Viscount, Lord Massereene and Ferrard, introduced a Motion on our Overseas Information Services on which we had a most valuable discussion, and I am grateful to my noble friend for raising it again now. I am sure the discussion will be as valuable as it was then. I should also like to thank the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, most cordially for his extremely helpful and useful speech to which we have just listened.
In our overseas policies of every kind—foreign policy, Commonwealth policy, colonial policy and trade policy—and in our endeavours to advance civilisation in developing countries, we must continually propagate knowledge of our

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ideas and, at the same time, counteract falsehood and deception in almost every part of the world. If I occasionally use the word "propaganda" in the few remarks I shall make, I hope your Lordships will understand that I do not attach any discreditable significance to this word. Its true and traditional meaning is the propagation of knowledge, not necessarily false or tendentious knowledge. I think in the First World War people in this country got into the habit of using the word to describe enemy propaganda, possibly because it took us a long time to wake up to the idea that we ought to do the same. Since then there has clung to this word a faint odour of distaste, but I do not think that is justified by any good etymological reason.
In our lifetime the means of disseminating knowledge have immeasurably increased, so have the means of receiving it, though not always the means of understanding it. Far more people have small wireless transistor sets; more people have learned to read a little, though this does not mean that they have learned to use their faculty of reason. It means that it is much easier for them to hear and to listen to propaganda without judging it. Therefore, propaganda is now one of the most potent instruments of foreign policy.
As the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, I think rightly, said, in this country public opinion has been slow to approve Government action in this field. We have started behind many others. People did not think it was right that the Government should do this type of thing in time of peace, and, of course, it is very easy to find fault with almost any branch of our information services in almost any part of the world. I have often done so myself. I think, as the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, argued, that our information services have grown better and stronger—and certainly they have grown more expensive—in the last ten years, particularly since the Drogheda Report and the White Paper published in 1954 and republished in 1957, which was based upon it. But, of course, they are by no means perfect. Neither is any information service in the world perfect—even the vast Communist propaganda machine, which permeates into every part of life in the countries which they are trying
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to subvert. They commit many stupidities and follies and many errors in psychology. The United States information machine, on which more than three times as much money is spent than we can afford to spend, occasionally makes mistakes and is susceptible of possible improvements.
So, of course, is ours, and we must always consider whether we are spending as much money on it as we ought to spend, and whether the money we can spend is being used to the best advantage. Since the means of communication are continually changing and developing we have also to keep thinking all the time whether we have the right proportion between sound broadcasting, television, cinematograph films, literature, personal visits and speaking tours, cultural and educational work.
Since the Ministry of Information was abolished after the end of the war, its overseas work has been continued with more than one Minister responsible. The three responsible Ministries are the Foreign Office, the Commonwealth Relations Office and the Colonial Office; and, of course, the Board of Trade, although its Minister is not directly responsible, has a very strong interest. So also has the Central Africa Office. This division of responsibility was approved by the Drogheda Report, quoted in the White Paper, which says:
"The existing system of decentralised control is based on the principle which we believe is sound, that since propaganda is an instrument of policy responsibility for it must be separately vested in the Ministers responsible respectively for Foreign, Commonwealth and Colonial Affairs, with the President of the Board of Trade holding a watching brief to ensure that the commercial interests of the country are adequately taken care of in our propaganda all over the world."
LORD TAYLOR: My Lords, I am sorry to interrupt the noble Earl, but it is not, I assure him, a hostile interruption. He has given us a list of the Departments doing this work, and the Ministers responsible. Does Mr. Deedes come into it as Minister Without Portfolio? I am not quite clear about that.
THE EARL OF DUNDEE: I have not yet finished the list. Mr. Deedes does not come into this it is Mr. Vosper who comes into it. There has always been a co-ordinating committee, which used to be under Dr. Hill, but now there is a

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Cabinet Committee on overseas information, which is presided over by my right honourable friend the Secretary for Technical Co-operation, Mr. Vosper. He has lately carried out a very thorough review of the whole of our overseas information services to see whether we need to spend more money and what changes we ought to make; and in a few moments I will try to give your Lordships a brief summary of what the Government have decided to do as a result of Mr. Vosper's inquiry.
The three agencies through which our information services operate have been, I think, fairly exhaustively described by my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard and the noble Lord, Lord Taylor. These are the Government information services, the British Council and the B.B.C. The information services have officers wherever it is important enough, if they are allowed to go there. Their job is to keep in touch with the Press, to give the Press in the foreign countries to which they are assigned such information as we think is useful to be published and which the Press of that country will accept. They have to arrange personal visits and speaking tours. They have to help the B.B.C. in the B.B.C.'s activities, and they act as agents for the B.B.C. in the countries where the B.B.C. has no office of its own. They also have to distribute printed literature of such kinds as is judged worth publishing and distributing. They also find uses for documentary films which are sent to them, and television reels. And they also very often arrange for visual programmes and exhibitions.
The noble Earl, Lord Lucan, who is going to speak in this debate, travelled with me in 1957 to Virginia, and he may perhaps remember the great historical exhibition at Jamestown. I think we all agreed—and, what is more important, I think the Americans all agreed—that the best feature of that exhibition was the British Pavilion, where there was a wonderfully-got-up pictorial history of British colonial policy since 1600 up to the present day. Thousands of Americans saw that every week. It had a great deal of effect and did a great deal of good, especially as it gave British colonial policy in a perspective which is not always appreciated by the inhabitants of the United States.
LORD TAYLOR: Did it include the Boston Tea Party?
THE EARL OF DUNDEE: They did that in one of theirs! Then there is the British Council, and I should like to thank the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, for the full justice he did to its work. Its main activities are the teaching of English, either in British Council institutes or by establishing professorships at universities in the countries where they work. It also maintains libraries and distributes books. Here I do not think I need add anything to what the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, said about the way in which it looks after students, which is one of its most useful, creditable and humane activities in this country.
The third agent is the British Broadcasting Corporation, or rather its foreign services. Your Lordships may occasionally have noticed that the home service of the B.B.C. is not in any sense an agent of the Government. It often publishes features which are not at all helpful to the policy or the credit of the Government. It sometimes even produces scoops which may be embarrassing to the Government in its foreign policy. Anybody who criticises the B.B.C. for doing this sort of thing—whatever angle the criticism comes from—is always extremely careful to say, "Although of course we think this is wrong, the Government must not do anything about it. It would never do if it were thought the Government were influencing the B.B.C." That is very right at home. But in the overseas services things are not the same. There the Government pay the expenses incurred by the B.B.C. and the B.B.C. co-operates with the Government in producing the features which we agree will best carry out the aims of British policy and the needs of the Free World. It has its general overseas programme in English. It has its foreign language programmes in most parts of the world. It also helps our information services, very often by producing the television reels here.
Of course, the techniques with which all these information services are worked must vary in accordance with the character of the country in which they operate. We want to have services not only in countries which are neutral, uncommitted, or in countries which are hostile and which we want to convert,

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but also in friendly countries like the United States and Canada. In the United States, although I am sorry to say that the amount of money spent there on our information services has lately been cut down in order to provide more in other places, it is still the largest item, the country where we spend most, and it is very necessary; although they are a friendly country whose policy and whose world objects and ideals and way of life are the same as ours, owing to historical reasons and distance there are enormous potentialities for misunderstanding. We have got a senior information officer at our Embassy in Washington and the main centre of our information services is, of course, in New York. Their main branch of activity is arranging personal visits, speaking tours and, of course, liaising with the radio network to which they give a great many features, which are well listened to, putting the British point of view.
Canada is also a very important country, of even vaster width one side to the other than the United States, and with a growing, young population. When I went there on a speaking tour at the end of 1956 I thought, and I said so to your Lordships when I came back, that although the people employed were wholly admirable, the scale of our services in Canada was miserably inadequate. That was at the end of 1956 and I think they have been greatly expanded since then. Perhaps my noble friend, the Minister of State for the Commonwealth Relations Office, when he winds up the debate may find time to say a word or two, not only about Canada but about other parts of the Commonwealth.
Then there is the Middle East, one of the most difficult places, where in recent years we have had a major expansion of our effort, especially in the field of broadcasting. The B.B.C.'s Arabic service broadcasts there for twelve hours a day. It is widely listened to and much respected, and its audience is steadily increasing. The noble Lord mentioned the relay station at Berbera. We are urgently examining the question of what action should be taken as a result of the temperory loss of its use. It is, of course, a blow to the Arabic service because it will not now be so well heard in the Sudan, Aden, the Yemen, and the Persian Gulf Area, but we hope to arrange to set
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it up in some alternative place where it will be equally useful. We have full-time information officers in a number of Arab countries—Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, the Sudan, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Bahrein. In the United Arab Republic, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria and Afghanistan a member of the Embassy does part-time information work. Our main effort there is broadcasting. I was glad to hear the figure of 40,000 letters given by my noble friend, Lord Massereene and Ferrard. We have means of estimating, very roughly, the increase in listeners. I shall not give any figures because that would be clearly nothing more than an intelligent guess; but it is increasing very quickly indeed.
In Africa (I shall not mention the Commonwealth parts of it, which I hope my noble friend will do) we have information officers in Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Cameroon, both Congos, in Gabon and in the Central African Republic. There is a large British Information Services office in Johannesburg, with libraries and reading rooms at Durban and at Cape-town. There are British Council representatives in Leopoldville, Addis Ababa and Pretoria. The B.B.C. broadcast in French to West Africa for 3½hours a day. That is becoming an important medium in the area. More and more people are getting wireless sets, and they like listening. In East and West Africa reception is generally good, but in South Africa it is poor. We believe that it will be improved when the new South Atlantic relay station is set up at Ascension, which is almost exactly halfway across the South Atlantic between West Africa and Brazil. The B.B.C.'s transcription service and language-teaching series are widely used by African radio stations, and the Central Office of Information radio tapes are also well used.
The new relay station at Ascension, when it is built up, will also help us in regard to broadcasting reception in Latin America, because it is as near to Brazil as it is to Africa. There has been a considerable expansion, both of Information Services and of the British Council, in South America in the last few years. By the way, one of the particular animadversions of the Drogheda Report and the White Paper on Overseas Information Services was that little attention was being paid to Latin America. The British

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Council have offices in Argentine, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, and in many countries there are British schools. The B.B.C. Latin American Service news is relayed by some 70 local stations, and reception will be greatly improved, as I said, when the Ascension station is working.
LORD TAYLOR: Will the Ascension station be medium-wave or short-wave, or both?
THE EARL OF DUNDEE: Medium-wave. In the Far East and South East Asia since the time of the Drogheda Report there has also been a considerable expansion of information and cultural work. The British Council operate in Burma, Indonesia, Thailand and Japan on a much greater scale, and the B.B.C. broadcast to the region in Burmese, Indonesian, Siamese (that was restored after being cut off for several years), in Vietnamese, Japanese and Chinese. The pattern of broadcasting is roughly half an hour per service each day, and although the reception in the area is sometimes a little difficult, these services do attract an important audience, and their reputation for truthfulness and objectivity is high.
In Western Europe our effort has not been expanded so much, although in some countries it is substantial. The largest post is in Germany, where the Information Office maintain a staff of 55 spread between Bonn and the main cities. We also have smaller staffs in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Portugal and we are reviewing the whole of the information effort in Western Europe, to see whether it meets our present needs.
As for the countries behind the Iron Curtain, there, of course, the problem is more difficult. Broadcasting is, and must be, our principal weapon. But there is another valuable channel for presenting British life and thought to the peoples of Russia, in the shape of cultural work conducted through the British Council. We have a full-time British Council representative in Warsaw, and we plan expansion elsewhere. Short-term agreements are negotiated with most of the countries of the bloc, and these cover exchanges of academic staff and students; visits of orchestras and drama companies. Of course we have no information staff be-
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hind the Iron Curtain, except in Budapest where we have one information officer with a small staff. In Russia, under a bilateral agreement which my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard mentioned, we circulate 50,000 copies of our Russian-language illustrated magazine Anglia, and opportunity is also taken to represent Britain in trade fairs and exhibitions.
The noble Lord, Lord Taylor, asked what was the moral object of our policy. He quoted as a possible principle the American Declaration of Independence, with which most of us agree: that a man has a right to life, opportunity and the pursuit of happiness. It does not say anything about his catching it, but that he has a right to pursue it. Perhaps a more up-to-date principle is the four freedoms, also partly of American origin: freedom from want, freedom from fear, freedom of speech and freedom of religion. We can agree with the Communists on the first, freedom from want; but not on the other three. We believe that, if we could persuade them to agree on those, we could get on much better and that peaceful co-existence might become a reality. They are always engaged in trying to subvert us. Our objective is not subversion, but conversion. When we say "conversion" we do not mean converting them to a capitalist type of society. We do not want them to abandon economic socialism unless they want to. All we want is that they should recognise these four freedoms. We believe that if they would do that, humanity would have a much better chance of peace.
I was also most glad to hear the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, talk about the difference between the long-term and short-term advantages in truth. As he said, truth may not pay in the short run; but our idea, and his, is that it will pay in the long run. We have lately seen plenty of examples in our own country of the fact that falsehood is much more interesting than truth. It is not only more interesting, but sometimes more profitable. The purveyors of untruths and of unsubstantiated rumours attract much more attention, cause much more excitement and make much more money than the people who simply tell the truth. So it is in a wider context in the world as a whole. You get much more effect for a certain time by telling

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lies. People, like the poor old B.B.C., who plod along and conscientiously try to get along by telling the truth, do not cause nearly so much interest or excitement.
Your Lordships are familiar, no doubt, with the not very veracious character of the mass of Arab nationalist broadcasts, and also with the forged documents which certain Governments published and disseminated, pretending that they were Cabinet papers to discredit British policy. It often takes time to catch up with that sort of thing. But I think we are catching up. The increase in our Arab listeners is evidence, I think, of the fact that in the long run people want to hear the truth. It is an interesting thing that when there is any real crisis, when there is anything really dramatic or dangerous happening in foreign affairs, we find that the number of listeners to the British broadcasts increases. When they really need to know the truth, and when they want to know it, they turn to Britain and not to other sources.
I will conclude by briefly sketching the results of the inquiry which I mentioned to begin with, which the Secretary for Technical Co-operation, Mr. Vosper, has lately undertaken. What he wanted to do was to see whether we were spending our money in the right direction, whether any economies could be effected, and what new requirements must be met. His conclusion was that, apart from some minor economies, a substantial increase of expenditure was justified. The Government have now agreed on a variety of expansions in the year 1963–64 which will raise our total expenditure from £20·8 million in the current year to £25·8 million in the year 1963–64. This is an increase of £4 million, with about £1 million for entirely new services, and the rest on extension of existing ones. For instance, in the teaching of the English language the British Council's work in this field is going to be strengthened.
The wider understanding of English is of very great importance, not just because we think it a good thing for people to know our language, but because it helps countries deriving technical assistance to get the full benefit from the training which is provided by us and conducted, for the most part, in English. The demand for English instruction from Africa, Asia and many other countries
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is colossal and is growing. It is almost impossible to get the staff to meet it, and we are going to give considerable new funds for the supply of teaching aids, teaching by television, and language laboratories.
LORD TAYLOR: Did the noble Earl say that the total was up from £20·8 million to £25·8 million?
THE EARL OF DUNDEE: Yes.
LORD TAYLOR: So it is a £5 million increase. I think he said it was a £4 million increase.
THE EARL OF DUNDEE: I am sorry if I made a slip. I should have said £4 million as to the increased cost of existing services, and £1 million for new services.
LORD TAYLOR: Only £1 million for new services?
THE EARL OF DUNDEE: Yes. That figure was given by Mr. Vosper on January 29, in reply to a Question in another place. We are providing considerable new funds for these new teaching techniques, such as television and language laboratories. I expect that most of your Lordships, who are much more sophisticated and well-informed than I am, know all about language laboratories. In case there are any of your Lordships who share my own ignorance, may I tell you what a language laboratory is?
Instead of having a classroom there are little enclosures all the way round, perhaps 24 booths in each room, each booth containing a twin-track tape recorder, controlled by an instructor from a central console. The upper track of the tape recorder contains the master recording, and the student records his imitations or responses on the lower track. He can play back and compare his recording with that of the model and can repeat it until he is satisfied with his efforts. If he gets it wrong he can repeat it by himself until he gets it right, and the instructor can listen or cut in on him, as required, to correct or instruct. The effect is of several tutorials being conducted simultaneously. It is a wonderful equipment and can be put to a great variety of uses. In English-language teaching the main use is in practising drills in pronunciation, intonation, and grammar, and in oral composition.

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Your Lordships will see that this method has a striking advantage over work in an ordinary classroom. If you have a three-quarter hour period in an ordinary classroom fifteen students will receive a maximum average of three minutes' speaking each—perhaps not more than two, and, if the teacher is not a very good one, only one minute; while for the remainder of the time the students will be listening to bad English, which is the worst possible form of ear-training. In the language laboratory the student can spend the whole of the period listening to good English and speaking it himself. He is not influenced by other's mistakes and receives attention from the instructor when he requires it. I only wish I had been taught French like that !
I know that many of your Lordships would like us to expand our services more quickly. I think perhaps very often the limiting factor is not the will to expand, nor even money, but sheer shortage of suitable personnel. It is very difficult to find and train good people quickly enough for the work we want them to do. The Government are very ready and anxious to listen to criticism of the services, and to suggestions for their improvement. At the same time we should all be grateful to the large number of devoted public servants in our information services, in the British Council and in the Overseas Service of the B.B.C. who are working so well both to advance the objects of British policy and to teach the principles of human freedom which we all wish to defend.
4.45 p.m.
EARL COWLEY: My Lords, this is the first time I have spoken in your Lordships' House, and I pray for your indulgence. I am told that a maiden speech should be both brief and non-controversial. I can promise the first, and will try for the second. Perhaps by chance as I lose my political virginity I might breathe a fresh note into a well-debated subject.
As I have said, this speech should be non-controversial, and I am surely right when I suggest that both sides of this House are agreed that the world should be properly informed about Britain. Noble Lords before and after me will have spoken and will speak on such subjects as increasing the grant, broad-
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casting to Africa, priorities and so on. I will leave these subjects to those who know about them. They speak of the contents of the package: I should like to refer to the wrapping. I would therefore echo what has already been said by the noble Lord, Lord Taylor: it is not so much what we say, but how we say it.
When I was on certain committees for the British Council I pressed to persuade them to play to their audiences. In that particular instance they were trying to persuade West Indians to take their first step in drama through T. S. Eliot. They could not get the players or the audience, but when I put on a "Whitehall farce" I had three players for each part and filled the auditorium for many nights. Two years later "Venus" was "Observed" and enjoyed. It is a known fact that more people read the Daily Mirror than The Times, and I am not going to tread on anybody's toes in trying to explain why. I can promise this, however: it is nothing to do with politics.
The noble Lord, Lord Taylor quoted the American saying that "all men are born equal"; but someone else went on to say that "some are more equal than others". We are trying to "sell" Britain. Colonel Blimp would say that we have already sold it, but that is not what I mean. My noble and learned friend the Leader of the House said, not so very long ago: "Let us go into the property business". Might I say, "Let us go into the advertising business"? It is rather an unfortunate British trait that we do not learn the other chap's language: we let him learn ours. I am informed that Government Departments such as the Central Office of Information and the British Council are starved of material. This is where commercial enterprises can help a great deal, by producing palatable material; perhaps by advertising their goods in an amusing or interesting way, with an emphasis on Britain and its way of life. In righting another's point of view, you have not only to show that yours is a better one, but actually to prove it.
Another point worth remembering is that one advertisement will not be acceptable to every country. Tailor-make your material to each territory. Do not try to sell ice-creams to the Eskimos. I realise full well that it is easy to make a suggestion and quite another matter to carry it out, but I honestly believe that we shall

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have to begin again at square one and rethink the presentation of our image and make it more appealing. But, my Lords, let us get on with it. Let us try to forget the plain green pamphlet issued by the Central Office of Information explaining the advantage of the British coal industry, and give our information services a more appealing new look. On July 9, 1958, the noble Lord, Lord Ogmore, had this to say [OFFICIAL REPORT, Vol. 210, cols. 788–9]:
"To me, it is most important that we have the freest intercourse with Russia and other countries behind the Iron Curtain; that we welcome to this country delegations and cultural missions from them and that our delegations and cultural missions go to them. I still feel that we cannot do better than follow the aspiration of the late Mr. Ernest Bevin, when, as your Lordships will remember, he said: 'My aim in foreign policy is to go to Victoria and be able to buy a railway ticket to anywhere.' "
On March 26, 1963, we cannot even go to Birmingham from Victoria. The question we might ask ourselves is this: Apart from increasing the expenditure from £5½ million in 1957 to £25 million in 1963–64, have we progressed so much and have we made the best use of this money?
4.57 p.m.
LORD BRIDGES: My Lords, I am very glad that I have the privilege of offering the warmest congratulations to the noble Earl, Lord Cowley, on the speech which he has just delivered. I am sure your Lordships all enjoyed his speech, as I did, very much. I thought he made some very good points, and I very much liked the broad line of his approach. I am sure we all hope that we shall have the opportunity of hearing him speak many times in this House.
My Lords, I have been the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the British Council for the past four and a half years, and it seems appropriate that I should say one or two words in this debate about the work of the Council. Many points about the work have already been touched on, and I will try to confine myself to a few major points which have either not been touched on, or about which perhaps a little more could be said. First, what seems a formal point but is rather more than a formal point, the British Council is not a Government Department. It works under
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a Royal Charter, although it gets nearly all its money from the Government. It was started—perhaps this is significant—nearly 30 years ago by an initiative from outside the Government, by a number of people who thought that there ought to be some organisation, working closely with the Government but not actually a Government Department, to make Britain and the British people better understood abroad.
I think the point of view of those who founded the Council was well expressed a few years later by the third Chairman of the Council, the late Lord Lloyd, when he said:
"We"—
he meant the British people—
"do not want to force people to think British: we offer them the opportunity of learning what the British think."
That is an admirable sentiment, with which I am sure we all agree. But I think it is true that, in the early years of the Council's life, there was a certain amount of uncertainty as to what were the right lines on which it should work; although it was always understood from the outset that the Council would be specially concerned with the teaching of English, and would work with overseas students in this country. Particularly since the war the outlook of the Council has become much clearer, and to-day all its work, except for the very small part of its efforts which are directed towards the arts, is broadly educational.
This educational bias in the Council's work was increased by the decisions which were taken about ten years ago, after the Report made by the late Lord Drogheda. This Report recommended that the major part of the Council's activities should in future be directed towards the less developed countries, and towards educational rather than cultural work. The noble Earl, Lord Dundee, mentioned the word "propaganda". I think it would be fair to say that, although the British Council ranks as part of the information services, we do not put out propaganda. I am not saying there is anything wrong about propaganda, but merely that it happens to be outside our sphere of duties. It is, of course, a truism that in the less developed countries the need for education is extremely great. It is certainly as great. I think, as the need for many of the forms of technical aid in meeting their physical needs.

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There is this intense need to raise educational standards. As a result, in the undeveloped countries to-day there is a passionate and insatiable demand for education and more education, and the British Council has: become the instrument employed by Her Majesty's Government in helping to meet this need in overseas countries, whether within or without the Commonwealth, other, of course, than the remaining Colonies.
The next point I want to make is about the nature of the work done by the Council. Nearly all of the Council's work is done by invitation and in collaboration with other bodies. This, of course, is specially important in educational work. I very much agreed with certain things said by the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, on this point. We are trying to help other countries. We aim to find out what these countries need and the ways in which we can offer them help and services which they could not otherwise obtain. This is not always easy to do, and to do it efficiently depends on having a great deal of informal and friendly consultation between the authorities of the countries concerned and the staff of the British Council stationed in those countries. We are fortunate to have a considerable staff of well-trained officers who are well fitted to do this work and able to establish relationships of friendly confidence in the countries in which they work. I have no doubt that this work is made easier in many countries by the fact that the British Council is not a Government Department.
Next, I should like to say a few words about various branches of the British Council's work, and I want to do so without repeating what has been said already. On English language teaching, I want to make two points which I do not think have been fully made so far. When the Council started on English language teaching, the theme or motive was simply that the learning of English was an essential step if people of other countries were to have a full understanding of English life, English institutions and English literature. But to-day there is another motive which has overtaken this, and that is that for many countries to-day English is the key to a higher education. The teaching of English is thus an essential part of the educational progress of these countries. That is why
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the teaching of English is a way of helping to meet this insatiable demand for education.
My second point about English language teaching is this. In the early days of the Council we concentrated on teaching English in institutes with teachers paid by the British Council. Now the task is far too big for that, and the major part of our work in English teaching is in training teachers of English, in training those who will sow the seed. It is this which has led us to go much more deeply into the subject of English teaching than we did before. When you start training teachers you begin to think, what are the right methods of teaching English? Four or five British universities are now interested in this subject, and are studying it on their own—I think this is prompted to some extent by the Council—and I am glad that, in the last quinquennium, the University Grants Committee supported this effort. This, in turn, leads to advice to foreign countries on syllabi (if that is the right plural of that horrible word "syllabus"), teaching methods, textbooks and the laboratories which the noble Earl, Lord Dundee, mentioned. One can only end this part of what one has to say by pointing out that, here again, there is a perfectly enormous demand, a perfectly enormous undertaking, and that we ought to do more than we are doing, but that depends mainly on having more trained staff.
Books and libraries I can deal with very shortly. We run libraries in nearly all the countries in which we work. In India, there are no fewer than nine. But, here again, we are up against an insatiable demand, for in some countries—and India is an example—there is really no limit to the demand for the establishment of English libraries; and, for the ones which have been set up, it has been found necessary to establish a membership and to limit it, otherwise the libraries would be hopelessly overcrowded. But it is not simply libraries for people who want to come to read. The Council libraries in university cities in India and Pakistan, for example, have arrangements whereby they provide on long loan many copies of the textbooks which students in the universities need; and this, of course, links up with the cheap textbook scheme which has already been mentioned.

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On education work generally, I need say only a little. Broadly speaking, education work generally proceeds on much the same lines as the English teaching work: advice on syllabi, textbooks, methods of instruction and, above all, help in recruiting British teachers for work in the universities and work in the schools. Here again, we are up against another side of the insatiable demand because, try as we may, it is almost impossible to find as many teachers as are needed and as are asked for to fill all these posts overseas. This concerns schools as well as universities. There are many English-type schools all over the world. Many of them were founded a long time ago to serve British communities. To-day they have been turned to a wider purpose, and they provide education primarily for the children of the citizens of the countries concerned. I have visited many of these English schools in distant countries—in South America, in Turkey and in Burma. This is a rather lonely but a very adventurous and a very rewarding work, and I hope that some day somebody will write a book explaining the very splendid work which these schools have done and are still doing.
The last two heads I wish to mention are, "Specialist tours from the United Kingdom" and "Visitors to the United Kingdom from overseas", but I think that these matters have been sufficiently covered, and I have little more to say on them. However, I should like to make one or two general comments on the work of the British Council, as I see it. The first thing is that I believe that the set-up is right. I think there are great advantages in the type of broadly educational work which the British Council does, being entrusted to a body which works in close collaboration with Government Departments but which is just slightly detached from them. The reason is this: it springs from a difference between the way we in this country think of Governments and the way Governments are thought of in other countries.
In this country, we may not always feel the very deepest affection for our Government. We always dislike some of the things which any Government does, often forgetting that one of the chief reasons for having a Government is to have somebody to do the unpleasant
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things. But, whatever our feelings, we regard our Governments as serious, sensible and honest bodies, although no doubt prone to error. We are apt to forget that, in many parts of the world, almost any action undertaken by any Government is regarded with the deepest suspicion in the country concerned. So in dealing with educational matters it is a real advantage that we should be able to use a body which somehow represents the British people rather than any particular Government.
My second point is that I believe the nation gets very good value indeed for the amount of resources spent on the British Council. If one is thinking of the Council's work in the less developed countries, then I think it is obvious that all you can do in the way of education is money well spent; but if one is thinking of other and more developed countries, I can only tell your Lordships what I have seen for myself. As chairman of the British Council, I have visited a good many countries overseas, and when one does so it is usual for the representative in that country to give a party to which he invites not only some of the prominent people in the country but also all the returned scholars from Great Britain. I do not think that anything in recent years has moved me quite so much as the impression I have got as to the way these returned scholars think about Great Britain. They have acquired a great degree of understanding of this country; they have also acquired a deep affection for it; and there is nothing more they want to do than to come back here and visit us again, and to renew their contacts with this country. Your Lordships may say that the number of such returned scholars cannot be large enough to have any great effect. I do not think that is true, particularly if (as is, of course, the case) we take a great deal of trouble to pick out promising, lively young people to come to this country as British Council scholars.
Then, just a word about the workings, so far as the British Council is concerned, of the reviews of the information services which have been carried out in the last six or seven years. If you look at it in figures and hard cash, the British Council's expenditure, which was about £3 million a year at the beginning of this period, has risen in this coming financial year—subject, of course, to

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Parliamentary approval—to about £9 million. Of course, quite a bit of this increase is accounted for by rises in prices, but the fact remains that the amount of resources allotted to the Council over the last few years has increased very substantially, and this has enabled us to make a very great increase in the scope of our work and to do many things which either we were not doing at all or ware doing inadequately before because we had not sufficient funds. To-day, the Council is working in no fewer than 75 countries.
We are grateful for the way we have been treated in recent years; and if anybody asks whether we think things ought to have gone faster, or whether we want more money, I think my answer would be this. A good deal has been said in the debate to-day about the undesirability of "Stop and Go" planning in this kind of work. This applies with extreme force to a body like the British Council. The British Council is not a "fire brigade". It is no good calling it in to some particular country if there is trouble on at the moment. It is a long-term body which works for long-term results; and results can be achieved only by recruiting well-trained staff with proper qualifications. When one looks at the difficulties one gets into if one tries to build up an organisation too fast, my general conclusion is that, from that point of view, the growth of the Council's activities in the last six or seven years has been about right. But, having said that, I would admit that we hope the growth will continue.
I have a list which I could give your Lordships who want it, of things we should like to do in future years if we have more money. We should like to do more for English language teaching if there were more money for this purpose. In the West Indies and again in West Africa we have been very successful in enabling these countries to build up their own public library systems. We should like to do rather more of this work. Again, I think that in some European countries we have cut our activities too low and are not really doing as much as we need if we are going to retain the close and friendly understanding which is so important in all countries in Europe. But, my own feeling is that things have gone pretty well in the last
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six years, and I hope we shall be able to continue on the same lines in future years.
5.10 p.m.
LORD ECCLES: My Lords, I also should like to thank my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard for raising a subject which is, without doubt, important. We all want to see a fair picture of Britain presented overseas. I think, too, that we should also want to give all the information and technical assistance to Commonwealth and foreign Governments which it lies within our power to give. It does not seem from the debate so far that your Lordships would dispute that the manner in which these services are now being performed is highly creditable to the agencies concerned. I have had a number of opportunities to see the British Council at work in Latin America, Europe, Asia and South Africa, and I would add my modest tribute to the Council and support everything that my noble friend, Lord Bridges, has said. The work they are doing is quite remarkable. The library service is wanted in every country and is efficiently run. As for the teaching of English, to which I intend to refer again later, what the Council is doing to meet some part of the insatiable demand with the resources at their disposal is beyond all praise. Therefore one can say both that these information services are doing a good job and are getting value for money, and that there has been general agreement among all who have intervened in this debate that considerably more should be spent on this complex of activities in the future.
The case for expansion is completely convincing if looked at in isolation; but taken one by one, the same sort of plea can be made for almost all the major items of Government expenditure. When, as in this instance, expansion means finding more foreign exchange, then the claim requires to be weighed very carefully against all the other demands for the spending of money overseas. I wonder what priority your Lordships would give to the information services in relation to military and police expenditure outside this country; to the costs of gathering intelligence; to the maintenance of Her Majesty's diplomatic and consular missions; to subscriptions to United Nations' organisations; and, above all, to direct

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aid to foreign Governments. One has to stand back a little from the picture of all our international commitments to see where the information services fit in.
I submit to your Lordships that these services, while they should certainly not be given top priority, ought to have a bigger share than they are getting now; and that share ought to come out of the direct aid we give to foreign Governments. If, for the purpose of this debate—and I hope that the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, would not mind, if he were here—we accept that expenditure on defence and law and order cannot be touched, then the information services are in competition with missions abroad, with the subscriptions to international organisations and with direct aid. The most effective instruments for the exercise of British influence abroad and the presentation of a fair picture of our country are Her Majesty's Embassies and High Commissions including the consular and trade posts in their respective territories. No substitute exists for the Diplomatic Mission with an adequate and highly experienced staff, properly paid, housed and equipped for the political and commercial business of the post and for the representation of Great Britain in the social and cultural life of the country to which the mission is accredited.
Not everyone accepts that view. After the war many leading Socialists argued that, because we were relatively poorer than we used to be and politically inclined to a more equal distribution of wealth, we ought to illustrate our changed circumstances by cutting down on the standards of representation in Her Majesty's missions abroad. It was said that we ought to spend less on Diplomatic Missions and High Commissioners and more on sending out lecturers, artists, athletes, journalists, and even Members of Parliament, to impress the foreigner with the character and interests of post-war Britain. I quite agree that these popular expeditions do a great deal of good, but they ought never to be undertaken at the expense of cutting down on the official missions. This is especially true because after the losses we suffered in the war we now find it difficult to get
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back to the old position as an international creditor.
One knows quite well how such a situation would be handled in ordinary life. We used to be rich. A rich man calling at his bank to discuss his surplus cash can arrive on a bicycle wearing any clothes he likes; doors are held open to him and compliments fly. Another man, summoned to the bank to discuss his overdraft, is wise to put on his best coat, hire a car and have a word ready for everyone he meets on his way to the general manager's office.
A NOBLE LORD: Have you ever done it?
LORD ECCLES: Yes, my Lords. At this moment in our history pride and prudence alike point to the maintenance of first-class standards in all our overseas missions. Unless the Ambassadors and High Commissioners are doing their work worthily and well, it is all too easy to waste money through other channels trying to impress on the people concerned the virtues and attractions of Great Britain. For this reason I would refuse to spend one penny more on the information services until I was completely satisfied that all Her Majesty's missions overseas, including all minor posts, were staffed, housed and equipped to do a really effective job as the representatives of our country at this difficult time.
Your Lordships may be interested in an example of what I have in mind. Recently I was staying with the High Commissioner at Delhi and found that he could not get the money for an executive aircraft to fly him round India, a facility which his United States colleague had at his disposal and of which he made very good use. If our High Commissioner has to rely on his motor car and public transport, it is not possible for him to attend to the great volume of business in Delhi itself and make himself known throughout the sub-continent from Kashmir to Cape Comorin. The distances are too great and the public transport system is not yet adequately developed. I contend that to provide an aircraft for the High Commissioner is part of the information service and at least as important as much of the aid which we give to the Indian Government.
This leads me to my second point: that rather more aid should be given to

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the personal services overseas and rather less to Governments;. I am assuming that there is a total within which we must work. The information services form the greater part of the help which we now give directly to men and women of other countries—education in all its aspects, advice and training for doctors, nurses, engineers, and administrators, books to buy and borrow, sponsored visits to Britain or just broadcasts which are picked up by the ordinary man in the street. All those are personal services. In contrast, we have the kind of aid which consists of grants and loans or shipments of goods to the Government of a developing country. These Governments are all in a hurry. We cannot blame them if they want to show quick results. A power station or a steel mill is a landmark of progress and makes a very fine passage in an election speech; but, for political reasons which we can understand, once the power station or steel mill has been completed, the country which provided the finance is hardly ever mentioned. Indeed, it is often assumed that the receiving nation had a right to the cash. Time and again the Americans have discovered this melancholy characteristic of giving aid direct to Governments.
One reason why inter-governmental aid does not produce gratitude is that there are no personal ties, to speak of, formed in this operation. On the other hand, when we do something which helps a particular man or woman, then at least there is a chance that a seed is sown which will afterwards grow. And going round India, how good is the contrast between what they say about us officially, as a Government, and the warmth of the gratitude of individuals who have known British teachers or an English university ! I felt that my noble friend Lord Bridges was absolutely right when he stressed what returning students feel like at the parties that are given for them in their own country by the British Council, when the Chairman is present. I also had the chance of attending some of those parties, and it was remarkable to see what personal ties are formed in this way.
In our shifting and uncertain world, it is hard to know what is of unassailable value, but the friendships made and the personal services rendered between men of different races are good beyond argument. I expect that I was not the only Member of your Lordships' House who
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read over the week-end a slightly confusing but brave, penetrating and moving book from the pen of the Bishop of Woolwich. The right reverend Prelate had some fine things to say about the supreme value of personal relationships. I should like to have him on my side: he would make the case for a shift in emphasis in our overseas aid much better than I can this afternoon.
At all events, the Government may find it useful to add to Mr. Vosper's inquiry another inquiry into the relative allocations of resources between one type of overseas aid and another. In my view, such an inquiry would show two things: first, that the proportion which is going to persons is very small compared with the proportion that is going to Governments; and, secondly, that Britain is peculiarly well placed to extend the personal services which we already render to people overseas in a greater measure for our size than any other country in the world. Among those personal services, I am most familiar with education, but I should think that the experience in other fields is much the same. Taking, then, education as an example, including the cost to public funds of educating and training students who come here from abroad, we are already spending rather more than £11 million a year on overseas education. That sum is twice the amount of the ordinary budget of UNESCO and, as anyone who has studied this organisation would be ready to admit, we can get more than twice the results for the same sum of money as they can. We can say with pride that the United Kingdom alone is doing several times more for education overseas than the United Nations. But, of course, I agree with my noble friend Lord Bridges that what we are doing comes nowhere near meeting the insatiable demand for education at all levels and in all countries.
There is one aspect of that enormous work to which, in conclusion, I should like to refer. This is something which has already been mentioned, and which constitutes a great opportunity to promote understanding and peace—the teaching of English. It is now in demand throughout the whole world; and it is not we who want to thrust English down their throats, but they who now come to us and beg us to teach them English. This is something new. Incidentally, the

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demand for English is just as great behind the Iron Curtain as it is in the Free World.
From 1,500 to 2,000 years ago, the Romans failed to make Latin a world, language, though later, of course, the Catholic Church had a professional interest in Latin of a very high order, To-day, English is the language of science and technology; of aid as well as of trade; of transport by air as well as by sea, and, as my noble friend Lord Bridges pointed out, it is indispensable for higher education in countries where their native languages will not carry the particular subject. It is taught to-day, to some extent at any rate, in the secondary schools of every country in the world. Thus, we have a very long start. But it is not impossible that some other language—Russian, Arabic or Chinese—might become the vehicle for world communication. If it did, it would be entirely our fault, because we and the Americans had not taken enough trouble to see that the world's first choice, the English language, became so universal a means of communication that no other tongue could possibly take its place.
It cannot be right to try to pursue too many objectives at once in this enormous field of the information services. We have not the resources to do everything really well. It seems to me to be overwhelmingly clear that the spread of the English language should be our first objective, because if we do that well the rest will follow. Here I should like to join in praising the expanding efforts of the British Council. They are, of course, absolutely right to go for teacher training rather than teaching direct; and there is a great career for any young man or woman who will study the teaching of English as a foreign language—which is rather different from teaching English to English children—and make it their life's work. I can hardly think of anything more rewarding.
To sum up what I have been trying to say to your Lordships, these information services are doing a very good job now, and their work ought to be extended, provided that it is not at the expense of the standards of Her Majesty's diplomatic Missions overseas. I hope your Lordships will agree that in the work of the services that we have been discussing to-day nothing is more important than spreading
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the English language and forging personal ties between men and women of different races.
5.33 p.m.
THE EARL OF DUNDONALD: My Lords, I should like to speak for a short time in support of the Motion moved by my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard. We have had a most interesting debate, and I would endorse the remarks of my noble friend Lord Bridges concerning the maiden speech of my noble friend Lord Cowley. It was most heartening to hear from my noble friend Lord Dundee of some of the new measures proposed by the Government to augment the existing information services, which have followed the studies of the Committee presided over by Mr. Vosper last year. I know that all the agencies will appreciate and draw encouragement from these proposals.
I am going to speak, quite briefly, about only two matters. They are, first, the funds allocated to the services, and secondly, what I should like to call, and what other noble Lords have mentioned, publicising Britain's achievements abroad—and I use that phraseology rather than the word "propaganda", which can be misinterpreted. First of all, with regard to the subject of the funds available to the information services, I should not wish to disagree with my noble friend Lord Dundee, but I think he will find that the increase in the year 1963–64 is, in fact, one of £4 million, and not £5 million, including capital expenditures. I am advised that this £4 million—which, it is true, is an increase over previous years—does not represent very much in the way of increased funds when one takes into account increased British Council salaries and increased costs generally, including increased costs of printing, and the capital expenditures, largely for B.B.C. transmitters and relay stations.
My point here, while I do not wish to ask for a general increase in funds for the information services, on top of rising Government expenditures in virtually every Government Department, is that when one looks at certain figures, of which your Lordships are aware and which we have heard about recently, concerning expenditure on defence and education, one wonders whether the balance is right. For example, we are going to

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spend in the year 1963–64 for the total budget of the information services an equivalent of half the cost of a Polaris submarine, without armament. My noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard mentioned another example, and I am giving this one. Should not the information services get a little more by pruning—in these days one talks only of £1 million or £2 million—off defence, or possibly foreign aid. But, after all, information services are positive, and, as the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, mentioned, agents to enlighten the world on the achievements, way of life and thinking of this country.
My next point concerns publicising this country abroad, about which a good deal has been said this afternoon. Here I should like to focus attention on one matter, and that is the way the B.B.C. spend part of their money in the Overseas Service. I understand that the total funds available to the information services abroad are at the present moment apportioned roughly equally between the Central Office of Information, the British Council and the Overseas Service of the B.B.C. I do not wish to comment on that apportionment, as others of your Lordships have done, but I should like to draw attention to this matter of how the B.B.C. have been spending part of their share.
We have heard this afternoon about the relationship between the Government and the Overseas Service of the B.B.C, and I feel that, if one of my suggestions is acceptable, an agreement on this basis could be worked out between the Government and the B.B.C. As your Lordships; have heard, the B.B.C. devote 600 hours a week to broadcasting abroad. Out of this total of 600 hours, 216 hours are allocated for programmes to Europe, and 394 hours for the rest of the world. Of this total of 394 hours to the rest of the world, about 300 hours are taken by the General Overseas Service on English programmes intended for the Commonwealth, Malta, Africa and Allied recipients. This leaves just under 100 hours, or slightly under one-sixth of the total B.B.C. weekly overseas output, for non-European, non-Commonwealth and non-Allied countries. In fact, this total of slightly under 100 hours is destined for foreign countries, like the whole of Central and South America, the Far East and Russia. Many of us, when we
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travel abroad, appreciate listening to the B.B.C. Overseas Service, which gives a considerable amount of its time to the cricket scores, the Boat Race result, news about the weather in Britain and Allied affairs. All of these are in the Overseas Service. But should not more time be given to programmes of a sharper character, such as news of some of our achievements in this country, like building a new tunnel under the Severn, building the new Forth Bridge and designing a new nuclear reactor? Should we not have a sharper overseas programme?—because, after all, we are still trying to do business with the Commonwealth.
I also feel that some of the hours allocated to the overseas programme could and should be switched to the foreign service—which at the moment, as I have said, is slightly under 100 hours a week—and that these programmes could also be sharpened up and directed at the countries with which this country is trying to do business. We are continuously being exhorted to export, and perhaps in a few days we may be fortunate and hear about a real incentive to export, such as some form of export tax relief. But with the B.B.C. we have a ready-made machine which is able to reach Britain's potential customers all over the world and tell them what we can do, and are doing, in the spheres of science, medicine and industry.
5.41 p.m.
THE EARL OF LUCAN: My Lords, this debate has produced some interesting ideas and some valuable reports from people like the noble Lord, Lord Bridges, who speaks with such authority. The noble Earl, Lord Dundonald, who has just sat down, thought that all our Overseas Information Services should be what he called "sharpened"—in other words, should be made more positive and tell more directly of the achievements of this country. That is a point where we ought to see a small red light glowing, because to many people an aggressive, boastful programme from a foreign radio station is one most surely calculated to make one turn off the set—at least in my experience. I think the people who have studied the subject, the psychologists, will know more accurately what the effect on a foreign audience would be, but I strongly suspect that any marked change in that direction might defeat

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itself—might have an effect the reverse of what was intended.
THE EARL OF DUNDONALD: My Lords, may I come back to what I said? What I was endeavouring to say was that I feel we must speak the truth. But let us tell the world truthfully—not high pressure selling, but more than we are telling them at the moment—through the medium of the B.B.C., of our achievements, of which we should be proud.
THE EARL OF LUCAN: I thank the noble Earl, and I quite appreciate his point, but I still think that that way lies a certain danger, and that it is for the experts, for those who are studying the effects of our overseas information abroad. My noble friend Lord Taylor emphasised the need for sparing no effort in that direction. I suspect that those who study it will know when a policy is beginning to make enemies rather than friends. The object is to establish friendship with countries with whom we have relations abroad.
Of course, as the noble Lord, Lord Eccles, said, there is no question that the official channel of communication, the Diplomatic Service, is essential. But I suspect that in most countries there is a need for some other agency divorced from direct contact with the Government and which is freer, therefore, to establish contact with other circles in that foreign or Commonwealth country. It is difficult for members of an Embassy staff to embrace the whole spectrum of the population in their acquaintance and their friendship, and I suspect that some organisation like the British Council is in a better position to reach, so to speak, the rank and file of that country.
A very wise thing was written a few years ago by Sir Paul Sinker, the Director-General of the British Council. He said:
"In all our work we seek a mutual advantage. Before we undertake a task we must satisfy ourselves both that it will in the long run benefit the United Kingdom and that it will be welcome to the other country concerned."
It is essential that our information services should go only where they are welcome. Broadcasting is slightly different. You put your signals on the air, and they can be picked up or not as the listener wishes. In the case of an agency on the
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ground, so to speak, I think it is essential that it should exist only with the consent and goodwill of the host country. In those cases it is important that the Council Office should be seen to be different from the agencies of Government.
Like others of your Lordships, I have seen some of the British Council overseas offices, and very admirable they are, within the resources they have. They run admirable libraries, English classes, clubs, and all manner of activities to suit the demand of the country in which they are situated. I should like to mention one point in the Annual Report of the British Council. In a number of places the address of the overseas office is "c/o the British Embassy". I have no doubt it is very much in the minds of the Council that there is a disadvantage in the Council's office being so closely linked to the British Embassy. For instance, that is the case in Copenhagen, and running one's eye down the list one sees a small proportion of the offices that are actually in the Embassy.
My noble friend Lord Taylor mentioned the visits to this country organised by the British Council and, indeed, by the Central Office of Information as well. I should like to support his plea that the programmes for those visits should not be bounded by the conventional tourist horizon from which so many visitors to this country seem to suffer. For the holiday-maker from America and elsewhere, no doubt it is nice to see the Highlands of Scotland, the thatched cottages, Shakespeare's birthplace and the rest. But thatched cottages are not typical of the British people now, whereas housing estates and new towns are. Those are the things which show we are alive and not, as some of the propaganda abroad would tend to make foreigners think, living in the past, a State of museum pieces with a few beauty spots as well. The foreigner whom we invite to this country or who wants to come to see this country must be shown things that are really alive and which show activity, ideas, energy and the rest. I hope that all officials who organise these tours will indeed bear this in mind.
There is another aspect of overseas information with which I should like to deal, and it is an indirect one because it is the question of the overseas students who come to this country. I do

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not know if your Lordships realise the enormous increase there has been in the last twelve years in the foreign student population of this country. It has risen from 12,500 in 1950 to 60,000 last year. Whether the curve of the graph is still moving up I do not know, and perhaps the noble Duke who is to reply may have some information on that; but 60,000 students is not a negligible section of people from outside our country. Moreover, they are a big body of people who are likely, when they go back to their own country, to rise to positions of great authority, and it is of enormous importance that their experience here shall really be of value and shall send them away with a friendly feeling towards this country.
I can understand the gratification of the noble Lord, Lord Bridges, when encountering abroad students who have returned from this country and who really have a feeling of friendliness and affection towards this country and its people. No doubt standing in a bus queue may have its disadvantages, but, at the same time, it does help one to get to know the people of the country among whom one is living. But, of course, all the more important is it that these students shall have nothing but pleasant memories, and we have all heard of cases where they have had the reverse of pleasant treatment. Unfortunately, there will always be occasional cases of the bad-mannered Englishman or Englishwoman because of whom the student will go away with a bad impression of Britain and the British people. But I believe that we are, as a country, waking up to the dangers of this problem.
We are also waking up to the need to do something about the students, and the British Council has the most elaborate and efficient organisation for dealing with them, from meeting them on arrival at the airfield or at Southampton or Liverpool to the finding and inspecting of lodgings and the keeping of registers of lodgings. An enormous office organisation is needed to keep track of the students and to meet their requirements. The British Council has set out to meet the needs of the students: first of all, their reception and help on first arrival. Those first few hours, or day or two, in a strange country can be the most alarming experience, and it is
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very much mitigated for the newly-arrived person when somebody is detailed to meet and take an interest in him.
There is then the question of introduction to British habits and customs; and this is a task in itself for which the British Council makes special provision. A newly-arrived foreign student, when possible, is given some days of deliberate instruction in the ways of the people of this country, in the coinage, in the system of public transport, the system of cafés and eating houses, the relationship between the sexes, and all that kind of thing. A knowledge of the day-today life of this country is of enormous importance when it is totally strange, as it is to somebody coming from the depths of Nigeria or Uganda who has never seen city life at all. That is the second of the functions which the British Council carries out for the students.
There is then the question of finding accommodation, and here, as I say. they have for years now had an organisation of inspectors of lodgings, through which a register is kept. I think that about 9,000 lodgings are now in the index and students are accommodated as nearly as possible with what they require in the neighbourhood they desire. Here, of course, one comes up against the racial question, because the Council's inspectors in going round and interviewing landladies obtain the most vivid view of the differing opinions in the country on race and colour. But it is thanks to these inspections through the Council's agencies that there have been very few, if any, unfortunate incidents of a coloured student being thrown off somebody's doorstep. This is a function of enormous value that is performed by the Council. That accommodation, with luck, if it is suitable, if the landlady and the student like each other, might be the student's home for two or three years while he is in this country, and it is easy to see the importance of getting a suitable place for the student.
I come next to the question of merging into the local community, and here I think a single student is at a disadvantage. One has often heard it said that a great city is a most lonely place; and, undoubtedly, for a foreigner from a remote part of the world, speaking imperfect English, life here can be extremely lonely and forbidding. So I think there is

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something to be said on those grounds for hostel life, for having students accommodated in hostels. There are also disadvantages. For the integration into the local community to be effective there is a need for a local voluntary committee. I believe that eighteen London boroughs have set up committees such as this which organise periodic entertainments, evenings and dances for all the students living in the borough. Where possible they organise hospitality for students in individual homes, and I am sure that through these agencies—local people who belong to various local clubs, local churches and institutions of that kind—students can really live the life of English people instead of living the life of a lonely stranger in the area.
In 1961, I believe it was, the Government allotted a sum of money for student accommodation. I think that in Whitehall circles it goes by the name of OSWEP, which is one of the horrible composite names, standing for Overseas Students Welfare Expansion Programme. A sum of £3 million was allotted, and it was intended to cover voluntary bodies, charitable bodies, to expand accommodation in homes, hostels, clubs and so on for overseas students. The British Council are acting as agents for the Government in administering that scheme; and it certainly is an incentive and an encouragement to voluntary bodies. It is controlled by rather strict rules, and the sum allotted, which is £500 per student accommodated, is, of course, nowhere near the cost of setting up a place for a resident student. I heard of a commercial firm not long ago who set up their own hostel for their own overseas students whom they bring to this country for training, and I am told that £2,000 a bed was the sum they spent on the scheme. So if the Government reckon that they should contribute half the cost of a new student place they will have to revise that figure of £500 and allow something more.
The scheme which I have described is, so far as I know, going slowly ahead—slowly because when money has to be raised by public subscription it necessarily takes time; and I believe that only a small proportion of the £3 million has so far been committed in schemes of that sort. I should like, being myself concerned in a small way with a student
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hostel, to thank the British Council for the help and advice they give, and to say that I am quite sure they are doing all they can with the resources which the Government provide to help in this situation. But do not let us forget that there are 60,000 men and women, from almost every country on the globe, studying any subject from accountancy, aeronautics, anæsthetics, right down to zoology—every subject one can think of. These people are important, and there is an urgent need to take trouble over them and see that when they get back home they take with them a favourable view of this country.
6.6 p.m.
THE MINISTER OF STATE, COMMONWEALTH RELATIONS OFFICE
(THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE): My Lords, I should first of all like to apologise to the House in general and to my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard for missing the earlier part of his speech. I would assure the House that this was not due in any way to disrespect or lack of attention to the importance of this debate but merely to an unfortunate misunderstanding on my part about the time the debate was due to start. I should like to apologise. I would also in his absence congratulate the noble Earl, Lord Cowley, on his maiden speech, and say how much I admired it. Indeed, as I listened to him my admiration became increasingly tinged with envy. Much of what he said was very pertinent. There was one point on which I did not agree with him, when he said it is not what we say but how we say it. I would not quite agree with that. With regard to information, I would put it this way: it is not only what we say but also how we say it. I think that that, as a general principle for our information services, is a sound one. You must be quite certain not only the content is first-class but also the way it is put over and the way it is dressed up—not only the contents but the packaging: both must be admirable.
My noble friend the Minister of State, Foreign Office, outlined in his speech the general set-up of information services in this country and gave to the House an outline of the main fields of activity and the media used. He also made reference to our plans for the future, whereby there is to be a general expansion of all fields of information work. A number of

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speakers in this afternoon's debate have been critical of a "Stop-Go" policy in the information field and said how damaging this is to information work. With all respect, I think it is fair to say that in recent years we have not been pursuing a "Stop-Go" policy, but one of "Go" alone. After all, since 1958 information posts have been created in Nigeria, Cyprus, Sierre Leone, Tanganyika, Jamaica, Trinidad and Uganda. For the coming year, 1963–64, posts are planned for Sarawak and North Borneo, and in particular, in Nigeria, four posts: Lagos, Ibadan, Enugu and Kaduna.
Quite apart from the financial side, information services have been expanding geographically in recent years. My noble friend made some comment about information services in Canada, and I am happy to reassure him that since his visit information services there have been very considerably extended. Since 1954, at the time of the Drogheda Report, posts have been opened in Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, Vancouver, Edmonton and Winnipeg, and in addition the post at Ottawa has been very considerably extended. I hope the next time my noble friend visits Canada he will find satisfaction with the work and scope and size of our information services there.
I should like to elaborate a little on some of the aspects of our future plans in the information field. Very understandably, noble Lords made reference to the importance of television. This is clearly right, because this must be one of the great information media of the future. In this year's Information Estimates provision has been made for an increase in the supply of official British television material on overseas television stations. Furthermore, provision is made for some adaptation of material to give it special regional appeal, to the importance of which noble Lords have alluded. This regional appeal will be attained sometimes by using as commentators nationals of the country where the programme will appear, and by the use of dubbing in local languages.
The noble Lord, Lord Taylor, in his highly informative and most interesting speech, made reference, among other things, to the importance of television in the educational field. Here, I must
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warmly endorse what he said. Probably he is aware of this, but just in case he is not I draw his attention to the work done by the Centre for Educational Television set up last year by the Nuffield Foundation and financed by that Foundation, the B.B.C., I.T.V. and Her Majesty's Government. It is a joint financial effort. Their research work has now largely been concluded. They have been trying out package programmes. They have had two of their staff on an extensive tour of Africa, the Caribbean and Mexico. These officers have now returned and the organisation is just about to go into full production.
This is an exciting and new development in the field of educational television. Funds have also been found whereby the British Information Services are able to acquire B.B.C. and I.T.V. material suitable for showing overseas. They buy this from the B.B.C. and I.T.V. and then sell it at a highly subsidised rate to countries who otherwise could not afford it. As Lord Taylor said, there is not much money available in order to get this material to get the material to these stations financial assistance has to be provided. It is reassuring to know that the co-operation between the British Information Services, the B.B.C. and I.T.V. is close and extremely cordial.
I do not wish to weary the House with figures, but the increase in television and in the demand for television material is striking. I have been thinking about it during the course of the debate. I am not certain that I agree with Lord Taylor when he says that these emerging countries should not go in for it; that it is a status symbol—I am not sure whether he said that it is "keeping up with the Joneses". It is something for the future, and I think, on balance, that it is right that they should go in for it, although it is expensive. It costs a lots of money that could be spent in other ways, but it is asking too much for any newly-emerging country to turn its face away from one of the most exciting technical developments of this century. To give an example of this expansion, in 1957 46 countries had television; to-day 75 countries have it. Again, in 1957, leaving out of account Britain and the United States, there were estimated to be 14½ million television receivers in use. This

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figure is estimated to have risen to over 40 million to-day.
In my own field in the Commonwealth, television either exists or firm plans for its introduction exist in every independent Commonwealth country except one. These Commonwealth countries, as I know from first-hand knowledge, are eager to use British material, always provided that it is both informative and objective. The normal commercial channels supply a great deal of material, but as television spreads—because we are not yet at the end of the road in this field—the role of the official Information Services is bound to increase. Again to give an example, 21 copies of the Official British Weekly Television News are supplied to television stations in Australia alone; and as from April 1 the number to Australia alone is going to be increased to 30. This particular feature, the television news reel, goes out in all in eight different editions, and over 100 copies are distributed every week. It is one of the world's most widely seen television news programmes; and there is no doubt, always provided in general that more money were available, that there is almost unlimited scope for increasing television material for the Commonwealth and foreign countries.
I do not wish to get involved in any discussion or debate in regard to money. Reference has been made to the cost of a cruiser. As I say, I do not wish to get involved in discussion or debate in regard to matters of expenditure. I merely say that expenditure is increasing in this field and that everything has to be taken all in all in relation to the national Budget. We all know what spending more money means. It means increased taxation, the need to raise more money. Taken all in all, I do not think that the Information Services have been neglected. They are not the Cinderella of Government expenditure. But this recent increase was achieved largely through the most noble efforts of my right honourable friend the Secretary for Technical Co-operation. It was a great achievement on his part to get this extra money, and I think we may say that, taken all in all, the amount of money being spent is not unreasonable.
LORD TAYLOR: My Lords, has the noble Duke now finished with tele-
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vision? I wonder whether I might return to it for one moment. I have been thinking about what I said and what he said. Of course, in regard to television in the developing and emerging countries, I must say that I feel about the excitement of it as he does, and I quite understand how it happens. But when they spend a very large sum on setting up a television station for 200 people, without educational programmes and primarily as entertainment, and they have one doctor for 30,000 or 40,000 people, it seems to me that their sense of priorities has gone a little wrong. That was all I was trying to say. I understand quite well the appeal that it has, especially to somebody feeling the élan and excitement of building up a new community.
THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE: My Lords, I think there is little between our respective views. If I may say so, with respect to the noble Lord, when he gives the example that he gave I agree that it seems a rather curious form of priority.
If your Lordships will permit me, I should like to turn to another media—that of the written word. Quite rightly, a considerable amount has been said about it during to-day's debate. My noble friend in his speech made reference to our plans for increasing the teaching of English throughout the world. A number of noble Lords have referred to this, in particular my noble friends Lord Bridges and Lord Eccles. There was one particular point which my noble friend Lord Eccles made and which I think goes to the heart of this question of the teaching of English, because we are all agreed that it is of great importance. As the noble Lord, Lord Bridges, said, it is the key to higher education in virtually all the emerging countries of Africa and Asia. What interests me in what my noble friend Lord Eccles said was his reference to there being a fine career for anyone who wishes to specialise in this subject. Here we have the essence of the whole problem. We must try to see it established that the teaching of English as a second language—which, as my noble friend said, is quite different to teaching English to people who are brought up to speak it—becomes a career profession. In this connection, steps have been taken, by

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the creation of bursarships and studentships, for this to be done.
We are only at the beginning of this great problem. It will grow, and we must provide these teachers. If people can see that if they go in for being a teacher of English as a second language it will not be a job lasting just one or two years, but will go on and expand, and will have a future to it, then we shall get increasing numbers of them taking up this work. It is only by having enough people to teach the language that we shall solve the problem. The stage of direct teaching is over. We must make every effort to establish this as a genuine profession like other professions. Then, and only then, shall we get sufficient numbers of people attracted to this particular field of education.
To my mind, our greatest advantage in the struggle between the two rival ideologies which dominate the world scene to-day is the English language. There is no doubt that English is increasingly becoming the lingua franca of the emerging countries of Africa and Asia; and, as has been said, this is particularly so in the study of all forms of scientific and technical matter. I feel, therefore, that the Government have been very wise in their assistance in the distribution of books, nearly all of a technical nature, at reduced prices in Asian countries. With the co-operation of the publishers these books are put on sale at about one-third of the price of standard editions, to some of which the noble Viscount, Lord Massereene and Ferrard alluded. I should like to take this opportunity of paying a tribute to the very ready co-operation of the publishers in this matter. Without their assistance the scheme just would not be possible. Again, if I might talk of my own field, countries in the Commonwealth which are benefiting from this cheap book scheme include India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Malaya. I am happy to say that very active consideration is being given to the possibility of extending this system to West Africa.
There is one other aspect of the scheme which I know is welcomed by industrialists; that is, that textbooks on such matters as engineering often illustrate British equipment and machinery, and in due course this may lead to increased British exports to those countries in which the
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books are studied. Young engineers, learning from such textbooks, will see British equipment illustrated, and when the time comes for orders to be placed they will naturally turn to the country from which they have received their learning and whose plant and machinery they understand.
The noble Lord, Lord Bridges made reference to the fact that the British Council maintains libraries, which are extremely popular, in many countries overseas. Furthermore, the Council makes gifts of books to universities, colleges and other bodies, and has also assisted in the cheap book scheme by lending whole blocks of textbooks to students and colleges to enable them to pursue their studies and to get highly skilled technical information which would otherwise be beyond their means.
The cheap book scheme is only one aspect of the written word side of the information services. The British information services distribute an enormous amount of reading material about Britain. Nevertheless, I think we must face the fact that demand for such material is continually outstripping supply. To my mind, there is one particularly striking, successful Government magazine—and again I am talking of my own "parish"—entitled Commonwealth Today. There are copies in the Library, and I recommend those noble Lords who are interested in Commonwealth information work to look at it. Naturally I am a regular reader of it, and I quite honestly find that it maintains a consistently high standard of readability and presentation. It is an extremely good document, and I am sure noble Lords will find it worthwhile reading.
This particular publication is produced in English and in fourteen other languages. At the present moment there is a special edition for Nigeria, but we plan to have other special editions for Africa and for South-East Asian countries. At the moment it appears only eight times a year. I must confess that it is one of my dearest ambitions to turn it into a monthly magazine, which has obvious advantages as to regularity of production. Again the limiting factor is money, but I am not unhopeful that I shall remain in my office long enough to see the production of it as a monthly paper.
LORD TAYLOR: My Lords, before the noble Duke leaves that matter, I wonder whether he has seen an excellent publication from West Germany called Scala. Is the magazine to which he refers as good as Scala?
THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. I have seen Scala and it is first class. Commonwealth Today is a little different from from Scala. Scala is more of a prestige magazine. Our magazine deals more with facts and knowledge about the Commonwealth. I must say I admire Scala, and would like to know its financial background.
LORD HAWKE: My Lords, I do hope it will not be so heavy-handed as Scala, which is quite the heaviest-handed publication I have read.
LORD TAYLOR: The girls in it are lovely.
THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE: Commonwealth To-day can exhibit quite a number of nice girls, too.
LORD STRABOLGI: My Lords before the noble Duke finishes with books, would he allow me to ask him a question? I should like to apologise to the House because I was not able to be here earlier. With regard to paragraph 13 of the White Paper, he talks about books in countries where there are certain import restrictions, and the White Paper says other countries have got over this—I think this applies to America and France. Then the White Paper says:
"The Government are studying ways of encouraging the flow of British publications overseas."
The noble Duke has told us what is happening in regard to university textbooks; he has also touched on the question of Government publications overseas. But I should like to know something about what the Government are doing to encourage sales overeas in countries where there are import restrictions on our works of literature. I feel sure the noble Duke would agree that it is through our literature that we can do a great deal to put over the British way of life and our ideas.
THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE: The best way I can answer the noble Lord's question is by saying that we are continually exploring this matter and find-
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ing out better methods of distribution. That is the key to the problem. To put it bluntly, at the moment there are not nearly enough textbooks in these emergent countries. Not to have somewhere where these books can be displayed and sold makes it difficult. We are very conscious of the fact that the more British literature than can be purveyed the better. It is very largely a matter of distribution, of finding ways of getting the books to the customers.
I should like to say a word or two about broadcasting. Tributes have been paid this afternoon, very rightly, to the B.B.C.'s external services. I should like to pay my own very humble, but nevertheless sincere, tribute. I think it is generally appreciated that the B.B.C.'s external services are one of the most important means of conveying information throughout the world, not only about life in this country, for the B.B.C. also distribute accurate news and they have a reputation, of which they have every reason to be proud, for the reliability and objectivity of their reports. As has been said, the Government are planning to spend during the next four years £4½million on building four relay stations, to increase the areas where the B.B.C. programmes may be heard, and, equally important, to strengthen the signal in existing fields so that it can be heard more easily. My noble friend made allusion to the station on Ascension Island, and another is also in process of being constructed in Cyprus. Sites for two others to cover the Far East are under consideration. When the programme is completed, the stations will cover Africa, Asia and South America.
This is, of course, a long-term programme. Nevertheless, it is one that I am sure is worth while; because, as the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, has said, television audiences are small and will remain small for a very considerable number of years to come, while the audience on sound radio is, and will continue to be, enormously larger than that for television. So I am sure that we are wise not to neglect the field of sound broadcasting.
LORD TAYLOR: Particularly medium-wave.
THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE: Particularly medium-wave, as my noble friend said. The Ascension Island station is to be a medium-wave station.

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At the risk of boring the House I should like to talk a little about one aspect of information work with which I personally am closely associated, and reference to which has been made; that is, about visits to this country. The Foreign Office have their sponsored visitors and my Office have ours, and I am happy to say that as a result of the increased allowance in the information ceiling, it will be possible for very considerably more visitors to be entertained during the year 1963–64. I am a tremendous believer in these visits. My own acquaintance with the scheme is, of course, confined to Commonwealth visitors, but it is my good fortune to see all our visitors at the beginning of their stay, and we usually give a modest party for each party before they leave.
The way the system works is that our High Commissioners recommend suitable people in the countries to which they are accredited—broadcasters, trade unionists, social workers, even some politicians, and all sorts. They are duly invited and come, either singly or in parties of up to four; and they usually spend approximately a month in this country. The Central Office of Information is responsible for arranging these tours once they get here, although we provide the fares. Although it is true, and I must not be thought to be too smug, that the Central Office of Information is a Government Department, I should like to pay a very warm tribute to this particular field of their activities. They do it in an absolutely first-class way. They provide for each visitor or group of visitors an escort, or a series of escorts, to act (how shall I describe it?) as a guide, comforter and friend to these visitors, so that they are never on their own. The visits are an enormous success. I think I can assure the noble Lord, Lord Taylor, that the programmes are not overloaded. I see each of the programmes. Of course, we want the visitors to make the most of it, but they do have a considerable amount of recreational time, either to see Shakespeare or to go to Stamford Bridge to see Chelsea. But it is a good programme.
LORD TAYLOR: I mean an opportunity for them to walk about the streets, or even to do nothing. There comes a time when you do not even want to
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see Shakespeare or go to Stamford Bridge.
THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE: As a great doer of nothing myself, I think I can assure the noble Lord on that. If he would like I would gladly forward him one or two specimen programmes to see. There is not a set programme. Each programme is tailored—if I can make rather a bad pun—to meet the needs of the particular case. So that in addition to seeing London and something of the country, they can also see specialist work in their own particular field.
The British Council also run a number of sponsored visitor schemes, to which the noble Lord, Lord Bridges, made allusion. They are a slightly different type of visit, in that they are primarily concerned with specialised study services. I need not say, in making reference to the British Council, that they are also run in a wholly admirable way. Since the British Council, as has been pointed out, is not a Government Department, I should like to take this opportunity of paying a tribute to the work done by the Council. It does a magnificent job both in this country—and I am particularly aware of its work here concerning students, to which the noble Earl, Lord Lucan, made reference—and also overseas. Again, I can only speak with first-hand knowledge of the work it does in Commonwealth countries, but I am sure that what it does in foreign countries is of every bit as high a standard as that done in the emerging countries.
Last year I had the good fortune to visit a number of countries in Africa, and in every country I went to I was forcibly struck by the work of the Council; not least in the teaching of English to which reference has already been made. But invariably it is held in very high regard by the country in which it is represented, and its reading rooms are invariably a centre for the active-minded and intelligent. It is always a real experience, a real thrill, to go to a British centre, because so much is going on there. Quite apart from the libraries, such activities as drama and the arts are invariably well patronised and talked about in a very wide circle. I think the work of the Council supplements and dovetails into the work of the British Information

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Services in an admirable way, and certainly in the field of good Commonwealth relations I speak without hesitation in saying that in the British Council we have a true friend to which all of us in my Office are deeply grateful for the work it does.
Before I close I should like to say just a word about students. The noble Earl, Lord Lucan, asked if I could give him any information about whether the figures were expanding. At the moment there are in this country some 60,000 foreign students, of whom slightly over half are from Commonwealth countries. All the evidence is that those numbers are expanding and that next year there will be more, and more the year after that.
The noble Lord, Lord Taylor, had something to say about students in Russia which I was particularly interested to hear. I only wish that I had had his good fortune and had been able to visit Russia to see for myself. We feel (and I do not think we are being smug about this) that the best students do come to the West, not always to us but also to Germany and to the United States; and I understand—though I speak without knowledge and experience—that the Russians are prepared to take anybody. Very often they get into difficulties, because the people they take have not sufficient qualifications to benefit from the courses they attend. I also believe (I stand subject to correction) that, even in Russia, at Patrice Lumumba University there is a considerable degree of segregation for these students. Here, as the noble Earl, Lord Lucan, said, one of the happiest things is the complete integration of these overseas students—again I am talking about Commonwealth students—into whatever academy of learning they find themselves in.
A great deal is done by private citizens here to entertain the overseas students, and this is, of course, far the most valuable effort. I say that with no disrespect to the magnificent work done by the British Council, but, as the noble Earl, Lord Lucan, said, what these young men and young ladies want is to feel part of something. Therefore, being entertained and taken into people's homes, is the greatest thing they can have. We are fortunate in this country in having a large number of public-minded people who will, and do, entertain students at week-
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ends, and make them feel that they have somewhere where they can genuinely believe they belong.
I am sorry that the noble Earl, Lord Lucan, does not like the word OSWEP. In full, it stands for the Overseas Students' Welfare Expansion Programme. The noble Lord is well acquainted with its work. The plan is that over ten years £3 million will be available to produce 5,000 new student places, and an important aspect of the programme is that it is not exclusively for overseas students. There is to be a proportion unspecified—something like 10 or 15 per cent.—of British students, and I am sure that is right. Otherwise, there is the danger of segregation. So far, the number of new beds either provided or in the process of being provided is approaching the 2,000 mark. I noted with interest what the noble Earl had to say about the costs; and again, if I may say so, it seemed to me that he was extraordinarily well informed on this particular aspect of the financial side. As in all these things, one is up against rising costs all the time. Quite honestly, the programme is not going as fast as I should like, but substantial progress has been made.
My Lords, I am afraid that, not for the first time, I have talked for far too long, and I should like to end by thanking my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard for initiating this debate. It is about information, and I can say quite truthfully that as a result of this evening's debate I have learnt a great deal about it. I am therefore deeply grateful to him for bringing it to the attention of the House.
6.42 p.m.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD: My Lords, I think we have had a very interesting debate. Perhaps the attendance has been a little thin on the Benches on our side, but that really only goes to prove my point that a great many people do not understand the importance of the Overseas Information Services. I cannot agree with my noble friend Lord Eccles, who, as I understood him, though perhaps I am wrong, said that until our High Commissioner in Delhi had a private aeroplane we could not afford to spend any more money on the information services. In the Commonwealth this work is not costing us foreign currency; it is our own currency. I really think that if we do not

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put a step forward there the Americans will drive us out of the field. I should also like, just for a moment, to take up the question of thatched cottages with the noble Earl, Lord Lucan. As I understood him, he said it was a bad idea to advertise thatched cottages and old castles to tourists. But if you are going to advertise council housing estates you are not going to induce tourists to come to this country.
THE EARL OF LUCAN: My Lords, I would strongly disagree with the noble Viscount on that. I think that modern buildings in all cities draw a lot of tourists. But my main point was that the thatched cottage is not typical because not many inhabitants of these islands live in thatched cottages in these days.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD: The most important tourists are, I suppose, the dollar tourists, and I really think the dollar tourists prefer thatched cottages. However, I should like to thank all those noble Lords who have spoken in this debate, and especially the two Ministers who have spoken on behalf of Her Majesty's Government. I should also like to congratulate the noble Earl, Lord Cowley, on his maiden speech. I hope we shall have many more speeches from him. I beg leave to withdraw my Motion.
Motion for Papers, by leave, withdrawn.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES BILL
Brought from the Commons; read 1ª, and to be printed.
CONSOLIDATED FUND (No. 2) BILL
Brought from the Commons, endorsed with the Certificate from the Speaker that the Bill is a Money Bill, within the meaning of the Parliament Act, 1911, and read 1ª.
BRITISH WATERWAYS BILL
Brought from the Commons; read 1ª; and referred to the Examiners.
  THE CONSUMER COUNCIL
  THE CONSUMER COUNCIL