Sitting of 28 November 1958

Preamble
The House met at Eleven o'clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
ORDERS OF THE DAY

  FAMILY ALLOWANCES AND NATIONAL INSURANCE BILL
  Order for Second Reading read.
  11.4 a.m.
  Mr. Denzil Freeth: I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
  This Bill directly implements two of the recommendations of the Franks Committee and, in spirit at any rate, implements a third. My hon. Friends, at least, will recall that the origin of the Franks Committee was the Conservative Party's election manifesto in 1955, entitled "United for Peace and Progress", and probably all hon. Members will recall the phrase:
  "We are determined that, in exercising the normal powers of Government in a modern State, a just balance should be struck, and seen to be struck, between the interests of the individual and those of the community…We shall therefore appoint a strong advisory Committee to give practical attention to these problems of administrative law and recommend action."
  As a result, having received the Committee's Report, Parliament in the last Session passed the Tribunals and Inquiries Act. That Act has a relevance to this Bill. Further recommendations of the Franks Committee have been implemented by Regulations, including a number implemented by my right hon. Friend the Minister, whom I am pleased to see here today. Amongst these, I should mention one that enables National Insurance tribunals to have their hearings in public. It will be within the recollection of the House that a Prayer was moved against this Regulation in the last Session, but although we had a very interesting debate, a Division was not taken.
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  The Gracious Speech at the beginning of this Session stated that the Government would
  "…continue their efforts to secure a just balance between the expanding demands of the modern State and the freedom and status of the individual."
  Legislation is at present before this House, which did not divide on Second Reading, to implement this intention. I would, therefore, suggest that this Bill is within the spirit of the legislation of this Session—in line with one of the major themes of the Session.
  The two recommendations of the Franks Committee—on which sat my hon. Friend and near neighbour in Wessex, the Member for Salisbury (Mr. J. Morrison), the hon. and learned Member for Paisley (Mr. D. Johnston) and the hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Cardigan (Mr. Bowen)—which are directly implemented by this Bill, are Nos. 46 and 49.
  Recommendation No. 46 reads:
  "In both national insurance and industrial injuries cases all parties should have an automatic right of appeal to the appropriate Commissioner."
  Recommendation No. 49 reads:
  "The functions of Family Allowance Referees should be transferred to National Insurance Local Tribunals, with appeal to the National Insurance Commissioner."
  These are dealt with in Clauses 3 and 1, respectively.
  Clause 2, in general, at any rate, fulfils the aim of Recommendation No. 27 which begins:
  "An appeal on a point of law should lie to the courts from a tribunal decision, except from a decision of the National Insurance Commissioner.…"
  and others.
  Having given the background to the Bill, I think that it would be for the convenience of the House if I were to deal with the Clauses in the order in which they appear in the Bill. Clause 1 aims at giving legal effect to Recommendation No. 49. That recommendation is expanded in paragraph 184 of the Franks Committee Report which, at the risk of boring the House, I should like to read. It puts the case very strongly. The paragraph reads:
  "The Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance have stated in evidence that if the family allowances scheme were now to be introduced for the first time they would be inclined

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  to adopt the National Insurance Local Tribunal and Commissioner structure, which was not in existence when family allowances were introduced. We believe that family allowance cases could be satisfactorily decided in this way, and we accordingly recommend that the functions of Family Allowance Referees be transferred to National Insurance Local Tribunals, with appeal to the National Insurance Commissioner. The disappearance of the provision for referring to the courts questions of law involved in family allowance cases would, we consider, be more than counterbalanced by the right of appeal to the Commissioner, which would not only cover law but also merits."
  I shall return to the question of appeal to the Commissioners when I come to Clause 3, and therefore Clauses 1 and 3 have a close relationship.
  The Franks Committee, in paragraph 171, paid tribute to the working of the system of adjudication of National Insurance and Industrial Injuries claims. I believe that the substitution of this system of appeals for that in the 1945 Family Allowances Act will be to the advantage of all. This Act was passed in 1945 by the Conservative Caretaker Government under the leadership of my right hon. Friend the Member for Woodford (Sir W Churchill). That was before the National Insurance Scheme was brought in. I am pleased to see on the Front Bench opposite the right hon. Member for Llanelly (Mr. J. Griffiths) who piloted that very long Bill through this House.
  Mr. James Griffiths: Very good Welsh pronunciation for an Englishman. I hope Lord Raglan will note it.
  Mr. Freeth: I would not wish to be drawn into a question of international dispute, and certainly not into a question of the Welsh language.
  Because the family allowances system of 1945 was prior to the establishment of the National Insurance system an existing system of appeals was generally used as a model. That was the system then existing in previous contributory pension Acts. I think that anybody who has observed the working of the two systems will admit straight away that the working of the appeal system under the National Insurance Scheme has been much speedier, cheaper and more efficient for various reasons than the earlier system.
  The earlier system which still exists today, in dealing with adjudication problems under the family allowances system, states that notices of appeals have to be
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  sent to an officer of my right hon. Friend's Department who is appointed by him as registrar of appeals. This officer apportions the work between the various referees and acts as a channel of communication between the referees and the various appellants. This in itself inevitably means quite a substantial delay owing to everything having to be sent by post, I believe to Newcastle.
  There are at present seven referees appointed for England, two for Scotland and one for Wales. I would not have the House think for one moment that the proposal to substitute a different system for the referees system in any way reflects upon the services which these referees have given to the adjudication system under the Family Allowances Act. I think tribute should be paid to them for their great work over the past thirteen years, particularly under the chairmanship of the senior referee, Mr. A. C. Longland, Q.C., who, I understand, has agreed to serve a longer period than he originally intended.
  These referees have had to hear cases and study an immense number of documents. They have also had to do quite a substantial amount of travelling when oral hearings have been necessary. This has been in about 7 per cent. of the cases. The change is certainly no criticism of them, and the country should pay them a tribute for their great work.
  Of course, it is difficult to maintain the system, and, I should imagine, difficult to persuade people to undertake this work when, so to speak, the change has been forecast in the Franks Committee's Report and my right hon. Friend and his Department in their evidence have suggested that they would like to see the system changed. I believe that the proposed system under Clause 1 of the Bill will be cheaper, quicker and will enable justice more easily to be seen to be done. Instead of the seven referees for England there will be 161 National Insurance local tribunals. This means that almost every appellant will have within easy reach of his or her home a National Insurance local tribunal. Instead of the two referees for Scotland there will be 30 local tribunals, and instead of the one referee for Wales there will be 22 local tribunals. Instead of only 7 per cent. of the cases being heard orally, as is, I understand, roughly the figure at the present time, all the cases will be heard orally before

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  the local tribunals unless, of course, the chairman considers that the hearing should be in private because the case might involve disclosure of intimate personal or financial details. As I reminded the House earlier, Regulations were introduced last May in general to make hearings in public.
  In the Economist last week I found that I had been criticised because, since my Bill left
  "out the Franks Committee's proposal to permit legal representation before such tribunals, which the unions object to because it might upset the cosy lay atmosphere of the hearings, the Bill will probably get through without much difficulty."
  I very much hope that the Bill will get through without much difficulty, but I thought it was a little hard to be censured, however mildly, for leaving out of this Bill something which my right hon. Friend has already done by Regulation. I took it a little hard; though, on the other hand, as the same article called me both young and energetic. I feel that I should not take it with too much contumely.
  Under the adjudication system of the Family Allowances Act, 1945, decisions of the referee were final, subject to the right of claimant or Minister to appeal on a point of law to the High Court in England and Wales, or the Court of Session in Scotland. I understand that only four such appeals from the referees on a point of law have been made in the past thirteen years. Under Clause 3 of the Bill a right of appeal to a person other than the Minister on a point of law is safeguarded, and an additional step will be brought into the appeals system because there will now be appeals from the Department to the local tribunals and then again to the National Insurance Commissioner or his deputies. I believe that this extra step is something which has been wanted by many people for some time.
  I have in this Bill suggested that there should be reserved to my right hon. Friend the ability to act as judge in two cases which involve personal and difficult circumstances. Those two cases are, first: as to which of two or more persons who both contribute equally to the maintenance of the child, but neither of them being the parent of the child, is to be treated as having the child in his family; and secondly, in a case where parents of
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  a child have themselves separate families, being divorced or separated, and the child could be included in either family because, for example each parent might have the right to have the child with him or her for six months in the year, which family is to be chosen for the payment of family allowances? I draw attention to the parallel proviso in Section 43 (3) of the National Insurance Act, which gives a comparable exercise of discretion to the Minister in a case where two persons are equally qualified to receive the benefit for a dependant, and the Minister, in such cases, does make a personal decision himself.
  There is one case in which a departure from the National Insurance Scheme has been necessary. Hon. Members will see that it is one in which to follow too closely the letter of the National Insurance Act would be inappropriate. The new system will require regulations by the Minister on how the tribunals are to treat cases, and so forth. In the National Insurance Scheme, Regulations issued by the Minister are in the ordinary way issued in draft form and are submitted, first of all, in draft form to the National Insurance Advisory Committee, and then the Minister takes into account the criticisms or suggestions which are made before he finally decides upon the form of the regulations. That is laid down in Section 77 of the Act.
  Hon. Members will appreciate that it would be inappropriate to have the National Insurance Advisory Committee being called upon to consider draft regulations in family allowance cases. Therefore, subsection (4) removes from the Minister the onus of submitting regulations first to the N.I.A.C. Subsection (5) of the Clause deals purely with the regulations which will have to be made during the period of transition from the referee system on appeal to the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries system on appeal.
  Clause 2 fulfils in spirit, although not in the letter, Recommendation 27 of the Franks Committee, which states that an appeal on a point of law should lie to the courts from a tribunal's decision. There is a further phrase in the paragraph dealing with this point, which says that
  "the machinery for such appeals should be simple. cheap and expeditious."

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  It is important that the procedure should be simple, cheap and expeditious. Because I believe that to be desirable, I have not put into the Bill a provision that there should be an appeal from a medical appeal tribunal on a point of law to the High Court or the Court of Session in Scotland. I believe that the commissioner proceedings have the advantages of cheapness and speed, and also of uniformity, which may be important on these occasions. Also, the Commissioner does have very great experience in these matters, and, of course, that experience will be increased as a result of appeals on points of law coming from the medical appeal tribunals to him.
  Thirdly, I believe that there is an advantage in consolidating the Commissioner's position at the apex of the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries adjudication systems, which were, as hon. Members will recall, approved in general by the Franks Committee.
  Finally, there is a practical point which might arise, though I believe that it has not yet arisen. There is the possibility of a conflict between the medical authorities and the commissioner at points where their jurisdiction might overlap. It might be on the question whether, in law, an accident was the direct cause of a loss of faculty. It is, therefore, important to eliminate this possible source of conflict.
  Medical appeal tribunals, with which this Clause deals, consider appeals from medical boards under the Industrial Injuries Scheme. They have to decide so-called disablement questions, that is to say, whether the relevant accident or the prescribed disease did, in fact, result in a loss of faculty. They have to decide the degree and extent of the disablement incurred, and the duration must be assessed. In byssinosis cases only, they have to decide whether the loss of faculty is likely to be permanent.
  Each medical appeal tribunal consists of a chairman, who is always a lawyer of standing and experience, and two medical practitioners appointed by the Minister. I understand that there are 13 such tribunals and, in 1957, they heard over 21,600 cases. Points of law, admittedly, do not often arise in the course of their work, but from time to time they do. I understand that it is the opinion
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  both of those who administer the Industrial Injuries Scheme and of the trades unions that it would be to the advantage of all concerned that there should be a comparatively expeditious and cheap method of obtaining authoritative rulings which would secure uniformity between one tribunal and another and one area of the country and another.
  At the present moment, the commissioner has four full-time and one part-time deputy commissioners, including one stationed in Edinburgh. I understand, however, that it may take a little time to get this Clause working. It might be necessary for an extra commissioner to be appointed. We have it that the Minister must decide, and I think that he is the person who should finally decide, the manner in which questions of law and the relevant facts are to be submitted to the commissioner and the manner in which the commissioner's decision is to be made known to the medical tribunal.
  In so far as these rules will constitute procedural rules for medical appeal tribunals and the commissioner, they cannot now be made except after consultation with the Council on Tribunals set up under Section 8 of the Tribunals and Inquiries Act, which received the Royal Assent during the last session. As we do not yet know the procedure which the Council will adopt in considering proposals for procedural rules, we cannot say with certainty how long will necessarily elapse between this Bill receiving the Royal Assent, if it does, and our being able to implement this Clause. That is why it does not come into effect immediately. Subsection (7) allows the Minister to fix, by order, the date on which the Clause shall come into effect.
  Clause 3 is somewhat unique in that it is written in ordinary English and not in the lawyer's jargon which is, apparently, necessary today for any legislation. It implements directly Recommendation 46 of the Franks Report that, in both National Insurance and Industrial Injuries cases, all the parties should have an automatic right of appeal to the appropriate commissioner. My right hon. Friend acted very expeditiously and, I trust, cheaply, in implementing this particular recommendation by Regulation last May in regard to National Insurance appeals, but I discovered that Industrial Injuries appeals, for the recommendation

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  to be implemented, needed a legislative change. This Clause, therefore, removes the requirement in Section 47 of the Industrial Injuries Act that an appeal from a local appeal tribunal should require the leave of either the tribunal or the Commissioner.
  Clause 4 provides for the allocation as between the Family Allowances Act and the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries Acts, of expenditure arising from the operation of Clause 1. I am afraid that I myself am totally unable to calculate what such expenditure might be, but perhaps my hon. Friend the Joint Parliamentary Secretary, if he intervenes, may be able to give the House some idea. Such expenditure will include the remuneration and superannuation of the Commissioner and the deputy commissioners so far as they relate to family allowance appeals heard under the new system. Presumably, however, there should be a saving from the abolition of the old system.
  The expenses estimated by the Minister to be attributable to the operation of Clause 1 will be treated as incurred in the administration of the Family Allowances Act and paid out of moneys provided by Parliament. This appears in subsection 1 (1). Subsection 1 (2) relates to the determination of questions under Clause 1 for purposes of claims under the Industrial Injuries Act to be treated as expenses of administration. This subsection deals with the raising of the necessary money, and it has, therefore, had to be printed in italics. Should the House give the Bill a Second Reading, before it can proceed further it will be necessary for a Money Resolution to be moved, and that, of course, only the Government can propose. I hope that when my hon. Friend the Joint Parliamentary Secretary intervenes later he will not only give the Government's blessing to the Bill but will also undertake that our mutually right hon. Friend the Minister will in fact provide the necessary Money Resolution so that the Bill can go further.
  The Bill is neither revolutionary nor, I hope, contentious. It has, however, certain merits of its own, namely, the merit of making appeals easier for the general public, for those with little means to pay for legal help, and I believe it will in general speed up matters arising from the Family Allowances Act. It is a useful
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  piece of legislation which will help many and harm none, and I commend it to the House.
  11.32 a.m.
  Sir Keith Joseph: I beg to second the Motion.
  I should like to start by paying tribute to my hon. Friend the Member for Basingstoke (Mr. Denzil Freeth), the able and energetic Member to whom the Economist referred, for introducing this useful piece of legislation. Hon. Members who are lucky enough in the Ballot become for a short period of days the centre of enormous pressure from the panacea mongers and the reformers of this world. They have the choice of glory or even notoriety in bringing forward major measures which never have a hope of being passed, or of being useful Members of the House in trying to put on the Statute Book thoroughly practical and constructive, though perhaps minor, pieces of legislation.
  I congratulate my hon. Friend on resisting the blandishments of the panacea mongers and getting down to constructive and practical work, as he has done, in this worthy and useful Bill. I should like to associate myself also with the tribute that he has paid to the work of the referees, whose service to the community is by means being discredited by the fact that both the Franks Committee and this House are now considering transferring their labours to the commissioners.
  The Franks Committee praises very highly the appellate system under the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries Acts. It therefore scarcely needs explanation that the Bill replaces the family allowances appeal system which runs from Minister's officer to referee and finally, only on a point of law, to the High Court, by the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries appellate system of insurance officer to local appeal tribunal and finally to the commissioners, not only on a point of law but also on merit and fact.
  It is true that the family allowances appeal system permits a final appeal to the High Court on a point of law. In paragraph 108 the Franks Committee deals with the possible accusation that any transfer to the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries system might lose for the appellant that final appeal on a

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  point of law to the High Court. Paragraph 108 reads:
  "Finally, there has been little demand for a right of appeal to the courts in these cases"—
  that is, National Insurance and Industrial Injuries cases.
  "Indeed witnesses on behalf of the Trades Union Congress, which speaks for the great majority of applicants, expressed themselves as completely satisfied with the present position. These considerations lead us to think that it would be right to make an exception and to leave any review by the courts in these cases to be exercised by certiorari."
  It seems, therefore, as my hon. Friend says, that there are no possible disadvantages in transferring the appellate system from the present family allowances arrangements to that of the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries system. In fact, there are a number of advantages.
  I should like briefly to review the advantages. First, the claimant will have access not merely to a relatively small number of referees who cannot always travel to the home area of the appellant, but to 213 local tribunals, which thus permits a far more quick and local hearing of cases. Secondly, instead of normally private though informal hearings, the new system will substitute normally public though informal hearings, thus permitting, as my hon. Friend says, not only justice to be done but to be much more frequently and easily seen to be done.
  A third advantage which I do not think my hon. Friend mentioned is this. The Industrial Injuries and National Insurance system has at its apex the habit of publication of selected cases, thus permitting the public to know more easily the reasons behind the commissioners' decisions, whereas the family allowance referees do not publish their decisions, I think I am right in saying, although any appeals on a point of law to the High Court are naturally published. Of these, however, there have been only four since the Act was passed.
  The next advantage is that under the proposed change the applicant will have a second stage of appeal, not only on a point of law, as now, but on merit and fact as well. Therefore, this greatly widens the appellant's chances of reconsideration of the whole range of his case and surely must be of great benefit to the public.
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  All these are advantages. Are there any losses to set against the advantages? I cannot think of any. The rights of legal representation which the Economist suggested were being lost or were not being given as recommended by the Franks Committee have already been given by the Minister in his Regulations last May and are being preserved, therefore, by the change from the family allowance system to the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries system.
  The rules under which the Commissioner will work will be subject to the Council on Tribunals when it is set up, and I can find no possible disadvantage that emerges from this change.
  May I draw particular attention to two or three points which my hon. Friend did not mention? The first is an additional advantage that will come from the transfer. At the moment, if an overpayment is made to a beneficiary under the family allowance legislation, that overpayment must be repaid by the beneficiary if the Minister decides that he has not acted in good faith in receiving the overpayment. Against this decision by the Minister there is at the moment no appeal. If the House permits the transfer of appellate jurisdiction to occur, such a beneficiary will, under the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries system, have a right of appeal against the Minister's decision that he has not acted in good faith. This is a case of clear gain for the appellant, giving him a right of appeal which he has not at the moment.
  Secondly, I should like to point out the apparent contradiction between Clause 2 (2) and Clause 3. In accordance with the Franks Committee's recommendations, Clause 3 removes any need for leave to be given for an appeal under the Industrial Injuries appellate system. My right hon. Friend has already removed by regulation the need for leave to be given in appeals under the National Insurance appellate system.
  This might seem to be a contradiction of Clause 2 (2), where, if an appeal from the medical appeals tribunals is made, leave has to be given. The reason for this contradiction is that in the former case appeal is allowed on matters of merit, fact and law. Therefore, as the Franks Committee so sensibly observed, nobody should be subject to anybody else's jurisdiction as to whether they can appeal on a matter of fact, but in the

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  case of an appeal from the medical appeal tribunal there is only a right of appeal on questions of law. The ordinary layman and member of the public cannot possibly know whether he has any scope for an appeal on a point of law, and this is a proper case for leave to be necessary before an appeal from the tribunal is given. That is the only contradiction that I can find in the Bill.
  I conclude by saying that, after careful examination, I cannot find, nor have I heard, arty possible inconvenience to the public from passing the Measure, and I hope very much that the Bill will go quickly on its way to the Statute Book.
  11.41 a.m.
  Mr. Tom Brown: First, I congratulate the hon. Member for Basing-stoke (Mr. Denzil Freeth) on his good fortune in the Ballot. Many hon. Members have waited long for their first success. The hon. Member has been very fortunate after the brief space of about eight years.
  We have listened very attentively to the hon. Member's voice and lucid manner. He had the good fortune to be trained at Cambridge University. Good luck to him. I was trained in the pits, and so my voice is not quite so pleasant as his. He did very well in presenting the Bill. It contains certain difficulties aid complexities, but it indicates that someone with the training which the hon. Member has had has been paying some regard to the problems which confront unfortunate workers.
  The Bill gives back benchers an opportunity to ventilate some of the difficulties and complexities which have been experienced under the present system. The presentation of a Bill of this character is evidence that some defect has been revealed to the hon. Member for Basingstoke. He has set about the task of presenting the Bill to alter some-thing which he thinks is wrong.
  I wish to refer briefly to Clause 2, which is concerned with:
  "Appeals and references from medical appeal tribunals to Industrial Injuries Commissioner."
  From the commencement of the scheme we had been watching the administration of the medical appeal tribunals and the results emerging from them, and we have been gravely disturbed by some of the
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  defects which have been revealed. I submit in all seriousness that I do not think there would be a need for so many cases to go to the Commissioner if the administration at the lower level had the correct approach. Instead of a case having to go through so many varied stages and phases, it would be very advantageous to the aggrieved workman if the case were dealt with correctly at the lower level of administration. In other words, greater regard ought to be paid to the appointment of suitable medical appeal tribunals.
  I say this with all respect to the medical profession, but I come from an industrial area and I find that often when cases are referred to the tribunals the men concerned have to appear before persons who have no experience of the industrial side. I submit this point because I have had considerable experience as a miners' agent and a branch secretary dealing with industrial cases. I should like to know from the Parliamentary Secretary whether the tribunals are selected by the Ministry's regional offices or by the Minister himself. Regard should be had to the qualifications and experience of those appointed, for they have the responsibility of determining the destiny of aggrieved persons who appear before them.
  I say that because I have here the wording of a certificate given to one of my men. It will indicate at once the inability—I use that word with respect; perhaps I should say "incompetency"—of the person concerned to adjudicate in the case. The wording is:
  "This man is fit for suitable work which does not involve standing, sitting, bending or lying down."
  How on earth will a commissioner or any other adjudicator in a case of that character determine what job the man should do? There is no light work around a colliery which does not involve standing, sitting, bending or lying down. Yet the man concerned had to appear before a medical man with the type of mind which led him to pen those words.
  I will quote another case. I know a man who is suffering from an industrial disease and has been off work for five years. I know he will not recover because I know the disease from which he is suffering, and there is no cure for it.

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  For five years the medical men have declared that the man was unfit for work or suitable only for light work, and they assessed his disability as 70 per cent. For five years he had to be satisfied with a 70 per cent. assessment. Then he was sent to another medical man, a highly qualified man, and within two minutes of his entering the examination room, the doctor said: "You have 100 per cent. disability. How anyone declared a 70 per cent. assessment for you beats me. You are suffering 100 per cent. disability as a result of the disease, and you are entitled to 100 per cent. compensation. Go home and do not come near this examination room again."
  I could mention many other cases. In such circumstances, the workman feels aggrieved—and rightly so. I do not know whether this sort of thing is within the knowledge of hon. Members opposite, but it is within the knowledge of hon. Members on this side of the House. I cannot describe to the House the anxiety and trouble there is in these cases.
  I appeal to the Minister to inject a little more humanity into the administration of these provisions in order to prevent unhappy experiences. The hon. Member for Basingstoke, in his lucid explanation of the Bill, said that he wanted to make administration easier and cheaper. I hope that the Bill will do that.
  Speaking from long experience of dealing with these cases, I would say that the system has never been perfect since 1893 when we first started to protect injured workmen or those unfortunately overtaken by disease. However, we can get the system much nearer to perfection. The figures show that there is something radically wrong with the present administration. I am not saying that that is intentional, but it cannot be disputed that the figures are alarming.
  I have the latest figures for cases which went to medical appeal tribunals in 1957. The total number which went to such a tribunal on the applicants' own choice was 15,943 and the number sent at the direction of the Minister was 5,683, a total of 21,626. Such a tremendous number indicates that someone at a low level of the administration is not playing his
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  part. My experience is that medical men, whose certificates are of such importance in these matters, do not spend sufficient time in the minute examination of each patient which is required.
  Of the appeals by claimants, about 40 per cent. were decided in favour of the claimants and about 60 per cent. were decided against them. Those figures indicate the dissatisfaction felt by injured workmen in these cases and by those trying to protect them. Of the cases referred to the tribunal at the Minister's direction, 27 per cent. of the decisions were in favour of the claimant, 19 per cent. were unchanged and 53·1 per cent. were unfavourable to the claimant. Those figures show dissatisfaction not only with medical certificates, but with assessments.
  I am greatly perturbed about low assessments. This matter has been ventilated from time to time and I hope that in Standing Committee certain Amendments will be made to improve the Bill in this respect. There is a strong feeling, supported by evidence, that there is something radically wrong with the present administration. I hope that the Bill will make the necessary changes.
  The hon. Member for Basingstoke said that the Bill would make administration cheaper and easier. There is plenty of scope for more cheapness of administration, because the administrative costs of the Commissioners are extremely high, although there may be some justification for that. The estimate in 1956–57 was£982,000, in 1957–58 it was£1,080,000, of which, according to my information,£1,023,500 has already been spent.
  I hope that the Government will accept the Bill and also that they will accept Amendments during the Committee stage. For years and years we have been trying to see that justice is done to injured workmen and to those who have the misfortune to be overtaken by disease. However, in spite of all that we have done since 1893, we have failed to reach our ultimate objective. I do not blame the Government, nor do I blame my right hon. Friends. We still have a long way to go before we can say that we have provided that protection to which injured workmen are entitled. I hope that the Bill will help to give that protection.
  11.58 a.m.
  Mr. Harold Finch: I join in congratulating the hon. Member for Basingstoke (Mr. Freeth) on his fortune ire the Ballot and on introducing the Bill. It is a very modest Measure and, as the hon. Member said, there is nothing revolutionary about it. It will not bring about any radical change, but it will improve administration.
  The hon. Member for Basingstoke clearly explained the provisions of the Bill, and we were all impressed with the way he has mastered this intricate subject of National Insurance and Industrial Injuries legislation.
  Clause 1 refers to appeals under the Family Allowances Act in cases where there is a dispute whether certain children should be covered by that Act. It has already been pointed out that this matter came before the Franks Committee, and the Ministry has stated that this Act was drafted prior to the National Insurance Act, and that if, at that time, it had been known what provisions for appeals were to be made under the later Act—namely, to a tribunal and a commissioner—similar provisions would probably have been adopted for the Family Allowances Act.
  The Franks Committee came to the conclusion, therefore, that in order to improve the situation generally there should be a uniformity of appeal procedure, and it recommended that under the Family Allowances Act, instead of there being a referee, there should be a tribunal and a commissioner. I agree with that recommendation, because it would tighten up the administration. As a layman, it seems to me that Clause 1 fully covers the legal position. The merits of each case can be adequately dealt with by means of an appeal to the tribunal and the commissioner, and this will give the appellants who come under the provisions of the Clause a greater feeling that justice is being done.
  Clause 2 is more sweeping. It proposes to allow appeals in law against decisions of medical appeal tribunals under the Industrial Injuries Act. It will be known that on medical issues the tribunals' decisions are final. But experience has shown that these tribunals can make mistakes in law, and in recent years very important cases have been brought to light. There is the well-known case of
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  Gilmore, in the mining industry. Mr. Gilmore already had a defective eye and he sustained an accident to the other eye and was blinded. When his case came before the tribunal it dealt only with the accident to the second eye, and arrived at an assessment of 20 per cent.
  Measures were taken to have this case referred to a higher court, and upon going into the matter the higher court referred the case back to the tribunal and rightly said that if a man is already blind in one eye and suffers an accident which deprives him of the sight of the other, making him totally blind, benefits should be paid on that basis. Since then there have been many cases relating to what we call paired organs. For instance, a man who already has a bad leg and suffers an injury to the other is given benefit in respect of both.
  The present position is therefore not entirely unsatisfactory. On legal questions further measures can be taken and cases may be taken to a higher court under the Industrial Injuries Act. But, as the hon. Member for Basingstoke said, this involves the issue of a writ, which is costly and means a considerable delay. It would be better if cases of this kind, where issues of law arise, were referred to a commissioner, who is a person of high legal standing, who can adjudicate in these matters. That would give the average citizen affected by the Bill the expectation of a fair and reasonable chance of obtaining a proper adjudication.
  But, as my hon. Friend the Member for Ince (Mr. T. Brown) has already pointed out, having done this the House should not imagine that it will be satisfying the general situation which exists in regard to medical appeal tribunals. There is great dissatisfaction with many of their decisions. I can only hope that the Bill will receive the approval of the House and that in Committee it can be improved still further by instituting a better procedure in cases where decisions are made by medical appeal tribunals on medical issues.
  I would remind the House of the procedure under the Industrial Injuries Act. First, when a man sustains an accident which arises out of and in the course of his employment, if the case is in order he receives his benefit during the injury benefit period, and when that period has

  727
  expired he is examined by a medical board for a pension and disablement benefit. This medical board is generally composed of ordinary medical practitioners. I do not wish to criticise them in respect of the work they do; they do an excellent job. They deal with an enormous number of cases. The figures for 1957 show that 308,722 persons were examined by these boards.
  But experience has shown that in many cases the medical issues involved are very complex and difficult. They are not all easy cases. In some cases specialists with high qualifications are required. When an assessment is made it may be for life, and the man's whole future may depend upon it. I readily agree that the boards have done a good job, but they are composed of ordinary medical practitioners who cannot be expected to deal with some of the complex medical issues which arise.
  There is a right of appeal to medical appeal tribunals, and my hon. Friend has given some figures in this connection. I find from the 1957 Report of the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance that 15,943 appeals went to these tribunals, of which 39·6 per cent. were successful and in the remaining 60·4 per cent. there was either no change or there was a decision unfavourable to the applicant. That is a very high percentage, and it calls for some inquiry. We may be able to improve the position by means of the Bill.
  I would point out that, just as mistakes can be made in law by a medical appeal tribunal, so they can be made on medical issues. I could cite case after case where such mistakes have arisen. My hon. Friend the Member for Ince has pointed out that assessments are low, sometimes as low as 10 per cent. or 15 per cent. I have referred previously in the House to cases of men suffering from dermatitis who may temporarily recover from this exasperating disease but who begin to suffer from it again immediately they go back to work. Such people get very low assessments. I know that in this connection the question of loss of faculty arises, but there is nevertheless a serious disability. The appeal tribunals are giving extremely low assessments in cases where men will never be able to go back to their former occupations.
  728
  I am advised that in South Wales last year, of all the cases that went before the medical appeal tribunals, over 53 per cent. were turned down. I fully appreciate that in some of the cases the balance of medical evidence was such, either for or against the worker, that there could be no assessment, and when the medical evidence is given against a man nothing can be done.
  There have been cases, however, where eminent specialists have differed in their opinion from the medical men who sit on the medical appeal tribunals. In some cases, they are consultants at the same hospitals as the medical men on the tribunals. It seems to me that where there is substantial medical evidence—I want to make that quite clear; not ordinary certificates from the medical practitioner—of specialists well known for their experience in a particular complaint who disagree with the medical appeal tribunal, there should be some avenue through which an appeal can be made.
  These cases give rise to most tragic results. I know of the case of a man in South Wales who has to lie on his back and who will never work again. Indeed, I doubt whether he will ever get up again. He knows that two specialists have said that his condition is due to the injury which he sustained, but the medical appeal tribunal gave the decision against him. When my right hon. Friend introduced the Industrial Injuries Bill I think he said, where there was serious doubt, benefit should be given to the applicant.
  I can quote another case, of which the Parliamentary Secretary is well aware. The hon. Lady was very helpful in trying to deal with the case, but the medical appeal tribunal's decision was final. It is the case of a man who had a serious accident underground and received a specific injury. The case came before the medical appeal tribunal and was rejected on certain grounds. The case was later reviewed, but the medical appeal tribunal would not alter its decision. In the meantime, joint arrangements were made by both sides for the man to see a specialist. The specialist was in grave doubt whether the man's condition was due to the accident sustained or to natural causes. He felt that it was a very difficult case for him to decide, and he said so in his report. He was worried about it. Ultimately, the

  729
  specialist said that, on balance, he was afraid that he would have to decide against the man. He came to this decision very reluctantly after making several examinations. It was the case of Moore of Cefn Forest in my constituency.
  I submit that the medical appeal tribunals, in cases where there is serious doubt, should give the benefit of that doubt to the applicant. A Clause should be inserted in the Bill which would enable cases of that kind to be adjudicated upon. I hope that in Committee a Clause will be inserted whereby, if it appears to the medical appeal tribunal on the production of substantial medical evidence that the case should be reopened, power should be given accordingly.
  It is certainly true that though the medical appeal tribunal may reject a case there is a right of review on certain grounds. The first ground is where it can be shown that a decision was given in consequence of non-disclosure or misrepresentation by the claimant or on any other material fact. The question of fraud also comes into it. The other ground for appeal is where the tribunal is satisfied that since the making of the assessment there has been an unforeseen aggravation of the result of the injury.
  Here is the point that gives rise to the trouble. Unforeseen aggravation is made the issue, but in order to get the review the case has to come before the medical appeal tribunal or its chairman, and in case after case a review of the case is refused. Although specialists may disagree with the medical tribunal after treatment which the man has undergone since the original decision was given, the fact is that in many cases that is not regarded as unforeseen aggravation.
  I will give a case in point. A man sustained an injury to his neck. When the case came before the medical board it was decided that the man was suffering from a prolapsed disc. The board awarded the very low assessment of about 10 per cent. An appeal was made to the medical appeal tribunal regarding the assessment. When the case came before the tribunal it was decided that the man was not, in fact, suffering from a prolapsed disc, but from strained muscles of the neck. As a result, the tribunal dismissed the question of a prolapsed disc.
  730
  Subsequently, the man came under special treatment in hospital. Two specialists said that he was suffering from a prolapsed disc, that he was disabled and would be disabled for some time. Application was made for a review on the grounds of unforeseen aggravation. No review was agreed to. It was said that this was not a case of unforeseen aggravation. Here was a case of two specialists, associated with the same hospital with which one of the assessors was connected, disagreeing with the diagnosis.
  As I have said, some of these cases can have tragic results. A man's future can depend upon the decision made. There is a vast difference between this sort of award and disablement benefit with its constant attendance allowances, and the men affected are very seriously aggrieved by issues of this kind. Having seen this man who will never work again and whose appeal has been rejected by the tribunal, I say that every human effort should be made to give greater satisfaction in cases of this kind than are made at present.
  It would go a very long way towards meeting the situation if a Clause could be inserted in the Bill giving the right of appeal to some other body. It has to be remembered that the decision of the tribunal cannot be questioned. In that respect it is a law unto itself. It cannot be questioned or cross-examined. I do not want to go back to the old Workmen's Compensation system, but it must be remembered that under that system employers who gave evidence were subjected to cross-examination in the same way as to the appellant's doctors ware subject to cross-examination. It may be difficult in the case of a medical appeal tribunal to have cross-examination, but that makes it all the more necessary that where there is substantial medical evidence there should be a method of appeal to another body.
  I wish to cite the cases of men with osteoarthritis who have worked all their lives without any trouble at all. If they sustain an accident it is said that they are suffering from osteoarthritis which has become active as a result of the accident. Such men receive benefit for twelve months and then the tribunal says that the effects of the accident have worn off and they are now left only with

  731
  osteoarthritis. Orthopaedic surgeons may differ about the decision and there is no means of deciding it. I hope, therefore, that the hon. Member for Basingstoke, who is as anxious as I am that this legislation should work smoothly, will assist us by making some provision in this Bill to deal with these cases.
  I agree with the provisions contained in Clause 3, which are quite clear. They provide claimants for Industrial Injuries benefits with an automatic right of appeal to the commissioner. This again follows a recommendation of the Franks Committee. Such a right has been granted in respect of National Insurance legislation and it is only fair that it should be applied also to the Industrial Injuries side. I should have thought that the Government might have introduced legislation of this sort and not left it to a back-bencher to do so. I hope that the Bill will receive the approval of the House and that we shall have an opportunity to consider it in Committee and suggest improvements.
  12.21 p.m.
  Mr. R. E. Prentice: Like other hon. Members, I wish to congratulate the hon. Member for Basingstoke (Mr. Denzil Freeth) first, on his luck in the Ballot; secondly, on his choice of subject, and thirdly on the speech with which he introduced this Bill. He revealed a grasp of the details and the problems which lay behind this topic. My reason for intervening in the debate is that until I became a Member of this House, my work involved contact with the operations of these tribunals. On the basis of my experience, I welcome and support the Bill and desire to comment on some parts of it.
  I was glad that the hon. Member for Basingstoke referred to paragraph 171 of the Franks Committee Report and the praise contained in that paragraph for the system of adjudication running from the insurance officer to the local appeal tribunal and to the commissioner. In my opinion this has been one of the great successes of National Insurance, particularly with regard to industrial injuries. It was a tremendous advance in comparison with the old system operating under the Workmen's Compensation Acts under which cases had to be taken through the courts, involving a great deal of delay
  732
  and cost, and the creation of an atmosphere so formal and complicated that many people did not know in what way their case was being dealt with.
  This Bill will add two more subjects to the list of those to be considered by the commissioner, first, the question of family allowances, and secondly, the medical questions connected with industrial injuries, or the legal aspects of them. I should like to see a third subject added and provision made for appeal to the commissioner in certain cases against the decisions of the National Assistance tribunals at local level. I would say, in passing, that I do not regard the present system in that respect as satisfactory, but I do not think that today I should be in order in enlarging on the subject. I hope, however, that at some time consideration will be given to it.
  The provisions of Clause 1 follow a direct recommendation of the Franks Committee which is trying to reduce the number of tribunals and make the system more simple and more readily understandable by amalgamating different systems where that could properly be done without imposing too great a burden. This, obviously, is one way in which that may properly be done. There are not many family allowance appeals. When we consider that 3½million families in the country receive family allowances and a total of nearly 9 million children is involved, it is remarkable that during 1957, according to the Minister's Report, there were fewer than 2,000 appeals and none of them went on to the High Court. They were all dealt with by the referees. This, therefore, will not greatly increase the work of the local appeal tribunals, which heard more than 42,000 appeals under the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries Acts during the year.
  As was mentioned by the hon. Member for Leeds, North-East (Sir K. Joseph), the claimant will have the advantage of being entitled to an oral hearing of his appeal. I see from the Report of the Minister that during 1957 there were oral hearings of appeals under the Family Allowance Act in only 130 cases out of the total of nearly 2,000. Now there will always be an oral hearing, unless the claimant deliberately decides not to attend. That represents a great advance.
  There is one danger to which I wish to refer. Under the Regulations approved

  733
  by the House in June, all hearings of local appeal tribunals will now be in public, unless the chairman directs otherwise. I understand that under the Family Allowances Act, hearings by the referees have always been in private. This is a sphere in which family and personal details may be involved and it may prove embarrassing to the claimant if they are referred to in public. When the Minister eventually produces the regulations to implement this Clause, perhaps he will consider making a different provision in this case and giving the claimant rather than the chairman of the tribunal the right to decide whether a hearing should be in public or private. I think that should be done, because in so many of these cases details of personal differences and rifts in the family may be argued before the tribunal.
  I welcome the provisions contained in Clause 2 for appeals to go to the Industrial Injuries Commissioner against decisions of the medical appeal tribunals on points of law. This recommendation was not specifically set out in the Franks Committee Report. I like to think that in a modest way I made a contribution to opinion on this, because in the debate on the Franks Report I urged that something on these lines should be done, and one should be prepared to stand by one's opinion. But I share the concern expressed by my hon. Friends the Members for Ince (Mr. T. Brown) and Bedwellty (Mr. Finch) about the way in which medical appeal tribunals operate and the kind of assessments which are made. As drafted, the Bill does nothing about that.
  I admit that there is difficulty in finding a formula on which to draft an Amendment to provide for a further appeal against such assessments. It might be argued that, because these are medical questions and because it is difficult to lay down any formula by way of precedent, an appeal by a medical board to a medical appeal tribunal is all that is necessary. But there does exist a great volume of dissatisfaction to which my hon. Friends have referred. I have come to two conclusions. One is that the level of assessments vary considerably from one part of the country to another in the thirteen regions covered by the tribunals.
  The other general conclusion which I have arrived at, and which I believe to
  734
  be correct, is that on the whole the casualties of industry are treated less generously than are war casualties. The rules for assessment are the same for both Industrial Injuries and war casualties, but one gets the impression that lower assessments are made in respect of industrial injuries.
  Perhaps the Parliamentary Secretary would care to comment on whether it would be more satisfactory if, in some way or other, the medical appeal tribunals could be remodelled on the basis of the appeal tribunals for war pensioners which deal with assessment cases. Those pension appeal tribunals are national. Their headquarters are in London, but they sit in different courts and go on tour round the country. Because their members are interchangeable their decisions are more consistent than those of the thirteen different medical tribunals sitting in different parts of the country.
  An objection to my own suggestion comes to my mind, which is that it would involve members of the medical appeal tribunals becoming full-time whereas the services of consultants are now used on a part-time basis. It might or might not be practicable to work out a scheme of that sort. I should be grateful if consideration could be given to that idea, or to any other idea which would introduce into this system of appeals a better sense that they were being carried out justly and properly.
  The number of legal cases before the appeal tribunals is a minority, but an important minority. When the commissioner operates in this field I hope that he will be able to give guidance on a number of difficult points. One is the operation of the paired organs regulations. I had evidence, when I was doing my job in this kind of work, that different medical appeal tribunals looked at the matter in a different way. There is also need to define what constitutes fresh evidence to justify a review. Guidance from the commissioner to medical tribunals on these points would be very important.
  The hon. Member for Basingstoke said that, as far as he knew, there had not been cases of conflict between the commissioner and the medical appeal tribunals on the extent to which a particular disability had been caused by an accident. I have certainly sat on cases where the

  735
  Commissioner was troubled by this sort of thing, and said, "I am bound by the decision of the medical appeal tribunal on this question", but indicated that he had doubts about it. The commissioner may be able to give guidance on whether this part of the Act is being interpreted properly by medical appeal tribunals.
  There are two other matters to which I would refer briefly. One is rather an administrative point. It seems that medical appeal tribunals are getting far too many cases to deal with in one day and particularly the medical appeal tribunal sitting in London, in Dean's Yard. It is able to give too little time to each case. This is a very important point to men who come before these tribunals, because the decisions made affect their pensions for life in regard to serious disabilities. A man does not like to have to go out and say, "They have cut my pension by half, although I have only been in there five minutes." This is not purely a medical question. There is a legal chairman, and there is the right of the man to state his case at leisure. That aspect of the matter should be looked at.
  My final point on this Clause is that we are extending in one sense the right of appeal, but we should remember that some claims do not reach a medical appeal tribunal from the medical board unless a final assessment has been made. There can be an appeal against a provisional assessment if more than two years have elapsed since the date of the accident, but there is no right of appeal to the medical appeal tribunal from the provisional assessment within the two-year period. I hope that the Ministry will soon be in a position so to extend the number of tribunals that they will be able to give a full right of appeal in all cases.
  I welcome the provisions of Clause 3. As the hon. Member for Basingstoke said in moving the Second Reading of the Bill, there is already an automatic right of appeal under the National Insurance Act, and it is an anomaly that there should be any difference between the two principal Acts in this field. There is another anomaly which has been going on very much longer. For a trade union—or an "association of employed persons," to use the phrase in the Act—there had always been from the beginning an automatic
  736
  right of appeal under the National Insurance Act, but not under the Industrial Injuries Act. The experience of trade unions makes it clear that there should also be an automatic right of appeal there. All this is being swept away, and that is a very good thing.
  In my experience, whenever we asked the commissioner for leave to appeal we invariably got it. We did not make frivolous appeals, but always made them on some substantial ground. The fact that we had to obtain leave to appeal wasted time, involved the filling of forms, and much red tape and delay, before the final decision was reached. The delay meant that the injured man or widow was worried about the outcome of the case. The new provisions will save time in deciding cases, and is therefore to be welcomed.
  The Bill has been described as modest, but there are many human beings involved in the subject with which it deals. Anything we can do to improve the appeals machinery and make it more fair is very important. The Bill deserves more public attention than it has had and a bigger House than is here at the moment. This type of subject ought to be kept under review. For that reason, I welcome the Bill and congratulate the hon. Member for Basingstoke on bringing it before us.
  12.36 p.m.
  Mr. H. A. Marquand: I join in the congratulations which have been extended from both sides of the House and to the hon. Member for Basingstoke (Mr. Denzil Freeth) on his luck in the Ballot and his wisdom in bringing forward what I am sure will be a very useful Bill. It is far better to have done this and to be able to say in later years "This I did and influenced the legislation of my time", than to say, "I spoke in a large House and made a very wonderful speech, but nothing came of it." I hope the House will give the Bill a Second Reading. We may be able to improve it in Committee. This Parliament seems to have a very short life before it, but I hope that the Bill will eventually reach the Statute Book.
  The hon. Member reminded us that the proposals he made originated in the Franks Report. We had a debate a short time ago on the regulations which the

  737
  Minister of Pensions himself introduced to implement many of the findings of the Franks Report and to apply them to the National Insurance system. It is surprising, is it not, that these tidying-up operations seem to follow one another so frequently. There is evident need here for careful watching of the rather elaborate system which Parliament in its wisdom decided to apply, for the determination of claims for family allowances and the benefit provided under National Insurance. Regulations come before Parliament very frequently on this matter. We often say that the price of liberty is eternal vigilance. We must be eternally vigilant to ensure that the will of Parliament is effectively done through the machinery which we create, and that is what we are mainly engaged in discussing this morning.
  The Bill is essentially one for changing the machinery in some particulars, and we welcome it, but the question is whether this machinery will be more likely than the old to give claimants under the various schemes what Parliament really wants them to have, and that is not merely justice but a humane, patient, careful, and understanding consideration of their claims and their situation. The awarded benefit must adequately meet the suffering and the disability which the claimants have incurred as the result of misfortune. I feel confident that the Minister who is to reply to the debate, and who will state the opinions of the Government, will recognise the great value of the representations which have been made to him by my hon. Friends the Members for Ince (Mr. T. Brown), Bedwellty (Mr. Finch) and East Ham, North (Mr. Prentice). Each of them spoke with authoritative wisdom because of their great experience in the trade union field in administering and watching the administration of this sort of machinery. Essentially, they made a plea for humane administration of the machinery.
  We often say that justice must not only be done but must be seen to be done. That is repeated so often as almost to become a tiresome cliché, yet it is perfectly true. It is equally important that this administration should be seen to be humane and understanding. We know there are cases in which we cannot be satisfied that that is so. At the moment
  738
  the Minister has under consideration a case to which I had to draw Ins attention. It may prove to be unfounded, but it is a case in which it seemed that the administration of an appeal had not been conducted in that humane and understanding manner which applicants under these schemes ought to receive and which I am sure Parliament wants them to receive.
  There is no doubt at all that this is the will of Parliament. We improve the machinery from time to time and it seems to us perfect, but we are bound to ask the question, is it giving the full result we want? That question has been applied particularly this morning to the aspect of assessments under the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Acts. When the Acts were placed on the Statute Book, it was the intention of Parliament to try to ensure that, under this new scheme, those who suffered injury or industrial accident and, in consequence, their ability to do their work was impaired or destroyed, would reecive treatment similar to that accorded to war pensioners.
  Very largely it was to be a copy of the type of compensation which had been worked out over many years for war pensioners. It was a copy of the war pensions scheme. So far as my information goes, and particularly through listening to what my hon. Friends the Members for Bedwellty and Ince had to say this morning and on previous occasions, I am bound to say that the war pensions scheme seems to yield better results in the humanity of its administration and in the ultimate decisions which are made.
  I appreciate that for various reasons it would be difficult, if not impossible, under the Industrial Injuries scheme to do what we do under the war pensions scheme and give the final responsibility to the Minister. True the Minister has to act on medical advice; he cannot make arbitrary decisions of his own. That is quite proper lest any untoward political or other interests might bring pressure to bear on him. He has to act on medical advice, but in the process during which decisions are reached there is endless examination and re-examination of claims. Resort to the pensions appeal tribunal is very much the last resort, and there is frequent review of such claims to a much greater and more searching extent in my experience than can be

  739
  achieved under the more formal machinery of the Industrial Injuries Acts.
  I am not going so far as to suggest that we should adopt the war pensions scheme, but I suggest that the time has come for a study to be made of the results of the two systems and for a comparison between them. I believe the sort of decisions about pensions and assessments under the war pensions administration are what Parliament likes and wants to have. We have only to look at Questions on the Order Paper and compare them with ten years ago. I know that some of the cases have settled down and there are not nearly so many now relating to war injuries, and hon. Members will see that the anxiety of Parliament about individual cases under the war pensions administration has practically disappeared. It is now very rare for such cases to appear among Questions, but they used to be very frequent in Questions and in Adjournment debates. That suggests that Parliament is satisfied with what is being done under the war pensions administration.
  As my hon. Friends have suggested today and before, a comparison with the pensions scheme suggests that the same degree of disability occurring under the Industrial Injuries scheme has inferior and not so satisfactory treatment. I suggest that under the Industrial Injuries scheme we are not getting exactly what we want. As my hon. Friend the Member for East Ham, North suggested, assessments might vary within the scheme from region to region for a similar disability. That would be unsatisfactory. That opinion deserved very serious consideration and examination as it comes from one so well-informed on this subject.
  I am still more concerned about whether it could not be possible to make a review which would have to be done by a specially appointed group of persons with experience of these matters. For example, we might take a retired permanent secretary of the Ministry of Pensions or a retired director-general of medical services and associate him with highly qualified medical men to look through the whole subject to see whether we are getting out of the industrial insurance system not only the same humane administration—that has to be looked at as well—but also the same level of assessment.
  740
  This Second Reading debate gives an opportunity to ventilate some of our misgivings about this system and our desire to see it improved. The Bill provides very valuable additions, about which I make no complaint at all, and all of which I welcome, for the improvement of the machinery of the system. I hope that in improving the machinery we shall not neglect the opportunity to review the methods of working to ensure that we have behind it the real humanity we should like to see in all our administration, and to insure that we are giving injured men and women the sort of compensation for injury we want to give, which, after all, the Industrial Injuries Fund can well, afford to give.
  12.49 p.m.
  The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (Mr. W. M. F. Vane): I thought it might be of help to the House if I intervened at this time not exactly to reply to the debate but to give some indication of the view of the Government on the subject matter of the Bill and the principles which lie behind it.
  I wish to add my congratulations to my hon. Friend the Member for Basingstoke (Mr. Denzil Freeth) on his success in the Ballot and on having chosen, if not a most spectacular subject, at least a subject which is truly worthwhile and one which has a great deal of human interest in it. I congratulate him also on his speech in moving the Second Reading of his Bill. There is no need for me to try to repeat in detail what my hon. Friend has said about the Clauses. If he has not made them clear, I would not like to claim that I could make them any clearer.
  My hon. Friend and other hon. Members have spoken about the different systems of adjudication that we find in different branches of our social services. They could be said to have come about, I suppose, by the order in which the several post-war social service Acts reached the Statute Book. If the main National Insurance Act had preceded the Family Allowances Act, who can say whether the adjudication under the latter might not have been different? In fact, the order was the other way round. The Family Allowances Act came first and, as has been said, it broadly copied the centralised system of adjudication which was

  741
  familiar under the contributory pensions schemes.
  I was very glad to hear my hon. Friend say that, in suggesting the change, he was in no way voicing criticism of the old system of referees—rather, in fact, the reverse. I should like to ask all hon. Members to join in paying a tribute to the Senior Referee, who has been mentioned by name already, Mr. A. C. Longland, Q.C., and his colleagues for the ten years' work that they have done.
  It just happens, however, that in the light of experience, the more decentralised appeal facilities which are now familiar in the National Insurance and Industrial Injuries Schemes have proved in practice to have advantages. A larger proportion of appeals can be heard orally, many appellants have less distance to travel and, in many instances, greater speed is possible in disposing of cases. The Franks Committee recommended that this change should be made. If and when it is done, we will virtually have one system of adjudication for National Insurance, Industrial Injuries and family allowances.
  The Franks Committee made other recommendations concerning my right t on. Friend's Department and his responsibilities. I claim boldly that the Committee said nothing which could be held as uncomplimentary about this Department. As far as he has been able, my right hon. Friend has already implemented recommendations by regulation: that is to say, those concerned with National Insurance and National Assistance. There was a debate in the House on those Regulations during the summer.
  It is almost common knowledge that my right hon. Friend intended, as it were, to write the second chapter and implement the Franks recommendations concerning family allowances and Industrial Injuries when time for legislation was available. Now, however, my hon. Friend the Member for Basingstoke has beaten him in the race for Parliamentary time. The House may, perhaps, consider itself lucky that my hon. Friend has got in first, because I can hardly believe that a Government Bill would have been quite as short and as easy to understand.
  The second part of the Bill concerns Industrial Injuries and, again, largely
  742
  follows the Franks recommendations. Clauses 2 and 3 both appear to aim to improve a claimant's opportunities to appeal. One essential difference, however, has already been remarked upon. Clause 3 removes the existing condition of leave in an appeal from the local appeal tribunal to the Commissioner, while Clause 2 gives an appeal on a point of law from the medical appeal tribunal to the same Commissioner but with leave. There is some reason for this, even though it cannot be claimed as unadulterated Franks.
  Here, I would like to say a word about the medical appeal tribunals, which have been criticised during this debate. Nothing designed by man is perfect, certainly in a matter of this kind. I cannot, however, accept the remark of, I think, the hon. Member for Ince (Mr. T. Brown), who said that something was radically wrong. In fact, less than 10 per cent. of cases decided by medical boards ever go to appeal. If, however, the hon. Member will let me have particulars of the first case he mentioned, with the rather extraordinary paragraph that he read out, I will certainly look into it.
  Even the most eminent medical men sometimes find it difficult to agree about what the hon. Member referred to as very complex cases. It is doubtful whether we would narrow down the sphere of difference very greatly if we had yet another appeal, because the medical appeal tribunal is in itself a body hearing appeals from medical boards.
  Another hon. Member asked how the medical appeal tribunals were appointed. The chairmen, who are eminent lawyers, will be appointed by the Lord Chancellor from a date early in the New Year under the Tribunals and Enquiries Act. The medical members are consultants of high standing. The need for specialists was remarked upon by the hon. Member for Ince and this need is met. Consultants of high standing are appointed, not simply by pricking a list with a pin, but after consultation with universities and, here in London, the Royal Colleges of Physicians and of Surgeons. It is difficult, therefore, to see how we could find a more eminent body to hear appeals on medical grounds from the existing medical appeal tribunals.

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  On the question of law, however, the situation is somewhat different. The legal implications concern only a narrow field, but, nevertheless, a highly complex one. If we are to have uniformity in a system of this kind, it is necessary that the various stages of appeal should have what my hon. Friend the Member for Basingstoke referred to as an apex; and probably the Commissioner is the best person to fill that rôle. The sort of questions which I envisage coming to him from a medical appeal tribunal are, for example, legal rulings on what is new evidence in justifying a review. This, too, is a difficulty which hon. Members opposite have mentioned. I hope, however, that it will be appreciated that it is far from an advantage to appellants to clog this machine by encouraging hopeless appeals, which often it is against the interests of disabled persons to pursue. That must be borne in mind on the other side.
  In Clause 3, the situation is different in more ways than one. The removal of the restrictive condition is a direct recommendation of the Franks Committee. This is, of course, an appeal on fact and law from a decision of the local appeal tribunal, which itself may be an appeal from an insurance officer's decision. It is much more something in the administrative sphere; there is fact and law and the general merit of the question. It is something quite different from the appeals that we have been considering which might go from decisions of a medical appeal tribunal.
  One other Franks recommendation to which I want to refer is No. 45, which is not included in the Bill. That is the recommendation concerned with public hearings. It has won less general approval since the publication of the Report. The principle was implemented in the earlier Regulations concerning National Insurance and met criticism in this House during the debate on those Regulations, when my right hon. Friend said that he would keep their working under review. That can also be said to
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  meet the point made by the hon. Member for East Ham, North (Mr. Prentice) dealing with the public hearing of appeals concerning family allowances.
  The House should, however, note that Industrial Injuries appeals are normally open to the public, even though very few of the public ever choose to attend. The 1946 Act gave very wide discretion to the chairmen of those tribunals, and the Franks recommendation would, in fact, narrow that discretion as to when bearings should be in private. Therefore, I think that it can be fairly said that in the Industrial Injuries sphere, the change that might be brought about by attempting to implement that recommendation exactly would be a very small one either way.
  In conclusion, I should like to say that the Government accept the principles of this Bill, and consider it to be one of value. On the other hand, we cannot have something for nothing here any more than elsewhere. I cannot be precise as to the costs that would result if the Bill were accepted by the House. My hon. Friend did mention this point. I think that it is unlikely that the administrative costs would be less than£100,000 per annum, and might easily be a little more.
  I hope that nobody will oppose the Bill on the ground that it will be inflationary, because I think that this additional cost is something well worth while in comparison with the benefits derived by the great many people that, we hope, will result. Therefore, if the House decides to give the Bill its Second Reading I have the authority of my right hon. Friend to say that the Government will introduce the necessary Money Resolution.
  Question put and agreed to.
  Bill accordingly read a Second time.
  Bill committed to a Standing Committee pursuant to Standing Order No. 38 (Committal of Bills).

WILLS, &c. (PUBLICATION) BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
1.2 p.m.
Mr. Marcus Kimball: I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
This is not a new Bill, but it has been substantially altered from the Measure that my hon. Friend the Member for Surbiton (Mr. Fisher) introduced some years ago. It is, in fact, the third time that it has come before the House, and I hope that we shall have an opportunity for a fairly long and full debate on it this afternoon.
The Bill has a very long connection with the Gainsborough Division of Lincolnshire. It was the intention of my distinguished predecessor in that Division to introduce such a Measure many years ago, when this House passed the Judicial Proceedings (Regulation of Reports) Act in 1926. However, as he spent some twenty-six out of his thirty-three years of service to this House in some office, he was denied the rights of a private Member.
This Bill was first introduced by my hon. Friend the Member for Windsor (Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe), and I am very much indebted to him for his work on it, and for his original draft, which I have cribbed to help me with my own draft. I am also very greatly indebted to my hon. Friend the Member for Surbiton and his supporters who have helped and encouraged me so much and have allowed me to benefit from their previous experience. I am also extremely grateful to hon. Members opposite, who have advised and supported me and have signed this Bill so that it shall not founder, as did its predecessors, from want of support from that side of the Chamber.
Unlike its predecessors, this Measure puts the onus on the testator for saying that his will must not be published. It does not affect that rather admirable and somewhat Victorian character—somewhat common in the North—whose wish it is to be seen to "cut up for a tidy sum". Such people genuinely wish to have their wills published, and I cannot agree with the second leading article in The Times this morning, which says that it will
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become standard form in drafting a will for the testator to say that he does not want publicity. I believe that people will add that only when they feel that it is necessary; or that non-publication will advantage the beneficiaries, as is so often the case. I do feel, however, that the right of a person to say that he does not want his will published is one that the House should give to everyone who sets about the important and very personal business of making his will.
There are provisos in this Measure covering the publication of gifts to charities; interesting judicial procedures; and of wills of historic interest. There is also a special proviso allowing executors to publish a will if they think that the publicity will help them to trace a beneficiary. And it does nothing whatever to stop the right of a solicitor, creditor or interested party going to Somerset House, paying 1s., and examining a will.
In this third draft, we have attempted to meet all the objections made to previous Measures while, at the same time, trying to give to the individual the same right of privacy in regard to his own private affairs when he is dead as he enjoyed during his lifetime. When a man is alive—and unless he commits a crime—his bank account is not published. The Income Tax, even the Surtax, authorities do not need this publicity in order to collect their dues. Why, therefore, should it be argued that the Estate Duty Office requires publicity in order to ensure that it gets its just dues?
It is by the publication in the local paper of the smallest wills that the greatest harm and pain is often caused. I have a letter from a solicitor in the Midlands—he was, in fact, a constituent of my father's—who deals with very many small estates. He says that in seven out of ten cases the first request he gets from the testator is that no details whatever of the will should be published in the newspaper. I have been amazed by my postbag since I was fortunate enough to draw a place in the Ballot and announced that I intended to introduce this Bill. I have had letters from Penzance to the North of Scotland, and I have had the most tremendous support in my own constituency.

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It is worth bearing in mind—because so much of the opposition to this Bill seems to come from newspapers that circulate in the heavily-populated areas—that life and society in the country districts and villages is so much more personal and intimate that even the publishing of the smallest legacy may have unhappy and, perhaps, disastrous consequences. I have been accused, particularly by The Times this morning, of wishing to protect the "poor little rich girl." I can only say that the poor little rich girl, whatever advantages she may have, surely has the right to the same protection and consideration during her tenderer years as has the poor little criminal.
There is one very famous case concerning my own county which is a very good example to quote. Hon. Members may remember that when a distinguished Lincolnshire peer died his heir was conceived but not born, and there was naturally a great deal of speculation about the future of the estate, The publication of that will and fortune has led to a very difficult existence for the daughter of the marriage, whose main news value to the gossip writers of the newspapers today has been her father's modest fortune.
In considering the Bill, I certainly think that the House ought to remember the vast increase in newspaper gossip writing during the last three years. I must, however, point out, in fairness, that certain newspaper groups have always made a point of not publishing wills or, if they have published them, have done so in the greatest possible detail available when probate of the will has been declared. Even so, that is really only the presentation of half the truth; and even if some groups do their very best to respect the wishes of people in regard to their wills, that does not apply to the actions of their competitors.
I will, if the House will allow me, read from a letter that I have received from the managing clerk of a firm of West Country solicitors. He has been in that job for forty-four years, and he says that he has long experience
"…of considerable pain being inflicted on parties concerned by the publication of such details."
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He continues—and this is important:
"The reasons for dispositions made by Testator are his own affair entirely, and in numerous cases when they appear to inflict hardship in certain directions or preference in others this has been done after the most careful thought and with adequate cause. Press reports, too, are so frequently misleading and it is not unusual for damaging gossip to arise from such."
It is this publication of a half-truth, the insinuations about a wife who has been left out but who has already been adequately provided for—it is this, and this harmful tendency, that I hope by this Bill to counteract. I had pointed out to me by the son of a former Liberal Member for the Gainsborough division, a large newspaper proprietor in the eastern counties, that in his view and that of his group of newspapers, the publication of with affecting very large estates was a matter of public interest because very often, particularly in country areas, the whole way of life depends on the future of an estate and naturally at the time of death there is terrific speculation about whether it is all to be sold and broken up.
I am not trained in the law, but I have checked very carefully with one of the leading firms of solicitors who handle big estates what exactly is the procedure when a very rich person dies. The important point to bear in mind is that the value that appears in the newspaper, the value that is shown at the time when probate of the will is granted, is only a nominal value. It does not take into account the value of any land or the colossal value that there may be attached to timber on the estate, or the value of historic chattels, of foreign real property or of gifts made within the five-year period. Therefore, it is necessarily only a temporary figure. Surely the publication of a temporary figure at a time when so much interest is involved—a totally inaccurate figure which may represent only one-third of the estate—can be nothing but misleading and cause doubts in the minds of people who are interested.
That is why I feel that the second leading article in The Times is wrong for a third time this morning. It goes on to say:
"After probate a will is a public document which anyone may see. This is in the public interest and so is the right of the Press to publish what is, in effect, already public."

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The point against that is that what is already published at the time of a person's death, particularly in the case of a large estate, is inaccurate and reflects nothing like the truth.
Major W. Hicks Beach: Surely any papers dealing with the grant of probate are sworn to by persons making the application.
Mr. Kimball: I am grateful to my hon. and gallant Friend, who is an extremely famous lawyer. I hope I did not create the impression that any member of his profession in declaring probate does other than declare the true value of the liquid assets in the United Kingdom. The trouble is that in view of these other sources of income to which I have referred it is not always possible to make a proper assessment. The Estate Duty Office does not charge interest on these things in the first year, and that points to the fact that it does not get the details very quickly.
Mr. Niall MacDermot: The hon. Gentleman is opposing the publication of what he admits to be a matter of public interest—namely, the disposition of estates. How can the fact that information relating to a foreign estate or gifts made within five years may not be available have any bearing on that point?
Mr. Kimball: Timber is a very large part of an estate, and its value is surely one of the most important things in an estate.
Perhaps I may be permitted to continue my argument. I should like to draw attention to a case that was mentioned yesterday in the Daily Telegraph of a very large Cumberland land owner who, fourteen years after inheriting an estate from his uncle, was able to make a statement about what the future of that estate would be. He was able to say what Estate Duty had been agreed and what was going to be done with the estate, but it had taken fourteen years to get the matter cleared up.
There are other examples of the length of time required to clear up an estate, but I have not had time to get in touch with the executors and ask permission to mention those cases in this House. I think, therefore, that the House should take the example which appeared in the
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Daily Telegraph yesterday and realise that there are many other similar cases, and that it can take as long as fourteen years to obtain the details of any large estate and publish them.
No great democratic freedom is involved. The publication of small estates particularly in local newspapers is harmful, unpleasant and embarrassing. It only satisfies a local sense of curiosity. The publication of all large estates must, because of the reasons which I have given, necessarily be inaccurate. What this simple Bill does, therefore, is important. I hope that the House will allow it to have a Second Reading and so allow every Englishman the right to leave his money to whomever he likes without feeling that that inheritance will be an embarrassment or a millstone round somebody's neck. In short, this Bill gives all Englishmen the same rights over their private affairs when they are dead as they enjoy while they are alive.
1.16 p.m.
Mr. R. J. Mellish: I beg to second the Motion.
Even the bitterest opponents of this Bill could not complain of the courteous way in which the hon. Member for Gains-borough (Mr. Kimball) has introduced it. He has had some advantage in that there has been an attempt on two previous occasions to obtain the Second Reading of such a Bill and he was therefore aware of some of the criticisms which one might expect to be raised.
I wish to deal first of all with the large issue involved. It is said that the passing of this Bill will be an infringement of the democratic rights of our free Press. What the hon. Gentleman is trying to do is to deprive the British Press of the right to give a certain sort of publicity. I want to make it clear that I believe that our democracy is the greatest in the world, and we all know that this has not been achieved very easily. Indeed, it is something for which there have been civil wars. I would be the last in this House to wish to do anything that would weaken that democracy. When one is abroad and makes comparisons between the way of life in this country and in other countries one knows that our way of life is much better. I do not believe that this Bill will be a great barrier against British democracy, as has been suggested.

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I should like to quote a small article which sums up the attitude of the British Press to this Bill. I quote from the Star, which said:
"The Private Bill to restrict publication of wills, which comes before Parliament on Friday, is clearly an attack on British Press freedom."
I personally have a great affection for the Star, having read it for thirty years. It is the only leading Radical paper in London in the evening. If I believed what the Star apparently believes about this Bill I should not be supporting the hon. Gentleman today.
I think we ought to define what we mean by the freedom of the Press, and put it on record. Freedom of the Press means that we should have, as we do have in the country, a whole range of newspapers reflecting every point of view in this country, from the Daily Express on the one hand, whose viewpoint by and large is that of Lord Beaverbrook—and some of those views are quite out of date and futile in this modern world—to the other extreme of the Daily Worker, which is the voice of Communist Russia. It admits it; it says so.
One could query a number of factors associated with this great British Press of ours. We could ask a number of pertinent questions, which would be in order during the Second Reading debate on this Bill. We might well ask, if this Bill is said to be an attack on the British Press, where the Daily Worker gets its money from. It tries to convey the impression that the money comes from voluntary subscriptions, but when we take into account the cost of issuing a publication of that size, of course we have every reason to doubt that. I do not believe for a moment that the Daily Worker gets its money from Britain. It is an absolute fraud to say so, and one day we shall be able to prove that it is.
The Daily Express is dominated and run by Lord Beaverbrook. Quite faithfully and properly it interprets the viewpoint of his lordship, whatever it may happen to be at the particular moment. Between those two, the Daily Express, on the one hand, and the Daily Worker, on the other, there is a range of newspapers covering every political point of view in this country in every possible way. Many of them are quite openly prejudiced and
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biased. My own newspaper, the Daily Herald, is, of course, the Labour Party paper, and it quite properly slants its news in order to suit the Labour Party point of view. The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail have never hidden the fact that they regard the party opposite as the best political party which has ever existed. They colour their news in every way they possibly can.
All these things we expect in a democratic free Press. We do not have to buy any particular newspaper. I do not take the Daily Telegraph or the Daily Mail. I do not like either of them, and I do not like their political views. But this is all part of the democracy about which we speak. To say that this Bill is intended to put another nail in the coffin of our free democratic Press is stuff and nonsense. What is it that we wish to do? As the hon. Member for Gainsborough (Mr. Kimball) quite properly said, we are trying to keep private those matters which are private. I shall give examples of how the Press, because of its freedom, has brought unhappiness and misery to many people. After all, there are already some restrictions on the Press which we have learnt to apply. For example, we do not allow the Press to give the names or addresses of juveniles who come before the courts. We say that that shall not be allowed. That is an infringement of the freedom of the Press.
Why should the Press not print the story of little Johnnie Smith who stole some money from a gas meter and give the name, the address and all the sordid details? How the newspapers would love to do it if only they had half a chance! Would they not make a good story out of it? We say, however, that they shall not do it. No one today says that this restriction is a gross affront to our democratic free Press. We say that there shall be this restriction because, in a democracy, it is right that things of that kind shall be kept private.
As the hon. Member for Gainsborough very properly said, when a person is alive his private affairs are his own. I hope that I shall not worry you, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, by referring to you, While you are alive, what money you have in the bank is none of my business or my concern. Whether you have invested your money or whether you have it in the bank, if you have any money—I do not

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know whether you have—and what stocks and shares you may have is none of my business. Moreover, when the time comes, as it comes to us all, when you go to a much better and happier world, as I hope you will, it will again be none of my business to whom you leave your money or how you decide it shall be shared. All this is none of my business, and neither is it the business of the British public.
The British public, by and large, are good people. They do not really want to know these things. But, of course, some sections of the Press—I do not want to indict them all—always gleefully accept the challenge which is issued on the publication of a will and really "go to town", making people's lives really unhappy and miserable.
I will quote one instance. Reference has been made to large wills, and I will deal with that, but what about small wills? I will give a story which is closely relevant to this argument, a story of a lady whom I knew very well. I will not go into the details of the names or the area in which the people lived, because they have had enough pain and suffering already. This lady died and left£800. It was money she had worked for all her life. She left a husband and five children, but in her will she bequeathed the£800 to her eldest daughter. She did not include her husband, and she did not leave any money to the rest of her children.
The will was published in that form, and the local Press took it up. The story was then bruited about among the neighbours and everybody that there had been unhappiness between the husband and the wife, that the other children had been disowned; they obviously had not been loyal to her, and there was really only one person deserving of the money, namely, the eldest daughter.
I have some personal knowledge of this case, and the truth about it was that the will was made after discussion in the whole family. The eldest daughter was to receive the money, and she was to look after her aged father. It was as simple as that. I can tell the House now that that story was not believed, and even today it is not believed locally. That is the harm which was done by the publication of that will. What right has the British public or the local Press to have
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published those things in that way? No explanation was given. That is the kind of way in which most sordid conclusions are drawn from the publication of details of money which is left.
I will bring my example right up to date. I do not want to cause any more harm or do any more hurt, but I will mention now the kind of reporting which has followed the death of Robert Donat, that very fine and great actor. He left about£24,000, and it appears that he has not included his present wife in his will. I ask hon. Members to look at today's Daily Express—that brilliant and kindly newspaper. Let us read what it says:
"Robert Donat's widow, actress Renee Asherson, sat alone in her dressing room last night after hearing that her husband had left her nothing in his£24,752 will. Callers were told that Miss Asherson was so upset that she could not even see close friends. But I was told: 'She is not upset about the will. She has been a sick woman since the death of Mr. Donut.'"
What a despicable story! None of us knows the reasons or the background of the matter. None can say whether there have been private arrangements made. For my part, I do not want to know. I do not think it is my business to know. If there is pain and suffering, as there undoubtedly is, it should not be exploited; but exploited it is again and again.
It is said that the Bill is aimed at curtailing the freedom of the individual, keeping these details out of the public knowledge, that it is an affront to the great free, British democracy, and that it is only the first step towards much greater restrictions. My answer to all that is just, "Bosh! I do not believe it."
Let us look at another aspect of the matter. I have had discussions with reporters about this. I claim to be as friendly with the Press as any Member of Parliament. I always believe in good public relations, and it is a foolish Member who does not. I know a number of reporters reasonably well. I will not mention any names or newspapers, because it would not be right to do so, but I can generally say that my experience in talking to reporters, whether they be experienced men or just cub reporters, is that this is the one job they hate. When a will is published and certain family details are thereby disclosed, the news desk says, "Go and get the dirt on that story". The reporter's job is then to pry into the

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private lives of people to find out why the money was left in this way. If they do not come back with a story, they are in trouble with the news editor concerned. Reporters, like the rest of us, have a job to do, and in many cases theirs is an unpleasant and dirty job. I pay them tribute. By and large, they do the job as well as they are able.
We are all aware of the fact that, particularly in politics, if we do anything wrong, the Press is down upon us. That is fair enough. If we get ourselves involved in criminal proceedings, it is right and natural that publicity should follow; it is, in fact, part of the punishment. How often does a magistrate say, when sentencing someone to imprisonment, "You have already been punished because of the publicity". That is fair enough. We must expect it. But that is no argument against this Bill. By the Bill, we are, in fact, trying to maintain a little privacy in these other matters.
I ask the House to consider for a moment the occasion when details of wills are published. It is a time when, already, a family is bereaved and distressed. It may be that a will is harsh, that for some reason certain action is taken which leaves people miserable and dejected. This is surely not the time for further publicity which will hurt people over again.
One of the arguments advanced against the Bill is that large wills are of very great interest to the public. I have never been a nosey sort of person. Why is it suggested that everybody is so nosey about these matters? I am well aware that when one of the Wills family dies a lot of money will probably be left. I have no doubt that when one of the Guinness family dies a lot of money may very likely be left. Whether it is a million or two million does not really matter to me. As a matter of fact, I do not think it matters much to my constituents. They still go on drinking Guinness and they still go on smoking. But some hon. Member might suggest that publication makes us all say, "You see what happens. We will do something about it. We will stop smoking and we will stop drinking Guinness". So what? My knowledge of the Exchequer is that after it has stepped in there is very little money left anyway, and to say that the
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publication of big wills is of great public interest and is so necessary, therefore the Bill should not be passed, is not a valid reason.
I am mainly interested in and concerned with small people. So much harm is done by the publication of wills because so many scandals arise from it. One could give a whole list, but I want to finish on the note with which I started. I hope I am as good a democrat as any hon. Member present. I think that we all agree that the Press has its faults. Some of the papers make me sick. Let us take, for example, the Sunday Express. For the freedom of the Press we have to read Cross-bencher, whose life has been devoted entirely to finding out what dirt he can about M.P.s at the behest of his lord and master, Lord Beaverbrook. I think it is the most nauseating column there is. I hope he does not inquire into my private life or I will be in trouble one Sunday.
All these things we must take as British democracy. It is about time that we fought back. All I hope is that one day the Sunday Express will publish something about me so that I can sue for libel. No cheque will ever be received more graciously and gratefully. I read that column, in which some of my colleagues on both sides of the House have been pilloried, with absolute disgust. But this is democracy. These are some of the abuses that come from democracy.
What the papers ought to learn from this debate is that there is a limit to how much people can take from a so-called free Press. The newspapers ought to have sincerity and decency, and this leads me to the point that I ought to have made earlier. It is said that we are dealing in the Bill only with the Press and why should we not deal with the B.B.C. and I.T.V.? It will be said that they can put over the wireless or television details of wills and so on. But they do not in fact do it. I give notice here and now that if ever it reached the stage of their publishing details about little wills and hurting people on a national basis—although I do not think they ever will—I hope that somebody will introduce a Private Member's Bill to stop them, too. But there is no use in passing a Private Member's Bill for something that is not going on.

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I think it is right to say that there is only a certain type of Press that in fact enjoys what I call the luxury of other people's misery and degradation. However, I do not propose to go into the full details of that matter.
I hope that the Bill will get a Second Reading. I do not know what the Government will say. I only hope and pray that they will say something intelligent. I realise their difficulties. It will be like walking a tightrope. As I have said, I hope the Bill gets a Second Reading and passes through all its stages. I am convinced that at the end of the day it will give a privacy to our people at a time when it is most needed. I sincerely wish the hon. Member luck on Second Reading and on the Bill's future stages, and congratulate him once again on a first-class Bill.
1.34 p.m.
Major W. Hicks Beach: I begin by congratulating my hon. Friend the Member for Gainsborough (Mr. Kimball) on promoting the Bill and on the extremely fair way in which he and the hon. Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) put forward the case in its favour. But let me say at the outset that I am opposed to the Bill.
Before passing to my main reasons for opposition, I want to clear up one or two misunderstandings about the technical side of the mater of probate which may have arisen in some hon. Members' minds as a result of what my hon. Friend said. He intimated that details about land would normally not become public through the probate courts. That is not quite correct, because an application for a grant dealing with land is normally made at a stage later than the main application for probate, and so it does become available to the public, possibly a few months later. I do not think that that is a valid argument for the Bill. In addition, my hon. Friend mentioned timber. Normally, timber is included in the settled land grant and details of the value become available to the general public in due course.
The hon. Member for Bermondsey spoke about the reporting of cases concerning infants in the juvenile courts. I entirely agree with what he said. It is perfectly proper that there should be no reports of proceedings which would in any way embarrass infants, and I would
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certainly never support a proposal to change the current practice. The Bill, I think, raises a different issue, because, in spite of what the hon. Member for Bermondsey said, I do not think that there has been any real abuse by the Press in the publication of wills. As a practising solicitor, I have dealt with matters of probate for a great number of years, and I do not remember a single instance where there has been what I call real abuse. If there had been, I would give careful consideration to the Bill.
Mr. Mellish: I expect that, like nearly everybody else, the hon. and gallant Member reads the News of the World, which has a circulation of 8 million, and much of that newspaper is devoted to wills.
Major Hicks Beach: I take the News of the World every week, but I still say that I do not think there has been any real abuse. That is my view as a practitioner of a great number of years' standing.
The hon. Member also mentioned the B.B.C. Of course, when I read the Bill that was one of the first points that occurred to me. I do not suggest that the B.B.C. or I.T.V. would do anything improper, but if the Bill were passed, one of the items on the 6 o'clock news may well deal with the publication of details of certain estates. It would he much better if these details came through the Press in the normal way.
I realise that I must not get outside the terms of the Bill, but, in passing, I would say that one of the most useful objects which the publication of wills serves is that it draws the attention of the public to the inequities of Estate Duty. As one looks at the papers every day and sees the particulars of wills published, one's attention, and I hope also the general public's attention, is drawn to the vast sums taken away by the Inland Revenue from perfectly good estates—money which has been earned and which would be very much better used elsewhere and not taken as revenue for the Government. I will leave the question of Estate Duty there, and merely comment what a terrible harm Estate Duty is doing to our economy today. As I say, the Bill does not apply to the B.B.C., but if the Bill goes to Committee this is a point which can be dealt with then.

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Speaking as a legal practitioner, I say that the probate of a will is a document of record, and, in my view, documents and records should be available to the public as it is proposed that wills will be under the Bill. Not only should they be available to the public, but I see no reason why their particulars should not be published in the Press. It is true that there is legislation at the moment on the Statute Book which prevents certain information about divorce cases, the example, being published, but it does not prevent publication of the judgments. That is an important difference. Obviously, we must keep out of the Press unpleasant details.
Mr. Mellish: Why?
Major Hicks Beach: That happens to be the law at the moment. Certain parts of divorce cases are not allowed to be published, and I believe that that is right, in general. Legislation to provide that documents of record should not be published in the newspapers is a very dangerous precedent, because it amounts to muzzling the Press. To enable me to support the Bill, I should want very strong evidence to satisfy me that there had been sufficient abuse by the Press of its privilege to publish particulars of estates.
There is another interesting point. Again, I speak as a legal practitioner. There have been a number of cases where the publication of the details of a will has led to the discovery of a second and later will which is, in fact, the one eventually accepted by the court. I know of one case where application for probate was made by a very reputable firm of solicitors—not my own—which rightly thought it had the last will and testament of the testator. It obtained probate, and details of the will appeared in the Press. In due course a firm in Scotland indicated that it had another will, and the original grant was revoked. That arose from the publication of the details of the first will. The beneficiaries under the second will were quite different from those under the first, and hardship could have arisen if the details of the first will had not been published, so bringing to light the second will. That is an important point to remember from a practical point of view.
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If the House is to give the Bill a Second Reading and there are to be prosecutions under it, I cannot see the point of Clause 1 (3) which says that no prosecution for an offence under the Bill will be commenced without the consent of the Attorney-General. That provsion is often inserted in Bills, and it is intended to be a protection to the public, but I have always been very doubtful about it and think that if an offence has been committed it is the duty of the authorities concerned to commence prosetion. I am against such a provision appearing in a Bill.
I heartily congratulate the mover and seconder of the Motion upon the able way in which they have submitted the Bill. I regret to say that I regard it as quite unnecessary legislation and, as a practising solicitor, do not see any necessity for it to go on the Statute Book.
1.42 p.m.
Mr. Niall MacDermot: I am sure that no one who opposes the Bill, as I do, would complain at all at the way in which the Motion was moved and seconded. The modesty and charm with which it was moved and the way the arguments put forward were supported by the aggressive wit of my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) must have attracted the whole House.
I find myself in something of a quandary, because I have among my other heavy responsibilities the responsibility of representing my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey, for he is one of my constituents. One often finds oneself in the difficulty of being unable to support one's constituents' views, but it is unfortunate when one has to disagree with them publicly in the House.
Mr. Mellish: I assure my hon. Friend that he will still get my vote, whatever he says.
Mr. MacDermot: I am grateful for that reassurance.
I feel confident that my hon. Friend is misguided in the views which he has formed about the Bill. We should start from what surely is the right starting point in considering any Bill which attempts to limit in any way the freedom of the Press, which the Bill undoubtedly does. It attempts to introduce what

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would be a novel and, I think, unique form of censorship of the Press.
It is always easy to make out a case against the Press in relation to some particular abuse, because we all know that at times the freedom of the Press is abused and one could point to the hardship which results from that. But in any argument of that kind it is very easy to lose sight of the far greater dangers that arise once one starts to eat into that freedom and to accept the idea that it is proper to make legislative restrictions about the freedom of the Press. This seems to be a particularly unfortunate instance in which to try to reduce that freedom because the subject matter of the Bill is something which is already public at the time when it is published by the Press. Once probate has been granted, a person's will becomes a public document. Any citizen has the right to find out its contents. He has the right to obtain a copy of it. At the cost of Is. he can inspect it at Somerset House. It is an astonishing proposal to me that the Press should be prohibited from publishing something which is already a public document.
Mr. Kimball: Would the hon. Gentleman develop that argument a little further? Surely, when one pays one's 1s. at Somerset House one examines the full will with all its provisos. What we are worried about is the "Other People's Money" column, just the publication of the fact that Mrs. So-and-so receives, say,£800. Will the hon. Gentleman deal with the point about the full details as against what the Press publishes, which is just a gossipy snippet?
Mr. MacDermot: Surely it is the other way round. If all that is published is the amount of the estate, then one does not know the amount which Mrs. So-and-so receives. It is only if the individual bequests and the full details are published that any question of what a particular person has or has not received becomes published. My local paper in Lewisham makes a practice of publishing only the amount of the estate of deceased persons and not the amount of individual bequests. I do not see that the extent to which the contents of a will are published affects the principle at all.
As far as I know, there is no precedent for any limitation of this kind. There are, of course, certain precedents for
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limitations on what the Press can publish in relation to judicial proceedings, and those are well-established exceptions to meet obvious injuries to the public interest which can result if those things are published. Mention has already been made of the provisions concerning salacious details of certain divorce proceedings. The reason for limitation being placed on them is a simple matter of public decency. It is not in order to protect the privacy of the persons concerned.
There is also the case of the interests of a child brought before a juvenile court. It is obvious that the injury which could result to the child in its future as a result of some minor peccadillo in its youth is such that it is obviously in the public interest not to publish the details. I cannot believe that any case has been made out comparable to those in relation to the present proposal.
One wonders why the hon. Member for Gainsborough (Mr. Kimball) has selected this Bill to introduce out of the wide range of possible Private Members' Bills available. He has told us that there is a great deal of public interest and agitation about the matter. Until the Bill was published, I was unaware of this as a public issue. It is not a matter on which I have received any representations as a Member of Parliament either before or after the publication of the Bill.
The hon. Member says that he has had letters from John o'Groats to Lands End, but he has not told us how many there were. He said he had received representations in large numbers from his constituency. Again, he has not told us how many there were. If this were a matter provoking widespread interest, one would have expected to find correspondence in the Press, some kind of public agitation and campaign about it. However, as Members of Parliament we have not received representations about it to any widespread extent, and I have received none whatever.
Mr. Nigel Fisher: There has always been much controversy about this Measure in the Press, not only on this occasion, but on the occasions when my hon. Friend the Member for Windsor (Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe) and I submitted Bills in similar spirit in 1955 and 1956. If it helps the hon. Member, I can tell him that I received more than sixty letters on the

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subject two years ago, when I introduced a similar Bill.
Mr. MacDermot: I read the report of the debate on the Bill which the hon. Member introduced two years ago, when he gave the figure of the number of letters which he had received—as he said, sixty. I do not know how many he has received since then. Perhaps he will tell us.
Mr. Mellish: I hope that my hon. Friend will not take this argument too far. On the hydrogen bomb issue, I have received only ten letters, while on the subject of cats and dogs I have received an enormous number. The number of letters is not relevant one way or the other.
Mr. MacDermot: If my hon. Friend has received only ten letters on the hydrogen bomb, he is in a unique position and very fortunate.
I do not know whether the hon. Member went to the Lord Chancellor's Department, as some hon. Members do when they are fortunate in the Ballot, to see if there was support there for the Bill. Certainly in its earlier history this Measure did not receive Government support. I understand from earlier debates that in 1920 support was refused for a Bill on these lines by two successive Attorneys-General. I shall be interested to hear what the Solicitor-General says today. Hon. Members can rest assured that we shall have an interesting speech from him. I am sure that the Bill is misguided, and I shall be interested to hear the Government's views on it.
It would also be interesting to know what complaints, if any, have been received by the Press about the publication of wills, in particular since the matter last received so much publicity when a former Bill was introduced in 1956. There is now a Press Council. Has anyone referred the matter to the Press Council and made a complaint about it?
The hon. Member for Harrow, Central (Mr. Bishop) said in 1956:
"When the matter arose some years ago Sir Linton Andrews brought it before the Guild of Newspaper Editors, a very responsible and respectable organisation representing the editors of the leading provincial newspapers throughout the country. The record of its proceedings shows that in May, 1950, it passed a resolution on the subject saying:
'The Guild Council, in view of the recent public discussion on the publication of wills,
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believes that it would be against the public interest to give up the long-established right of the Press to publish wills and probate news, but it is willing to receive and carefully consider any representations from the Law Society or similar organisations for the more considerate reporting of these items of news.'
I am not aware whether any such representations have been made, but I was informed by the Secretary of the Guild this week that it had met again to consider the terms of the Bill and had reiterated its opposition to it in principle."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd March. 1956; Vol. 549, c. 1675.]
Mr. F. P. Bishop: I understand that that is still the position.
Mr. MacDermot: I am much obliged. It would be interesting to know whether that invitation has yet been accepted, that is to say, whether any representations on the subject have been made to the Guild of Newspaper Editors, or the Press Council, or any other Press body.
I took the trouble to inquire of the editors of my local papers whether they had received representations on this matter, since the advocates of the Bill suggest that it is a protection not for persons interested in large estates, but for those interested in small estates, and it is mostly, if not entirely, in local newspapers that such information will be published. I was assured that the criticisms or complaints had been so few as to be insignificant and that if there were any complaint, it was at the speed with which a matter was published. Sometimes, the figures for the amount of the estate are published before some of the interested persons know of it.
A reason far that is that there are certain Press agencies which specialise in this matter. Presumably, they examine all wills at Somerset House and then distribute to local newspapers particulars of wills of persons connected with the areas of the newspapers concerned. In that way, the newspapers get the information very quickly. If that causes any hard feelings or embarrassment or concern, I am sure that it is the kind of matter on which representations, which would be seriously entertained, could be made to the Press.
There is possibly a case for further delay in the publication of these items, perhaps another three months after the granting of probate, or a certain period after the time of death. That is entirely

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different from completely prohibiting publication.
If we are to introduce Measures to restrict the freedom of the Press, it would be better to approach first those matters which have been given full consideration and which have been thoroughly debated. For example, there are the recent recommendations of the Tucker Committee on the publication in newspapers of the committal proceedings of indictable crimes.
The House will remember that, after hearing very full evidence from both sides, that Committee came to the conclusion that a case had been made out for imposing a limited restriction on the Press, in that the Press should be allowed to publish details of committal proceedings only when a matter had finally been settled by the accused person not being committed for trial, or after the trial itself had taken place.
There was a Committee presided over by a very distinguished Lord of Appeal which received evidence from all the bodies concerned before giving a considered opinion in a unanimous Report. We have had nothing of the sort in this case, and it would be most unwise to give a Second Reading to a Bill of this kind until the matter had been fully explored.
The arguments in favour of the Bill are a little specious. We have been told that the Bill's object is to protect the widows and children of persons leaving small estates. I wonder whether that is the true object. Is not the true object of the Bill to try to conceal from the public view what happens to a few large estates—which still exist in our property-awning democracy? That is unchallengeably a matter of public importance and public interest.
Our society is still one in which there are very great accumulations of wealth in. private hands. It is a fact that 50 per cent. of private property in this country is concentrated in the hands of 3 per cent. of the population. That is a very large proportion for a very small percentage. It is a matter of the greatest public importance and interest to know what happens to these concentrations of wealth, because they carry with them very great power, as all wealth does. Is it to be said that these massive fortunes may be disposed of secretly, without any publication being given to them at the time?
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My hon. Friend thinks that what happens to the Guinness or any other fortune is none of his business, but I consider that it is my business, as a Member of Parliament and as an ordinary citizen. I want to know what happens to the great concentrations of wealth.
I also support, but for different reasons, the argument of the hon. and gallant Member for Cheltenham (Major Hicks Beach) that the public ought to know what is happening in respect of death duties. He thinks that it is iniquitous that so much money should be levied in death duties. I take a different view, but I agree that it is important that the public should know what is happening in the way of the evasion of death duties, because it is well known that many rich people now dispose of their wealth towards the end of their lives hoping that they will survive for five years after the disposition of their wealth by gifts inter vivos, in order to avoid death duties. When a very wealthy man, with a large fortune and large estates, dies, and one reads the publication of his will and finds the amount of his estate to be rather small, one knows that he has been successful in taking measures to avoid death duties. That is a matter of very great public interest.
Only yesterday I was told of a solicitor in the Midlands whose father was reputed to have considerable wealth, but, to everyone's surprise, when the father died and the estate was published it was found to be worth only£1,500. The son received much commiseration from his friends because he had been left such a very small inheritance, but the son said "I do not consider it small at all. My only complaint is that it was£1,490 too much." It was clear in that case that matters had been arranged so as avoid the payment of death duties, and the only way in which that situation can come to public knowledge is by making public the particulars of these estates.
Mr. F. M. Bennett: Irrespective of what the hon. Member is saying, I am sure that she will agree that, leaving aside the payment of death duties, if one takes the best legal advice it is possible to make arrangements for the contents of one's will to be kept secret. There are many such devices, which the hon. Members knows well, and which have nothing to do with the payment of

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duty. His whole argument that this Measure is designed for the benefit of a very few rich men falls down, because if a very rich man wants to make use of legal advice he can take adequate steps under the present law to have inserted in his will several clauses which will make sure that the details are not published.
Mr. MacDermot: I was not aware of that. I am very interested to hear it. Perhaps we shall hear more about it in the course of the debate.
The point of principle put forward in support of the Bill is that the publication of these details is an unwarranted interference with the privacy of the individual in a matter which is essentially personal and private. Let us have that argument put upon a fair and square basis. In certain sections of the Press there is a good deal of unwarranted interference in personal privacy. That is something which my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey referred to exceedingly forcefully and effectively. We all know about that.
But that sort of thing happens in many cases other than in the publication of wills, and it happens much more harmfully. We know of the very sad cases which can occur of people who are afflicted with some personal tragedy being descended upon by a flock of newshawks, who proceed to badger them quite mercilessly until they get the information they want for their news stories. This action is caused by pressure from on high, and it must be as distasteful to the newsmen as it is to the subjects of their attention.
Such a case was brought vividly to my attention shortly after my election to this House, as a result of a murder in my constituency. The persons concerned were badgered by certain of the national newspapers, although the local newspaper treated them with consideration. We all know of this evil, and that its existence was one of the reasons why the Press Council was set up. Some may feel that the Council has not done enough to keep this evil in check, but to say that it is something which should be dealt with by legislation, by curbing the freedom of the Press, is an entirely different matter. It would be of the greatest danger, and quite wrong, to use this as an argument for putting legislative control on the freedom of the Press.
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My hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey mentioned the case of the publication of the will of a film star, and said that the circumstances in which this occurred had caused some distress. I do not think that he selected a particularly happy example, because such people as film stars, who live and make their reputations by courting publicity throughout their lives, and by inviting the whole of their life's activities to be the subject of newspaper gossip, can hardly complain if publicity follows them to the grave.
Mr. Mellish: My hon. Friend must get this clear. We do not want to go into individual cases, but I do not think we have the right to know what was in the mind of a person who has left money. It may be that there is an adequate answer to the insinuations made in the Press, but the people concerned feel that they cannot give this answer because it is so private. I regard the newspaper's action in such cases as dastardly.
Mr. MacDermot: My hon. Friend does not do full justice to the newspaper concerned in the case that he cited. The article of which he complained went on to give the very explanation for which my hon. Friend was asking.
The second answer to this question of privacy is that the publication of wills is not entirely a private matter. The question of the transfer of property at death can be a matter of great importance, chiefly in connection with these very large estates, but not only in that connection. Let us take the example of a bequest made to a political party, or made for some political activity or for propaganda purposes. It may be of great interest and importance to know the source of the wealth lying behind that activity. My hon. Friend said that it would be interesting to know the true source of the finances of the Daily Worker, and I entirely agree with him, and if any other newspaper manages to find the answer to that, it would be entitled to publish it. But if it so happened that that information came about by way of a will my hon. Friend says that the newspaper ought not to be allowed to publish it.
Mr. Mellish: It is unlikely that the whole Communist Party of Russia will die and publish wills.
Mr. MacDermot: That may be unlikely, but it may not be so unlikely that a wealthy and distinguished Fascist may leave his money for the dissemination of his insidious and horrible ideas in some newspaper, in the pretence that they are something quite different from a. Fascist argument. That has happened in this country in the last few years. If an instance of that kind happens, it might be of very great public importance to know that the money which lies behind such and such a weekly newspaper was derived from a bequest by such and such a wealthy, distinguished and prominent Fascist who died only a few years ago. If the Bill were passed, that would not be allowed to be published, and it would be a criminal offence to do so.
Let us realise that there is another side to this coin. To my mind, real dangers are involved in refusing to allow these particulars to be published. The greatest danger of all, it seems to me—and this argument was not raised at all in the previous debate on the question—is the one of improper pressure being brought to bear upon testators. We know from recent cases which have obtained a lot of publicity in the Press that it happens that wealthy elderly people may have improper pressure brought to bear upon them, perhaps by their legal adviser or by their medical adviser, to make dispositions sometimes in favour of the legal or medical adviser.
This is an evil which has been known for centuries, and, of course, one of the reasons why wills are made public documents is in order to prevent that evil spreading. One may say that there is no danger in it, because the relatives who have been dispossessed as a result of the improper pressure will themselves challenge the validity of the will and in that way bring the matter out into the open. But not all elderly people who die have relatives.
It is not wholly exceptional to find the case of an elderly spinster with considerable sums of money who dies and who has no near relatives at all. Obviously it is in such cases that there is the real risk that some evil-minded adviser will bring pressure upon people to leave a very large part or the whole of their money to the adviser. The one safeguard in such cases at the moment is publication.
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If the local Press is liable to publish the fact that Mrs. So-and-so died leaving£50,000, a lot of it to her solicitor, that is something that will cause a lot of inquiry. But if the solicitor is able to slip into the will a clause saying that his client does not want the will published, then it becomes an offence for anyone to publish it at all. That means that unless someone, by accident, happens to look up the will in Somerset House the matter will never be made public at all. It appears to me that a very real evil and mischief would be created by the passing of the Bill.
Another danger that I think can result is that there would be a much greater temptation to testators to disinherit their near relatives so as to avoid the responsibilities which, I think, we all feel that they have towards their near relatives in order to favour instead perhaps a mistress or a paramour acquired in recent years. We know that this sort of thing goes on and that the Inheritance (Family Provision) Act was introduced to protect the family in such cases.
Surely, the fact that the particulars of such a will may receive, and are likely to receive, widespread publicity in the Press must act as a deterrent to people who are inclined to make that kind of will. Again, I feel that there would be a real danger involved in that direction.
A third way, I think, lies in the field of gossip. The supporters of the Bill used as an argument for it that great evils result from the gossip which follows from the publication of a will. But what about the gossip which would follow from its non-publication? Some very mistaken ideas exist concerning the wealth of neighbours. I have had experience, and I think that most people at the Bar have had experience, of cases of brutal assaults being made on elderly people by thieves who listened to local gossip that so and so living in a caravan at the end of the lane was a miser who had£1,000 hidden away.
People sometimes have completely mistaken ideas in this regard, and if we do not allow publication of the circumstances of a person's estate when he or she dies that gossip can continue and spread, and, equally harmful, misleading and unpleasant rumours can pass round resulting from ignorance. Surely it is better, if we have to choose, to come down on the side of publication of the true facts. If those

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true facts lead people to draw mistaken conclusions, that can be remedied by a latter to the Press.
I do not propose to analyse in detail the actual terms of the Bill itself. I think that it is open to many criticisms in various directions, but I would rather confine myself to the broad and general principles upon which the Bill should be rejected. I will only quote in conclusion from the leading article in The Times today which summarises very succinctly my views on the matter. It says:
"So open a threat to the established working of our democratic society is too serious, in its implications, to be carelessly exposed to the hazards of a private member's bill."
I do not feel that in a few hours' discussion today among a handful of Members the really important principles and issues underlying the Bill can be adequately or properly considered. I therefore invite the House to reject the Bill. If the matter really is of public concern and public importance, it is one which should be investigated by a Committee, perhaps on the lines of the Tucker Committee, in order that the arguments for and against it may be fully, properly and dispassionately considered on the basis of the full knowledge and examination of all the considerations.
2.18 p.m.
The Solicitor-General (Sir Harry Hylton-Foster): I think it might be for the convenience of hon. Members if I intervened now to indicate the position of Her Majesty's Government about the Bill. But I could not begin to do that without adding to the cumulative list of congratulations to my hon. Friend the Member for Gainsborough (Mr. Kimball) for the graceful speech with which he proposed the Second Reading and to the hon. Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) the vigour and wit of whose speech gave our discussion today a good start off.
It seems to me, I must confess, a little difficult to paint the portrait of a will as a private document. It has been a public document at least since 1598, and this Bill will leave it such. As far as publication of details in newspapers is concerned, I have to do whatever is the reverse process of disclosing an interest. Personally, I rather envy those people who can find time to read little bits in
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the newspapers about their neighbours' bequests and other good fortunes. It is very difficult to find time to do that in detail in the ordinary tribulation of public life.
The hon. Member for Bermondsey hoped that the Government were going to say something intelligent. As he seemed to be looking in my direction, I hope that that was part of his aggressive wit or else that he meant not "intelligent" but "intelligible". I would hope, in respectful return to him, to be intelligible at least on one point. I venture to think that if we are trying to decide whether or not it is right to give the Bill a Second Reading, a wrong reason to take into our calculation, whatever fun it may be, is any desire to hit back at the Press.
The view we present to the House is that there is a nice balance of public advantage to be assessed on this problem, and it is not one where the Government feel that they should, or indeed will, venture to sway the views of the House either way. They would prefer simply to be guided by the opinions expressed by hon. Members. We do not think that there is any obstacle to the enactment of the substance of this Bill should the House think it worthy of a Second Reading. But I must warn the House that, should hon. Members take that view, clearly there are some provisions which may have to be looked at with some care at a later stage; notably the proposed penalties involved and the provision requiring the consent of the Attorney-General to a prosecution.
Having said that, I now proclaim myself at the service of the House should there be any question about which anyone wishes my help. Apart from that, I consider it to be the duty of speakers from this Box on Fridays not to stand in the way of Private Members' discussions.
2.21 p.m.
Mr. A. J. Irvine: I ask the indulgence of the House in speaking for the first time from this unaccustomed position at the Opposition Dispatch Box. I wish to intervene shortly to say that a very interesting point is raised by the Bill, and to join in the congratulations which have been extended to the hon. Member for Gainsborough (Mr. Kimball) and to my hon. Friend the

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Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) on their speeches. I also wish to thank the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Solicitor-General for indicating the attitude of the Government on the matter.
The Bill deals with an interesting point about which, as was said by the learned Solicitor-General, differing views can reasonably be held. The division of opinion which exists here is unlikely to be along party lines. As it happens my hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, North (Mr. MacDermot) has expressed my views on the matter in language so clear that it enables me to cut short my own remarks.
No doubt it is true that embarrassment may be caused by the publication of the contents of wills and that the information which such publication offers to the public may give rise to a good deal of gossip and tittle-tattle of an undesirable kind. My hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey, in an eloquent and persuasive speech, gave examples of that kind of thing. There is also the point that information published in this way may be deceptive in cases where a deceased person has distributed a substantial portion of his wealth before death, or in cases where sufficient provision has been made for persons who are not mentioned in the will at all; and where the impression may be created that a member of the family has been disinherited when in fact he has been well and sufficiently provided for.
On the other hand, and after bearing all those considerations in mind, in my opinion this Bill is a censorship Measure and has, therefore, to be watched very carefully. It is, let us face it, an encroachment on the freedom of the Press. One feels it may be the thin end of the wedge. I submit that it is not a very long step from a Measure of this kind to a Measure which prohibits the publication of, say, transactions in the property market, the prices at which houses or private property are bought and sold. Publication of that kind of information—and one can think of other instances—also can give rise to gossip, tittle-tattle and embarrassment. Indeed, were we to eliminate from the newspapers all material likely to give rise either directly or by implication to misunderstanding, gossip and tittle-tattle, there would not be much left in the news-sheet or periodical.
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In keeping this type of information out of the newspapers, we may also be depriving the serious student of social problems and affairs of interesting and important information. For reasons which have nothing to do with gossip or tittle-tattle, this information is of interest. It is useful to know in what quarters and in what industries and activities fortunes are being accumulated, and how the disposal of wealth by industrialists compares over the years with the disposal of wealth by landed interests or professional men. It seems to me that the answers to such questions are of legitimate and not unimportant interest.
What is proposed in the provisions of this Bill is, quite clearly, discriminatory censorship, discriminating against the Press. It would be possible without penalty to broadcast information about wills in sound broadcasts or television programmes. It would also be possible without penalty to publish such information in a book. This seems hard to justify, and I do not think the point is entirely met by what was said by my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey. that at present this kind of information is not broadcast in radio or television programmes. Though that may be so, for a Bill to become a Statute and to contain such provisions as are contained in this Measure would constitute an anomaly in the law and a discriminatory treatment of two methods of distributing news which it would be hard to defend; and might quite well result in information not at present broadcast or televised being disseminated in that way.
One has to balance the arguments. Each hon. Member must form his own view and conclusions upon the matter. My own conclusion is that the weight of argument is heavily on the side of those who oppose the passage of this Bill. The restrictions upon the reporting of judicial proceedings, with special reference to the proceedings for the dissolution of marriage or nullity, seem to me to be defensible on grounds far more substantial than those relied on for introducing the present Bill. The harm which may be done by the publication of such material as that would seem to be far more widespread and corrupting in its effect. The limits imposed on the reporting of proceedings in juvenile courts have obvious advantages in that they avoid the placing of unfair burdens upon young people

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in trouble. No equivalent or comparable benefits can be said to be provided by the present Bill.
2.30 p.m.
Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe: I would first congratulate the hon. and learned Member for Liverpool, Edge Hill (Mr. A. J. Irvine) on what is, I think, his first appearance at the Dispatch Box. We all hope we shall be able to hear him again at the Dispatch Box on many occasions, provided he remains on the Opposition side of the House.
I have in one sense a vague paternal interest in the Bill, because I tried to introduce it four or five years ago. It was taken over later by my hon. Friend the Member for Surbiton (Mr. Fisher). I support the Bill, which is an almost exact replica of my own, and I congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for Gainsborough (Mr. Kimball) and the hon. Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) upon speeches which I think the whole House enjoyed.
I listened carefully to the arguments adduced by hon. Gentlemen on both sides against the Bill, and I frankly say I thought they were pretty thin. The hon. Member for Lewisham, North (Mr. MacDermot) said it was a short step from preventing the publication of wills to preventing the publication of sums at which property changes hands, but there is no publication in the Press of these sums and the prices are not known except at a public auction. If I sell something to the hon. Gentleman or he sells something to me the price at which the commodity passes is not disclosed to the Press.
Mr. MacDermot: There is no ban on publication of the figures in the Press, which is at liberty to find out what the selling price was.
Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe: I do not think there is any method of finding out except-by asking one or other party to the sale to disclose the price. In fact, that is almost exactly what the Bill provides in respect of wills. There is no objection to a will being published if the testator so specifies. [Interruption.] I do not want to become involved in legal arguments on this matter, since I am not a lawyer. I do not want to argue with my hon. and
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gallant Friend the Member for Cheltenham (Major Hicks Beach) about the extent to which a probate valuation is or is not on a hit-and-miss basis. I do not know. I felt that the hon. Member for Bermondsey proclaimed the simple truth when he said that how a man disposes of his wordly goods was his own personal and private matter. If he likes to favour a distant relative or a younger child instead of the eldest, that has nothing to do with anybody. The motives which prompt him to do this or that may be morally good or bad, but it is nobody else's business. Neither Press nor public is the keeper of any man's conscience.
It is undeniable that frequently embarrassment and great distress are caused by the publication of a will for the reason that the facts are sometimes twisted and distorted, whether deliberately or not. The most powerful argument in favour of the Bill was that which was produced, albeit unconsciously, by the hon. Member for Lewisham, North, about the Midlands solicitor who was known to be a man of very considerable substance. He told the House that when this man died his will was proved at£1,500. The beneficiary was stated to have said that the figure was£1,499 too much. That is a supreme example of what happens when the Press give completely distorted figures of what a man is worth, and we are grateful to the hon. Gentleman for putting that argument. He did so a great deal better than I could have done and it carried much more force.
Mr. MacDermot: I gave the accurate figure of what the solicitor was worth at the time of his death.
Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe: Nobody knows how much the gentleman in question was really worth. If the hon. Member would like a discharge, so to speak, of the second barrel he can have it. The illustration he gave shows that a man of substance has far greater facilities for disguising what his real wealth is than has the man of humble means. Any idea that the Bill is solely intended to hide from view the amount of money that a very rich man leaves is absolute nonsense.
In this context I want to quote a letter which I received when I was trying to introduce my Bill. It came from two

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journalists who wrote jointly the following to me:
"Widows and children of deceased are telephoned or visited by anything up to a dozen or more newspapers if the 'story' is considered good enough. Photographs are sought and, if necessary, snatched. When reporters fail with relatives, servants, neighbours or almost anyone are interrogated. If there is the slightest suspicion in a will that, for example, a man has left a considerable sum to somebody who is not his wife or relative, most newspapers leave no stone unturned to discover all possible details, particularly if they smell something 'unsavoury'. If very young children are beneficiaries, their school teachers are badgered and even the children themselves are questioned whenever possible, and all this, we would like to emphasise, is a daily occurrence. If the correct amount of a legacy cannot be worked out from the will, the highest possible sum is invariably published. We give this brief picture as two working journalists who, in the course of our jobs, are obliged to make inquiries on wills.…"
Mr. MacDermot: What is the date of hat letter?
Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe: That was sent to me four years ago when I was trying to introduce my Bill. From correspondence later I do not think that the picture has changed in any way. I cannot understand the argument that it is in the public interest to know how much a man is worth when he dies but not to know how much he is worth when he is alive. Take the case of Robert Donat's widow, the actress. She no doubt knew the contents of her husband's will through the solicitors. I just wonder whether it was in the public interest, and one of the essential features of democracy, to publish that she was found crying in her dressing room and for the audience to know all about it. I should have thought we could have found a better definition of democracy and freedom of the Press without going so far.
I am sorry that the hon. Member for Bermondsey is not here now, because I enjoyed his speech so much. He said that he might one day be libelled by the Daily Express and might be awarded a substantial sum. If he disposed of that sum however he liked while still alive no one would be any the wiser, but if he disposed of it in a will when he died everyone would know exactly what he had done with the money. That seems a very strange principle.
Nor do I understand the theory put forward by my hon. and gallant Friend
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the Member for Cheltenham that because a will is a public document in the sense that it is registered at Somerset House therefore it ought to be published. Of course, a will must be a public document in the sense that it is registered and available for inspection. Otherwise, I quite agree that all sorts of people who might anticipate bequests under a will would be debarred from knowing whether they were included. The question is not whether a will is a public document but whether the Press should have the right to publish it.
I hope someone will correct me if I am wrong, perhaps one of the learned hon. Members on either side of the House, but to the best of my belief, a birth certificate is a public document. I believe it is registered at Somerset House. So far as I know anyone can go there and look at anyone's birth certificate, but I do not think the Press can publish details of birth certificates.
Mr. Peter Kirk: The Press could not only publish the details but can get a photostat copy.
Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe: If the Press were not very careful it could be proceeded against for libel.
Mr. Kirk: Not if it published a photostat copy.
Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe: I should have thought that if it were the birth certificate of someone whose parentage was in doubt it would be a very doubtful matter for the Press to publish the photostat copy. The Press would lay itself open to all sorts of penalties, I should have thought. If the argument applies to a will, it must similarly apply to a birth certificate.
The hon. Member for Lewisham, North said that the public must know how rich men obtain their money over a period of years and how they dispose of it; that is a matter of great public interest. Would he apply that to football pools?
Mr. MacDermot: Most certainly there is no ban at the moment on the Press publishing the results of football pools. Sometimes the Press has difficulty in finding the information, but if it can be found it can be published.
Sir C. Mott-Radclyffe: I was a little afraid the hon. Member would fall into that trap. Very large sums of money are won on football pools. I have no objection to that at all. In fact, the winner need not have his name published by Littlewoods unless he specifically says that he does not mind that being done. Suppose a man receives a letter one day by which he learns that he has won£70,000 in a football pool and he does not wish his name to be published in a newspaper. It is not considered in the public interest that anyone should know who he may be. Suppose that on going out to celebrate his luck or skill—or a combination of both—in winning that very large sum he is run over by a bus. Then, within a matter of hours, apparently, it is in the public interest that the fact the man was worth£70,000 should be published in the papers. That seems the supreme futility of the argument, that when a man dies what he is worth is of public interest and can be published in the papers, but while he is alive his private affairs are a personal matter.
I hold the view that occasionally a man's private and personal affairs should remain so. I hold the view that one of those occasions is when he makes his will. I have the greatest pleasure in supporting this Bill and I much hope that when we come to the Division we shall achieve a Second Reading for it.
2.45 p.m.
Mr. F. P. Bishop: I should like to join in congratulating my hon. Friend the Member for Gains-borough (Mr. Kimball), not only on the moderation and modesty of speech in introducing the Bill, but also on his success on much more practical points, the first of which is in getting a debate on the subject at all.
This Bill is in danger of becoming one of the Friday regulars. This is the third time the Bill has come before the House, and the subject has been before the House on occasions years ago. As one hon. Member reminded the House, it was discussed in Question and Answer as long ago as the 1920's. When my hon. Friend the Member for Windsor (Sir C. MottRadclyffe) introduced his Bill three or four years ago there was no debate. Two years ago when my hon. Friend the Member for Surbiton (Mr. Fisher) introduced
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the same Bill it got a very truncated debate, the great disaster of which was that on that occasion my speech was cut off by a count being called.
Mr. Marcus Lipton: Why is the hon. Member looking at me?
Mr. Bishop: I am not making any accusations; I do not even remember who was responsible. Neither am I prepared to say whether it was a good or a bad thing that it happened. Now my hon. Friend the Member for Gains-borough has succeeded in getting a debate on this subject, which I agree is an important one and one upon which the House ought, if it can, to come to a decision.
I congratulate my hon. Friend also on having drawn from the Government spokesman what I can only describe as an absolutely model speech for a Friday on a Private Member's Bill. It was certainly intelligent, if I may say so respectfully, it was certainly intelligible, it was brief in the very best and highest degree, and it was also completely indefinite. Whether anyone can ask more from the Government spokesman on a private Member's day I do not know. At least we back benchers are left to express our own minds on this important matter without the sort of pressures that so often we feel in this House.
In the Bill before the House today there is one important change from the Bill as it appeared in the House before. In this Bill, publication of particulars of a will is to be prohibited only if the testator himself inserts an express direction to that effect in the will, whereas in the previous Bills which have come before us it was the other way round; publication was prohibited unless either the testator himself or perhaps the executors gave permission. On the face of it, that appears to be an important change, but I submit that probably it is more a change in form than in real substance.
What would undoubtedly happen is that those people who are generally responsible for the drawing up of wills would come automatically to insert the provision forbidding publication. In that event, the only people who would derive no benefit at all from the alteration in the terms of the Bill are the very people whom, I believe, my hon. Friend

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and his supporters mainly wish to help and to protect: that is, the people leaving very small estates, who are the people whose wills, generally speaking, are liable to be "home-made", made without the advice of a professional adviser.
One of the great objections to the Bill as I see it is the possibility of that professional adviser being able to take advantage of a provision which secures him against publication of the terms of a will which he may draft. There have been many cases of what are called undue influence by solicitors, or it may be by doctors who have found themselves in the position of advising people who were, perhaps, incapable of exercising a clear mental grasp of what they were being asked to do in the drafting of their wills. There was a case in the House of Lords only the other day in which that kind of suggestion was made. It had led not only to legal proceedings, but to some physical proceedings also, over a number of years.
Is it not dangerous to encourage a situation in which, by writing into a will a simple sentence forbidding publication of the details of that will by the Press, people who may have evil motives, a design to feather their own nests at the expense of someone else, should be put in the position of being able to rely upon what they are doing being done in darkness instead of in the light that publicity affords?
Apart from this one alteration in the Bill, I have looked again at the report of the debate which took place something over two years ago. As I have said, my own speech was cut short and I have no means of knowing how it would have ended or how long it might have continued. What I have read of that part which found its way on to the record in HANSARD, however, seemed to me to have been very sound indeed, and there is little new that I can say on the subject of today's Bill.
All I can do—it has already been done effectively by hon. Members on both sides—is to try to summarise once again, if the House will bear with me for a few moments, what I consider to be the basic objections to this well-intentioned Bill. It has been said, and I venture to say again, that it is a censorship Bill. Although that may not condemn it out of hand, it requires that it should be
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examined with very great care. It is not a major attack upon the freedom of the Press—it would be an exaggeration to put the matter in any such way as that; but it is, I think, what The Times, in the article to which reference has already been made, called another small process in the nibbling away at the freedom of the Press, the freedom of the Press being, as one can never be too often reminded, the right not only of editors and newspapermen, or not even of editors and newspapermen, but the right of the public, which needs to be maintained in the interests of the public.
Secondly, it has been said—and again it is true—that this is a discriminatory censorship. It is a censorship which is to apply only to newspapers and to those periodical publications which appear at intervals of less than 36 days. In other words, one must not publish these particulars of a will in a daily paper or in a weekly paper or even in a monthly magazine, but one may publish them in a quarterly journal. They may be published in Northern Ireland. If we like to subscribe to, as I think I said last time, the Belfast Telegraph, or perhaps I should say, the Northern Whig, in order to give an alternative, we should then be subscribing to a paper which is not subject to this restriction. Furthermore, of course, the restriction does not apply at all either to the B.B.C. or the I.T.A. or, indeed, to any other form of publicity or publication that one can think of.
Clause 1 (2) states:
Provided that no person shall be liable to be convicted under this Act except a proprietor, editor, master printer or publisher of the newspaper.
Here, surely, is a new sort of crime that the House is being asked to create, a crime which depends not upon the act done, but upon the question of who does it. If it is done by one man it is permissible and not punishable. If it is done by somebody else, under the terms of the Bill he can be punished by a heavy fine or, for a second offence, by a term of imprisonment. That is something that the House should consider with great care before consenting to agree to the imposition of such a discriminatory Measure as this.
Not only is this a censorship Measure, not only is it discriminative; it is a Measure designed to prohibit that limited

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section of the Press to which I have referred from publishing facts that are not in themselves in any way secret or private but are essentially public facts; and facts that the law requires should be made public and available for inspection to anybody who cares to take the trouble to look at them, whether or not he appears to have any interest in the matter.
Those of us who are opposed in principle to this Bill must take issue with its promoters on whether or not a will really is a private document; whether or not the disposition of a man's estate by his will is something entirely private concerning only himself. It is, surely, true that a will is not a private but a public document. From the days of the old ecclesiastical courts right down to our present times, the law has taken the greatest possible care to ensure that the details of a will and the facts about a man's disposition of his property shall be made public so that anyone can see what he has done.
One understands the feelings of people who find themselves exposed to public comment on things that touch them very closely and about which they may feel very sensitive. Instances have been given of certain organs of the Press using the most outrageous methods to give publicity to these facts to the greatest distress of private people. Nobody wants to defend that sort of thing at all. That there may be abuses I do not deny, but the possible distress to individuals by the action of those newspapers that do not exercise a responsible attitude must be weighed against the disadvantage to the public that would result from refusal to permit publication of these documents.
There are, and probably always will be, many individuals who have an interest in the will of someone but who may not know of that interest until the facts are published. There is then the possibility that the fact that the publication of the information can be prohibited might give encouragement to those who have an interest in concealing the facts from those who ought to know. Concealment can lead only to abuse and suspicion. I suggest that in this respect as in so many others publicity is the real safeguard of the public.
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I urge the House to accept that here it is a necessary principle that the public interest must override the feelings of pain and distress that may sometimes be caused to individuals, although the House should do all it can to discourage those newspapers, magazines and other publications that use their present freedom in a way that is unnecessarily distressing to private people.
Apart altogether from the possible interests of private people who may have a direct concern with a will, many bequests are in themselves matters of very great interest to the public and about which the public should know. It would be very easy to give examples of the sort of anomaly—even absurdity—that could arise if this Bill were passed in its present form.
As one hon. Member has already said, one can imagine some wealthy person leaving the whole of his fortune to one of the political parties. Such a thing could happen—he might not necessarily be ruled as being of unsound mind on that account. If such a thing occurred, surely it would be a matter of public interest and something about which the public should know. It would unquestionably be referred to on the 9 o'clock news. The B.B.C. would certainly report the facts, as, I suppose, would the I.T.A.
It might very well be that the matter would be of such interest that the B.B.C. and the I.T.A. would think it worth being the subject of discussion in one of their Brain Trusts or similar programmes. If the B.B.C. did arrange such a discussion they would be perfectly free to do so, and nothing whatever in this Bill would make it impossible for them to refer to the facts. But if the B.B.C. subsequently wished to print a report of this discussion in The Listener, that by this Bill would be completely prohibited. That is the kind of absurdity that could arise.
In the debate two years ago I started giving the House a number of instances of this sort of absurdity that could arise, from paragraphs that I had picked out of the papers over a week or two before the debate. As I say, I was cut short before I had completed my list and I have not, I confess, brought it up to date for the purpose of this debate. Anyway, I would not wish to go over all that old ground again.

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I want to draw attention particularly to the fact that this Bill is objected to, so far as I know, not by those organs of the Press which are regarded normally as being the less responsible, the more inclined to seek circulation by giving facts about other people's private lives; so far as I am aware, the only organs of the Press which have objected to this Bill and have put themselves on record as doing so are The Times, the Guild of Newspaper Editors to which reference was made earlier, and the most responsible organs of the Press generally.
I have not changed my mind on this matter, although I have listened with great respect and interest to all that has been said in support of the Bill. I hope, however, that the House will reject it not necessarily by the method that applied before but by a clear decision against adopting a Bill containing what I regard as being these objectionable principles.
3.8 p.m.
Mr. Marcus Lipton: I followed with great interest the speech made by the hon. Member for Gains-borough (Mr. Kimball) in moving the Second Reading of this Bill. I have come to the conclusion that the only thing that he and I have in common at the moment is that we have the same Christian name. Apart from that, I find nothing in what he said with which I can agree.
I also listened with great interest to the speech made by my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish), who, I am glad to see, is back with us again after an absence from the Chamber. I was beginning to be a little alarmed about him, for in supporting this Bill his heart was beating so much for a variety of unspecified persons that I felt that perhaps he had done himself an injury and had had to retire from the field of combat.
I must say that, although I have every respect for my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey, the arguments which he adduced today were so confused and contradictory that if only he had stayed in the Chamber a little longer and had heard the subsequent speeches he would by now be convinced that there is no case whatsoever to be made out for the Bill.
Mr. Mellish: Will my hon. Friend just allow me to put this on the record? I
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heard my hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, North (Mr. MacDermot), who made a brilliant speech, and he was opposed to the Bill. I think I can say that I have clearly understood the arguments of those who are opposed to the Bill.
Mr. Lipton: I am glad that my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey has said that. If it comes to the vote, he will no doubt go into the Lobby against the Bill. He is a man of open mind, who is willing to listen to arguments. I am glad he made that statement soon enough during the course of my speech to make it quite impossible for me to claim that any of my arguments had had any influence on him whatever.
The Bill is definitely not in the public interest. It strikes me as a very novel and odd doctrine that it should be said that we may have information published in one way which may not be published in another way. In effect, what happens is this, as hon. Members have pointed out. When a will is admitted to probate, it becomes a public document, and it is, in that respect and to that extent, published. The Member for Gainsborough is asking us to agree to this proposition. He agrees, he says, that a will is a public document; it ought to be published at Somerset House and it ought to be available to anybody who wants to go along and spend 1s. in order to examine its contents. But, says the hon. Gentleman, it must not be published in any other way. Heaven forbid, he says, that it should be published in a document which can be purchased for 2½d. outside an underground station in the evening or for 2½d., or a little more, perhaps, if one wishes to have a daily newspaper in the morning. I can see no logic or sense in that kind of proposition.
I was particularly impressed by the argument of the hon. and gallant Member for Cheltenham (Major Hicks Beach). The hon. and gallant Gentleman is, I think, the only one of the few practising solicitors in the House to take part in the debate today. It may be that, while I was out of the Chamber on other business, other practising solicitors addressed the House, but I rather think not. The point I wish to make is that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, if this problem involved so much hardship and created so much distress as the

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hon. Member for Gainsborough contended, surely, by now, the Law Society would have expressed an opinion on the subject or would have made representations to the authorities.
I think I am right in saying that, despite the alleged magnitude of the problem and the alleged distress to large numbers of innocent people, the Law Society, which can speak for all solicitors practising in this country, who are, of course, in close touch with such matters, has never thought fit to make any representations to anybody on the subject. This leads me to suppose that the problem is of nothing like the distressing magnitude portrayed by the hon. Member for Gainsborough and by my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey, before he changed his mind.
Mr. Mellish: I have not changed my mind. My hon. Friend should not twist words.
Mr. Lipton: The impression I got from the intervention of my hon. Friend made in the course of my remarks was that he had been so impressed by the arguments in subsequent speeches that he felt that he had to give way to those arguments, and, to that extent, modify the attitude he had adopted in supporting the Second Reading.
Mr. Mellish: May we have this on record? I simply said that I had, in fact, heard the argument of my hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, North (Mr. MacDermot), who made a very brilliant case for his point of view in opposition to the Bill. I said that merely because my hon. Friend the Member for Brixton (Mr. Lipton) was trying to convey to the House that I had not listened to the debate, which is not true.
Mr. Lipton: My hon. Friend still leaves the position a little obscure. He has admired the speech made by his Parliamentary representative, the hon. Member for Lewisham, North (Mr. MacDermot). I think that the impression he was trying to convey in his first intervention was that he was greatly impressed by the logic and arguments of my hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, North. If he means what he says, then it is clear that to that extent his views on the subject have been modified since he seconded the Motion. That is all I am trying to say. I shall gladly give way to enable
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my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey to put something else on the record if I have misrepresented in any way what he said today.
Mr. Mellish: Let us talk about the Bill.
Mr. Lipton: The danger in being a party to any form of censorship is that it inevitably means concealment, as the hon. Member for Harrow, Central (Mr. Bishop) rightly pointed out. As he also said, concealment not only leads to abuse and suspicion, but it can also lead to gross injustice. Only the other day a case was fought very gallantly by an Army officer right up to the House of Lords, where he won.
If that kind of will were kept secret, then it is quite obvious to me and to most people that the next of kin could be subjected to very considerable and grave injustice. After all, we hear from time to time of undue influence being exercised. What is the best weapon that can be employed to ensure that undue influence is not exercised? Surely it is publication. Publication is quite the best defence for the public and for the next of kin, who may be involved, against danger and injustice arising from undue influence when a will is drawn.
What will happen if the Bill should ever find its way to the Statute Book? Cases do occur in the solicitors' profession in which the solicitor is asked to draw up a will on behalf of the client. They are not all of the high standards, repute and honesty of the hon. and gallant Member for Cheltenham. Cases have been known in which solicitors, when drafting a will on behalf of a client, have somewhow or other found themselves to be considerable beneficiaries under the terms of the will. What will happen in a case of that kind? Surely the solicitor will take advantage of the Bill and make absolutely certain that, whatever else may be published about the will, information about his share of the swag will not appear in the newspapers. I am sure that the hon. Member for Gainsborough will agree that it would be most undesirable to allow that sort of thing.
Mr. Montgomery Hyde: I have listened with interest to what the hon. Member has said, but surely he would agree that in those

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circumstances the will could still be contested in the courts.
Mr. Lipton: I quite agree that the will could be contested in the court, but the chances of that happening, if such a legal proceeding becomes necessary, are immeasurably assisted if the will is published. That makes it very much easier for anyone with an interest in the matter to take the necessary action.
That leads me to the next argument that I want to bring to the attention of the House. I think that it has been mentioned before. The publication of wills has helped to trace the real beneficiaries in quite a number of cases. It is most unjust that somebody who may be entitled under the terms of a will to claim a legacy, bequest or inheritance—it may be a distant relative—should, simply because that person may not have heard of the death of the testator—
Mr. Richard Body: Like the other point, that is covered in the Bill, in Clause 1 (4).
Mr. Lipton: I do not think it is. The subsection leaves it entirely to the executor or administrator of the estate to publish or authorise the publication of the particulars, and if the executor or administrator has some reason for not wanting to publish, he exercises the privilege which he is given by the subsection and nothing is disclosed to the outside world. The intervention in no way detracts from the force of the argument which I am asking the House to accept.
Under the present system, the publication of wills is a check on undue indolence, it helps to trace beneficiaries and it enables a man to give recognition, if he wishes to do so, to those who have helped him through his life. The Bill is bad and vicious in principle because it supports secrecy and privilege against what most people regard as an established freedom, namely, the right to know what a will contains as quickly and as conveniently as possible after the will is admitted to probate and becomes a public document. It has already been published and, as I have pointed out, it is illogical to argue that some dangerous result might follow if publication is allowed other than through the established channel of Somerset House.
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The Solicitor-General was particularly cautious in his remarks. A fair construction of what he said would be "Throw the Bill out. I shall have no compunction whatsoever if the House decides to throw it out." I do not think I am putting an unfair construction upon the Solicitor-General's words. I do not believe that he would have a sleepless night tonight and I do not believe that the Attorney-General would berate him if his intervention today had the result that the House decided to have nothing whatever to do with the Bill.
The Solicitor-General: So that there may be no illusion in any mind, even that of the hon. Member, I would point out that the position that I desired to present was one of complete cold neutrality.
Mr. Lipton: When I am anxious to get something through and someone comes to me and says "My attitude is that of cold neutrality", I immediately write him off as not being a supporter. That is all I am trying to suggest in this case. If a person that one meets when canvassing in a Parliamentary election says I am not interested in politics", one can mark him down as a Conservative Party supporter, especially if he goes on to say that he does not know anything about politics either. I am not in the slightest perturbed by the remark of the right hon. and learned Gentleman. The House is capable of putting a proper construction on the words he used.
It is remarkable that every now and again the House likes to attack the Press and to pick holes in the Press, whereas without the Press reporting of what we say and do here, as a recent experience showed, we would be very poor fish. As a matter of fact, when the other night part of our proceedings had to be conducted in private, the proceedings went through with incredible speed. No one knows exactly what was said during that virtually secret session, and I do not think that the general public was very interested in what was said during that part of our proceedings. If we extend that argument, it leads to saying that the less and less that people know, the more we shall be living in a happier world. and yet that is the argument of the hon. Member for Gainsborough.
Mr. R. T. Paget: As one who strongly agrees with my hon.

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Friend, and who is strongly opposed to the Bill, may I ask my hon. Friend now to allow us to have a vote, so that half an hour may be available for discussion of a very valuable Bill which is to follow?
Mr. Lipton: It is not for me to decide when and in what circumstances the House shall proceed to express an opinion on this or any other matter.
In conclusion, if that will help my hon. and learned Friend and other hon. Members who, unfortunately, have to listen to what I am saying, there is an impressive unanimity of opinion against the Bill.
Reference has already been made to the editorial in The Times today. I
Bill accordingly read a Second time.
Bill committed to a Standing Committee pursuant to Standing Order No. 38 (Committal of Bills).

INTESTATE HUSBAND'S ESTATE (SCOTLAND) BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
3.36 p.m.
Mr. John Rankin: I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
Today I invade what is to me novel territory, I profess no skill in the practice of the law, although I know that breach of its statutes brings the appropriate penalties. My purpose is influenced by a higher motive. I seek to breach the law with the most honourable
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sometimes wonder how the House would conduct its deliberations if on the morning of the debate The Times did not publish an editorial on the subject, thus enabling us to make much more effective speeches than would otherwise be the case. It is not only The Times. Tribute has been paid to The Times for its attitude in this respect, but only a few days ago, in a very powerful if brief editorial on the subject, the Star, urged hon. Members to throw out the Bill. With the opinion of the editor of The Times and the editor of the Star together, we need have no hesitation in throwing out the Bill.
Question put, That the Bill be now read a Second time:—
The House divided: Ayes 30, Noes 26.

Division No. 14.]

AYES

[3.28 p.m.

Atkins, H. E.

Hill, John (S. Norfolk)

Parker, J.

Baxter, Sir Beverley

Howard, Hon. Greville (St. Ives)

Russell, R. S.

Body, R. F.

Hughes Hallet, Vice-Admiral J.

Simon, J. E. S. (Middlesbrough, W.)

Bryan, P.

Hyde, Montgomery

Speir, R. M.

Cordeaux, Lt.-Col. J. K.

Hynd, J. B. (Attercliffe)

Sumner, W. D. M. (Orpington)

Crosthwaite-Eyre, Col. O.E.

Joseph, Sir Keith

Vane, W. M. F.

Doughty, C.J. A.

Lagden, G. W.

Wakefield, Edward (Derbyshire, W.)

Duncan, Sir James

Legh, Hon. Peter (Petersfield)

Webster, David

Fisher, Nigel

Marquand, Rt. Hon. H. A.

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Gurden, Harold

Mott-Radclyffe, Sir Charles

Mr. Kimball and Mr. Mellish.

Hay, John

Nugent, G. R. H.

NOES

Bishop, F. P.

Hunter, A. E.

Paget, R. T.

Bottomley, Rt. Hon. A. G.

Irvine, A. J. (Edge Hill)

Rankin, John

Brains, B. R.

Jenkins, Roy (Stechford)

Robens, Rt. Hon. A.

Deer, G.

Linstead, Sir H. N.

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Gibson, C. W.

Lipton, Marcus

Skeffington, A. M.

Gresham Cooke, R.

Mabon, Dr. J. Dickson

Sorensen, R. W.

Griffiths, Rt. Hon. James (Lianelly)

MacColl, J. E.

Warbey, W. N.

Grimond, J.

Mitchison, G. R.

TELLERS FOR THE NOES:

Hicks-Beach, Maj. W. W.

Mulley, F. W.

Mr. Kirk and Mr. MacDermot.

Holman, P.

intentions. I believe that the "hass" should be modernised, which, of course, is no easy task. Yet as my field of reform is limited, and I think desirable, I trust that my purpose will commend itself to both sides of the House.
Should my Bill reach the Statute Book it will implement an important recommendation of the Committee on the law of Succession in Scotland over which Lord Mackintosh presided. His Report was presented to the Secretary of State for Scotland as long ago as December, 1950.
Prior to 1911, the widow of a man who died intestate was entitled under the law of Scotland to legal rights in the estate of her husband. These legal rights comprised the widow's terce, which is a life rent of one-third of the value of the

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heritable property included in the estate. There is also the right to one-third of the movable property if there were children and one-half if there were no children.
This in the language of the law is called jus relictae. Similar legal rights were exigible for the benefit of the widower when it was the wife who died. The residue of the estate, including, of course, the ownership of the heritable property, descended according to rules that differed as between heritage and movables.
Broadly speaking, heritable property descended according to the rule of primogeniture and with preference for males over females, while the movable property was divided among the next of kin. The operation of these rules often seemed harsh to a widow, especially if there were no children. In that event, the balance of the estate which remained after payment of her legal rights went to her husband's relatives—sometimes to quite distant relatives whom she hardly knew, and sometimes, if there were no heirs, to the Crown as ultimus haeres.
The first step towards reform was taken in 1911 when Parliament enacted the Intestate Husband's Estate (Scotland) Act with the intention of improving the position of the widow of a childless man who had died without making a will. The Act provided that if there were no children, the widow should have a preferential claim to the first£500 of the intestate estate heritable and moveable, without prejudice to her legal rights of terce and jus relictœ in the residue, if any, after the£500 had been paid. After the legal right of the widow had been satisfied, the balance continued to go to the relatives of the husband.
In 1940 a further advance was made when the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act extended to widowers the provision made for widows by the 1911 Act, and also extended those provisions to cover partial intestacies. There the matter rested when the Committee, under the chairmanship of Lord Mackintosh, was appointed on 30th July, 1949, to review the law on intestate succession. The Committee's report was published in 1951. It recommended a radical revision of this branch of our law.
As a layman, I shall not attempt to comment in detail on all the proposals
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of the Committee. Fortunately, it is not necessary to do so, for this Bill deals only with one of those proposals, namely, the recommendation that the preferential claim of a surviving spouse, where there are no children, should be raised from£500 provided for in the 1911 Act to the sum of£5,000. This Bill, therefore, is a modest Measure. It introduces no new principle, but merely proposes to extend an arrangement which was first accepted 47 years ago and which has existed in its present form for 18 years. A wider reform of the law of intestate succession in Scotland must await a Government Measure. But the present Bill will at least make reasonable provision for the surviving spouse in many of the cases where the existing law operates most unfairly.
3.43 p.m.
The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. J. Nixon Browne): Today I find myself in the rather unusual position of conferring the blessing of the Government on one of the many activities in this House of the hon. Member for Glasgow, Govan (Mr. Rankin). He and I have had many duels across the Floor of this Chamber and in the Scottish Committees and I hope that we shall have many more, but it is pleasant for us both on this occasion to find ourselves on the same side of the fence.
I congratulate the hon. Member on his good fortune in the Ballot and also on the manner in which he has taken advantage of it to introduce this useful Measure. He has already explained why the Bill is necessary and what it does, so that there is no need for me to expand on his admirable commentary. I do not propose to become involved in the Scottish law relating to intestacy, nor do I wish to expand on the miserable plight of the widow whose husband has died without making a will. The Bill will at least ensure that if a husband or wife fails to make a will, the surviving spouse will not be so badly off as at present. That is no excuse for dying intestate.
Furthermore, the Bill should cause many people to look again at the wills they have made. It is a dreary exercise to face the inevitability of death, but once done, the will, like a life insurance policy, leaves us in a more peaceful

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frame of mind. But are our wills valid? The Bill will affect many people, and I take the opportunity of issuing a dire warning. We have seen what happens, as the hon. Member said, when someone dies without making a will; I wonder how many people make sure that their wills are valid?
There is a common delusion that the printed will-form one can buy in many shops is satisfactory. What I am saying applies to Scotland and I would not presume to comment on English legal practice. I am advised that if a form based on English law is used carelessly it may well prove invalid if brought before a Scottish court. The moral is obvious; when we make a will, as everyone should, we should make sure that what we are doing is right and if we are not sure, we should call in a solicitor. Perhaps I may be forgiven for distorting the old proverb "Where there's a will there's a way", by saying, "Where there's a will it is not always the right way."
The making of wills that subsequently prove defective has been a very serious matter for many people. I hope that what I am saying will be construed as a free advertisement for those who adorn the legal profession. They include many hon. and right hon. Members. What greater justification is there for legal learning and experience than that it should ensure that what a person desires to be done after his death with the fruits of his life's work will in fact be done?
Many mistakes in this field arise from those handy little volumes which encourage every man to be his own lawyer. It is curious that they have almost precisely the opposite effect from the books which tell us how to be our own doctor. After reading one of the latter books people tend to think they are suffering from every disease in the book except housemaid's knee, and the result is probably to send them off to see a real doctor as quickly as possible. The effect of the legal book is to make some people think that they can do without lawyers. The publishers are not to blame, because they all repeat the warning that it is vital to consult a solicitor. The warning, alas, is not always heeded, so people embark upon transactions which involve complicated legal issues without the benefit of
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professional legal advice. One of the transactions most often undertaken is the disposal of property after death.
There is a special danger in this for the Scots. The handy little volume to which I have referred is, however accurate, often based on English law which, on the subject of intestacy, is different from Scots law on the subject. In England, for example, the widow's rights are very different. I shall not make comparisons, because there are far too many pitfalls for a layman to venture upon them.
The answer—as the hon. Member for Govan, who so clearly understands the Bill would recognise—would depend on the individual case, how big the estate was, of what it consisted and what claimants besides the widow there might be. I want to make it clear to the Scotsman who thinks that, because he has only a few thousand pounds to leave, he can rely on a law book which tells him he need not make a will that he may be seriously wrong. If he wants his widow automatically to inherit his whole property he ought to seek proper advice.
I hope that what I have said today will help to correct any misapprehension which still exists in Scotland and will cause many startled husbands to go to see their lawyers on Monday morning.
Mr. Rankin: And wives.
Mr. Browne: And wives also. Monday morning is not too soon for anyone who has not made a will.
I conclude by thanking the hon. Member for Govan once again for promoting this Bill and thereby implementing one of the recommendations of the Mackintosh Committee. I am glad the hon. Member realises that the Mackintosh Committee covered a much wider field on which it would be quite inappropriate for a Private Member's Bill to embark. I realise the feeling many people have that action should be taken as soon as possible. This is not a party matter, and I hope that as soon as opportunity presents itself whichever party may be on this side of the House in the years not too far distant may try to do more.
The hon. Member has taken us the first step on the right road. He has rectified a difficulty in regard to Scottish wives which was not present in the case of English wives. He has rectified a difficulty as recommended by the Mackintosh

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Report. Now I can only wish the Bill God-speed. I am sure the whole House will join with me in the hope that the Bill will pass successfully and—knowing Scottish Committees—quickly, through its remaining stages. If it does, many people in Scotland will have cause to thank the hon. Member for Govan in the years that lie ahead.
3.53 p.m.
Mr. A. J. Irvine: I wish to commend the Bill to the House. Although I am a Scotsman, no one more so, I do not practise the law in Scotland and I represent a constituency south of the Border. Therefore, I do not wish to become involved in the perplexities of Scottish law. I am not qualified to do so.
It certainly seems very clear that this is a welcome Measure, and I wish to commend it to the House and to congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for Govan (Mr. Rankin) on his action in introducing the Bill. I wish him and it every success.
Question put and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time.
Bill committed to a Standing Committee pursuant to Standing Order No. 38 (Committal of Bill).

SEA FISHERIES (SCOTLAND) BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
3.54 p.m.
Sir James Duncan: I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
There are six minutes left, and I should like to back my luck, for the first time since 1931, by explaining this Bill to the House and asking for a unanimous Second Reading. It is a small Bill, but it would remedy an injustice to the seine net inshore fishermen which has existed since 1895. I think everyone here will agree that it is time this anomaly was put right.
Under the Illegal Trawling (Scotland) Act, 1934, if a trawler is seized or held up for illegal fishing the sea fishery officer, for the purposes of trial, takes the gear. The gear is then stored and used as an exhibit in the trial. If there is no conviction, compensation under the 1934 Act is available to the trawler owner for any damage that has occurred to the
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gear, the nets, ropes and so on, during the period that these items of gear have been under the control of the sea fishery officer. By a curious error of the law in the last century, however, that does not apply to the seine netter. The seine netter is probably the skipper of a small inshore boat fishing round our coasts. The object of the Bill is to remedy that injustice.
The number of cases involved is likely to be very small, but this is a real feeling of injustice to the inshore fishermen of Scotland. My noble Friend the Member for Aberdeen, South (Lady Tweedsmuir) and the hon. and learned Member for Aberdeen, North (Mr. Hector Hughes), for instance, asked Questions about this subject on 19th November, 1957. This change has been asked for by the Aberdeen Fish Producers' Association, the organisation of the inshore fishermen, for many years.
The number of cases varies from year to year. In 1951, for instance, there were 25 prosecutions, and, therefore, seizure of gear, and 14 convictions. In nine cases, claims for compensation could have been made had the law been different. In 1957, the cases were fairly few. They vary from year to year but the average is probably two or three. They are, nevertheless, an injustice to the inshore fishermen as compared with the trawl fishermen.
In the hope that my hon. Friend the Joint Under-Secretary will give the Bill his blessing, I now ask the House to give it a Second Reading.
3.57 p.m.
The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. J. Nixon Browne): The Government fully support this Bill and I congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for South Angus (Sir J. Duncan) on his success in the Ballot after so many years of trying and the use that he has made of it to introduce the Bill. My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State would be glad to see the removal of the anomaly with which this Bill deals.
It may strike the House as curious that we are considering today a Bill which applies the compensation provisions of an Act passed in 1895 to offences under a byelaw made in 1898. Hon. Members may justifiably wonder why the point has not been attended to before. The reason

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is neither that Scottish fishermen have become less law-abiding than of old nor that the commanders of my right hon. Friend's fishery cruisers are enforcing the law more vigorously than hitherto. Indeed, I understand that so far there has not been, on average, more than one case a year in which the compensation for which the Bill provides could be claimed. It may be that the steady increase in the number of boats fishing with the Seine net is part of the reason for the growing demand for the Bill.
Question put and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time.
Bill committed to a Standing Committee pursuant to Standing Order No. 38 (Committal of Bills).

OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
3.59 p.m.
Mr. Roy Jenkins: I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
I do so in the hope—
It being Four o'clock the debate stood adjourned.
Debate to be resumed upon Monday next.

MARRIAGE (SECRETARIES OF SYNAGOGUES) BILL
Bill read a Second time.
Bill committed to a Committee of the whole house.—[Sir Keith Joseph. ]
Committee upon Friday, 12th December.

CYCLING
Motion made, and Question proposed, That this House do now adjourn.—[Mr. Bryan.]
4.1 p.m.
Vice-Admiral John Hughes Hallett: It is in no spirit of levity that I call attention to the plight of cycling in the United Kingdom. It is not a light matter that a famous British industry should find itself in dire straits. It is not a light matter that over 3,000 people should be out of work in Birmingham, and that the great factories at Nottingham should be reduced to a four-day week. It is not a light matter that the country should be faced with the loss of a traditional export market while the whole of this industry works at less than 50 per cent. of its capacity.
Yet I did not seek for this debate primarily from the industrial point of view, important though that is. I have neither a personal nor a constituency interest in the cycle industry—there are other hon. Members who are much better qualified to argue that angle. Indeed, it was as a result of listening to their pleas for relief for this industry from Purchase Tax that the idea occurred to me that it might be useful to consider for a few minutes the wider aspect of cycling in this country.
I do not question, of course, that some fiscal assistance might not be helpful. On the other hand, I doubt whether the total abolition of Purchase Tax would prove a radical remedy for the industry's difficulty. Surely, the basic trouble is the declining number of people who regularly cycle. Let me start therefore, by saying a word about the extent of this decline.
Unfortunately, there are no accurate figures, but it is estimated by the trade that there are about 9 million cycles in use today, and it is known that rather over 3 million of these are used by children under 15. It is further estimated that these figures represent a decline of about 3 million in the number of adult cyclists compared with 20 years ago. Against this, the figures for child cyclists are tending to rise, and clubs like the Cyclists Touring Club are doing their utmost to encourage youngsters to join, and to co-operate with the National

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Cycling Proficiency Scheme. In that connection, I am pleased to note that Croydon, apparently, leads the country, no fewer than 5,733 children having gained the certificate up to last week.
As I have said, the number of adult cyclists appears to have declined by at least 3 million since pre-war days. Most, although by no means all, of this decline has been brought about by fewer people cycling to and from their work. There has also been a heavy—but, again, unknown—decline in the number of people who go for so-called "club runs" at weekends. Anyone who uses the roads today, and can remember the 'thirties will have noticed the change. Curiously enough, the membership of the older clubs—which keep accurate records—has not declined very much since 1938. I understand that they have about 100,000 members today, although it is true that they went through a phase, rising to about a quarter of a million members in the early post-war years.
In the 'thirties there were innumerable office cycle clubs, and cycle sections of boys' clubs which, taken together, made cycling perhaps the greatest recreational and social movement of that time. Today, all that is very much reduced.
I turn now to the causes of the decline. Here also we enter into the realm of speculation. The most popular explanation is that people who used to cycle to work can now afford to use motor transport. Indeed, compared with 1938 there are almost exactly one million more motor cycles of all kinds on the roads. That would indicate that perhaps upward of two million people mostly use public transport. Perhaps some of them have private cars and go to work that way. This fact would go a long way to explain the embarrassing rise in the peak loads from which so many public transport undertakings are suffering.
Again, there is the mistaken fear that cycling is unduly dangerous. In point of fact—anyhow, in point of statistical fact—one's chances of being involved in an accident are four times as great in a motor car and ten times as great on a motor cycle as they are on a pedal cycle. Yet although one can still survive on a pedal bicycle, I must admit that the pleasure of cycling, at any rate on the main roads and in towns, grows less with every year that passes.
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Constant vigilance and sustained concentration are now necessary. One is continually near-missed by a veritable whirlwind of desperately driven cars—or, at least, that is the way it seems to the cyclist. Indeed, some drivers openly resent the presence of cyclists on the main roads and expect them to get out of their way. If the worst happens and they do not get out of their way, motorists rely very often on the fact that there will probably be a majority of fellow-motorists on the jury.
When we consider the consequences of the decline in cycling, we come to firmer ground. It spells greater demands on public transport, higher living costs and no regular fresh air and exercise for a growing proportion of the population. The decline in club cycling means that there is so much less healthy social life and less healthy exercise for the rising generation, and0 so much more hanging about with consequent temptation to get into mischief.
To my mind, the most serious consequence of the decline in cycling is that it was once the principal means whereby the population kept fit. So far as I can see, no increase in playing fields could possibly take its place. I hope, therefore, that the Wolfenden Committee on Sport will take note of the magnitude of the contribution which a revival of cycling could make towards national fitness. I hope that educational authorities will make sure that the importance of regular exercise—anyhow, regular exercise to the average person—is carefully explained. I know that there are many hon. Members who take no exercise, and glory in the fact and seem to remain quite well but then, I think you will agree, Mr. Speaker, hon. Members as a body are perhaps not representative of the average man. I repeat, therefore, that it is necessary to the average person's health and happiness to be reasonably fit.
With the approaching end of National Service and with the ever-rising proportion of the population who are employed on sedentary or static work, this ability to keep fit and take healthy exercise will depend more and more upon sport. Potentially, cycling can be the cheapest sport for the greatest number, and that is why I view its decline with so much concern. The House may be interested to know that the American authorities have already reached this conclusion. With

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the support, I understand, of the President himself, the President's Council on Youth Fitness has been sponsoring a considerable propaganda campaign in support of cycling, for the last year.
What then can we do here? No doubt, it would pay the Ministry of Health to sponsor a similar campaign in this country. No doubt, a certain amount of selective help to those hostels which cater especially for young touring cyclists and a certain amount of help to bodies which organise continental cycling tours would be useful. However, I see that my hon. Friend the Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation is to reply to this debate, so I should, perhaps, close with one or two suggestions about what his Ministry might be able to do to help.
At the risk of making myself unpopular, I wish to advocate the far more extensive construction of cycle tracks. Segregation of different types of road user is, surely, the means to both safety and comfort. I know that the cycling clubs have consistently boycotted the tracks, and, for that matter, so has the long-distance, fast cyclist. To be fair to these people, however, the surface of the existing tracks is not really safe for a light-weight bicycle ridden fast. Nevertheless, I understand it to be the opinion of the police, contrary to popular opinion, that the great majority of cyclists always use tracks when they can.
A great deal of special pleading has been deployed against the tracks. For example, most ingenious statistics have been cooked up to show that it is as dangerous to cycle along a track as it is to cycle on the carriageway. It all depends, of course, on the kind of accident one has in mind. However, the true case for cycle tracks rests, I should say, far more on comfort than on safety. I myself always use a cycle track when there is one. The use of a cycle track enables the rider to relax and look at the scenery; indeed, one can even compose one's next oration while riding along.
Provided that the tracks were reasonably wide and well maintained, I do not myself believe that there would be nearly as much opposition to making them compulsory on the trunk roads as is sometimes supposed. In passing, Mr. Speaker,
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I will point out that that would not require legislation. The existing powers are sufficient for that to be done. Of course, in built-up, urban areas segregation is not possible.
This leads me to my second and even less popular suggestion, I suggest that, in the interests not only of cyclists but, incidentally, of pedestrians as well, the time has really come when serious consideration should be given to enforcing the 30 miles-an-hour speed limit, at least during those times of the day when large numbers of people are going to work or returning home after work. I recognise that a great number of drivers already observe the limits, but the existence of even a few cars which overtake at 50 miles an hour in a crowded street imposes a very great strain on the cyclist.
It would be easy to go on suggesting ways and means of encouraging cycling, but time will not permit. I wish to leave my hon. Friend with the thought that a revival of cycling in this country is, indeed, in the national interest, and I appeal to his Ministry to make a conscious effort to foster it.
4.13 p.m.
The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (Mr. G. R. H. Nugent): I congratulate my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Croydon, North-East (Vice-Admiral Hughes Hallett) on his good fortune in securing the Adjournment this afternoon and raising this interesting topic. He unconsciously paid a tribute to the excellence of cycle tracks whereon, he tells us, he usually composes his speeches. After listening to his very good speech this afternoon, I can only suppose that they are rather better than he suggested. However, be that as it may, I agree with him that we do not in this country have a very liberal provision of cycle tracks.
As my hon. and gallant Friend rightly said, the general attitude of the cycling clubs has been to dislike cycle tracks and to feel that they contain, in themselves, a threat to the cyclist's right to use the road itself. They have, therefore, never been particularly keen on cycle tracks. It is interesting to note that, years ago, the cycling clubs were amongst the pioneers demanding special motor roads

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from which cyclists were to he excluded altogether. That, of course, has now become a reality. The new motor road is to be opened today week, when we shall have a motor way upon which no cyclists are allowed.
But I think that it is symptomatic of the general outlook of cyclists that they are not particularly keen on cycle tracks, and even if we had a really good system of cycle tracks I doubt whether my hon. and gallant Friend is right that they would be that popular. It may be that there is something in the national character that does not particularly like being segregated at the side of the road. It is inherent that if there is a regular and comprehensive system of cycle tracks inevitably there would be compulsion to use them, as there is indeed in many Continental countries. It may be that that is a reason why they have never been very popular and one of the reasons, at any rate, why they have not been built more.
Cycle tracks are expensive to build. My hon. and gallant Friend is right in saying that we have power to build them, but a good deal extra width is required to do so. It is extremely important that, if they are to be built at all, they should be built in urban areas, where it is difficult to find the extra width. The extra expense would be heavy and the general trend has been against them rather than in favour of them.
I learnt with interest of the developments which have been made in the new towns of Basildon and, in particular, Harlow, where a special cycling track system has been laid out for the cyclists so that they can cycle round the main shopping centres without encountering traffic. I am told that they are not unpopular, despite the comments that I have made. I am bound to say that I do not see any great prospect of increasing cycling tracks considerably, because to do it on a really large scale, which would be necessary to make a real impact, would be a very expensive undertaking and it would seriously reduce the amount of new road work which we could carry out.
My hon. and gallant Friend suggested that we might consider the strict enforcement of the 30-mile an hour limit. I agree with him that often observance is not as good as it ought to be, and we
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have introduced this year the device of the 40-mile an hour limit in the hope that in urban and semi-urban areas we shall achieve better observance by regulating the speed limit more nearly to the speed of the average vehicle and thereby achieve greater co-operation from the motorists. In this country the practice is to make enforcement not on a 100 per cent. system but rather on a token basis on the assumption that the average driver would observe the law.
It is true that the 30-mile an hour limit is not always observed as well as it should be. It should be observed because it is one of the best safety measures in our whole road code. I agree with my hon. and gallant Friend that, where it is not well observed, it is an additional danger to cyclists. The fact is that on our roads today the weight and speed of traffic does cause discomfort to cyclists, especially if riding alone, and it is undoubtedly one of the features which is having a deterrent effect on the amount of cycling that now goes on.
I can confirm my hon. and gallant Friend's figures about the reduction in the cycle population. We accept that pre-war there were about 12 million cyclists. Today, the total is about 9 million, and I observe that the membership of the Cyclists Touring Club has fallen by some 40 per cent. in the last eight years, which is a serious reduction.
However, the child cyclist picture to which my hon. and gallant Friend referred is reversed. We think that there are probably about double the child cyclists today compared with pre-war. There are about 3 million today. We have, as has been said, introduced the national child cyclist training scheme in the past few months in order to improve the degree of skill of children and to make sure that when they go cycling on the road they are reasonably safe. I congratulate Croydon on being pre-eminent in passing these tests. No doubt the children of Croydon have been observing my hon. and gallant Friend and seen the right way to ride a bicycle.
My own feeling about the general picture of cycling is that it reflects the rising standard of living in the country. Many people who used to ride bicycles to work now go by car, motor bike or moped Some probably go by public

807
transport, but very large numbers who used to cycle now go by car. For example, they make up a car load of four fellows. It happens all over the country, and it is bound to happen more. That is a good thing, and I am sure we would all be delighted to welcome it.
One has only to look at the huge increase in vehicle registration. In the past five years there has been about a 100 per cent. increase in registrations, and I should think that in the next ten years the number is probably likely to double again. So the necessity for the push bike as a means of getting about is fast disappearing.
On the other hand, the children who have cycles today come from families which ten or twenty years ago almost certainly could not have afforded them. Once again, more purchasing power has made it possible for the youngsters to have bikes. That, again, is a good thing, because it gives them an early chance to learn how to go about on the roads, what the rules of the road are and how to conduct themselves in safety.
Vice-Admiral Hughes Hallett: My hon. Friend says it is a good thing that people should use cars to go backwards and forwards to work. Would he say that was true if the distance was, say, three miles? Would he say that it was better for a person to use his car to take him backwards and forwards to work over that distance rather than walk or use a cycle unless he is doing hard manual work?
Mr. Nugent: My hon. and gallant Friend puts in a qualification—unless such persons are doing hard manual work. Three miles is a good walk. I am among the few remaining people who like to walk to work, but I have only about a mile and a half to go. It is a good thing to walk a certain distance to work, but it takes time. On the other hand, if one proposes to cycle there is the problem of the weather if it is wet, and it is not awfully convenient—there is no getting away from it—to cycle three or four miles to work. On the whole, though, it is a good thing. I agree entirely with my hon. and gallant Friend that it is a bad thing if people do not have any physical exercise and do not have the pleasure and good health that comes from it.
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I think we are tending as a nation to fall into the practice of watching other people perform in the realms of sport rather than performing ourselves, and that is a great loss to us individually. It may be that the popular craze of the hula hoop is symptomatic of our condition. When I was a youngster we used to bowl hoops along and run after them. Today one stands still and twiddles the hoop round oneself. Maybe that is symptomatic of this situation and a bad thing.
On the other hand, one must accept—I am sure my hon. and gallant Friend will—that, although people are less inclined to work and play games for recreation, the growing habit of using the motor car to take the family out into the countryside will probably have great benefit in itself eventually. It is true that the family sets out not with the intention of walking and taking exercise, but having driven into the country, they stop the car somewhere and get out and in the course of time they begin to walk about because they enjoy being there, and they walk around and look at the fields, the cows and the views, and gradually learn the delights of the countryside.
I am not among the Members of Parliament to whom my hon. and gallant Friend referred who think it a mistake to take physical exercise and who say that they are better for not doing so. I think that it is one of the pleasures of life to move one's body and to feel the wind on one's face and the sun on one's back. I am sure that that is the common experience. I am delighted to see people going into the countryside at weekends and, although to start with they do not walk and lose the great benefit which they used to get from cycling, they gradually come to enjoy the benefits which all countrymen enjoy from walking in the countryside, both in the pleasure of the exercise and the pleasure of seeing what is going on.
My hon. and gallant Friend can take some comfort from the fact that we are all the same in the end. We all have the same instincts and the same blood running in our veins and when we go into the countryside, we probably react in the same way, so that the benefits of physical recreation are not completely lost.
Although people may tend to play games less, nowadays, this is certainly the

809
age of "do-it-yourself". As soon as a man gets married, any idea that he will be able to sit down and put his feet up must surely disappear. Not only will he be called upon to "do-it-himself" in assisting his wife with the washing up at the sink, but he will have to paint the walls, dig the garden, and undertake plumbing and electrician's work and a whole range of other things. He will find a great deal of hard physical exercise in that, and the contortions he will have to go through to do a bit of amateur plumbing will be "quite something "for him—much more exercise than he ever took on a bicycle.
We do not need to despair that our physical fitness and physical strength are deteriorating in all aspects of our national
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life, although I am with my hon. and gallant Friend in regretting the diminution of any aspect of it. I call his attention to certain other aspects which are reassuring that there is vigour and enterprise still, and that when called upon the Englishman can still show himself a vigorous and capable human being.
I hope that my hon. and gallant Friend will take some comfort from that and certainly from the fact that as a Ministry we are doing a great deal in encouraging the training of youngsters to see that they have a safe ride on the road.
Question put and agreed to.
Adjourned accordingly at twenty-eight minutes past Four o'clock.

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FOOD
  National Agricultural College, Wales (Working Party)
  National Agricultural College, Wales (Working Party)
NATIONAL FINANCE
  Shares (Hire Purchase)
  Shares (Hire Purchase)
  Colonial Development Corporation (Exchequer Loans)
  Colonial Development Corporation (Exchequer Loans)