Sitting of 3 July 1953

Preamble
The House met at Eleven o'Clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]

NATIONAL SERVICE MEN (MEDICAL DISCHARGE)
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour (Mr. Harold Watkinson): I should like to take this opportunity of making a personal statement to clear up any confusion arising from my reply to the supplementary question put by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) to Question No. 53 on yesterday's Order Paper.
I gave a figure for the proportion of men passed as fit for National Service who, on entering the Armed Forces, are discharged on medical grounds within the first 14 days of service. The figure I gave as "7 per cent." I should have said, and intended to say, "0·7 per cent.," that is, seven per 1,000 men were so discharged from the Army in 1951, the last year for which figures are available.
I apologise very sincerely for unintentionally misleading the House and welcome this opportunity of making the necessary correction.
Mr. Robens: We can well understand that in the detail of Questions and answers, and supplementary questions
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and answers, it was easy to misread a figure in that way. We quite admit that the figure the right hon. Gentleman used gave us all a shock, but we accept the explanation which has been so willingly given.
Mr. Yates: I am sure that my hon. Friend the Member for Sparkbrook (Mr. Shurmer) will appreciate this statement, so that anxiety shall not be exaggerated. We nevertheless hope that this alteration will not in any way deter the Minister from the very thorough examination that he intends to make, as anxiety in the City of Birmingham is very grave, especially in view of the fact that I have only recently placed a case before his right hon. Friend, a serious case, that is under examination at the moment. I trust that the hon. Gentleman will not be deterred by the fact that the figure that he gives now is not so serious as the one he gave yesterday.
Mr. Watkinson: The investigation is proceeding.

NATIONAL SERVICE MEN (MEDICAL DISCHARGE)

  SCOTTISH ESTIMATES
  Committee of Supply discharged from considering the Estimates set out hereunder, and the said Estimates referred to the Scottish Standing Committee:
  Class III, Vote 14, Scottish Home Department (Civil Defence Services).
  Class III, Vote 15, Police. Scotland.
  Class III, Vote 16, Prisons. Scotland.
  Class III, Vote 18, Fire Services, Scotland.
  Class V, Vote 18, Exchequer Contributions to Local Revenues, Scotland.—[Mr. Crookshank.]

ORDERS OF THE DAY

  MARSHALL AID COMMEMORATION BILL
  Order for Second Reading read.
  11.8 a.m.
  The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Anthony Nutting): I beg to move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
  As the House will recall, my right hon. Friend the Foreign Secretary said on 31st July, 1952, that Her Majesty's Government had decided to give effect to the proposals of the late Government to express the gratitude of the United Kingdom for the generous and far-sighted Programme of European Recovery, generally known as Marshall Aid, by founding at British universities 12 scholarships, to be competed for annually by United States students. My right hon. Friend added that General Marshall had agreed that these scholarships should be known as "Marshall Scholarships."
  The right hon. Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison), the former Foreign Secretary, welcomed my right hon. Friend's statement, and said that he thought it was right that we should do this and that it would be helpful to Anglo-American relations. We are grateful to the right hon. Gentleman for what he said then, and I should like to acknowledge that the inspiration of this scheme came from himself and his colleagues in the late Government. I am both proud and happy that it should fall to my lot to introduce the Bill which is designed to give effect to the Marshall Scholarships scheme.
  The purpose of the Bill is, quite simply, to approve the provision of the necessary monies by means of a grant-in-aid carried on an annual Vote under the administration of the Foreign Office; secondly, to give statutory blessing to the establishment of the Commission which will be charged with the administration of the scheme. There is no need for me to remind the House of the great, generous and far-sighted motives which inspired General Marshall and the Government and people of the United States in the creation of the European Recovery Programme.
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  We cannot, of course, hope to match such generosity through this scholarship scheme, but I believe and hope that these Marshall Scholarships will stand through the years to come as an expression and a token of our gratitude. I hope, too, that by bringing to this country year by year some of the finest products of the universities of America, this scheme will make its own contribution to the cause of Anglo-American understanding which was so well served in war and in peace by that great soldier and statesman whose name it bears.
  We hope that the Marshall scholars who will come to our universities will be enriched by their experience, and also that our universities will profit from the new ideas and outlooks which these scholars will bring with them across the Atlantic. I do not propose to deal in any detail with the machinery whereby these Marshall scholarships will be administered. Full particulars were given in a White Paper (Cmd. 8846) which was laid before the House in May of this year. This machinery has been worked out in consultation with the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the universities of the United Kingdom, and I should like to acknowledge with gratitude the advice and assistance which they have given to the Government.
  Perhaps I might remind the House of one or two salient points in the arrangements set out in the White Paper and at the same time give some rough estimate of the cost. Twelve Marshall Scholarships will be paid for annually and will be open to American students of either sex, who will not be more that 28 years of age when they come here and who are graduates of a degree-granting college or university in the United States, accredited by the appropriate United States Regional Association. These scholarships will be tenable at any British university, and candidates will be able to choose their university, subject of course to there being the necessary vacancies. Awards will be available for two years in the first instance but may be extended for a third year. That will be at the discretion of a commission.
  The value of a scholarship will be between £550 and £600 a year, according to the cost of living at different British universities. Married scholars will be

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  eligible and their scholarships will be increased by £200 a year. These awards, as I understand is the case with all other scholarships held in the United Kingdom, will not be liable to Income Tax.
  We hope that the first 12 Marshall scholars will come to Britain in October, 1954. The maximum annual expenditure will, however, not be reached until the first 12 scholars have completed their period of study and are returning to the United States, when the cost of their return passages will be incurred. Expenditure will therefore be spread out at an increasing rate over the next five financial years, beginning with the present financial year, 1953–54. After 1957–58 it will remain approximately constant.
  Owing to the fluctuations in the cost of living and to variations in the amount and duration of the scholarships it is impossible to give the House any precise estimate of maximum expenditure, but at present day rates of living costs it seems unlikely that maximum annual expenditure will exceed £41,000, of which some £37,000 will be incurred in the United Kingdom and some £4,000, which of course will include some travel expenses of scholars, in the United States. In giving these figures I must repeat that they are a rough estimate. I would emphasise, however, that provision will be made for each financial year in the Foreign Office Estimates and the annual cost of the scheme will thus be kept under due Parliamentary control.
  So much for the financial implications of Clause 1 of the Bill. Clause 2 provides for the creation of the Commission which will administer the scheme and which will be known as the Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission. In addition to administering the monies voted each year by Parliament, the Commission will approve the selection of scholars and, through its Executive Secretary, place the scholars in United Kingdom universities and supervise their general welfare. Subsections (2), (3), (4) and (5) deal with the composition of the Commission and define the conditions under which it shall act.
  Clause 2 (6) lays upon the Commission the duty of making an annual report to the Secretary of State which he shall lay before Parliament, and Clause 2 (7) lays down that the Commission's
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  accounts shall be laid before Parliament by the Secretary of State. As to the composition of the Commission, nominations will be made to the Commission by the Secretary of State. They have not yet been made. The Bill provides that there shall be seven members, of whom not less than two shall be persons of eminence in academic matters, and that the chairman shall be designated from among the members by the Secretary of State. We intend that the Executive Secretary shall be Dr. Foster, the Secretary of the Vice-Chancellors' Committee, and we also intend that one of the members of the Commission shall be representative of the trade unions.
  As to the system of selection of Marshall scholars, the House is aware from the White Paper that an Advisory Council will be set up in the United States under the chairmanship of Her Majesty's Ambassador in Washington. This Council will be assisted by four Regional Committees. In the selection of Marshall scholars preference will be given, of course, to candidates who combine high academic ability, integrity and intellect with the capacity to play an active part in the university life of this country.
  With these few words of explanation of this simple and, I think, agreed Measure I should like to commend the Bill to the House as a Measure to give effect and expression to the gratitude of the Parliament and people of this country for the generosity and friendship of the people of the United States of America.
  11.18 a.m.
  Mr. Herbert Morrison: I rise to support the Second Reading of this Bill, which I trust will be unanimous. I hope that the general purpose of this Measure will commend itself to the House. It is true that I originated the idea behind the Bill when I was Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. I was keen and enthusiastic about it, as were my colleagues in the former Government; and it was pleasing to know that it had the support of the present Foreign Secretary, as to whose progress we are glad to hear good news. He, on behalf of the then Opposition, supported the idea as I now do on behalf of the present Opposition.

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  I should like to refer to a few matters of detail. As I think that the Joint Under-Secretary will agree, as indeed is intended, that it is desirable that the Commission at this end should be as broadly based as possible and of as representative a character as possible, including people with different outlooks upon public affairs, so that it may have a good combined representative composition drawn from a cross-section of the community. It is clearly right that distinguished university people should serve upon the Commission because their advice will be of high value. I am very pleased that the Joint Under-Secretary has indicated that a representative trade unionist will be appointed because I daresay that a good many of the selected scholars will be working-class or middle-class people of modest means, and it will be well to have a trade unionist on the Commission to give helpful advice. I hope and believe that a woman member may probably be included.
  The only doubt that I have about the composition of the Commission is whether seven members will give the Secretary of State a wide enough field of Choice, since he wishes to include these various elements. I appreciate the desirability of keeping this body small because it may have the delicate task of making a choice of scholars. On the other hand, there may be agreement at the United States end and there may be no difficulty about it. I was wondering whether it would not be wise during the progress of the Bill if the numbers were made not less than seven and not more than 10 in order that, if the Secretary of State was hampered by the numerical limitation in the way I have mentioned, he could go a little wider. At any rate while not being dogmatic on the point I commend the idea to the Joint Under-Secretary for consideration.
  With regard to the United States bodies, I notice that the H.M. Ambassador at the United States end will preside over the whole body there and that Consuls-General will take part in the regional committees. I think that the idea of regional committees in that vast country is very sensible and should be most helpful. For the rest, I gather that the composition of these bodies, at any
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  rate, the regional ones, will be entirely of United States citizens. I think that is absolutely right. It is clearly right that citizens of the United States should be easily the predominant voice in the selection of the beneficiaries for these scholarships. Therefore, I am inclined to think that, although the general machinery may be subject to improvement here and there, the idea is right.
  In the course of my own university visits—I cannot say any more than that because I did not have a university education but I have visited a number of the universities—I have recently made rather extensive visits to the University of Oxford, apart from the distinction which that University was good enough to confer upon me. I have made many visits to Oxford and stayed at colleges, and in the course of those visits I have been pleased to meet American citizens who are pursuing studies at that University, as well as at other British universities.
  I have always thought it pleasing that they should come among us to pursue their studies here or even, at times, to teach here. Indeed, the head of one of the prominent university colleges is an American, and a very fine head of that college he is. It is pleasing to me to know how much the students enjoy their visits to this country and their studies. This new development, while it is a modest one, will enable us as a country to make some contribution to the students by the financial aid which we shall be able to give them, and I think that is all to the good.
  No doubt the subjects which they are to study will be a matter for consideration by them and their advisers, and possibly even by the Commission and by the university authorities. It would not be a bad thing, in view of the substantial but not widely understood differences between the British Constitution and the United States Constitution—not widely understood here and not widely understood in the United States—if political science, upon which I am engaged in another capacity at Oxford at this time on a book, might be one of the subjects. I think that anything which can educate both sides of the Atlantic about the differences in our two Constitutions is to the good. Most people are aware that we are both democracies,

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  which is true, and I think, therefore, that we are the same, but they are not aware that in fact we are very different in our constitutional practices. I am not making any comment on that subject now, but it is a consideration.
  I think that it was right that the institution of Marshall Aid should be commemorated, as this Bill provides. I remember when the announcement was made how quickly our late colleague, Mr. Ernest Bevin embraced the idea propounded by General Marshall, supported it, and saw that it did not get lost, as these international ideas sometimes do.
  He supported General Marshall with great vigour. General Marshall himself launched the scheme with imagination and generosity. It was criticised in some quarters in Eastern Europe a little later as a scheme which had been calculated to corrupt and subordinate independent European States. I never thought that. I thought that it was one of those big, imaginative and generous gestures of which the American people and nation from time to time are so eminently capable.
  Let us not be so modest as not to add that we ourselves made our financial and economic contribution to reconstruction in Europe and elsewhere which, within our means, was, I think, probably as great as that of the United States. But when one remembers the early viewpoint of the United States about keeping out of such things and not taking a hand in international assistance of this kind, in the duller days of isolationism, one does appreciate that this Marshall Aid proposal was in a way indicative of a second American revolution which has taken place in their attitude to foreign affairs. I think it was generous, it was fine; and both General Marshall and the Government with which he was associated, and the American nation, are to be congratulated upon the gesture; and it is right that we should commemorate it.
  As the Joint Under-Secretary has said, this is a very modest commemoration. It will not cost a great deal, but it is not the amount of money that matters, it is the spirit that is behind it, and I cannot imagine a better way in which we could commemorate Marshall Aid than by this promotion of scholarships for young Americans to come here and study
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  at our universities. I believe, therefore, that this Bill is a desirable Bill, that it will be helpful to United Kingdom-United States relations, not only because of the fact that it commemorates Marshall Aid, but because it will promote educational and cultural relations between two great countries, both of which have much to do for the advancement of mankind.
  11.28 a.m.
  Lieut-Colonel Walter Elliot: I am sure that the House today welcomes the introduction of this Bill and the felicitous way in which it has been referred to, both by the Joint Under-Secretary and by the right hon. Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison), whose name is very closely associated with the inception of this scheme, commemorating the generous impulse of the United States—the generous and unprecedented impulse—in the great aid which it gave to Europe and its recovery after the war.
  I should like to say a word or two about the academic aspect of this matter, which, I think, is of very great importance. It is most interesting that the project should be that of having United States citizens to study, in our institutions and atmosphere, our way of life, and the contribution which we can make in the way of learning and scholarship to the progress of the world. I would point out, however, that there is, I think, a rather limiting phraseology in the Bill, as against the wider phraseology which, perhaps accidently, was used in the White Paper. The White Paper says:
  "… founding at British universities twelve scholarships. These scholarships will be open to men and women and will be tenable at any British university."
  In the terms of the Bill, the scholarships are limited solely to the United Kingdom. In our universities we have university colleges spread far outside the mere limits of the United Kingdom. They are only in an embryo stage just now, but they are already affiliated to, and working in close connection with, the University of London. These are the great colonial colleges still, as I say, in a very embryo stage, but which will, I hope, develop tremendously in years to come. They afford unique opportunities to study, on the spot, problems which affect the new world as well as the old. I would particularly mention the university

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  colleges at Accra and at Ibadan, in West Africa.
  It is true that these are still in a very early stage, but the project with which we are dealing this morning is intended to run for many years. I trust that the colleges in the outer parts of what is still the British Empire will not be regarded merely as institutions which send people here. They are institutions to which people from this country may properly go, and they will have, I hope, so high a standard of scholarship that they may be expected to have post-graduate workers from here, and elsewhere. They will be working in conditions difficult to parallel in any other part of the world, and certainly impossible to parallel in this country.
  I wonder whether it would be possible to use in the present Bill some such words as "university colleges in, or affiliated to, universities in the United Kingdom." It seems to me that the present wording might undesirably limit study in, say, certain medical subjects to persons actually resident in the United Kingdom. The Rockefeller Foundation itself most generously extended its facilities to undertakings and enterprises in tropical Africa, and the University of Liverpool has a school of tropical medicine which had some of its laboratories and technical buildings actually in Sierra Leone. That was obviously a great advantage to the University of Liverpool and to its students.
  It would be a pity if, by accident, while considering this great departure, we put an unnecessarily narrowing definition into the terms of the Bill, for it will not be possible to alter the Bill once we have passed it. It would be an advantage if we could broaden the Bill to embrace institutions overseas which are affiliated to institutions in the United Kingdom so that a scholarship held at, say, London University, could also be held if the scholar were temporarily resident out-with the boundaries of the United Kingdom at an institution which was still part of London University. That should be carefully considered while we are dealing with this great and novel scheme.
  I do not wish to do more than throw out the suggestion, but I do so because I have the greatest interest in the new
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  university institutions which are growing up in tropical Africa, in the West Indies, in Eastern Asia and elsewhere, and the greatest desire that they themselves should be considered as worthy places where original work and research should take place at first hand, quite apart from the fact that certain scientific studies can be better carried out in the tropics than in this country.
  I do not wish to expand that idea at the moment. I would merely say that I am sure that all who are interested in academic work welcome the new and imaginative departure which is proposed to the House this morning. I urge again that we should draw the bounds of the Bill wide, because this scheme, which will continue for a long time, will perhaps develop in ways which at the moment we cannot exactly foresee. As the initiative of the Marshall Aid which gave rise to this recognition was so noble, generous and far-reaching, so let our recognition of it be equally far-sighted and far-reaching. Let us not confine it merely to work in the United Kingdom; let us open it to all the work in universities of the United Kingdom, which have branches far outside the mere geographical limits of the United Kingdom, recognising the far-sightedness of General Marshall himself, and all those who supported him, in making possible, far faster than could otherwise have been possible, the recovery of the Western world and, in particular, of this country, from the ravages of the last war.
  11.36 a.m.
  Mr. J. Grimond: As previous speakers have said, the Bill commemorates one of the greatest and most generous acts of State in history, and I think it is a very suitable commemoration.
  Like the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison), I believe there is a great field of study in the political institutions and political theories of this country and the United States, and that the general advance of democracy and our ways of life depends a great deal on the pooling of our experience and an understanding of the conclusions to which we have been led by that experience. I certainly hope that many American students will take advantage of the opportunity of coming over

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  here, not only to study how we do things, but also to give us some information at first hand about how things are done in the United States.
  The right hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) introduced what was, to me, a new point. It is certainly one which is very well worth considering. I do not know whether it was the intention that the fellowships should be tenable at universities in the Commonwealth, but I see no reason why the Bill should be limited on that point. We must bear in mind how the scholarships, which are to go on for many years, are likely to develop.
  I hope the students will be encouraged to go further afield than Oxford and Cambridge. I hope very much that they will go to Scottish universities and to the provincial English universities. I express that hope not only for their sake. From their point of view it is very useful to get away from the round of London, Oxford and Cambridge and to see Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester and the other great industrial areas, but that will also be very useful from our point of view. It is an excellent thing for the students in our universities to meet their fellow students from overseas and exchange ideas with them.
  It may not be inappropriate to recall a great earlier foundation of this sort, the Cecil Rhodes Foundation. It is interesting that at this very moment a reunion of Rhodes scholars is taking place in this country. At the reunion there are not only old Rhodes scholars from America and the Commonwealth; German Rhodes scholars are also attending. They are Germans whose affection for the universities of this country has transcended the war. They have come here as our friends, and they have happy memories and respect for the institutions of this country which they learned from coming here on scholarships of this kind.
  If any conclusive argument were needed to prove the benefit of this type of international scholarship, that is it, and I personally feel that we should welcome this Bill as the best possible way of commemorating the giving of Marshall Aid in a time of austerity and doing something, therefore, to cement the friendship between ourselves and the American people.
  11.40 a.m.
  Sir Edward Boyle: It gives me particular pleasure to support the Second Reading of this Bill because I am one of the many hon. Members in this House who have had the privilege of visiting and being entertained by a number of American universities. Some six years ago, in company with the hon. Member for Bristol, South-East (Mr. Benn), and Mr. Kenneth Harris, who now writes for the "Observer," I took part in a debating tour on behalf of the Oxford University Union, in the course of which we visited 60 universities and colleges in 40 States. How glad I am that the Consul-Generals are to be members of the regional committees, because it was certainly our experience from that tour that the Consul-Generals are respected figures in all parts of the United States and are doing a valuable work. They were of great assistance to us and they will be valued members of these Regional Committees.
  I do not think it would be possible to think of a more suitable way of commemorating the Marshall Plan. Certainly from our experience in America, the great majority of American students are keenly interested in our university system over here. We always found that they were very conscious indeed of its merits and of what the English universities could provide which the American universities could not provide.
  Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: British.
  Sir E. Boyle: I apologise to my right hon. and gallant Friend—British universities. I am thinking especially of the tutorial system. I think it is fair to say that in the American university there is not the discipline of students having to exercise the intellectual discomfort of sorting out their ideas and writing an extended weekly composition for their tutors. I think that is a most valuable part of our university system, and it is certainly one for which I shall never cease to be grateful.
  I very much agree with the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond) that these scholarships should be held in very many British universities. However, because of the Rhodes Scheme there will be a tendency on the part of students to go to Oxford, and I quite agree with him that it would be a good

  739
  thing if the greatest encouragement were given to a number of students to go to other universities, especially some of the newer universities in all parts of the United Kingdom. Most American students do not know there are any other British universities or colleges except Oxford or Cambridge. I remember very well one student whom I met over there and who had been awarded a Rhodes scholarship. He was asked which Oxford college he wanted to go to and his reply was "First Balliol, then Christchurch, then All Souls, and fourth Magdalen." I think that shows the very national ignorance about details of our universities which one finds on the other side of the Atlantic.
  Mr. James MacColl: Why was it ignorance to put Balliol at the top of the list?
  Sir E. Boyle: I thought that that might possibly bring someone to his feet, but it was the presence of All Souls third on the list to which I was referring.
  I think it would also be a good thing if these scholarships were awarded for as wide a variety of subjects as possible. It is rightly said in the White Paper on this scheme:
  "preference will be given to candidates who combine high academic ability with the capacity to play an active part in the life of the United Kingdom university to which they go."
  I suggest the wider the range of subjects the better.
  The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) mentioned political science as one subject. If I might mention one other it would be music, and especially musical composition. Our ancient universities have always maintained the tradition and the discipline of vocal counterpoint and academic musical training. That is something which many American musical students would be very grateful for. If one looks at the history of British music, one can see the important part that our universities have played in it, especially a man like Sir Charles Stanford, who spent many years as organist of Trinity College, Cambridge.
  The only question I should like to ask is why the age of 28 has been chosen as the upper limit. I do not know if
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  there is any particular reason why that particular age should be selected, but it seems to me that it might well prove rather too high or too low. In any case I shall be extremely grateful if I can be told why that particular age was chosen.
  I fully agree with the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South that the Marshall Plan was a great and generous gesture, and it is absolutely right that we should commemorate it in this way. Today we are thinking rather more about making ourselves independent of American aid, but let us not forget what has happened in the past. We should not forget that Marshall Aid, even though it did not solve the dollar problem of the sterling area to quite the extent we hoped, was a great and generous gesture. The more we and the United States can co-operate in this way, the greater the prospects for the free. Western world in the future.
  11.46 a.m.
  Mr. Geoffrey de Freitas: I welcome this Bill as one who spent his 22nd and 23rd years at an American university on a scholarship which was founded by American people on American money. Like the hon. Member for Handsworth (Sir E. Boyle), I should like to see more scholarships for the students of our two countries. We have a lot to offer the Americans, including the particular point mentioned by the hon. Member, our tutorial system. Often we do not recognise how much the American universities have to offer us. For instance, in a field like law I believe there are as many as 20 law schools in the United States, which are far better than anything we have in this country.
  I have some detailed criticisms to make of this White Paper. Reading it, I formed the impression that the scheme had been conceived without remembering that each year nearly 300 students come from the United States on Fullbright and Rhodes Scholarships while we are offering only 12 a year. How can this possibly commemorate the great idea of Marshall Aid unless these scholarships are in some way distinctive? If these 12 are not distinctive they will be tacked on behind hundreds of others and will be swamped in public knowledge and public esteem. They will come

  741
  to be regarded as consolation prizes for those who did not get another better known scholarship.
  How are these Marshall Aid scholarships to be made distinctive? It has been pointed out by the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond), and it is also laid down here in the White Paper, that in awarding these scholarships
  "regard will be had both to academic qualifications and to qualities of character and leadership."
  The Rhodes Scholarships have always paid attention to those aspects of character and leadership. If any evidence is required of that fact it is that at Oxford during the last few days five honorary degrees were given to former Rhodes scholars. Two were to university professors, but of the other three, one went to the Lieutenant-Governor of an Australian State, an ex-Rhodes scholar, one to the Chief Justice of South Africa, an ex-Rhodes scholar, and one to a Senator of the United States, Senator Fulbright himself.
  These Marshall scholarships can be remembered only if they are distinctive. How can we make them so? I will offer a few suggestions and then come down in favour of one of them. First, if we stressed creative talent, they would be distinctive. We could say that Marshall Scholarships were to be only for men or women who had shown evidence of creative talents in one of the arts—writing, music, painting, or sculpture. That would fit in with the point made by the hon. Baronet of musical composition. These men and women would benefit from the atmosphere of our universities, particularly the older universities. Having said that, I agree with the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland in hoping that these scholars will spread throughout the United Kingdom and not concentrate merely on Oxford and Cambridge.
  Young men and women who have given evidence of creative talents in the arts might well benefit from a few years at one of our universities, because they provide an atmosphere which is lacking in all but a few American universities. The University of Virginia and one or two other colleges, especially in New England, have something of the atmosphere of
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  green lawns and mellow buildings. But the atmosphere is sought often. I remember being in a modern American university building and being awakened early one morning by what I thought was a woodpecker pluckily carrying on in a hurricane. It was a little time before I discovered that outside this very new building there was a man solemnly nailing ivy on to the walls while someone with a blowlamp, or some other device, was mellowing the stone. I shall not go into the merits of the different Oxford colleges, but I am sure that the Joint Under-Secretary of State, as a fellow Cambridge man, will join with me in recognising that, although with the industrial development of Oxford the colleges are now no more than the Latin Quarter of Cowley, they still have a lot to offer in the way of atmosphere.
  Secondly, to make these scholarships really distinctive, they might be confined to men and women who have given evidence of the character and leadership mentioned as one of the qualities to be considered. Here we are up against the great difficulty the selectors have in distinguishing between real leadership in a young man and other qualities which may have come from being extremely aggressive or extremely lucky in holding undergraduate offices. So it is almost impossible to restrict the choice in that way. The Rhodes Scholarships have been successful on the whole in managing to select men who are the future leaders as well as having a high academic standard.
  Therefore I come to the third suggestion. My right hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) mentioned the political sciences as a subject for study. I offer as a third method of making these scholarships distinctive that they should be restricted to men and women who want to study British political institutions, the institutions which have produced our characteristic political virtues of tolerance and compromise.
  In the next generation, even if there is not a revolution through war, we Western countries could turn ourselves gradually into totalitarian States merely by confusing tolerance and compromise with appeasement. I believe it would be of great advantage to the Western World if some of the ablest young men and women from the United States could

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  come to this country to study our political institutions and learn how we have developed the political characteristics of tolerance and compromise. Of course we have much to learn from them as well.
  I now come to more detailed points in the White Paper. My hon. Friend referred to an American head of one of the colleges in the University of Oxford. If we look at paragraph 4 on page 2 we see that all Members of the Commission shall be British subjects. Why is it necessary to lay that down? Surely a man like Professor Goodhart would make an admirable member, yet he is an American citizen. The Members of the Commission will nearly always be British subjects, so why limit the Commission in that way?
  In paragraph 10 on page 4 we see the way in which the Ambassador is to select his committees. It is important that, since they will be more than research students buried in a lab, or library, the committees chosen in the United States should be much more than academic committees and should reflect the industrial life of the community—the professions, the trade unions and, of course, the commercial side too.
  In paragraph 15 there is a reference to what happens if there is a married man on one of these scholarships. Surely it is not right to have married men? First, it is unduly expensive to have a man with a wife and, perhaps, a family. Apart from that, does it not destroy one of the real advantages of these international scholarships? A man with a wife and perhaps a family is not as free to mix with his fellow students and to take part in the life of the university, thus getting to know about this country. He is not so likely to marry a citizen of this country, and one of the important results about these international scholarships is that the student coming from abroad may marry a citizen of that country and return to his own with a real token of friendship between the two countries.
  Paragraph 17 gives the age as 28 which the hon. Baronet said was either too high or too low. I should be more emphatic and say that it is too high, because these men and women should be able to play a full part in the university, and
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  every year over 25 makes it more difficult. Even allowing for two years' military service, there is still plenty of time. I wonder if the age could not be reduced from 28 to 25?
  In paragraph 7, on page 7 of the Paper, is something which I cannot emphasise too much, and I am very glad that it is in the Paper, because other scholarships have had difficulty with this point. It is expressly laid down that no scholarship shall be transferred from one region of the United States to another. I mention that because as time passes and these Marshall Scholarships become an institution, the vices of these institutions will creep in and there will be a tendency for the selectors to play for safety by concentrating more and more on the easy method of selection on the academic records which they have before them. If they do that, there is always the danger that the Eastern region of the United States, in which most of the leading universities are situated, would tend to have a high standard by this test, while some in, say, the Pacific or Southern region might tend to have a relatively lower standard. If once it was contemplated that these scholarships should be transferable from region to region, one of the purposes of these scholarships would be defeated and they would not be geographically and truly representative of the United States.
  There are other points of detail, but I sum up in this way. I do not think there is any evidence that those who drew up these regulations realised that we were offering only 12 scholarships each year, when from the United States hundreds of men and women are already coming here. Therefore, if the scheme is to mean anything and is to commemorate a great political act, it must be distinctive.
  I have suggested three ways in which the scheme could be distinctive, and there may be others. I believe that my third and last suggestion is the most appropriate. That is to say, that the men and women coming on Marshall scholarships should study British political institutions. I should like consideration to be given to the minor amendments that I have suggested, because they are designed to ensure as far as possible that Marshall scholars should

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  be young enough and sufficiently free from family responsibilities to be able to mix with British students in games, in argument, in the libraries, in the lecture room, in the "pubs.", in the laboratory or wherever it may be. Secondly, the Marshall scholars should be geographically representative of the United States, and thirdly, the Marshall scholars should have a chance of learning our way of life and especially the value of our political characteristics of tolerance and compromise.
  For nearly 20 years I have been looking for some way of repaying the American generosity which allowed me, to spend two years at an American university. I have not yet found it, but the very least I can do today is to support the Second Reading of this Bill.
  12.3 p.m.
  Mr. Emrys Hughes: I am all in favour of international scholarships and any measure which will help to promote greater understanding between ourselves and the great continent of America. I am, however, wondering whether the Bill goes far enough. I rather agree with my hon. Friend the Member for Lincoln (Mr. de Freitas) that in Committee we might improve the Bill so that it will be a really generous gesture.
  I am inclined to wonder what Senator McCarthy might think of the Bill. Here is a proposal to invite from America 12 innocent young American students under the age of 28 and to set them loose in English and Scottish universities, which a lot of people in America think are hotbeds of Communism. Senator McCarthy might take the view that this is a rather insidious proposal. When my hon. Friend the Member for Lincoln says that he wants not merely 12, but 300 scholarships——
  Mr. de Freitas: That is not quite what I said. I said that these 12 had to be compared against nearly 300 and that, therefore, they should be distinctive.
  Mr. Hughes: I rather assumed that my hon. Friend wanted a greater number, because I believe in the 300. I think we should do the job properly.
  One of the difficulties under certain of the restrictions in America is whether we can be quite sure that these students will
  746
  be able to come here and will be able to go back again. So far as I can see, in the present state of American affairs there is quite a restriction on the free passage of human beings from America to Europe. The position seems to be summed up by the fact that Charlie Chaplin cannot get in and Paul Robeson cannot get out.
  What guarantee have we that when these American students are over here, going to places like Glasgow University, they will not pick up all sorts of pernicious doctrines which the American authorities might not be able to regard as distinguishable from something terrible called Communism? I can foresee some of the difficulties. These 12 persons may choose to go to the London School of Economics, and they may choose to listen to speeches by my right hon. Friend the Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton). Indeed, they may be corrupted by coming to the House of Commons and listening to speeches by my hon. Friend the Member for Nelson and Colne (Mr. S. Silverman), who is not regarded in America as a proper person to visit the United States.
  I do not think, therefore, that the scheme will be quite so popular in certain circles in America as we might hope from the spirit in which the House has accepted it this morning. When the 12 students are over here, they might even listen to speeches by, for instance, the hon. Member for Handsworth (Sir E. Boyle), and they may return home having imbibed doctrines which Senators McCarthy and McCarran suspect to be something akin to Communism. So that although we are doing something which I believe to be very good, certain people in America may, perhaps, regard it as very bad.
  Why cannot we make a really good job of this? Why only 12 scholarships? Twelve scholarships are the equivalent of the cost of a tank, or one-tenth that of an American bomber. That is all that we can do to show our generous appreciation of Marshall Aid. There are certain restrictions which we shall need to alter in Committee. For example, why should students be chosen in such a way that there is apparently no opportunity for the very large number of Americans in this country to have the opportunity of applying? We have many thousands of

  747
  young Americans over here at present who could benefit by the educational facilities which would be available if the money is to be granted. I do not see why the American airman and soldier in this country should not get the advantage of these educational facilities or why the scheme should be confined merely to academic courses in the universities.
  What earthly use is it to invite Americans over here to study music at a British university? I appreciate music as well as anyone, but we want educational facilities which will lead to international understanding. I do not think we should be commemorating General Marshall in any special or distinctive way if we invited American students over here to follow musical courses which are available to them in the United States.
  There are other rather niggardly proposals. For example, the American students will be given third-class boat and rail fare. I have a number of Americans in my constituency at the American base at Prestwick, and they come by air. Why cannot we be as generous? Most Americans like to travel by air in these days. Why should we say to them, "If you come to this country you can only have a third-class fare on the boat. You cannot come by air. You cannot come from New York to Prestwick like the people who go to the naval or military bases in this country." So that I think in the Committee discussions we should do away with a lot of these restrictions and make this gesture a really generous one.
  I do not know how the Treasury or the Foreign Office fixed the age at 28. I have heard of 21 and of 19, but I do not know what arithmetical calculation resulted in the age of 28. The hon. Member for Lincoln said it was too high. I think it is too low. He mentioned a Senator who was included in a previous scheme, and I am all in favour of inviting American Senators. There was Senator Fulbright——
  Mr. de Freitas: He was a Rhodes scholar many years ago, that is the point.
  Mr. Hughes: I agree. But I would invite American Senators over to take advantage of any educational facilities available. I will not mention any names—[HON. MEMBERS: "Go on."]—but I
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  think I could mention several distinguished and well-publicised members of the American Senate who could very well do with a refresher course on the lines suggested by my hon. Friend.
  This is a Bill to commemorate Marshall Aid. I appreciate that Marshall Aid was a generous gesture, although, in view of some of the ways in which Marshall Aid has been employed in Europe, I am not sure that it can be regarded as far-sighted and really statesmanlike. But I do not want to pursue that point. I would say of General Marshall that, in my view, he was one of the best of them—he was not the most harmful of the American Generals. He had a sense of economic statesmanship and of the need for international reconstruction which marked him out as a distinctive figure, and so his name will probably go down in history.
  He did look further than many statesman on both sides of the Atlantic. On one occasion he made a very remarkable speech which, I think, showed the essence of what we should all strive for in these difficult days. He made this speech on 31st May, 1950, at Arlington Cemetery. He surveyed the post-war world and the task confronting us. These are the very wise words he said:
  "It would be unwise, it seems to me, to console ourselves with the thought that we would ultimately win if hostilities should break out again, because I fear that the victorious Power in another war will stand amidst its own ruin with little strength left to re-establish itself or to offer assistance to its neighbours. It will only enjoy the empty triumph of inheriting responsibility for a shattered and impoverished world.
  To one who follows the current trend of thought among the Western Powers it is evident they are well aware of this. They realise that, whoever wins another war, this generation will lose it. They realise that peace is a condition necessary to survival and they look to this country, not only for material and military strength to offset the probability of war, but, more important, I am sure they look to us for a clear re-statement of the moral principles we feel are essential to a peaceful international security."
  General Marshall concluded:
  "Our greatest tribute to our dead will be a resolve that war must not happen again."
  I would say that if there is to be anything distinctive about the opportunities offered to these American students it should be that they should be able to devote themselves to the study of conditions in this country and conditions in

  749
  Western Europe; so that America and Europe may co-operate in a way which will build up society and which will make the wars of the past impossible in the future.
  12.17 p.m.
  Mr. Nutting: May I reply, very briefly, to this debate? First I would say how grateful I am to the right hon. Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) for the welcome he gave to this Bill. Indeed, I would say also how grateful I am for the welcome it has received from all parties. It is notable that in the most helpful speeches and suggestions which we have had nearly everyone has asked for a broadening and a widening of the scope and application of this scheme.
  Some of the suggestions made fall within the scope of the Bill and some outside it. The suggestions about the range of subjects to be taken up under these scholarships and the choice of the universities and so on, fall, of course, outside the scope of the Bill. But I will consider them carefully and draw them to the attention of the Commission in this country when it is set up; and also of our Ambassador in Washington so that he may draw the attention of the Advisory Council to the helpful suggestions which have been made.
  The speech of the hon. Member for Lincoln (Mr. de Freitas) was a most helpful contribution based on considerable experience of this question. But I do not think it will be as difficult to make the scheme distinctive as the hon. Member thinks. When one is drawing up a White Paper it is difficult to express precisely in terms how it is intended that the scheme should work out. When we get the scheme working the hon. Member will find that it is a good deal more distinctive than the rather barren words in the White Paper would make it appear.
  I was asked by several hon. Members why 28 is the upper age limit. Of course, the answer is that some limit really had to be imposed. If it is fixed too low the field of choice is too small. If it is too high, the natural inclination will be to have more married and mature men coming over here who may not be able to play such a part in the communal life of the universities to which they go. But I will say that it is intended that the majority of these scholars who come over here shall be of the age 25.
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  Turning now to the suggestions which fall within the scope of the Bill, I give the House an assurance that I will consider them between now and the Committee stage. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham South made what I thought was a very useful point about the composition of the Commission and suggested that the words of the Bill might be altered so as to make it possible to increase it beyond the limit of seven. I think we shall be able to accept that suggestion in Committee, as well as the consequential alterations involved.
  I have much sympathy with the suggestion made by my right hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Kelvin-grove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot), but that is a much more difficult proposition, and I cannot hold out any hope that we shall be able to broaden the scheme in that way. I will consider the point between now and the next stage of the Bill.
  After this short reply, which I hope has dealt with most of the points raised, I ask the House to give the Bill a Second Reading.
  Question put, and agreed to.
  Bill accordingly read a Second time.
  Committed to a Committee of the whole House.—[Sir C. Drewe.]
  Committee upon Monday next.

MARSHALL AID COMMEMORATION [MONEY]
Considered in Committee under Standing Order No. 84 (Money Committees) [Queen's Recommendation signified.]
[Sir CHARLES MACANDREW in the Chair]
Motion made, and Question proposed,
"That for the purposes of any Act of the present Session to make provision for the granting of scholarships in commemoration of the assistance received by the United Kingdom under the European Recovery Programme and known as Marshall Aid, it is expedient to authorise the payment out of moneys provided by Parliament of grants made by the Secretary of State to the Commission established by the said Act to defray the expenditure of the Commission incurred for the purpose of providing, in each year, up to twelve scholarships tenable in the United Kingdom by citizens of the United States of America, including administrative expenses incurred in connection therewith."—[Mr. Anthony Nutting.]
12.22 p.m.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: I am grateful to my hon. Friend for the promise of consideration which he has just given. I quite understand that it may not be possible to incorporate my proposal within the present terms of the Bill. May I point out that the Money Resolution actually contains the words "tenable in the United Kingdom," which confines the Bill and might make it impossible for my hon. Friend to amend it along the lines of my suggestion. It would not be possible at this stage to alter the Money Resolution, and if my hon. Friend decided to broaden the Bill it would mean making some small extension in a subsequent Money Resolution. I trust that my hon. Friend will not rule that out, and that he will be prepared, if necessary, to broaden the Money Resolution at a later stage, or use some form of supplementary Money Resolution.
Meanwhile, in passing this Money Resolution the Committee would confine the Bill to "scholarships tenable in the United Kingdom." I make the point strongly because it might lead to a certain amount of difficulty. Several of the institutions in which such scholarships might be held have facilities outside the United Kingdom. I am not quite sure whether the words "tenable in the United Kingdom" would cover that situation; it may well be that they could be so stretched as to cover it, so that a scholarship at the London University would still be tenable even though the student were for some purpose or another temporarily working outside the United Kingdom although still, so to speak, within that university.
I indicate that as one of the complications which might arise in the conditions under which these scholarships will eventually be granted. I trust that in any case they will not be unduly limited to Oxford and Cambridge—and I say that as representative of a group of other universities, both in Scotland and in England, which have facilities quite as important for the study of modern problems as those available at Oxford or Cambridge.
I deprecate the suggestion of the hon. Member for Lincoln (Mr. de Freiras) that the scholarships should be confined to those studying political science. It may well be that co-operation between peoples
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of different views in political science could be better assisted through the study of some totally different subject, such as music, which was stressed by my hon. Friend the Member for Handsworth (Sir E. Boyle). It may well be that developments of co-operation and friendship will be found outside the narrow limits of political science which will yet have repercussions on political association, thereby facilitating the object which we all have in view. I therefore deprecate limiting these scholarships to any single field just as I would deprecate limiting the study necessary to fulfilling them being carried out in any particular locality.
Mr. Emrys Hughes: Is there any possibility of the Joint Under-Secretary of State withdrawing this Money Resolution and submitting it to the consideration of the Committee next Friday, when we shall take the Committee stage? The points which have been made from both sides of the House have intimated that we think a ceiling of £40,000 is too low. In view of the number of views expressed on the subject, is it not reasonable to ask the Foreign Secretary to go to the Treasury and ask that the ceiling should be higher? If we put a financial limit to the scheme of £40,000, it will be out of order next week to move Amendments to increase the expenditure. I appeal to the Joint Under-Secretary of State to take note of the suggestion made by the right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot).
Mr. Nutting: There is, of course, nothing in the Bill or the Money Resolution which limits the expenditure to £40,000. I was very careful, in my speech introducing the Bill, to say that that was the estimated cost. The fact that the figure appears in the Financial Memorandum has no statutory effect or limitation upon the scheme but is merely a guide to Parliament so that they may know what should be the maximum cost when the scheme is fully working.
I will consider the point raised by my right hon. and gallant Friend, as I have already promised, but there are considerable difficulties about it and I cannot guarantee that we shall be able to insert into the Bill any words to cover the point he makes. I prefer to consider it rather from the other direction he indicated—

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whether we could stretch the existing words to allow students to go to universities associated with British universities but in the Colonial Empire. I prefer to look at the matter from that point of view rather than from the point of view of amending the words in the existing draft. I therefor prefer that the Committee should approve the Money Resolution as the House has approved the Bill.
Question put, and agreed to.
Resolution to be reported upon Monday next.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND ANCIENT MONUMENTS BILL
Order for Second Reading read.
12.29 p.m.
The Minister of Works (Sir David Eccles): I beg to move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
This Bill is presented in the belief that half a loaf is better than no bread. Everyone who has considered the range of British architecture agrees, I think, that the family house is a strand of gold running through the pattern of centuries, and will agree, too, that it is our duty to do all we can to preserve the best examples of this domestic art for the instruction and joy of future generations. The extent of the slow creeping disaster which is coming over so many houses was forcefully and fully described by the Gowers Committee.
Whatever view may be held about particular recommendations of that Committee, because of the financial situation we cannot at present afford to implement the grand conception which inspired its authors. We must now be content to make a start in the right direction. Therefore, it is of great importance to see that the machinery set up in this Bill can be used as a pilot plant for much larger operations when more money becomes available.
This is Friday and our time is limited and, as the Government are very anxious to hear the views of as many hon. Members as possible on the principles that should guide us in administering the Bill, I hope that I meet the wishes of the House if I take the general problem as
754
understood and devote my remarks to an account of the Bill itself. The Bill is divided into three Parts. I should like to say something about Part II first. Clauses 10 to 13 have no bearing on the proposals relating to historic houses. They are included in order to tidy up certain defects in the administration of the Ancient Monuments Acts.
For instance, I am asking in Clause 11 for power to substitute special Parliamentary procedure for an Act of Parliament where an objection is raised to a preservation order. In Clause 12 it is provided that compensation can be paid to an owner who is injured by a preservation order. These cases are rare, but I have not at present any power to do justice to an owner who is injured by an order. For example, if a farmer is prevented from ploughing up a field until such time as my officials can get round to do the excavation, I have no power to give him any compensation for his loss of livelihood. I think it is right that we should have that power.
Part III of the Bill makes a minor adjustment in the working of the Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Procedure) Act, 1946, and in the legislation relating to preservation orders. It is Part I of the Bill with which we are chiefly concerned today. That deals with buildings of outstanding architectural or historic interest. It gives to the Minister of Works power to set up Councils for England and for Wales and, in conjunction with the Secretary of State for Scotland, and on the advice of the appropriate Council to make grants towards the maintenance of such buildings and their contents on such conditions as the Minister may prescribe.
Clauses 5 to 8 provide that the Minister can accept an outstanding building as a gift or buy such a building or assist a local authority or other bodies to buy it. Finally, the Minister can also accept endowments towards the upkeep of a building in his charge. Hon. Gentlemen will see that all these powers are very widely drawn. That is quite deliberate. It is done because we are starting on a new service and as we gain experience we want to be able to mould the administration to suit both the money which is available and the classes of building which in the course of time it is thought appropriate to help.
There are no new compulsory powers in the Bill. Everything we do will be in agreement with the owners concerned. For the first time we shall have power to assist inhabited houses. Most people will agree that when a building of the kind we are thinking of is lived in as the home of a family, something of interest to visitors from home or overseas is preserved which is lacking in a museum or institution.
The question arises then: shall we use most of the money for helping inhabited houses? I hope so, but it is impossible to be certain, for we do not know how many houses will be offered to us for purchase or in how many cases local authorities and others will ask for help in respect of houses which they wish to see used for some special purpose of their own. As the money is limited all I can say is that we must make the best use of it and in the light of experience we shall know whether more of it will go in one direction or in the other.
As this uncertainty about the number of houses that will be offered to us for sale is very real—and we have some reason to know that there are a fair number of offers coming along—it may be just as well that the sum at my disposal for purchases of buildings and chattels is at present no greater than £500,000 over the next five years. That sum comes from the Land Fund. I am very glad that the father of the Land Fund, the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton), is here. I think he will rejoice, as we do, that at long last a useful purpose has been found for, at any rate, a small portion of the Fund; but the knowledge that there is this capital sum of £500,000 will attract sellers of properties which are difficult to manage.
The House will see that every time we make a purchase we shall have to earmark part of the other grant—the annual grant for maintenance—towards the upkeep of the house which we have purchased. Therefore, there will be less for inhabited houses. I think that we all hope that the sale of historic houses will be the last resort and that we shall manage to help as many as possible by way of grants for maintenance. However, it really is not possible to tell in advance
756
just how this will work out. Therefore, I should be glad if hon. Members do not press for more than £500,000 out of the Land Fund at present. Let us see how we get along and when that £500,000 is spent it will be time enough to make the case to the Chancellor of the Exchequer for more.
For annual maintenance the sum available in the first year has been fixed at £250,000. This has been very widely held to be quite insufficient, but it will take some months to get into our stride and I am very glad to tell the House that my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer has authorised me to say that when we have been in operation for a year he is prepared to look at this figure again. That is proof of the great personal interest which the Chancellor takes in this Bill.
Clearly, with no more than £250,000 in one year we can only assist a small fraction of the historic houses which hon. Gentlemen would consider of outstanding importance. The Minister will select these houses on the advice of the three Councils for England, Wales and Scotland respectively. I very much want the appropriate Council to be the body which advises me on the merits of each case. I expect that successive Ministers of Works will be glad to have a powerful buffer between them and the queue of owners who will want help and amongst whom it may be very difficult to choose without the advice of independent men and women.
Provision is made in Clause 1 (3) to pay the Chairman of the Council if a salary is necessary to secure the best man for the job. I feel that we ought to have this power, because the post of chairman is very important and will involve a good deal of travelling. Therefore, if we find that a salary is reasonable, we shall have the power to pay it.
It is not easy to determine in advance how the money available for the grants should be divided between England, Scotland and Wales, and I shall have to have the advice of the Councils on this point. The principle is that the houses we are assisting in the three sections of the Kingdom should be roughly of the same standard of excellence. I do not think it would be proper to assist third-rate houses in one part of the Kingdom when, in another part of the Kingdom, houses of

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first rate importance could not be assisted because there was no money left with which to do it. Therefore, we shall have to see as we go along what are the proportions of the offers and their merits coming from the different parts of the Kingdom, but we shall certainly try to be fair as between the three.
The secretary of each Council will be provided by the Ministry of Works, and, in this way, it will be possible to place at the disposal of the Council the expert advice of the archaeologists, architects and surveyors who serve my Department and who have a very high reputation for their ability. The Councils I envisage rather as men and women of the world, like boards of directors, who will get their technical advice very largely from the competent staff in the Ministry of Works.
I ought to say a word about the problem of overlapping between the new Councils for England and Wales and the existing body which is responsible to my right hon. Friend the Minister of Housing and Local Government. This problem does not arise in respect of Scotland. The Holford Committee is concerned with a very much wider field than these Historic Buildings Councils will be. It has no money, but it does good work in supervising the listing of buildings which themselves cannot be pulled down or altered without reference to the planning authorities, and it advises the Minister of Housing and Town and Country Planning upon the application of his planning powers to the listed buildings. I am sure that we can secure harmony here. Harmony reigns between the two Departments in other spheres, and I see no reason why it should not be established here, but I am discussing the administrative arrangements with my right hon. Friend, and we have not yet quite decided what is likely to be the most efficient method of managing the two tasks—listing, on the one hand, and scheduling for grant, on the other.
I come now to the principles on which the £250,000 will be allocated. We think that grants to buildings are preferable to tax reliefs to owners. Leaving aside the question of Treasury principle, which is not for me, I am sure that, from the angle of the Minister of Works, whose aim is to see preserved the largest number of fine houses that can be maintained within the limits of the finance
758
available, that decision is right. The objection to tax reliefs is that they are ineffective when the owner has too small an income to benefit by the relief, as is very often the case, or, if he has a sufficient income, he may be unwilling to find the cash for maintenance up to the desired standard.
Even if we proposed to assist him with tax relief, we should have to have grants as well, and it is not practicable to divide the sum of £250,000 between grants and tax reliefs. Further, for the houses which are purchased or are given to us, the money for maintenance must come out of the annual provision for grants, and tax reliefs can be of no use to us here at all. For all these reasons, I think the system of grants will, within the limited finance at our disposal, give us the best results.
The House will want to know how the grant system will operate, and I envisage something like this. The owner of a house who wishes to have a grant will apply to the secretary of the appropriate Historic Buildings Council. The secretary will get together some preliminary information, and he will submit it, together with the application, to his Council. The Council will then look at this preliminary evidence and make up their minds whether there is a case for assistance. If they decide there is, they will advise the Minister to make a detailed investigation. When reports on the importance of the building and other matters have been prepared, and estimates have been got out of the cost of special repairs, which are nearly always very heavy, and the cost of normal upkeep, the case will go back to the Council, which will then advise the Minister on the amount of the grant which is needed and the conditions to be attached to it. In cases where we are successful in obtaining the co-operation of the appropriate National Trust—and I will say more about that in a minute—it will be the Trust and not the Ministry which will prepare the reports for the Council, and, if the Minister sanctions the grant, the Trust will supervise the use of the money.
It will be seen that Clause 4 does not lay down any specific conditions to the grants. There are certain to be cases in which an owner is asked to make a contribution towards the cost of maintenance.

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Wherever possible, we shall expect the house to be open to the public on suitable occasions, but one cannot say in advance whether this desirable condition can always be fulfilled. For example, if it is thought proper to assist a group of houses in a town, it would not be possible to admit the public to each one of those houses, but the public will benefit by the exterior, the terrace, or whatever it is, being properly maintained. I can give the assurance that, where it is reasonable to attach conditions that the buildings should be open to the public, we shall certainly see that that is done.
I come now to the very difficult question of the principles on which the buildings to be assisted should be chosen.
Mr. Arthur Colegate: Before my right hon. Friend leaves that question of grants, can he say whether the grant is to be an annual grant for a term of years, or whether it is to be a special grant in one particular case? Perhaps the Minister is taking power to do anything he thinks fit, but, in the normal case, I take it that the grant will be for a period of years or as fixed by the agreement?
Sir D. Eccles: I thank my hon. Friend for that intervention; I am coming to that point when I deal with the provision which the Government have decided to make for grants over a period of years.
I should like to have the advice of the House on this question, but perhaps it would help if I gave the House the benefit of the view which I hold myself for the moment. Public taste in works of art swings to and fro in the most violent manner. What is praised to the skies in one generation, is condemned out of hand in the next. I suppose that when Barry re-built this Palace of Westminster his design must have been very highly thought of. What we know is that soon afterwards it entered into a period of disapproval—I choose a very moderate word—but I now believe that the architecture of the Palace of Westminster is regaining its popularity.
Hon. Gentlemen who are great experts on this subject will know that hundreds of cases can be cited where works of art are in fashion in one century and completely out of fashion in another. We
760
cannot expect the members of the Historic Buildings Councils to be entirely immune from prevailing fashion. None of us is, though I am bound to say that some of the members of the societies connected with particular styles of architecture appear to think that the one in which they are interested is really the only one worth preserving. But that is not so, and all history shows that it is not so.
I hope, therefore, that the Councils will aim at preserving the best examples of all styles, big and small houses, some situated in the countryside and some in towns, and that they will give weight to the association of the House with great events or with a family or owner famous in our history. The fact that members of the same family have lived for centuries in the same house is also, in my view, worthy of respect.
I understand that there is a difference of opinion between those who think we should parcel out the money in as many grants as we can in order to keep the greatest number of houses from falling down, and those who think that we should make sure that every house we assist gets enough money to be maintained in good order, including the repair of the contents, the upkeep of the gardens and of' amenity lands.
It seems to me that the main object of the Bill is to preserve for future generations the gems of our domestic architecture in a state which shows them to the best advantage. I have always found that spending anything less than is needed to keep a building in first rate repair usually ends in trouble. I will put these considerations to the Councils and will also listen to what they have to say.
On the same point, I hear it said that the Ministry of Works sets too high a standard in this dilapidated world, spending too lavishly and incurring unnecessary expenses. I always try to investigate any allegation of this kind, and what we usually find is that like is not being compared with like, and that our accuser is proposing a scheme of maintenance which my architects consider totally inadequate to the building. I am then urged to simplify my specifications.
I assure the House that there is really very great danger in this kind of advice.

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The Ministry of Works have long experience in maintaining buildings in the possession of the Crown, and we find that it does not pay to do half the job, and also that the public—and one has to think of visitors from overseas as well as from home—expect a very high standard from the Government, and expect us to give a lead.
My view is that it would be wrong to approve schemes of maintenance which we knew at the time of approval were not going to maintain the house at a really high standard. However, this is a matter for argument, and, naturally, I shall listen to the Councils' advice.
What I have just said does not mean that we shall neglect to get value for the money spent. In most cases, of course, the owners themselves will arrange for carrying out the work with the assistance of the grant, and they will say whom they want to employ to spend the money. We or the National Trust—if it is a National Trust—will see that the results are good. Where our own Minister is concerned, we shall encourage the inviting of tenders by contractors, and if there is an efficient estate staff available we shall certainly make use of it.
I have said that we believe that the appropriate National Trust can be of great help to us when dealing with inhabited houses. Their experience is of the greatest value, and I very much hope that they will be willing to undertake on our behalf the negotiations with the owners of inhabited houses who are prepared to treat with them, and that they will supervise the maintenance.
There cannot be any hard and fast rule here because we do not know whether all the owners of inhabited houses who come to us for grants will prefer the National Trust's scheme of supervision or that of the Ministry. We shall just have to see, but I hope that the National Trusts will do the bulk of the work. The Trusts have told us that they would have liked us to hand over to them endowments in respect of houses which have been bought by or given to the Government and then transferred to their care. I think they were thinking more particularly of endowments given by the Government in respect of houses which had been offered direct to them by the public without endowments.
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This is a very difficult point, and my right hon. Friend the Chancellor feels that it would be too great a departure in financial principle, but he is ready to authorise me at the appropriate time—and this brings in the point made just now by my hon. Friend—to promise annual grants for a period of years. If that is done to the satisfaction of the owner and of the Trust it will, in fact, be a fair alternative.
Again, as with the tax reliefs—leaving on one side the question of taxation principles, which is not my affair—I should have thought that as money tends to depreciate, endowments—and we have had a very good case in Chequers—soon become insufficient for keeping up a house, and it would appear to me easier to get a future Government to add to a grant rather than to an endowment. What matters is that the annual sum for a period ahead attaching to a certain building should be sufficient to keep it in good order.
I have already said that Clauses 5 to 8 of the Bill give the Minister power to buy and sell buildings and to accept endowments. I have no idea how many of these properties will be offered to us, but when we make a purchase we shall have to find a new user. It is our intention to set up a central agency where private persons, Government Departments, local authorities and other bodies can obtain information about the houses for which a new use has to be found. I believe that the centralising of this information service in one place would be a great help to many people.
I have tried to answer a number of points which were raised when we discussed this matter before, and no doubt there are many other questions which arise out of the Bill, and to which answers are desired today. These can be dealt with by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary. I should like to pay tribute to him. During the winter and the spring months he has done by far the larger share of the work in preparing the Bill, and his skill and patience in negotiation have allowed us to have the Bill today. The Bill looks small, and it is small, but it touches the hearts of a great many people and raises problems of art and tradition which are very difficult to solve to the satisfaction of everybody.

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It is because we have in mind these considerations of personal and artistic interest that we come to Parliament with a request for flexible powers, and if Parliament is willing to grant them they will enable us to find by experience the best way of starting this new service to help historic houses which are in need of assistance. We realise that this is only a beginning, but we think it is a good beginning, and I therefore commend the Bill to the House.
1.2 p.m.
Mr. Hugh Dalton: This is a small Bill in form, as the Minister has said, but it is an important Bill. The previous Government were working before the General Election on a Measure somewhat similar to this, and we certainly should have brought in a Measure aiming at this same object if we had continued in power beyond the autumn of 1951. There is general agreement as to the need for more speedy and effective action to achieve the main purpose of the Bill to prevent the decay from natural causes, and even in some cases the deliberate destruction by shortsighted people, of beautiful and historic buildings in which are preserved our splendid national heritage of the works of the best architects and craftsmen of the past.
I certainly think that the money provided here is inadequate. I believe the Minister agrees with me and, if I read correctly between the lines of what he has said, he has so argued with the Treasury, and he has got from the Treasury a half-undertaking to look again at this annual grant of £250,000. That is not a bad beginning—not a bad interim report from the Departmental battlefield—but the money now provided is not much.
With regard to the capital sum, £500,000, I should like to say a word or two particularly about the National Land Fund which, as the right hon. Gentleman recalled, was instituted by me in 1946 under the Finance Act of that year. The right hon. Gentleman spoke as though no one so far had made any use of it at all, and he said that I ought to be glad that some use was now going to be made of the Fund. Some considerable use, although not enough, has already been made of it. A number of properties have
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been transferred from the owners to nonprofit making bodies, mostly to the National Trust. Some fine houses have been included in this list. I have not with me the list of the properties concerned but most of them have been of beautiful open country rather than of beautiful and historic houses. There is, for instance, the Glanllyn property in Merioneth, and part of the Penrhyn estate in North Wales, including some very beautiful mountain country, such as the Glyders and Llyn Ogwen.
But the amount of property so far transferred has been very disappointing to me, as the author of this scheme. I hoped that the owner of a fine house or other real property would often consider that it would be an advantage to him that payment of Death Duties should take the form, in whole or in part, of the transfer of the property direct. I am sure that I was right in thinking—I hope the Minister will agree in regard to this aspect of the Bill—that the National Trust in England, where it has operated on a large scale, and to a lesser extent in Scotland, where it is operating as yet only on a small scale, has been found to be a very admirable holder of these transferred properties.
None the less, it is true that the Land Fund has been to some extent accumulating at compound interest. It now amounts to more than £54 million as against the £50 million which I originally put into it in 1946. Therefore, there is evidently a case for extending the use which this Fund can be put. I do not know whether this will affect the Minister's arrangements in any way, but one reason, I think, why the use of the Fund has been disappointing in regard to Death Duties is that valuations for probate are generally less than the values which can be got in the open market. It will therefore often seem to trustees that, if they want to part with real estate at all, they will do better to sell it than to pass it over on the probate valuation.
When we instituted this Fund in 1946 we contemplated not only that all the interest would be spent, but that the principal would be spent too, over a period of from 10 to 20 years, when we might again look at the situation and see whether further financial provision should be made to prevent the Inland Revenue from being out of pocket when

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Death Duties paid in land or other properties and not in cash. It is disappointing to find, not only that the principal has not been drawn on, at all so far, but that not all the interest has been spent.
I must quote one sentence only which requires some comment, as to the character of the National Land Fund. A Member of Her Majesty's present Government said in another place:
"If you spend £2 million or more out of the National Land Fund you have to raise a further £2 million by taxation to meet your other expenditure."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, House of Lords, 9th June, 1953; Vol. 182, c. 784.]
The Lord Chancellor said that in another place. It is completely wrong. The Lord Chancellor has completely misunderstood the matter. Either he was very badly briefed or he read his brief with insufficient care. The Land Fund is wholly set aside for one special purpose. Even if, to take an extreme case, the Minister were to persuade the Chancellor to give him the whole £54 million for next year, that would not involve, as seems to be imagined by his learned colleague, any additional taxation at all. It has no relation to general taxation or to the level of taxation. I hope, if this illusion is widespread among his colleagues, that the Minister will take steps to correct it. As it stands, it does damage to an understanding of this particular problem as well as to the general intelligence of Ministers.
I will now pass from the Land Fund, commenting merely on the fact that to give the right hon. Gentleman £500,000 over five years is to take out of the Land Fund over the period of five years less than 1 per cent. of the total in it and to give him over the next five years 0·2 per cent. of the total Fund which might be used for this purpose. A strong case for increasing the drawings on the Fund can be made.
The Minister spoke about the choice, which cannot be easy and which will involve much detailed study and good judgment by the members of the Historic Buildings Councils and by himself, as to how far we should extend over a large number of cases, or concentrate upon a few cases, the grants which will be possible under this Bill. In a previous speech the right hon. Gentleman spoke in favour of which I think he called "concentrating
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on a few representative gems." I was a little perturbed by that phrase, but I was a little reassured today when he said, and I think that I use his own words. "We must aim at preserving the largest number of fine houses which it is possible to do within the financial means at our disposal."
In other words the Minister was today emphasising the desirability of preserving the largest number possible, whereas previously I thought that he was too much inclined to concentration. I will not enter into discussion at this stage as to how high the standards of repair and maintenance should be. That is a technical matter, but I hope that the right hon. Gentleman will approach that problem, and that the Historic Buildings Councils will do likewise, with the phrase which he used today in mind.
It is very important that we should have some further discussion, which could readily come both today and on the Committee stage, about a matter on which the Minister said that he had received representations from the National Trusts—that is with regard to endowments for the maintenance of houses that were taken over, whether by the Trusts themselves or by other bodies. I gather that one of the new departures which may take place under this Bill is that local authorities in more cases than hitherto will have the possession and care of these houses. That is to be welcomed.
Two hon. Members, one on this side of the House and one on the other side, will no doubt speak in greater detail on how this problem appears to the National Trust for England and Wales, both being on its Executive Council. But, as I understand the matter, a large number of fine houses, well worthy of preservation, have been offered in recent years to the National Trusts, and particularly to the National Trust for England and Wales. The Trusts have not been able to accept them, not always because the owner could do nothing towards maintenance and repair, but because a larger sum than could be raised from private sources would be required as an endowment to enable these houses to be kept in good condition in the future. It is important that we should do whatever we can, and it might be an economical way of doing this thing well, if the Government were to supplement out of

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these moneys an endowment which is, not non-existent but not sufficient, to enable a fine house to pass into the hands of the National Trust.
The only other point on which I wish to say something at this stage is the administrative relationships between the Ministry of Works and the Ministry which is now called the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. All the "Planning" has disappeared from this Ministry—or at least from its title. The right hon. Gentleman was not up-to-date in his speech today. But the Ministry of Housing and Local Government has had until now important functions very closely related to and indeed mixed up with the purposes of this Bill. In the Bill that we on this side of the Committee would have introduced had my right hon. Friend the Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown) continued to be Minister of Works, there would have been a straightforward transfer to the Ministry of Works from the then Ministry of Local Government and Planning of all the existing powers regarding listing and making preservation orders and so on. That, surely, is the clean and appropriate administrative solution.
I cannot think that it is sense to leave listing and preservation orders relating to these historic houses with the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, and I cannot think that it is sense to leave in existence their separate advisory committee. Although there may be one or two points which that committee consider from time to time that would not fall exactly within the ambit of the Historic Buildings Councils, surely the work overlaps to a very great extent. I should have hoped that in this Bill there would have been a clean transfer of these functions from the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to the Ministry of Works. No doubt some members of the advisory committee would be very suitable members of the Historic Buildings Councils and the advisory committee, which is not, I think, a statutory body, could disappear.
I cannot see why that move should not be made even now. I have heard it suggested that it would be more appropriately done in some future legislation relating to town and country planning,
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but I see no reason to delay until then. I should have thought that, either by a Clause in this Bill or by a transfer of powers order such as we considered the other day with regard to civil aviation and war pensions, the transfer could be made at an earlier date. I am sure that it will assist the working of the scheme to get all the administration into one hand and I do not see why the Minister of Works should object to receiving it or his right hon. Friend the Minister of Housing and Local Government object to handing it over. I was prepared to hand it over when I was in that office.
We shall support the Bill on Second Reading. We hope that it will be passed into law at an early stage but that in certain respects it will be strengthened and amended; and we shall wish the Minister all good fortune in his continued wrestlings with the people at the Treasury.
1.19 p.m.
Mr. R. Fleetwood-Hesketh: I am grateful for the opportunity of saying a few words on this Bill. If I offer anything at all in the nature of criticism I hope that no one will suppose for a moment that I do not feel extremely grateful to the Minister for having done something, at least, to preserve the architectural treasures of this country.
I should like to approach this subject simply as a student of architecture, and I will not enter upon the wider question of whether it is morally or socially justifiable for a person to continue to live in a house which his family may have built and which they may have occupied for several centuries. That is far too controversial a question for me to develop in the few minutes at my disposal. Therefore, I should like to confine myself to what I feel to be less debatable ground, namely, that if we leave the owner of a house in occupation as guardian of that house, the maintenance will probably be done more cheaply than in any other way, and we shall also stand a better chance of keeping the fabric and the contents of the house together. That is an important architectural consideration when one remembers that many of these contents were made for the places which they still occupy.

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But my main object is to compare the relative benefits given by the Government to architecture as opposed to other works of art. I think that those of us who wish and hope that the sum provided in this Bill will be increased in the future have a good argument here. I feel that it is not so much the form which a benefit takes that counts as the amount of the benefit. If a certain amount is to be granted for the preservation of a particular work of art, it does not greatly matter whether that amount is given by way of abatement of Estate Duty, enlargement of the maintenance claim or, indeed, by a direct grant; though I am bound to say that without some form of abatement of Death Duty I do not see how we shall ever obtain enough money for the purpose we have in mind. I hope that I may be allowed very briefly to develop this argument, even if I have to refer to benefits not actually contained in this Bill, but which are now enjoyed by other works of art, since that is the only way in which I can make the comparison I wish to draw.
If we consider the benefits now enjoyed by pictures, furniture and things of that kind, as the House well knows, certain previous Finance Acts provide that:
"Pictures and other works of art of national, scientific or historical interest are exempt from Death Duty while enjoyed in kind."
That is to say, until they are sold. Let us consider what this means in £ s. d.
We have in that regard an excellent example from the saleroom only last week. I refer to the Ashburnham sale. I do not think that anyone would argue that the great works of art sold there would not have qualified for exemption under these Sections if they had not been sold. That sale realised between £130,000 and £140,000, and, according to the published figures, the probate value on the remainder of the estate was about £650,000. Let us suppose that these Sections of the Finance Acts of the past, to which I have referred, had never been enacted, and let us also suppose that the pictures to which I have referred had not been sold.
In those circumstances, taking aggregation into account, it strikes me that
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these pictures would have paid duty at the rate of about 75 per cent., and the Treasury, on the whole transaction, taking the duty paid on the pictures and the higher rate of duty on the estate as a whole, would have benefited to the tune of about £120,000. This concerns one collection in one house in Sussex. There are hundreds of other comparable collections scattered throughout the country, yet the amount which would be allowed in respect of this one single collection is nearly half the whole annual sum which is offered to save all the best architecture in the whole of Great Britain.
We have heard a great deal about the difficulty of selection within a class; that it is difficult to accept one person's house and to refuse another's. But I must point out that this trouble has been successfully overcome in connection with other works of art for many years by the officials of the National Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum in the case of pictures and similar objects under the sections to which I have referred. It should also be noted that under this arrangement, the custody of the objects remains with the owners. I do not for a moment criticise this form of relief; in fact I feel that much good has come from it, and that many works of art have been retained in this country and in their best setting which would otherwise have gone abroad. But I do fail to understand why architecture should remain such a conspicuous Cinderella amongst the arts, receiving perhaps not one-tenth of the benefit offered to painting and other works of art which I have mentioned.
I do not press the point that from one point of view architecture should have the first claim because the costs of preservation are so much higher. After all, pictures and furniture do not stand in the open air and are not subject to the rigours of our climate. I feel, therefore, that I am speaking for all serious students of architecture when I say that all we are asking for is that the works of our great architects should have the same regard paid to them as is already paid to the works of our great painters, silversmiths, cabinet makers and sculptors.
1.25 p.m.
Mr. Kenneth Robinson: This is a well-intentioned and long overdue Bill. I should like to welcome it warmly on behalf of the National Trust. The National Trust, as the Minister has said, has been closely concerned with the objectives of this Bill over a long period—the preservation of houses of historic and architectural interest. The Trust will be only too pleased to extend that co-operation for which the Minister hoped in his opening speech. We realise that we have a considerable function to perform in the administration of this Bill, 'and we shall be very pleased to do so. I want to express this welcome at the outset of what I have to say because I have certain criticisms to make of the Bill, and I have one or two more to make on my own account as well. So the welcome is perhaps not an entirely unqualified one.
It is always invidious to name the progenitors of a Bill of this kind. They are usually many, but I think that the House would agree that two of the most important ones in this instance were my right hon. Friend the Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton), who set up the National Land Fund under the 1946 Finance Act, and, perhaps more important, the late Sir Stafford Cripps, who was responsible for the setting up of the Gowers Committee. It was Sir Stafford Cripps who first saw the danger to these priceless historic houses. It was always a subject very dear to his heart. I think that the House might be interested to know that on the 27th July, 1950, which was a few weeks after the publication of the Gowers Report, Sir Stafford Cripps met a small group of hon. Members of this House in order to discuss the Report with them.
There is no need to tell the House what he said in any detail, because he had not at that time come to any final conclusions about the problem. But he did make two important points. The first was that so far as possible these houses should continue to be inhabited and not become mere empty, lifeless museums. I think that sentiment is shared on both sides of the House, and it is a principle which has always guided the National Trust. The second point which Sir Stafford Cripps made was that the Government should have power to acquire houses in
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danger of demolition or decay. It is gratifying to see both these principles enshrined in the Bill we are discussing today. I have mentioned this meeting with Sir Stafford Cripps, not only for its relevance so far as this debate is concerned, but because it was the last occasion on which Sir Stafford Cripps addressed hon. Members of this House. He was obviously in very great pain at the time, but so deep was his interest in this subject that he stayed discussing this matter for 1½ hours.
The National Trust has been waiting for many years for some such Bill as this. We are very glad that the Government have made this small beginning. We think, as I believe the whole House thinks, that £250,000 a year for maintenance grants is pitifully inadequate, but we were very glad indeed to hear that the Chancellor of the Exchequer may have second thoughts at the end of the first year's working under this Bill. In an Adjournment debate which we had some months ago, the right hon. Gentleman said that he thought, or he hoped, that this sum might enable him to preserve some 50 to 100 historic houses. I very much doubt whether it will go anything like as far as that.
I believe that the Minister will find, particularly among the first batch of applications, that there are many houses which have an accumulation of special repairs, and that his £250,000 will trickle away much faster than he imagines. At a later stage it may be possible for him to maintain roughly this number of houses on this money, provided that the initial repairs have been done, but there is an overwhelming case for a far larger sum to be made available, at any rate in the first year or two of the scheme.
I now come to the Trust's major criticism of the Bill. It has been referred to by both right hon. Gentlemen who have spoken. During the 15 years that the Trust has been operating its Country House Scheme, it has been responsible for the preservation of more than 100 historic houses, but it can only do this when the owner is able and willing to put down an endowment, in the form either of a capital sum of money or of land, to enable the Trust to maintain the property in perpetuity and to declare it inalienable.

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Even over the last few years there have been about 30 thoroughly desirable houses, in every way worthy of preservation, which the Trust has had to let go because the owner was not able to provide the full endowment. In many cases the owner could provide part of it, but we had not the money with which to supplement partial endowment. We hoped that the Bill would contain powers to enable the Minister to provide endowments or, perhaps even more important, to supplement endowments in cases where they were inadequate. We think that this would be the most economical method of using the money at the Minister's disposal, because in those cases we can be fairly certain of bringing the owner in. I believe the right hon. Gentleman will have many applications where the owner is not very keen on making his contribution. I hope the Minister will have second thoughts—probably it is the Chancellor who needs to be made to have second thoughts—because we propose to move an Amendment, or a new Clause, during the Committee stage to include this provision.
The Trust knows that it cannot expect much money out of the £250,000 to be made available in the form of capital endowment. I should have imagined that the £500,000 out of the Land Fund, which is, after all, a capital matter, would have been very much more appropriate in this connection, and if it is a slight departure from normal financial practice, then let us make a departure. The House can do exactly what it wants, and I do not see that it is an adequate argument for turning down the proposal now just because the situation has never arisen before. What we want is powers for the Minister to make grants for endowment. Even if it is not possible to take advantage of this during the first few years when the Act is in operation, there might come a time when more money is available and then, unless these powers exist, the Trust may still have to turn down desirable houses which we could otherwise preserve.
I now want to ask one or two questions about the Bill, particularly about the meaning of Clause 6 (2), which refers to the National Trust. It is not clear to me whether the Minister will be able to make a grant to the National Trust of the whole purchase price of a building
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acquired by the Trust. I should like to know whether the phrase:
"… defraying in whole or in part any expenses incurred by the Trust …"
include the purchase price. It might be made a little clearer. If the phrase does include the purchase price, might we have it extended to include associated land and associated chattels.
We should also like to know why associated land is differently defined in Clauses 4 (1) and 5 (1). In Clause 4 (1) it is described as:
"… land held with any such buildings and forming part of the amenities thereof …"
In Clause 5 (1) there is the more desirable definition:
"… land comprising, or contiguous or adjacent to, the building."
I hope that during the Committee stage we may be able to agree on a common definition and that it will be the latter.
I now want to ask the right hon. Gentleman one or two questions on my own account. There is not very much in the Bill about the Historic Buildings Councils which is at all concrete. It is clear that they are very much weaker and less substantial bodies than those envisaged by the Gowers Committee. Their function seems entirely advisory, which was not what the Gowers Committee had in mind. On the other hand, I agree with the right hon. Gentleman that, in many respects, the less specific the Bill is the better it will be.
I was very much interested by Clause 1 (3), which says that the salaried chairman of the Historic Buildings Council can be a Member of this House without being disqualified from sitting or voting. I should have thought that if ever there was an office of profit under the Crown, this was one. Perhaps we may be told why that specific provision has been inserted in the Bill.
I was not entirely convinced by the references of the right hon. Gentleman to the question of transferring the listing and building preservation order functions of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to his own Ministry. Everyone agrees that at present there is considerable duplication. We have all heard stories of sets of officials from the two Ministries going to inspect the same property on successive days. As my right hon. Friend said, surely the Bill

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provides the occasion to make what we all agree would be a most desirable administrative change.
I wish also to refer to the National Land Fund, which was referred to at some length by my right hon. Friend the Member for Bishop Auckland. There seems to be a great deal of confusion in the minds of the Government about just what the National Land Fund is. My right hon. Friend quoted the words uttered by the Lord Chancellor in another place, but he did not quote the most telling passage. The Lord Chancellor also said:
"… the mere act of creating that Fund does not put any extra money into the Government's pocket. It is not like the Road Fund or the National Insurance Fund, which had been collected by a particular means for a particular purpose. It is not a Fund established out of monies provided for a particular purpose by the public. The whole £50 million simply came out of the Consolidated Fund. It is not in any sense real money at all: It is simply a collection of Government securities."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, House of Lords, 9th June, 1953; Vol. 182. c. 783–4.]
Apart from the last few words, almost every statement in that passage is completely inaccurate. It is a fund created for a special purpose. As Lord Methuen reminded the Lord Chancellor, the money was derived from the sale of surplus war material. It consisted of capital money which the Treasury did not want to apply to revenue and it was, therefore, put in a special fund to be used for capital purposes. I should have thought that the purposes of acquisition and the provision of endowments under the Bill were most admirable uses for the Fund.
I thought my right hon. Friend rather understated the limited use to which this Fund had been put. Only a very small fraction of the interest has ever been expended since the Fund was set up, even though the rate of interest is an extremely low one, about 1–8 per cent. This is presumably because the Treasury invests it in securities to suit its own convenience and not to suit the convenience of the Fund itself. After all, even the extra half a million pounds, which the right hon. Gentleman has managed to extract from his right hon. Friend, spread over five years, represents only six months interest on the Fund even at this low rate of interest. I hope he
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will be able, when the financial provisions of this Bill are reviewed in 12 months' time, not only to get some more money for maintenance, but also to get a good deal more capital money out of the National Land Fund.
There is general agreement in the House over the desirability of this Measure itself. It has become in recent debates almost a cliché to say that these national houses are part of our national heritage, but it is a fact that British architects, from the beginnings of architecture in this country, at any rate to the early part of the last century, have always excelled in the private country house, from those vast mansions like Knole and Chatsworth to the perhaps even more charming smaller manor houses.
As a Socialist, I can never entirely forget the gross inequality that produced this type of building, which produced magnificent houses when abject poverty was the lot of the many. But happily we have these houses with us today, and they are irreplaceable. There is undoubtedly a duty on us as a community to preserve at least the best of them. We must do this not so much for the private enjoyment of those who are fortunate enough to live in the houses, but for the wider public, who will be able now to see the houses, to wander through their parks, and to enjoy the treasures within them.
That brings me to my last criticism of the Bill, the fact that there is no mention anywhere about public access. The right hon. Gentleman assured the House that his intentions were completely honourable in this respect. I think there should be some explicit statement of this in the Bill, even if it is not made absolutely mandatory. After all, the taxpayer is providing this money, directly or indirectly, and he wants to be definitely assured that he, too, is getting something out of it.
Having made these few criticisms I should like once again to welcome the Bill as a modest beginning. We think that as an instrument it can be improved in Committee, and we hope it will be. I hope it will go out from this House that this Measure will bring not so much financial relief to the privileged few, but real pleasure and enjoyment to the many, indeed to all, who can appreciate the arts of man and the beauty of Nature.
1.44 p.m.
Mr. Arthur Colegate: I very much welcome this Bill. The hon. Member for St. Pancras, North (Mr. K. Robinson) recalled Sir Stafford Cripps's talk on 27th July, 1950, but actually some two or three weeks before that I was the first person to mention the Gowers Report in an Amendment which I moved to the Finance Bill in that year, and I had a most sympathetic response from the then Chancellor both in the House and privately afterwards when I saw him. He treated the matter as one which was very near to his heart and he said, "Go ahead and try to popularise that Report as much as you can." Having had the luck of the Ballot in this House, I have had an opportunity on two or three occasions of drawing attention to this Report. I hope the House will forgive these personal recollections of this matter.
Whilst I welcome this Bill, I must say quite frankly that it is only half the loaf to which my right hon. Friend referred, and I am not sure it is the best half, either. The Gowers Report can be summed up by stating that it contained three main recommendations. The first was the institution of the Historic Buildings Councils. We have that in the Bill, I am very glad to say. Secondly, there was taxation relief, which we have not got; and, thirdly, a system of grants, which we are getting. Whether we have got the better half of the loaf or not I am not quite certain, and I think I must deal with that aspect for a short time, because the Minister, in his introductory remarks, said that he felt certain that these grants for buildings were better than tax reliefs.
I am not going to dogmatise, and I think the Minister was wise when he said that we will learn a very great deal during the next year or two, both from the operation of the historic councils and of the grant system. I will leave the question of the National Trust. On both sides of the House we have experts who know far more about it than I do. I want to speak mainly from the point of view of the occupying owner, not of great palaces like Castle Howard and buildings of that kind, which are very few and can be dealt with as a special class, but rather of the medium-sized houses, which at present are occupied mostly by owners whose families have been there for some considerable
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time. Does the grant system really assist those owners to keep up those houses and to continue to occupy them?
I would ask hon. Members for a moment to put themselves imaginatively in the position of such owners. We know that their income cannot be more than £3,000 a year because very few people have £50,000 a year today, and one has to earn £50,000 a year gross to get a net sum of £3,000 under the present system of taxation. There he is struggling to keep and maintain the house, probably living in a corner of it and only opening the entertaining rooms occasionally, while throwing open the grounds for the benefit of local societies of one kind and another, as we all have to do.
Then he says to himself, "Am I justified in struggling on in this way? Am I being fair to my family? Would it not be better if I sold this place and went and lived in a small house or flat in London? I have the education of my children to provide for and I may very-well have to start one or two of them in a profession. Am I justified in spending so much energy and such a large portion of my income on maintaining this house?" Such an owner soon comes up against the point that it is possible that within a few years Death Duties will have to be paid. Soon he will be faced with the problem of maintaining the house and doing his best for it as against his duty to his family, when in all probability his successors will have to do what he is struggling not to do—sell the place to the demolition contractor and get out.
That is why, while I welcome this Bill, I feel that none of us should overlook the taxation position. While we shall get valuable experience and some help in maintaining our heritage through the present proposals, I hope that the Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer will not shut their minds to the possibility of perhaps suspending Death Duties while certain provisions are made. Unless that is done, make no mistake, no Land Fund or anything else will prevent the owners of the majority of our most desirable houses from selling out during the next generation.

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That has been recognised on all sides. The Gowers Committee, appointed by the late Stafford Cripps, was a fine Committee, and their Report from the literary point of view alone, was one of the most intelligible and best written reports I have read. Those people, after months of consideration and after seeing nearly everybody concerned, came down emphatically on that point, that unless something was done in regard to taxation, particularly Death Duties, no machinery devised would save the bulk of the houses in question.
It has been said that any relief of taxation of the kind recommended by the Gowers Report would show special preferences to special classes, and that this would be unprecedented and would break the uniformity of taxation. That matter was dealt with in another place by an ex-Chancellor of the Exchequer who was an ex-Chairman of the Inland Revenue, Lord Waverley, who showed that there was no shred of evidence to support that argument, and that similar principles to those applied to capital expenditure on research could be applied in this case.
Although my right hon. Friend was good enough to give us details, it is clear that in Committee we shall require further explanation of the mechanism by which grants are to be applied. A mere grant in itself will not carry us far. To be of any use it must be made for the lifetime of the owner concerned. A grant for a single occasion, or even for a few years, might enhance the value of the building and so increase the aggregate amount upon which Death Duties would have to be paid. So we should have a clear idea of the kind of agreements which will be provided.
I agree with the hon. Member for St. Pancras, North that there must be ample safeguards with regard to access for the public who, quite rightly, would not stand for any grant or taxation relief unless a corresponding value was given to them. Those of us who are keenest on this subject would feel that we were not achieving our object unless those houses were available to the public, because we believe that not only do they bring great pleasure but also enormous education to the people who have the good fortune to see them.
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I hope the Minister of Works will not tidy up the situation too logically in his own mind. We do not want two classes—unoccupied museums and occupied houses. The fewer unoccupied museums we can have, the better. I believe that has always been the policy of the National Trust. A great deal can be done in this way by the agency which the Minister proposes to set up and which is, in fact, a house-letting agency. Private people will be able to occupy these houses at reasonable rents because, if they are taken over, no question of Death Duties and other liabilities will arise. I believe that is has been found possible by the National Trust to secure satisfactory tenants in some cases with benefit to everybody concerned.
The question of repairs bears on what I have been saying about occupying owners. The Minister drew a slightly disheartening picture of people making applications for grants, somebody going down to see what should be done, that being reported back, and the Ministry of Works then sending down an architect. My right hon. Friend mentioned the phrase "outside tenders." We know what that means. We know that by that time a large sum of money has been spent. An occupying owner normally has a small estate office and a saw mill to utilise his home-grown timber on his cottages, and so forth, and usually he can carry out substantial repairs for probably less than half the cost involved by the use of outside contractors, architects' reports and so on. I hope, therefore, that careful consideration will be given to the question of how far use can be made of those small existing estate offices, estate workmen and saw mills to do the repairs.
I feel grateful that we have at last made a start, and it is up to everybody interested in this subject to do their best to make this Bill a success while using every instrument of propaganda to get something more next time, not merely a grant, whether from the Land Fund or elsewhere, but also relief from taxation, particularly Death Duties. Unless we do that, I am certain that we shall not succeed to the extent we hope. Meanwhile I hope that everybody will not merely vote for this Bill but will work for its objects in order that this great heritage, which is in such jeopardy, may be preserved for those who come after us.
1.59 p.m.
Mr. J. Grimond: The hon. Member for Burton (Mr. Colegate) has done a great deal to popularise this subject and I am sure we all agree with his closing words. I also am of opinion, like him, that the question of a remission of taxation should be examined further, and I shall return to that in due course.
I am a member of the Council of the National Trust for Scotland and am also its ex-Secretary. The Trust has certain points which it wants to put forward, most of which are similar to those put forward by the hon. Member for St. Pan-eras, North (Mr. K. Robinson). There are, however, one or two things I want to say from my own experience. The first is on the question of the adequacy of the money provided.
Every speaker has said that the money is quite inadequate to save the large number of beautiful houses and buildings which we would like to see saved. In one of those fits of honesty which affect even politicians, I lately looked up the cost of the various things I have recommended or voted for in the last month. I found that, had I been successful on every occasion, it would have cost the country more than £150 million. One can understand that there has to be some priority in these matters, and there are many other deserving things besides the preservation of even the most beautiful houses. But we have every right to press the Government further on the use of the Land Fund.
The right hon. Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton) has already done that, and so has the hon. Member for St. Pancras, North. The Fund appears to me to accumulate and the Treasury simply borrow from it at a cheapish rate, and we do not get the benefit from it that we might. Here we have a Fund which might well be used for some good purpose. If it cannot be used for the purpose of preserving these beautiful or historic houses, we should be told what purpose is to be found for it.
The main theme of my speech is that in this matter our approach should be what the Minister has called flexible. In addition we must, as the hon. Member for Burton emphasised, attempt to keep these buildings in the living traditions of the country. We do not want to see the
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country dotted with museums which have been extracted from the general life of the country and solidified in amber at a certain stage of their development.
The countryside, I suppose, reached its greatest beauty at the end of the 18th century and the early part of the 19th century. It was then a wonderful mixture of nature and art. It was formed partly by the national features of the countryside and partly by mankind, not only by architects and craftsmen but by landscape gardeners and farmers; and it has been developing ever since. In Scotland today we greatly regret that so many 18th century houses were demolished to make room for Scottish baronial keeps, but the time may come when these will have become very fashionable and many interesting specimens may be taken over by the National Trust.
The question is, how are we to preserve the past and to weave it into the development of the countryside? I, like the hon. Member for Burton, feel that the question of taxation has not been properly examined. It is a very powerful argument that the Gowers Committee, whose authority no one disputes, supported by Lord Waverley, said that this was the most satisfactory method. I do not want to go into the details now, but there are two arguments against it which are unsound. One is that it puts a certain class of people in a privileged position. I do not think that that matters.
I do not think the people of this country are apt to be a jealous people. If they are getting something from having houses which they want preserved and they can spend a happier Saturday afternoon or Sunday in visiting them, they will not be unduly concerned if the owner also is happier. I do not particularly mind about the owner's position, but it makes a lot of ordinary people very happy to get into a bus or charabanc and to go off to see beautiful houses. It is a growing pleasure, and some of the big houses in Scotland like Culzean, are visited by thousands of people every year.
Mr. Emrys Hughes: Including Eisenhower.
Mr. Grimond: Secondly, it has the advantage that it is not only a method of keeping the house in the occupation of the people who know about it, but it is one very simple way of doing it. That is immensely important.

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What the visitors enjoy is not only seeing beautiful pictures or architecture. They enjoy seeing the blotting paper bearing the imprint of the owner's last letter, and that sort of thing. I have been taken around his house by the noble Lord the Member for Dorset, South (Viscount Hinchingbrooke). I should hate to liken him in any way to an ancient monument, but there is no doubt that what pleases the people who visit his house is not only its beauty but the fact that he occasionally takes them round the house. When he points to the pictures of his ancestors on the walls, the visitors feel that they are being shown them by a chip off the old block. All that is very important, and we must look at it from the point of view of the people who are being taken round and not so much from the viewpoint of the owners of the houses. It gives pleasure to people who go out for their Saturday afternoons and Sundays to find the owners of these houses at home.
Another point which I emphasise about the Bill is that the contents of a house are of great importance. There is power, I understand, in the Bill for the Minister, by agreement, to purchase chattels in various classes of buildings. That does not, however, give him power to purchase furniture, and so on, except in houses of which he already has guardianship or which are under the National Trust. I cannot see from the Short Title of the Bill that it would be outside the scope of the Bill if the Minister were given power to purchase pictures or furniture even from houses which he is not taking over.
I turn now to the definition of buildings. It is true that with the amount of money which is contemplated in the Bill, the Minister will not be able to do much except for very striking examples. I presume, however, that "buildings" would include other things besides houses—possibly bridges, and conceivably mills, which are sometimes of some beauty.
I should like to say a few words on points which have been put to me by the National Trust for Scotland. In the Bill, the method of remission of taxation has not been taken, and we must accept that, at any rate, for the moment. The grants which the Minister has prepared will often go through the machinery of one of the Trusts. The National Trust for Scotland
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would like to draw to the Minister's attention that throughout the Bill as far as Clause 9, reference is made to the National Trust. It is true that Clause 9 makes it clear that by "National Trust" the Minister means the National Trust, as it is called in England, or, where appropriate, the National Trust for Scotland. As hon. Members know, the Scots are a proud and thorny race. I see the hon. Member for South Ayrshire (Mr. Emrys Hughes) sitting in his place. I have no doubt that his blood boils frequently at this, though little of it is Scottish. We naturally wish to defend our position on grounds of sentiment, but not only on grounds of sentiment.
There is wide confusion about the fact that two Trusts are concerned. The National Trust for Scotland came, admittedly, late into the field, which has made its task all the more difficult. It did not have any time, during the years when money was a little easier, to get endowments. It had a very hard life, starting, as it did, in the early 1930s, but it has done a good job in Scotland and has preserved all sorts of beautiful places and buildings which would otherwise have gone. It has deserved a great deal of encouragement.
There is, however, still the feeling in the country that there is only one National Trust. Sometimes people leave legacies to the English Trust when conceivably they might have left them to the Scottish Trust had they known of its existence. Even the authors of articles in newspapers forget that there are two bodies. I do not want to labour the point too far, but if it were possible to redraft the earlier Clauses so that "Trust" was made plural or the appropriate Trust was referred to, this would be much appreciated in Scotland.
The question of endowments was raised on behalf of the English Trust. The Minister has said that he feels that a grant is a more satisfactory way than an endowment of helping to preserve ancient houses. I see what the Minister means. There is the point that an endowment may prove inadequate, and it would be difficult to come back to the Government to ask for more money. From experience in the Trust, however, I emphasise that it is vital to be able to endow these houses in some way, whether by grant or by a straight endowment.
The right hon. Member for Bishop Auckland said he was disappointed that more use had not been made of the National Land Fund, and he suggested that that might be because there was a difference between the probate value and the sale value in certain cases. In my experience, which, admittedly, is not very extensive, the difficulty nearly every time turned on the question of who was to pay for the upkeep of the property if it was taken over. For these reasons, as other hon. Members have said, some provision, at least, should be made for a payment of grants for a considerable period so that the Trust or owners can see their way ahead and will know, whether they will be able to take on the very heavy expenses of repair and maintenance.
There is another proud Scottish point. In Scotland, the small houses in the burghs are of great importance. Towns like St. Andrews, Falkland, Kirkcudbright and some of the Highland towns—for example, Kirkwall, in my own constituency—have great beauty. They are the type which do not exist anywhere else in Britain. I hope that the National Council will give due emphasis to the importance of preserving the small houses in such places. I know of a very good example of what has been done at Culross in combination by the Ministry of Works and the National Trust. That is a very good combination and should be encouraged.
May I say a few words about the standard which the National Councils should set? The Minister said he would like to see a certain standard of excellence established and to see uniformity between Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland. So should we all, but it has to be a flexible standard for it is difficult, for instance, to compare the beauty of Kirkcudbright with the beauty of Blenheim. I do not know how we can fix such a standard, but I suggest that there might be two additional tests. The first is simply and plainly, public enjoyment. We may have a place with associations, for example, in Scotland, associations with Burns, which is worth preserving even though its architectural merit may not be of the highest. The second is that we should preserve not only the finest of gems but those places which still play a part in the day to day life of their district and countryside.
This brings me to my last point. As I said earlier, we do not want to see these houses preserved as mere museums. The National Trust has done a great deal to find a suitable use for them and has introduced an amazing variety in its methods of handling them, which I very much welcome. It has a great advantage in that respect over the Ministry of Works, whose handling of property is bound to be very similar in all cases, and they always leave their mark. There is the grey plate, for instance, which incidentally refers the reader to Westminster—a sore point in Scotland. There are the gravel paths. We know the similarity of all their property, excellently kept though it is. The Trust gets away from that uniformity and can do more in the direction I have indicated.
A good many of these places might be used as schools for architects and artists. So many of our architects and artists are taught in very dull, practical, rather ugly buildings. If they could go out and plan their work in beautiful surroundings in the country, amongst the traditional architecture and the traditional landscape of this country, that might be a very good thing. I believe that these buildings could be used for all sorts of social and educational experiments. They could be used, indeed, for the sick and for children. There is no end to the ways in which we can weave these buildings and houses into the national life if we hand them over to the National Trust or use the necessary imagination in their disposal. If we are to get away from the museum outlook we must regard this work not so much as preservation but as the conscious continuation of the great tradition which has made our countryside so beautiful.
2.15 p.m.
Mr. Goronwy Roberts: The hon. Member for Burton (Mr. Cole-gate) paid a very high tribute to the Gowers Committee for the literary quality as well as the content of their Report. I suggest to the Minister that this Report might be regarded as of high literary and photographic excellence for use among the upper forms of our secondary schools. It is probably the best written. Government-inspired Report which has been produced. A most remarkable fact is the quality of its English—all the more remarkable when, as far

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as I know, there was not a single Welshman serving on the Committee.
The second main suggestion of the hon. Member for Burton, in which he was supported by the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond), is one which I must oppose. I am very glad that the Bill is so non-controversial and that we can give it an all-party welcome. It is long overdue. The position is getting more and more urgent. In my view, however, the introduction of the method of assistance by relief of taxation, suggested by the hon. Member for Burton and supported by the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland, would make this a most controversial Measure and would probably postpone the introduction of even the slice of a loaf which is offered us today.
Mr. Colegate: It is true that I dwelt on that subject, but I did not suggest it. It was a main recommendation of the Gowers Report.
Mr. Roberts: That is perfectly true. It was one of the main recommendations of the Gowers Committee, but the hon. Member for Burton so cogently supported the Gowers Committee on that point that I felt I should raise my very small voice in opposition to his very strong advocacy.
The position is growing more and more urgent and in this country, more than in any other, this type of unifying action is now necessary. All over the country, and indeed in my constituency, Caernarvon, fine houses are being taken over by merchants merely for the timber and are being dismantled for the lead, the panelling and the building materials which can be obtained from them. The quicker we move, the better. For that reason I am very glad to see that the provisions of the Bill are fairly widely drawn. It can be implemented fairly swiftly and by the time the first annual reports of the various councils are available to Parliament it may be possible to improve or modify the methods of action outlined in the Bill.
The responsibility for acquiring buildings, and, it may be, their contents and amenity land, now lies squarely on the shoulders of the Minister, who is responsible to Parliament. That is as it should be. I believe this is the beginning of a concerted attempt to preserve what is
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noteworthy and beautiful and significant in our very remarkable past in this country.
Furthermore, the Minister is to be advised by Councils comprised of experts who understand what is at stake. Not unnaturally, I particularly welcome Clause 3, which provides for an Historic Buildings Council for Wales. That is not only the equitable but also the intelligent thing to do in this matter. Unfortunately, the Gowers Committee Report made no such recommendation. I see from today's Press that there are one or two objections to this special treatment for Wales. The Committee, however, made a very good case for a separate Council for Scotland and, with the indulgence of the House, I should like to read a very brief paragraph in which that case is made: It is paragraph 77 on pages 20 and 21 and it reads:
"The system of land tenure in Scotland is fundamentally different; there are important differences of history and traditions; and the questions that arise in Scotland out of the selection, preservation, maintenance and use of historic houses are by no means the same as in England. There are fewer houses with contents of outstanding value; special arrangements have often to be made for dealing with the surrounding land; and there are exceptional problems in finding uses for houses in so sparsely populated a part of Britain as the Highlands."
Every one of these differences, except the one dealing with the system of land tenure, is abundantly applicable to Wales.
Indeed, I would go further and say that there is one unique reason why the Minister cannot be properly advised about the position in the Principality except by a separate Welsh Council, and that is because of the way in which the Welsh language, which has been so persistent and prevalent in Wales throughout the centuries up to the present time, is bound up with the way of life in the Principality and has affected in direct and indirect ways even the physical expression of our society. No Council except one composed of men and women who wholly understand the peculiar and deep-seated differences which exist between Wales and the other member countries of the British Isles can possibly assist the Minister in the right way. I congratulate him on understanding so fully that aspect of the problem.
That leads me to the question of the constitution of the Councils. The Gowers

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Report makes a number of practical suggestions in this respect in paragraph 79. I endorse what the Report says about the desirability of having experts of various types to serve on this Council. I would further draw the attention of the Minister to one particular feature which no doubt he has already noted. I refer to the existence of the National Welsh Folk Museum. I think I am right in saying that this is the only institution of its type, certainly of its scope, in the whole of the Commonwealth.
It is indeed a unique institution. The house at St. Fagans is an outstanding example of historic interest and beauty. It is an Elizabethan house set inside 13th century fortifications and was given to Wales in 1947 to form the nucleus of a Welsh Folk Museum. The curator, Dr. Peate, is a man of outstanding repute internationally in this field. This folk museum is especially interested in architecture. I will not weary the House by describing some of the extraordinarily fine work of building re-assembly which this museum has been able to accomplish. But I would say that the folk museum in Wales should, from the start, be able to contribute to the work of the new Welsh Council, possibly by some method of linked membership. I strongly commend that to the attention of the Minister. I have very high hopes that the proposed new Welsh Council will work in a most exemplary manner. This is a field which touches our national feeling very closely. I think the Minister is using a method which will derive from the Welsh people the fullest possible co-operation and enthusiasm.
I was glad to hear my hon. Friend the Member for St. Pancras, North (Mr. K. Robinson) touch on the point that this Measure should not concern simply the larger type of house. If there is a small criticism of the Gowers Committee Report which I would venture to give it is that they seem to be preoccupied unduly with the large and grand type of country house. I would be the last to decry the importance and significance, both socially and historically, of that type of house. I agree from the architectural point of view with what the Minister so attractively said at the commencement of his speech about that type of house, particularly in England. But I support my hon. Friend in the view that it is not
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always the size and grandeur of a house which makes it historically interesting and of value architecturally. Indeed, in Wales it is the smallest houses which have produced the greatest men.
I sometimes wonder whether our conception of historic interest is not unduly physical and material. In my own Ogwen Valley which was mentioned by my right hon. Friend the Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton) there stands Penrhyn Castle, lately taken over by the National Trust to whom we in Britain owe an immeasurable debt. One can hardly realise what would have happened to so much of our heritage were it not for the activities and functions of the National Trust. The castle is a magnificent building set in rolling parkland on the shores of the Menai Straits. The population in the adjoining areas are now able to visit it with the charming co-operation of the former owner.
Two or three miles away from that magnificent castle there is a stone cottage of real charm and, indeed, possessed of a poignant beauty because there was born and lived a great man. He was a slate quarryman, William Williams or as we knew him "William Arafon." He not only led the slate quarrymen of Wales, but he taught them the abiding value of religious culture. I hope that these councils, while remembering the magnificence of castles, will not forget the grandeur of cottages.
2.30 p.m.
Mr. W. M. F. Vane: I did not follow why the hon. Member for Caernarvon (Mr. G. Roberts) sounded so sad. Even if the Gowers Report did appear to do injustice to Wales, my right hon. Friend has reversed the decision, and now I understand Wales is to have a Council of its own which will be able to consider all the things which the hon. Member has in mind.
I am sure there will be very widespread satisfaction that the Government at last propose to pay more than lip-service to the value of our architectural treasures. They are going to do something more than make fresh lists. What is more, although, as my right hon. Friend has said, this is only the start, it is a better start than was at one time forecast.
The Bill is widely drafted and we all welcome the provision by which my right

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hon. Friend will draw on the Land Fund. As this Fund is so large I hope he will soon be able to draw further on it to help to deal with the task confronting him. I cannot see why we should be bound to consider it available only for capital expenses. As we have been told, it was found from the sale of war stores, which also provided substantial revenue and I cannot see why this £50 million should necessarily be thought of as being in a different class from the rest. I must not be led away into a long discussion about the Land Fund.
Clearly the extent of our architectural treasures is not appreciated as it should be either by people at home or those from abroad. Our architecture ought to contribute far more to our own enjoyment and at the same time help us to encourage and develop a valuable tourist trade. It is a rather sorry reflection that our people look most at our buildings when they are floodlit or partly obscured by bunting. We saw a good example of that in London in recent weeks. When people can see them as the architects intended they should be seen, they go away and look at something else.
I want to follow the hon. Gentleman who queried the interpretation of the words in the Title, "historic buildings." I think it is understandable, in view of the emphasis that the Gowers Report gave to the problem of historic houses, that most of the time of this debate should be devoted to a discussion of that problem; it is the outstanding part of the whole, and the most urgent. Yet I hope the Minister intends, when time and funds allow, to take as wide an interpretation of these words, "historic buildings" as is possible.
It is not only the big houses which are of architectural importance. There are smaller houses too. There are farm houses in many counties. My predecessor, Mr. Oliver Stanley, sponsored a book when he was Member for Westmorland describing and illustrating many of the remarkable farmhouses in the county. Not all are in good repair at present and their special quality could be lost to us unless some aid is given.
Again, in the current number of "Country Life," there is a magnificent photograph of a stable block attached to a great house. We have had town buildings
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mentioned and bridges, but there is one other group of buildings which has not been mentioned—ecclesiastical buildings. I doubt whether it is the intention of the Minister that ecclesiastical buildings should be considered as coming within the scope of the Bill, but I can see no words in it which in fact specifically exclude them. I hope that the Parliamentary Secretary will clear up that point.
We always come back to the position that it is the larger houses which present the most urgent problem and the most difficult one to solve. It is true that there is no country in Western Europe, France included, which can equal what we have to show over the whole field of domestic architecture. There are many hon. Members present who must have been down the Loire Valley and looked at houses which are open to the public there. But there really is not as much to see in the Loire Valley as there is in Northamptonshire, certainly nothing like the gardens or the contents of the houses.
I hope that as we make progress under this Bill there will not be too heavy an emphasis on purchase. If the maintenance fund is then to be taken up largely in maintaining houses in State ownership, we shall then find that the typical English character will be lost and something more like the French character of the Loire houses will take its place. Anyone who has visited the Loire Valley will bear me out in this: whereas there is a certain interest in Azay-le-Rideau, a house now the property of the State and partly furnished from the French museums, or Chambord which is like a huge empty village, they are nothing like as attractive as Cheverny, which is still lived in as a private house by a family which has been there for many years, or Villandry, which is lived in by a family who recently purchased it and have spent an enormous amount of affection as well as money in re-creating the famous garden. What we do not want at any cost is to see our money spent in creating a string of provincial museums. I fear that that is the great danger.
There will always be a temptation that after we have bought a house and filled it in part with pictures and furniture from the cellars of our museums where they are not on show at present, that we should

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go into the market to buy expensive curtains on the grounds that the effects of a famous room will not otherwise be fully brought out. And it would be unfortunate if, as a result, the smaller houses, whether in Kirkcudbright or in Wales, were lost to us for ever just for want of a very small sum of money—less than the cost of the curtains.
These fine buildings have not deteriorated solely because they stood out in the rain, as one of my hon. Friends said when comparing architecture with pictures. They have reached their present state largely because of the taxation system adopted and followed in this country over the last 50 years. The situation we are in today is the direct result of that taxation system. It has made it inevitable. I should have thought that it was neither impossible nor unfair to try to remedy that situation by looking again at the taxation system to see whether something could be done.
When my right hon. Friend dismissed so quickly the suggestion that we could do something by taxation reliefs, I could not help wondering how indignant he would have been in the days of the last Government if a Socialist Financial Secretary or Chancellor of the Exchequer had dismissed some Amendment which he had moved from the other side of the Chamber with those same arguments. I think that he would have taken a very different line and would have been up on his feet again, arguing hard. I hope that he has not shut his mind to the suggestion which I know other hon. Gentlemen, at least those on this side of the Chamber, will make that the remedy for the situation that we are dealing with today cannot be found solely in selective grants. Surely it would not be unfair to modify the maintenance claim regulations slightly in favour of those buildings which are on some approved list which restricts or limits sale or alteration.
Again it might be possible, as recommended by the Gowers Report, to enable owners of houses to which the public have access to claim assessment under, I think it is, Case 1 of Schedule D. I do not suggest for a moment that there should be a door opened to claims to substantial repayment from "artificial," losses; but it ought to be possible, if
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the will were there, to find some way by which, for a service to the public—and surely allowing access by the public is a service—some return could be made to the owner who does not happen to be one of the few to come out lucky under this Bill. And we want the public to be granted such access.
One other point which has not been touched on is the suggested aid for local authorities. Undoubtedly some local authorities have taken great care of individual buildings but, by and large, I should have thought that the local authorities were doubtful guardians of the architecture within their areas. Look at the streets in our towns. Whatever character they may have had once, is rapidly disappearing behind the new shop fronts of the multiple stores. It will not be very long before the main shopping streets of all the larger provincial towns all look exactly the same—the same dreadful plate-glass sameness. I will not mention the names of some of the worst offenders, but I expect that hon. Members know them just as well as I do. So I hope that we shall be extremely careful not to give more than the smallest share of this very limited aid to local authorities unless they happen to be among the minority which have a real sense of architecture.
In my last point I am in full agreement, though most unusually, with the right hon. Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton). He referred to the overlapping between Departments. I am sorry that it has not been possible to bring the whole responsibility for historic buildings into the charge of one Department and one Minister, instead of leaving it divided between two. I think it is correct to say that my right hon. Friend the Minister of Housing and Local Government still has some responsibility, even though it is only for making lists.
If there is one thing which an hon. Member learns after being a Member of this House for no more than one month, it is that if any subject is the responsibility of more than one Minister, the likelihood of anything ever being done quickly is very remote. Unless there is any great administrative difficulty in bringing the whole responsibility for historic buildings under the charge of one Minister, I hope it may be found possible

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to do that during the Committee stage of the Bill.
Although I understand that it does not come within this Bill, I hope that my right hon. Friend will again look into this question of tax relief, where it can honestly and justifiably be given, in return for some particular service. I hope, too, that he will make certain that under this Bill the smaller houses as well as the larger, and other buildings as well as inhabited houses, will be considered for aid, and that he will try, at all costs, to save this Bill from developing into a triumph of bureaucracy.
2.41 p.m.
Mr. John Dugdale: It must be very satisfactory for the Government and, I think, for the House as a whole that we are this afternoon not arguing against each other but discussing how we can best co-operate in order to carry out an objective which we all have in mind, namely, the preservation of beautiful houses. I think the best thing that many of us can do, and what I myself propose to do, is to be very brief, in order that the Government may have the opportunity of getting this legislation through the present stage, as we, on our side, promised.
There are, however, one or two points I wish to raise. I do not intend to follow the hon. Member for Westmorland (Mr. Vane) into a discussion of the relative merits of houses on the Loire and in Northamptonshire, but I should like to follow him in one respect and ask the Parliamentary Secretary if he will give us some information about the Government's views on the preservation of redundant churches. It is important that they should be preserved, but I am worried lest this Fund which is to be applied to the preservation of houses should also have to bear the cost of preserving redundant churches. I think the latter should be done by means of some other fund. There is, in fact, a fund which has been raised by the church authorities themselves for churches actually in use, in which services are taking place, and I hope it might also be made to cover redundant churches so that this very small fund that we are considerng today may be confined to the important task of preserving these country houses.
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I want also to support what the hon. Gentleman opposite said about the need to include the smaller house. I am, indeed, terrified that the Minister and his Ministry may be so worried about the preservation of one pearl of great price that the whole of the money may be spent on that pearl, and, in particular, that they may over-embellish it with too many curtains and knick-knacks here, there and everywhere, while other houses of less importance are allowed to fall down.
I should like to ask the Parliamentary Secretary if he will tell us how much guidance is being given to these Councils. We can, obviously, preserve buildings for one of two reasons—their architectural or historic interest—but I hope that greater weight will be given to architectural reasons rather than historic reasons. I hope, for instance, that if there is a choice to be made between a house designed by Robert Adam and some house vaguely described as belonging to the 15th or 16th Century and in which Queen Elizabeth is alleged to have slept, the house designed by Robert Adam may have precedence even though nobody of any particular fame ever slept in it. It seems to me to be much more important that we should preserve the former type of house.
I would also ask the Minister if he can give us some information about the use of these houses. The right hon. Gentleman himself gave us certain information, and it is very important that these houses should be used in ways in keeping with their particular character as much as is possible. I agree that they cannot be used in the way in which Ditchley was used, because most of the furniture there was the original furniture and the house was in its original state. There is a great deal of difference between that case and a beautiful house such as Stowe, which is now used as a school, in which there is none of the original furniture and very little of the original interior, except the actual structure. I hope that, if there is any question whether the users will use the house well or badly, preference will be given to those users who will maintain it in keeping with its original design.
I should also like to ask a question on another point, on which I am not clear. The Minister said there is no question of using compulsion, and I quite see the

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point there, but I am disturbed lest we should get a case, such as may well occur, where the owner of a house is offered a fairly high price by some organisation—and this actually occurred, in a case of which I know—which proposes to establish a dirt track in the gardens surrounding the house. If such an owner is offered a relatively small price, or, at any rate, let us say a reasonable price, by the Ministry of Works, is there any power by which the Ministry can compel the owner to accept that offer rather than allow others to ruin the house altogether? I agree that it is a very difficult point, but it does require some consideration.
I hope that not only are the houses themselves to be preserved but that steps will be taken to preserve the gardens attached to them, many of which are of as great importance as the houses themselves. There was the famous case of Wentworth Woodhouse, in which the criticism was made that the gardens were threatened with destruction by opencast mining, and I think we ought to take steps to see that, if the houses are to be preserved, the gardens also, and particularly those designed in the architectural manner, should be preserved in the same way.
I think that all hon. Members feel thankful that the Government have introduced this Bill, but not too thankful. I was indeed disturbed at the Minister's reference to the £500,000 and his fear lest we should press for some greater sum because a greater amount would be required for maintenance. I think that anything that any of us can do, on either side of the House to press for an increase either of income or of capital should be done, and I think that, in his heart, the Minister himself would really welcome any pressure that we might bring upon him. This Bill should mean the beginning of better days for the houses which all of us love and hope to see preserved.
2.49 p.m.
Mr. Hamilton Kerr: The right hon. Gentleman the Member for West Bromwich (Mr. J. Dugdale) asked whether this money will be used to preserve churches, and whether churches were included in the scope of this legislation. I am bound to say that they are not. I myself once rattled my antique bones in a pair of shorts on a frosty December morning from the Mansion
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House to St. Mary-le-Bow to raise £4 million for parish churches. It is still very necessary to do that, because churches are not included in this Bill.
The hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond) gave us a vivid description of the pleasure which our people derive from visiting houses whose preservation we are discussing today. I will not discuss with him whether the sight of the owner's blotting paper or the Cromwellian relics shown by my noble Friend prove a greater attraction. I need not remind hon. Members that at one time Oliver Cromwell was a Member for Cambridge. Therefore, I have to be careful.
In the course of his speech, my right hon. Friend said that this Bill touches the hearts of many people. I am glad to say that it touches the hearts of all hon. Members on both sides of the House. I believe why it does so is because the buildings in which we are interested tell not only the story of a single family, however illustrious and however great its contribution, but of British ideals throughout the centuries and the story of British craftsmanship with its quality unequalled.
My right hon. Friend asked us to give him our opinion on what type of house should receive priority from the fund. I think we all know the famous definition by Constable—painting is with me but another word for feeling. I believe that our country houses show a feeling for continuity and the successful blending of moods throughout the centuries. The types illustrating this dominant national characteristic should receive especial attention.
What can we do about these houses? Is this Bill enough to save them? Quite frankly, I feel it is only a temporary Measure. I know that all of us in this House, whatever hard words we may say to each other across the Floor of it in the course of debate, do not wish to see a society based on injustice, or a society where the most terrible poverty exists alongside exorbitant wealth.
But I feel that the time has now come when we must get out of the frame of mind which believes that we can save ourselves by dividing up existing wealth rather than by creating new wealth. Therefore, it is vitally important, if we

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are to save these houses, that future Governments, of whatever complexion, should consider a reduction in Income Tax and Death Duties to make possible the survival of these historic buildings.
My right hon. Friend likewise said that the Chancellor will further consider, in the course of time, what extra monies may be needed for the preservation of these houses. I wonder if he will be good enough to look at the case of France, and try to find out how much foreign exchange is obtained by the French Government from the tourist traffic by an unrivalled genius for showing a glittering shop front to the world. We in this country possess priceless assets as well. Do not we sometimes tend to forget that our great houses up to 1775 form not only part of our own history but also that of the United States of America? The architects of the United States—of the little white houses of New England, of the brick mansions of Virginia—found their inspiration in England, men such as Thomas Jefferson himself, a brilliant amateur architect and President of the United States. Were we to make known to our American friends the great national heritage which they share with us, might we not considerably increase our tourist traffic, and thereby obtain extra foreign exchange as well?
I wish to ask the Parliamentary Secretary three questions which I have been asked to pose to him. First and foremost, will the Historic Buildings Councils be able to give their advice regarding methods of repair of houses which are under repair? Secondly, when a house has been scheduled for repair and for a grant by the Minister, will the owner in occupation be able to suggest that the work be undertaken by his own architect, provided that work receives the approval of the Minister? Finally, when the Historic Buildings Councils are formed, will they consult the various national and learned societies who interest themselves in the preservation of historic buildings, and will those societies be able to lender advice to the Historic Buildings Councils?
Sir D. Eccles: If my hon. Friend will permit me, perhaps I might answer those three questions straight away. The first was, will the Councils be able to give
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advice on repairs to owners seeking such advice? I should suppose that the Councils will always have access to the architects and other experts on the staff of the Ministry of Works. We are not—and that is one of the reasons for the shape of the Bill—setting up a new body of experts paid for by the Councils. Therefore, I should think that the proper method would be for the Councils, through their Secretaries, to bring the case to the attention of the Ministry of Works who now give exactly that service.
As regards my hon. Friend's second question, I think I answered that in my opening speech. Yes, the owner will be able to use his own architect if he so wishes in preparing a plan to bring the house up to a good state of maintenance. The answer to the third question is "Yes."
Mr. Kerr: I am grateful to my right hon. Friend for giving those answers.
I will conclude by reinforcing two points I wish to make. The first is that the only way of safeguarding these historic houses in the long run is to reduce taxation. Secondly, that if our American friends come to know the treasures we share between us it will help to forge an added link between our two countries.
2.58 p.m.
Mr. Eric Fletcher: The hon. Member for Cambridge (Mr. Hamilton Kerr) and my right hon. Friend the Member for West Bromwich (Mr. Dugdale) both raised an important point which I hope the Minister will clear up. The one hoped and the other suggested with some confidence that churches were excluded from this Measure.
Mr. Kerr: I did not hope; I regretted that they were.
Mr. Fletcher: Yes, the hon. Gentleman regretted that they were excluded, and I hope that the Minister will confirm that they are not excluded.
Sir D. Eccles: Obviously churches are included because of the use of the word "buildings," but I would like the House to know that I expect it would be an exceptional case where a church was helped. The main purpose of the Bill is to help historic buildings, but all ecclesiastical buildings come within the definition of the Title of the Bill.
Mr. Fletcher: I am much obliged. As I read the Bill, it applies to all buildings and is not in any sense limited to historic houses. It is not confined either to large houses or small houses, or even to houses lived in by private persons. It applies to all secular buildings of historic or national architectural value including, for example, alms houses. There is a considerable number of alms houses of great architectural value which come within the scope of this Bill. It applies equally to municipal buildings. There are some very famous old municipal buildings which are worthy of preservation on architectural and historic grounds which are equally eligible for help under the Bill. Clearly the Bill also covers ecclesiastical buildings.
In regard to the desirability of churches being included within the scope of the Bill, very recently an appeal was launched under Royal patronage and with very distinguished sponsorship, with the object of collecting some £4 million from the public to restore parish churches. That appeal was launched before the Bill was introduced, and I would not imagine that the sponsors of that appeal would think that churches were less eligible for making application to this Fund merely because that appeal has been launched. I would commend to the Minister's attention some observations in the Report on the Preservation of Churches, published a year or two ago under the chairmanship of a, former Member of this House. In so far as a church may apply for assistance from the Fund, it would no doubt do so not qua church but qua historic building of architectural importance.
I am very conscious that £250,000 will not go very far, but there is nothing in the Bill that refers to that amount. It may be that the economic stringency of the time means that we can only look forward to that sum at present, but we all hope that the time will come when the Treasury will be able to provide much more adequate financial assistance for the objects of the Bill.
Before leaving Part I of the Bill may I, in response to the Minister's request for opinions from all sides of the House, express the hope that he, and the Councils which advise him, will be selective in their recommendations for assistance? There is a danger that by attempting too
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much we may sacrifice doing what is essential. It is important to try to save the priceless gems of our architectural heritage rather than to try to save everything. I hope that in selecting mansions, houses and dwellings which are worthy of preservation the Minister will aim at a balanced treatment so as to preserve for future generations examples of the best traditions in architecture over the centuries.
The Minister quite rightly devoted the larger part of his speech to Part I of the Bill, and most subsequent speakers have done the same, but the Minister will be aware that Part II is not unimportant. I regard it as rather disappointing. The Bill is concerned not merely with the preservation of historic buildings but with the necessity for tightening up existing measures for the protection of ancient monuments. Here was a golden opportunity for going much further than the Minister has done in the Bill.
Everybody interested in the preservation of ancient monuments was shocked a few months ago when they heard of the destruction of the famous Long Barrow dating back some 4,000 years on Manton Down in Wiltshire. It was a scheduled ancient monument, well known to a great many people. Its fate brought home the fact that the machinery for the preservation of antiquities is not all that can be desired. It came as a further shock to learn, either from the Minister or from the Press, that owing to the fact that that famous monument of antiquity had been destroyed for more than six months before the discovery, it was too late for the Minister to take any steps to prosecute the offender.
I quite agree that in some respects Part II, which supersedes the provisions of Part III of the Ancient Monuments Act, 1931, is an improvement on the former code, particularly in so far as it simplifies the Parliamentary procedure for regulating confirmation Orders and so on. It also gives the Minister some additional powers. But I hope that before this Bill emerges from the Committee stage the Minister will either sponsor or welcome suggestions, which no doubt will be made in Committee, designed to tighten up the powers of the Minister even more than they are tightened up at the moment.

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I should have thought that that could have been done by four specific measures. In the first place, I should have thought that, having regard to the experience in the case of the Long Barrow at Manton Down, we might reasonably provide that the period within which an offence of this kind can be prosecuted should be extended from six months to 12 months or even longer.
Secondly, I should have hoped that the Minister would have encouraged some method whereby the owners and tenants of property on which there are scheduled ancient monuments could be reminded periodically, either by a simple circular or by some other method, that they had a scheduled monument in their keeping. This recent experience at Manton Down revealed that the owner or farmer was apparently completely ignorant of the fact that this Long Barrow was of any importance or had been scheduled by the Minister as something which ought to be preserved as of national importance.
Thirdly, would the Minister not consider whether more notices should be erected, without great expense, indicating the presence of scheduled monuments and notifying the public that they cannot be destroyed or interfered with without his consent? Only too often one finds that there is nothing on the ground to indicate the presence of ancient monuments which are clearly marked on the Ordnance Survey map. It would not be very expensive to erect notices. If the Minister had no powers to do that I respectfully susgest that he should seek powers in this Bill.
Finally, I would have hoped that the Minister might have done something, or said something, to encourage more regular inspection of these ancient monuments for which he is responsible. In Clause 10 (2) of this Bill he is asking for power for the Ancient Monuments Board to inspect these monuments and to incur certain expenditure for that purpose. In fact, a great deal of voluntary work is being done already by local archaeological societies and others.
All their activities are now co-ordinated by the Council for British Archaeology, to which the Government makes a substantial contribution, and by arrangement
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with them it would not be very difficult to devise a system whereby, without considerable expense, there would be a method of regular inspection by persons in the locality who are both competent and interested in the subject. If any authority were required to enable them to make periodic visitations, then I should have hoped that the Minister would have been prepared to have acceded to a request for the extension of the provisions in Clause 10 (2). I imagine this is necessary in so far as the right to enter on private property is required. It should not cause hardship or inconvenience to the owners.
Having made these observations, may I conclude by saying that, like other speakers, I welcome the Bill, support it on Second Reading, and hope that it will be considerably improved in Committee.
3.10 p.m.
Mr. C. E. Mott-Radclyffe: The Minister very properly said just now that the main purpose of this Bill was to deal with historic houses, though it is quite clear from the use of the word "building" in the Bill that it is not exclusively confined to that purpose. This is the first occasion we have had to hear the views of the Government on the recommendations made by the Gowers Committee. Since the Gowers Committee reported over 2½ years ago neither the clerk of the weather nor the inspector of taxes has been idle.
Many of the houses which are precisely of the type and qualification which the Gowers Committee sought to preserve are now beyond our assistance altogether. Of the 320 country houses which the National Trust and the Ministry of Works classified as long ago as 1939 as being of the first importance, over a dozen have been abandoned altogether and many more are threatened with destruction or demolition. Hardly a month goes by without one reading in some newspaper or other an offer for sale for demolition of some house of very great historic or architectural value.
Let us get this problem into the right perspective. We possess in this country a large number of buildings of great architectural and historic merit. Inside many of these buildings are treasures of priceless value which everyone wishes to preserve. We have cathedrals, churches, guildhalls, almshouses, tithe

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barns, terraces, such as Nash built in Regents Park and Wood in Bath, and country houses both large and small. If I may say so, the fact that most of the country houses are still in private ownership does not make them less worthy of preservation.
If a building is of architectural value, its value clearly does not change according to whether it is owned by the National Trust, by a municipality or by a private individual. If a picture or a piece of furniture is of artistic value, the value is the same whether it be in the Victoria and Albert Museum, in the National Gallery or in a private house. That seems to be the problem, and now we come to the difficulty of how to deal with it. Our total national expenditure is already large enough, and nobody, I take it, wants to see increased taxation.
One of the curious anomalies is that it is precisely the incidence of taxation Which itself has created the very problem which we are now trying to solve. The question, therefore, is one of priorities. How much, within the total field of expenditure, ought we to allocate to the preservation of buildings of great architectural or historical value? The Gowers Committee attach a high priority to expenditure for this purpose, and the Government attach a much lower one. The Gowers Committee assessed the value of a historic country house in one paragraph which I should like to read, because I think it puts it in words which cannot be bettered.
In the second paragraph of its Report, the Gowers Committee says:
"It is not too much to say that these houses represent an association of beauty, of art and of nature—the achievement often of centuries of effort—which is irreplaceable, and has seldom, if ever, been equalled in the history of civilisation. Certainly nowhere else are such richness and variety are to be found within so narrow a compass. In the words of another witnesses, 'the English country house is the greatest contribution made by England to the visual arts'."
The Bill is all right as far as it goes, but the trouble is, as my right hon. Friend really admitted, and as almost every hon. Member who has spoken in the debate has admitted, that it does not go far enough. The provision is for £500,000 over five years for the purchase of buildings of outstanding importance and £250,000 per year for repair and maintenance. I am relieved to hear my right
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hon. Friend say that the Chancellor will look at this again after we have had some experience with these sums.
I merely observe that, if that is all that can be done at the moment, I very much hope that my right hon. Friend will keep the administrative costs, in respect of staff and so on, down to the smallest possible figure. If administrative costs start rising, the amount of money available for purchase and maintenance will be very small indeed. The Gowers Committee referred to the possible existence of some 2,000 designated houses. It is in the context of that number that we must look at the £500,000 and £250,000.
The composition of the Historic Buildings Councils is of very greatest importance because such limited success as the Bill may have must depend upon the standing of the Councils, the confidence of the public in the Councils and, most important of all, the confidence which the owners of historic houses which are likely to benefit under the Bill have in the Councils. If the Minister is to persuade people of the highest standing and qualification to serve on the Councils, as he must, he must treat them as highly responsible bodies, paying the greatest attention to their views. If the Councils are to act purely as agents of the Minister, and if their advice is to be consistently ignored at a future date and by a future Minister, the quality and independence of the Councils will quickly deteriorate.
My right hon. Friend told us a little about how he proposes to allocate the grants under Clause 4. It seems to me to be an almost insuperable problem. I do not envy the task of those who will try to pick out which sort of houses in which part of England, Wales or Scotland are to receive some assistance from the meagre grant. A number of other problems will have to be solved. Once a grant is given to a certain house, is that house never again to be allowed a further grant? If £2,000 is allocated to a certain house to stop dry rot and a couple of years later dry rot breaks out again in another quarter of the house, will the house be debarred from having another grant allocated? It is clear that many similar problems will arise before the scheme can work properly.
With reference to Clause 5, does my right hon. Friend contemplate the family

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being allowed to live in a house which he has bought by agreement or accepted as a gift? This brings me to a crucial point. If it is in the national interest that a certain number of historic houses should be preserved, we must ask ourselves what will be the cheapest way to achieve that object. Here I hold very definite views. I am quite certain that it would be cheaper to give tax relief.
The urge to preserve and maintain a particular family association with a particular house is often so strong that the owner feels it well worth while to make a great many sacrifices in other directions. That is a wholly healthy urge and ought not to be written off as an out-of-date sentiment. I have no doubt in my mind that the family to whom that house belongs or belonged would in most cases lavish care and attention upon it far in excess of the most conscientious Ministry of Works official or the most devoted municipal caretaker.
There is all the difference in the world between a house that is lived in as a home and looked after by the family and a house which merely serves as an empty and impersonal museum. It is the difference between a living entity and a corpse. It would be far cheaper to give financial assistance in respect of tax concessions—in respect of death duties so long as the house is not sold, or under Schedule D where the house is open to the public—or extend the maintenance claim to cover repairs to the interior and to the furnishings.
I do not believe we will begin to solve this problem unless there is a fundamental change in the outlook of the Chancellor on the question of tax reliefs. This Bill is confined to direct grants. If we could have the benefits of this Bill, that is, direct grants, coupled with a change of heart on the part of the Treasury, we might get somewhere. At the present moment all we are doing is to buy time, and I do not believe the results will take us very far.
In conclusion, I would say that two wars have brought great devastation and upheaval in the civilised world. In the vast areas behind the iron curtain culture and the arts as we know them are nonexistent. The advance of science has brought very many material benefits to the human race. We should rightly earn
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the contempt of the generations that come after us if in our quest for material comfort and convenience we allowed buildings, upon which some of our greatest architects, sculptors and painters have poured out their skill and genuis, to fall into decay.
3.23 p.m.
Sir Richard Acland: I am very glad that the Minister of Works paid a tribute to the Parliamentary Secretary for the work and patience he has devoted to the preparing of this Bill. I agree with that tribute, because although he sits on the other side of the House it is very much more than in the conventional sense that I describe him as my hon. Friend, for such he has been for far more than half of our respective lives. I welcome this Bill, for I believe it to be a step to avoid something which, if it took place, would be a major disaster to the aesthetic and social life of this nation.
I am glad too that the right hon. Gentleman described it as being an experimental step. But when he said it was a pilot plan for a much larger operation which would lie in the future, I wondered whether he was not raising or encouraging, or keeping alive in the hearts of some of his hon. Friends and of people outside hopes which cannot be fulfilled and which, quite frankly, in my opinion ought not to be fulfilled. After all, social life over the centuries has manifested an endless variety of change, and change always includes the growth of one thing and the decay of another. I am quite sure that neither of these processes ought to be indefinitely resisted.
The country house life in the 19th century was undoubtedly gracious and spacious. My own family lived, I think graciously and usefully, in two of the middle-sized country houses, which are charming and architecturally attractive, but neither of them can be described as one of the couple of hundred of the real national gems. That spacious living was an expression of the social life of the 19th century, which went on happily and not uncreatively on the basis of a very definite social idea.
That social idea was that this island was inhabited by two kinds of men, one kind which ought to live spaciously in

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country houses and the other kind which ought to live at a level of poverty that would be unacceptable to anybody living in the present day. The difficulties with which owners of country houses are now confronted are not primarily due to an iniquitous system of taxation, as the hon. Member for Westmorland (Mr. Vane) supposes. The originating cause of the difficulty is that we as a people are leaving behind the major social idea on which the spacious life of the 18th and 19th century country houses was founded. I do, not think we can ever go back on that process, and I do not think we can or should resist some of its practical consequences.
The hon. Members for Windsor (Mr. Mott-Radclyffe) and Burton (Mr. Colegate) ought to accept the fact that we as a community cannot indefinitely, either by grant aid or by tax relief, preserve the present and future generations of all the existing country house families in the spacious occupation of their middle-sized country houses.
Mr. Mott-Radclyffe: If the hon. Gentleman will forgive my saying so, that was not my suggestion. I have never suggested that all the middle-sized houses should be preserved. I suggest that those in the best architectural category of each size should be preserved because I believe the nation wants them to be preserved, and the best way to do it is to let the families go on living there.
Sir R. Acland: If the hon. Gentleman speaks in that way of what might be a couple of hundred of the gems of all sizes, very well; but the suggestion of tax relief will cover far more than that number. Do we, then, face the alternatives that large numbers of the nice country houses must in the next 100 years or so either decay or be preserved rather artificially as gems? I am sure that for many there is a better way.
I do believe, however, that between now and the middle of the 21st century many nice country houses will crumble and turn again to their dust if they are not so fortunate as to meet the speedier fate of being taken to pieces by people who will use their materials for some more contemporary use. I do not regard that process as one of absolute and complete
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tragedy. We can test it over the long perspective of years by looking back to the past, when this land was occupied by the Romans.
There must have been in this country many hundreds of Roman villas, every one of which must have been an object of art and of some beauty. I am sorry that during the Dark Ages there was no institution which had the will or the power to preserve for our education and enlightenment a few of the gems. But supposing that such an institution had existed and had the power? I know it is a hypothetical, almost a mythological supposition, but we can test what we should do now by thinking what our views would be in that case. How many Roman villas should we have liked preserved?
Mr. E. Fletcher: Six.
Sir R. Acland: My hon. Friend says six. I was about to say a couple of dozen. I do not think anyone would want to have cluttering up this country two or three or four hundred Roman villas. Therefore, I do not regard it as an unmixed tragedy if a considerable number of nice country houses, which were an appropriate expression of the social life of the 19th century, find that they serve no purpose in the 20th or 21st century, and crumble again to their dust. It is an integral part of life that change is the growth of one thing and the decay of another.
However there is an alternative way of preserving for the future a number of these pleasant, middle-sized country houses which are not in the gem category. As the Minister suggested, it is by finding for them an alternative and a contemporary use. I was for a short time the owner of three of these houses. It was congruous with the social life of the 19th century that my great-grandfather lived jn two of them, with a domestic staff which ran into more than a couple of score of retainers. It would be entirely incongruous with the social conditions of this century if I made any attempt to continue to live in even one of these houses.
They are now owned by the National Trust, and I hope it will not be judged

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selfish on my part to have retained what was the nursery wing of one of them, subject, of course, to the liability to repair it if anything goes wrong with it. The remainder of that house is occupied by the Workers' Travel Association. The second of the three houses is occupied by the Holiday Fellowship and the third I hope, will shortly be occupied as a convalescent home by the Marie Curie Memorial Fund.
All those three houses in that user are alive, living in this century, serving a contemporary purpose consistent with the social ideals of this century, which say that there is only one kind of man living and not two. If by tax concession or by grant I as an individual were somehow enabled to live in the whole of what I now regard as a vast mansion, I think that it would in this century be socially dead. Of course, one has a great sentimental attachment for houses which have been associated for a long time with one's family, but if the time should come when neither the Workers' Travel Association nor the Holiday Fellowship, nor any other contemporary institution could find any useful and financially feasible method of making use of these houses, then looking at the matter objectively I say that it would be better that they should disappear than be artificially preserved.
I therefore welcome particularly those provisions of the Bill which enable the Minister, in co-operation with the National Trust or other bodies, to give modest sums either by way of grant or, as my hon. Friend the Member for St. Pancras, North (Mr. K. Robinson) suggested—he hoped that by way of Amendment we would make it possible—by way of endowment in order to bridge the gap which often stands in the way of achieving an up-to-date contemporary use for these houses. I hope that the agency which the Minister foreshadowed, whose business it will be to put possible users of such houses in touch with the houses that are available, will be an active and diligent body, for I believe that by assisting on these lines it is by far the best way to keep our architectural heritage alive and up to date in the remainder of this century and right through the next.
3.33 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works (Mr. Hugh Molson): I am extremely sorry that I have to rise at this moment and prevent the House from having the pleasure of hearing contributions from a number of hon. Members, including some who have taken a most active and valuable part in the preservation of our historic houses. We must, however, get not only the Second Reading of the Bill, but also the Money Resolution, by 4 o'clock if we are to get the Bill during the present Session.
One of the remarkable things about the debate is that there has not been a single speech in which the view was not clearly expressed that we should get the Bill passed into law as soon as possible. My right hon. Friend wishes me to express his great gratification at the reception which has been given to this small and modest Measure.
If I may give precedence to one promise of co-operation, it is to that from the two National Trusts. For 15 years, as is so often the case in this country, private enterprise has been doing what now the State is to undertake; but as the State steps in, we are most anxious to obtain, and we are delighted to have the promise of, the co-operation of those who have given of their money and their time in order to do this work during the last 15 or so years.
As for the Scottish National Trust, I can assure the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond) that we will gladly make any drafting Amendments to provide for the substitution of the plural for the singular in order to meet the point to which he attaches importance. It had been our impression that by referring to the National Trust, although in Scotland it would be the Scottish National Trust, no reference would be made to the English National Trust; and that would be a delicate tribute to Scottish nationalist sentiment which we thought would be appreciated. Since the opposite is their wish, that shall be done in the Committee stage.
We are very glad that the hon. Member for Caernarvon (Mr. G. Roberts) has spoken in so cordial a manner of the Bill. It was in order to obtain the cooperation of Wales and the Welsh national sentiment that we departed in an important respect from the recommendations

813
of the Gowers Committee. I am confident that we shall be able to arrive at arrangements which will canalise into our work the Welsh sentiment to which he referred.
The Bill has been widely drawn and refers to historic buildings and not to historic houses. One hon. Member mentioned bridges and mills. Both of these can at present be dealt with by the Ministry of Works under the Ancient Monuments Acts, but we are most anxious that all other kinds of buildings can be brought within the provisions of the Bill. The hon. Member for Caernarvon referred to the cottages of Wales. They can be included. My hon. Friend the Member for Westmorland (Mr. Vane) referred to farm cottages. They also can be included. The hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland referred to Kirkcudbright and other Scottish burghs where there are typical town houses which should be preserved. They also can be included within the terms of the Bill.
As has been pointed out by several hon. Members, the greatest difficulty has arisen in the case of the great country houses which are so costly to maintain that it is beyond the purse of even the wealthiest family at the present time. Therefore, while including all these inhabited houses and, indeed, uninhabited houses, if necessary, within the scope of the Bill, we have had these large houses specially in mind. It is because of the smaller houses that we have not provided in the Bill so far any reference to access for the public. Obviously, if we are preserving the houses in Kirkcudbright it would be intolerable that there should be a right of access to each one of them. But certainly we are willing to consider on Committee stage whether it would be desirable, as was suggested by the hon. Member for St. Pancras, North (Mr. K. Robinson), that there should be some reference to the matter, even if there were power to exclude.
The right hon. Member for West Bromwich (Mr. Dugdale) asked about churches. Ecclesiastical buildings are not excluded in words from the Bill, but it is not our intention that this modest sum of money, which is intended to preserve one particular kind of architecture, should be used for the preservation of churches.
A number of hon. Members have complained that in this Bill there is no
814
remission of taxation for the owners or occupiers of houses. It would not be appropriate for me to discuss this extremely difficult matter and in any case there is not time. But it is the view of the Government that it would not be appropriate to provide for remission of taxation. There are two reasons. One was given by implication by the hoc. Member for Caernarvon. In a speech in which he pledged his cordial support for the Bill, he indicated that his party would not have been able to support it in the same way had there been provision for the remission of taxation. It was our desire to ensure that this Bill should be as non-controversial as possible.
The other reason was given by my right hon. Friend in his opening speech, when he pointed out that this was the most effective way of using only a limited sum of money. By the payment of grants the Ministry of Works can make certain that the money is applied to a particular house or building in the most effective way. A remission of taxation would give the maximum benefit to the wealthiest owners and it would still remain necessary to provide machinery for the payment of grants. Therefore, from the administrative point of view the Ministry have no doubt that this is the simpler and more effective way of applying such moneys as the Chancellor of the Exchequer is able to make available.
The right hon. Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton) felt that there was overlapping between the Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. He will remember that in the Bill prepared by his right hon. Friend the Member for Belper (Mr. G. Brown) when he was Minister of Works it was found necessary to devise rathei complicated machinery to enable this transfer of listing to take place from what was then his Department to the Ministry of Works. It would be possible to do the same thing today. But it is simpler for the time being at any rate to have just close co-operation between the two Departments.
That co-operation does exist. As a result of the reduction in the number of inspectors in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government we have been asked to give further co-operation from our Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, and that we are doing. So, in fact, there is

815
close co-operation administratively at the present time, and even though the machinery may appear to be somewhat cumbrous it is working satisfactorily.
A number of hon. Members have asked questions about the Historic Buildings Councils. We intend they shall be bodies of the highest standing and independence. We regard it as most desirable that the Minister of Works shall have authoritative, independent bodies to which he can refer the numerous requests that will be made to him. In answer to my hon. Friend the Member for Windsor (Mr. Mott-Radclyffe), I would point out that the Bill provides that the Councils will present annual reports to the Minister, who is under an obligation to present the reports to the House. If, therefore, there were cases in which the Minister disregarded the advice of the Historic Buildings Councils it would then become known to the House of Commons. That is the best guarantee that we can think of that he will not disregard the advice of the Councils for any improper or frivolous reason.
There is no reason at all why the grant should not be repeated if need can be established on another occasion. It will be very largely for the Historic Buildings Councils to decide exactly how thick or thin the butter is to be spread. We have heard a number of speeches today suggesting either that the maximum number of buildings should be preserved or that those that are preserved should be really well looked after. Obviously that is not the kind of thing about which anybody can be dogmatic. It is all a matter of degree and it would all depend upon the circumstances of each case. The principle of the Bill is that if we establish responsible and authoritative Councils composed of the right kind of people they will be able to take a general view of the whole case and will arrive at the best conclusion in respect of each building.
My hon. Friend the Member for Burton (Mr. Colegate) referred to the possibility of there being too many inspectors paying visits and the procedure as outlined by my right hon. Friend being too elaborate. It is our hope that the machinery will be as flexible and also as inexpensive and informal as possible, but naturally that will depend very much
816
on the house in question and the extent of the work.
In dealing with that point perhaps I may now answer the questions of my hon. Friend the Member for Cambridge (Mr. Hamilton Kerr) about whether the Historic Buildings Councils will advise on the conditions under which grants are made, with special reference to the methods of repair. They will certainly be able to advise on all those matters but, of course, methods of repair are becoming very much a technical matter for architects and archaeologists, and they will have before them reports which will have been prepared by the architects and archaeologists of the Ministry of Works.
My hon. Friend also asked whether the works would be supervised and carried out by the Ministry's own personnel or whether owners would be permitted to employ their own achitects. As far as possible we hope that the owners will be free to employ their own architects, contractors or estate labour; but this is public money and the Minister of Works will be responsible to the House of Commons for the way in which it is spent. Therefore, there will have to be some supervision by the Ministry of Works.
It is not my right hon. Friend's intention to consult any of the national societies formally about the membership of the Historic Buildings Councils. It is not intended that the members shall be representative but that they shall be selected for their own personal qualities. However, as we are so anxious to have the fullest co-operation from all these national societies, naturally we shall not go unnecessarily against what we believe to be their feeling in the matter.
The right hon. Member for Bishop Auckland complained that my noble and learned Friend the Lord Chancellor appeared, in the opinion of the right hon. Gentleman, to have somewhat misunderstood the character, the nature and the metaphysical form of the National Land Fund which he set up in 1946. Anyone who is replying to a debate is apt sometimes inadvertently to use a wrong word, and, when my noble and learned Friend said that it would be necessary for any money withdrawn from the Land Fund to be substituted by money raised by taxation, I think he did fall into a verbal error.

817
The general gist of his speech, however, was quite correct—that, at the present time, money in the Land Fund is lent to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and is, in fact, used as part of the capital resources at the disposal of the Treasury, and that, if some of the Government securities which constitute that Fund were sold in order to raise money for this particular purpose, the money would have to be borrowed from elsewhere.
We have been asked once more whether the Government could agree to capital sums for the endowment of individual houses. The Government feel that that would not be in accordance with the general principles of finance and Parliamentary control of expenditure. We are doubtful, indeed, whether it would commend itself to the Public Accounts Committee, and, therefore, we are not at present able to agree to that proposal, attractive as it would be from many points of view.
I have tried to deal with most of the important points raised, and I have tried to elucidate one or two features of the Bill. I should like once more to express our gratitude for the general tone of the debate, and to undertake that, in all matters of clarification and elucidation, we shall be very anxious to do what we can to help when this Bill goes, as I hope it will, to a Standing Committee upstairs.
Mr. K. Robinson: Can the hon. Gentleman say why there are these two definitions of associated land, which is rather mysterious?
Mr. Molson: I thought we might deal with that matter during the Committee stage. The first one deals with land for an amenity purpose and the other with land which is being purchased, but I would rather develop that further on the Committee stage.
3.53 p.m.
Sir Edward Keeling: My hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary has not dealt with the important point made by the hon. Member for St. Pancras, North (Mr. K. Robinson) about the investments of the National Land Fund. I should like to amplify what he said. If the Land Fund had been invested in ordinary trustee investments, it could have earned something like 4 per cent., which is almost double its present revenue.
818
In reply to a Question on 20th November by the hon. Member for St. Pancras, North, the Financial Secretary said that the Treasury seek to obtain the maximum interest on the National Land Fund compatible with the type of security required and the commitments of the Fund. That was an equivocal answer, which begs the question. It is quite clear that the Treasury borrowed the money from the National Land Fund at a far lower rate of interest than would have been obtainable if it had been invested for the purpose for which the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Bishop Auckland (Mr. Dalton) established the Fund in 1946. That purpose was the preservation of beauty, not the convenience of the Treasury. This House never intended, when setting up the Fund, that it should be the milch cow or the hand-maiden of the Treasury.
The Government of Northern Ireland have set this Government an example in the matter. I have in my hand the accounts of the Ulster Land Fund, which is a comparable body. These show that almost all the money is invested in stocks such as Government Loans and Savings Bonds, and the rate of interest obtained is far higher than that obtained by our Land Fund.
Of course this matter cannot be dealt with by an Amendment to the Bill, but I ask that the Treasury should change the investments of the Land Fund. A few days ago the "Daily Telegraph "suggested that there should be independent trustees of this Fund. I think that is worth consideration. The Treasury, as the manager of the Fund has, I submit, been false to its stewardship.
Question put, and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time, and committed to a Standing Committee.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND ANCIENT MONUMENTS [MONEY]
Considered in Committee under Standing Order No. 84 (Money Committees).—[Queen's recommendation signified.]
[Mr. HOPKIN MORRIS in the Chair]
Resolved,
That, for the purposes of any Act of the present Session to provide for the preservation and acquisition of buildings of outstanding historic or architectural interest and their contents and related property, and to amend the

819
law relating to ancient monuments and other objects of archaeological interest, it is expedient to authorise—

(a) the making by the Minister of Works out of moneys provided by Parliament—

(i) of grants in respect of the repair or maintenance of buildings appearing to the said Minister to be of outstanding historic or architectural interest, in respect of the upkeep of land associated with such buildings, and in respect of the repair or maintenance of objects so associated;

(ii) of grants to local authorities in respect of the acquisition of property under section forty-one of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1947, or section thirty-eight of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act, 1947;

(iii) of grants to the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty or to the National Trust for Scotland for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty in respect of the acquisition of such buildings as aforesaid;

(b) the payment out of moneys so provided of expenses incurred by the said Minister in the acquisition of any such buildings or land as aforesaid, or in the acquisition of objects associated with buildings in which the said Minister or either of the said Trusts has an interest or for which the said Minister is otherwise responsible, and of expenses incurred by the said Minister in dealing with any such buildings, land or objects acquired by him;

(c) the payment out of moneys so provided of remuneration or allowances, or of both remuneration and allowances, to the chairman or chairmen of any Council or Councils established under the said Act of the present Session, and of allowances to other members of any such Council or Councils;

(d) the payment out of moneys so provided—

(i) of any expenses incurred by the said Minister in the payment of compensation under any provisions of the said Act of the present Session relating to ancient monuments;

(ii) of any increase attributable to those provisions in the expenses incurred by the said Minister under the Ancient Monuments Acts, 1913 and 1931;

(iii) of any administrative expenses incurred by the said Minister under the said Act of the present Session; and

(e) the payment into the Exchequer—

(i) of any sums paid to the said Minister out of the National Land Fund in accordance with the provisions of the said Act of the present Session, in so far as any sums so paid are not applied as appropriations in aid of moneys provided by Parliament; and

(ii) of any other receipts of the said Minister under the said Act.—[Sir D. Eccles.]

Resolution to be reported upon Monday next.

POST OFFICE BILL [Lords]
Order for Second Reading read.
Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
3.56 p.m.
Mr. W. R. Williams: Are we just taking the Bill formally, Mr. Speaker, because I intended to ask a question?
Mr. Speaker: The Bill is a Consolidation Bill, and the only question on Second Reading is whether it is wiser to leave the existing law scattered about in separate Acts or to combine it in one Act.
Mr. Williams: I want to ask whether insufficient power is vested in the Assistant Postmaster-General. Would it not be the correct procedure for me to raise that now?
Mr. Speaker: The only matter which the hon. Member can raise is the advisability of consolidating the law.
Mr. C. R. Hobson: Perhaps the Attorney-General could give us an undertaking that there has been no alteration in the law during the consolidation.
The Attorney-General (Sir Lionel Heald): I can say that the Joint Committee have reported that the Bill consolidates the existing law with such corrections and improvements as can properly be authorised under the Consolidation Enactments (Procedure) Act, 1949.
Question put, and agreed to.
Bill accordingly read a Second time.
Committed to a Committee of the whole House.—[Mr. Wills.]
Committee upon Monday next.

POST OFFICE BILL [Lords]

  REGISTRATION SERVICE BILL [Lords]
  Bill read a Second time. Committed to a Committee of the whole House.—[Mr. Wills.]
  Committee upon Monday next.

INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION
Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. Wills.]
3.59 p.m.
Mr. Arthur Lewis: The matter which I wish to raise on the Adjournment this afternoon is the operation and the running generally of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, which I shall refer to, as we all know it, as the I.P.U. I shall do so with special reference to Treasury responsibility, Treasury grants——
It being Four o'clock, the Motion for the Adjournment of the House lapsed, without Question put.
Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Sir C. Drewe.]
Mr. Lewis: —and in some instances lack of Treasury control. Let me explain that it is not my intention to attack any individual of the I.P.U., whether as a paid servant or one of the honorary officials. Neither is it my intention to attack any group of Members associated with the work of the I.P.U. My purpose is to find out information and to put forward ideas and suggestions which would be helpful to the I.P.U., and generally to ascertain information which, if not actually unobtainable, is very difficult to obtain in the usual way that Members try to get information in this House.
I ought to make an explanation personally. I in no way intend any reflection upon you, Mr. Speaker, or the work that we all know you do voluntarily and quite arduously on behalf of all Members in very many respects, such as these outside engagements which you undertake on our behalf. Technically speaking, you have the responsibility of selecting the various Parliamentary delegations that are arranged by the I.P.U. I say "technically" because in actual fact you have a very onerous job. I believe that you are given a whole list of names and from it you do your utmost to see that the correct and proper delegation is appointed. I think it is true to say that you do not receive the whole list of the various Members that are put
822
forward to go on these delegations. It is on this aspect that I want to raise a matter with the Treasury.
For some months past I have been attempting to find out how many of these delegations have been appointed over the last few years, how they have been selected and what procedure and method are adopted to see that a proper representation of the House is arrived at in the composition of these delegations.
Major Tufton Beamish: May I ask the hon. Gentleman a question? I think he came to the House in 1945, and joined the I.P.U. in 1951. I never remember seeing him attending a meeting. Why does he not use the usual procedure to find these things out?
Mr. Lewis: I expected that question. Quite a number of I.P.U. representatives have put that to me. The answer was given when the Chairman himself put it.
In fact, I did join the I.P.U. before that date but I dropped out on a question of inadvertence in the payment of contributions. I would emphasise that I am interested in the principle and not in the individual case of a Member being in or not in the I.P.U., when he joined and how he joined. I am interested in the general principle. I was saying that I tried to ascertain how these delegations were got together, and I did ask the I.P.U. for the information.
Mr. H. Hynd: On a point of order. I do not know whether you are proposing to reply to this debate, Mr. Speaker. If not I fail to see which Minister can reply to it, because no Minister is responsible for this.
Mr. Lewis: Further to that point of order. I was about to say that I wanted to see how the membership of the delegations was arrived at, and how much of the Treasury grant goes towards arranging for and paying the expenditure incurred in the sending of these delegations. As Treasury money is involved, I was going to ask that the Treasury should give an explanation. I submit to you, Mr. Speaker, that that would be in order.
Mr. C. R. Hobson: Is not the position this—that despite the fact, or by virtue of the fact, that there is a Treasury grant, hon. Members of this House, whether they are members of the

823
organisation or not, are entitled to the information, but that when the information is sought it is refused by the I.P.U. and it is also unobtainable in the Library?
Mr. Lewis: I do not want to develop the point which my hon. Friend the Member for Keighley (Mr. Hobson) has just raised, but if he will listen to me he will hear that I can confirm in part what he has said.
I was saying that I was trying to obtain information about the number and composition of these delegations. I got into touch with the I.P.U., and after many months of difficulty I eventually obtained a list. Incidentally, I was informed afterwards that I should not have received the list and that if it had been known that I had the list, it would have been stopped. I do not know why. It may be that it is because the list reveals that some 26 delegations have been arranged. Hon. Members would find from the list that there are 22 hon. Members, who shall remain nameless, who have been more than once, and some of them several times, on various delegations.
My first point is that I feel, and this is a feeling that is expressed by many hon. Members on both sides of the House, that when there are over 600 Members of Parliament and when the overwhelming majority of those have never been a member of any delegation and have never been invited to become members, it seems unfair that some 22 should have had the opportunity of going on these delegations more than once. I emphasise that the overwhelming majority of hon. Members have not had that opportunity.
The Financial Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. John Boyd-Carpenter): On a point of order. May I seek your guidance, Mr. Speaker? The hon. Member is directing certain criticisms—it is not for me to say whether sound or unsound—about the selection by the I.P.U. of certain delegations. As the hon. Member has himself stated that the selection is not the responsibility of myself or any of my colleagues on the Front Bench, I seek your guidance as to how this matter is to be dealt with. I am in no position, nor is it my duty, to deal with the merits one way or the other
824
of the selection by the I.P.U. of these delegations.
It is, I understand, a rule of the House that on a Motion for the Adjournment matters can only be raised for which some Minister is responsible. As I understand, the essence of that is to ensure that in fairness to whoever may be attacked there may be somebody who is in the position to answer for the attacked body or person. I therefore seek your guidance, Mr. Speaker, as to how this debate is to be conducted.
Mr. Speaker: In reply to that question, it is true that it is a fundamental rule of Motions on the Adjournment that some Minister must be responsible for anything about which there is a complaint. So far, the hon. Member has not disclosed his link with Ministerial responsibility. Perhaps if he will do that now, we shall know where we are.
Sir Edward Keeling: I have another point of order, Mr. Speaker. I understand that these selections are in fact made by you, though it is true on recommendations made by the I.P.U. But I understand that in several cases you have in fact altered the recommendations of the I.P.U. It is a well-established principle that no criticism of yourself may be made except on a substantive Motion. Therefore, I suggest that if the hon. Member has any criticism of the selection which has been made he should put down a Motion criticising yourself.
Mr. Speaker: That is true, but so far the hon. Member has refrained from criticising me.
Mr. Hobson: Further to that point of order. I believe that it is a decision of this House that there is no Supply without redress of a grievance. In this case there is Supply granted in the form of a Treasury Vote, and I submit that my hon. Friend the Member for West Ham, North is in order in dealing with it.
Mr. Speaker: It would perhaps be best for the hon. Member for West Ham, North to develop the link between what he is saying and Ministerial responsibility of some sort.
Mr. Lewis: It seems that for some reason or another many hon. Members are rather surprised and perhaps annoyed

825
that this matter has been raised—[HON. MEMBERS: "No."]—but I was going on to say that in fact Treasury money is expended, and I want to know how far the Treasury take cognisance of the money that is spent, and what action they take to see that it is fairly and properly expended by the body to which they contribute.
I want to know whether or not the Treasury have representation within the I.P.U. on this question of selection, and, if not, why not, and whether they will now consider the advisability of having some representative of the Treasury, so that we can get information as to what exactly is happening.
I have mentioned that I have a list of delegations. I was told afterwards that if it had been known that I had this information it would have been stopped. I tried this afternoon, through the services of the Library, to get information from the Librarian as to whether or not Treasury money is expended on the appointment of conference delegates. The Librarian expressed surprise and amazement that the information had been refused, and I was informed that the office was shut until 3.30. At 3.35 I again asked for the information and was told that it would not be available until Monday.
The point which I am trying to make is this. Surely when a Member of Parliament votes money to the Treasury and the Treasury grant money to organisations he is entitled to know, and to ask either through that organisation or through the Treasury or through the facilities of the Library, just how and in what way this money is being expended.
There is another matter equally important where money is expended. I do not know how much or how it is expended, but certainly Treasury money is involved. Again, I do not know whether the Treasury do or do not have a representative. If they do, I hope that the Treasury will give me some explanation. If they do not have a representative, I suggest that it is about time they had someone from the Treasury to see what happens on the question of the appointment of these—for want of a better name—welcome or reception committees which are arranged.
826
It may be news to many hon. Members that when delegations come to this country, the I.P.U., rightly—no one would object to this—go out of their way, with Treasury money, to give these overseas delegates a really good welcome on behalf of this Parliament. No one would object to that; in face everyone would warmly approve it. This reception committee which is appointed or selected or got together, I do not know how——
Major Beamish: If the hon. Gentleman had come to the I.P.U. meetings he would have the information.
Mr. Lewis: I am more interested in the Treasury being able to give me the information which I cannot get in any other way.
The reception committees appear always to have the same composition. They take overseas visitors to various parts of the country and show them our national beauty spots, historic buildings and the glories of this great country. That is right. But I want to know why it is always the same persons who give the welcome. Neither I, nor any other hon. Members who had expressed some dismay about this, would have any objection if it were argued that the committees are composed of senior Members of the House who have some prior claim because of their long service, but that is not the position.
I can get no detailed information about conferences until Monday. I am told that it will be available, after the Adjournment debate, on Monday. As to the selection committees, we have no knowledge at all what control the Treasury has over appointments or what say the Treasury has in them.
I urge the Financial Secretary to go further into the matter. I and my hon. Friends want hon. Members to be able to obtain detailed information when they want it, either by writing to the organisation which receives grants or, if we so desire, by going to meetings. If I may deal with the interruption made by the hon. and gallant Member for Lewes (Major Beamish), many hon. Members are so busily engaged elsewhere that they do not have the time to attend annual meetings of organisations, but they have

827
the right, which they often exercise, to apply to the organisation or the Minister concerned for information and the information is freely and willingly given. It is no answer to say that because a certain hon. Member does not attend an annual meeting it should preclude him or others from obtaining information about what is happening to Treasury funds.
Mr. Frederick Elwyn Jones rose——
Mr. Lewis: I cannot give way. We have the I.P.U. representatives here in force. I merely wish that these representatives could have given me the information when I asked for it, but unfortunately, it was not until I got here that I received the information which I have been trying to get for months.
I seek some arrangement—I am sure the whole House would wish it—whereby there shall be Treasury control over the money which the Treasury distributes, whereby we can, if need be by asking Questions on the Floor of the House, obtain information about what is happening to the money, and whereby the duties of welcoming and entertaining the overseas visitors are fairly and properly shared out among all hon. Members, irrespective of party, so that all of us can have an opportunity of meeting some of the overseas delegates. There are some who have never had an opportunity of meeting these delegations.
Again I must emphasise that I am not myself concerned, because if an hon. Member feels that he wants to get on to a delegation this is the last way in which he would deal with that matter. I am interested in hon. Members who have been here for 20 and 30 years, and who have never been given the opportunity of going around the country, meeting any of these overseas people or of proceeding on a delegation. On the other hand, some who have been here only four or five years have been on these delegations, and it is not unknown for them to go twice in succession. That is not fair, and I am asking the Financial Secretary to see that in future when the grant is made the arrangements are fairly and properly organised on behalf of all hon. Members in this House.
4.20 p.m.
The Financial Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. John Boyd-Carpenter): First, in accordance with precedent, I should disclose the fact that I share the position of joint honorary treasurer of this organisation with the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Leeds, South (Mr. Gaitskell) and the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies). I suppose therefore I have some kind of interest to declare, but it is not in that capacity that I stand at this Box today.
As I sought to make clear at an earlier stage, a great deal of what the hon. Gentleman has said is not a matter which it would be fitting or proper for me to attempt to deal with. The greater part of his speech was directed to the expression of view that in the selection of hon. Members or noble Lords either to go abroad as delegations or alternatively to assist in the entertainment of distinguished foreigners in this country, the I.P.U. had not followed the methods of selection which the hon. Member himself would recomend.
Be that as it may, for reasons which I will make clear that is a matter with which I cannot deal at this Box. But I am bound to add this. The hon. Gentleman, as has been pointed out by other hon. Members, because he feels strongly on this matter has taken this opportunity to express his point of view but in circumstances in which it is extremely difficult for the people whose judgment he is challenging to reply. It is no doubt in the light of that fact that hon. Members and people outside will judge the validity or otherwise of the charges he has seen fit to make.
Mr. Lewis: On a point of order. When I spoke I pointed out to you, Mr. Speaker, that I had tried to raise this matter through the proper channels and had been blocked at every turn. It was only then that I felt justified in raising this on the Adjournment.
Mr. Speaker: That is not a point of order.
Mr. Lewis: My point of order is this. Having explained my attitude, surely I am in order, having failed through the normal channels to get redress, to raise it on the Adjournment, particularly if I feel

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dissatisfied with the cursory treatment I have received from the organisation?
Sir Robert Boothby: Further to that point of order. May I point out to the hon. Member that the normal and usual channels in this case was surely the I.P.U.?
Mr. Lewis: I tried them.
Sir R. Boothby: But the hon. Gentleman never comes near any meetings of the I.P.U.
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I think that episode only underlines the force of what I observed a moment ago. The position is this so far as Her Majesty's Government are concerned. If the hon. Gentleman were good enough to consult the volume of the Civil Estimates for 1953–54, Class I, Vote 23, Miscellaneous Expenses, he would see that there is set out the grant to the Inter-Parliamentary Union of expenditure during the coming year of £7,700. He would also have observed, had he consulted the Estimates, a footnote to that Vote which points out that expenditure out of that grant-in-aid would not be accounted for in detail to the Comptroller and Auditor-General, and that any balances of the sums issued which may be unexpended at 31st March, 1954, would not be liable to surrender to the Exchequer. Also material to this is a further note which says that the accounts of the Union would be open to the inspection of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
Mr. Glen vil Hall: In order that those unacquainted with the facts will get the position right, would the hon. Gentleman tell us how much of that £7,700 goes overseas to the larger body to which the I.P.U. is affiliated?
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: The right hon. Gentleman has great experience of this matter and is well aware of the position and of the fact that in the statement which, of course, is issued with the I.P.U. reports——
Mr. H. Hynd: To all Members?
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I am much obliged. As I understand to all Members. The report which I am holding in my hand says that of its total income a sum of £3,120 8s. 10d.—I rather like the
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precision—goes to the Inter-Parliamentary Union Bureau, the International Headquarters, as I understand it, of the I.P.U. at Geneva. The point I was making was that it is there expressly provided that these matters are not accounted for in detail.
The only other point the hon. Gentleman raised, which perhaps falls to me to deal with, is his suggestion that, even with those facts I have stated, for some reason Her Majesty's Treasury and Government ought to have intervened further; ought, in fact, to have revealed the detailed expenditure of this sum of money. I do not share that view. It is the fact that when we are dealing with grants-in-aid to outside bodies—and for this purpose this distinguished body is an outside body—the arrangement I have read out from the Estimates is not unusual; for this reason, that where we are dealing with a body composed of extremely eminent persons performing a useful public function, it would be both inappropriate and a waste of everybody's time, for Her Majesty's Government to seek to interfere.
I will fortify that view with the views of a former hon. Member of this House to whom the revival of the I.P.U. after the war was perhaps due more than to anybody else, the late Ernest Bevin. He said this:
"The Inter-Parliamentary Union is the kind of body that can do things which Governments cannot do. When I took office I thought that it would assist not only the preservation but also the redevelopment of democratic institutions if parliamentarians from different countries could meet and talk freely to each other. They could, moreover, say things that I could not say as Foreign Secretary. …"
That is true. Surely it follows from that, that if Her Majesty's Government were to intervene in such details as the composition of the bodies that, subject to your decision, Mr. Speaker, the I.P.U. send overseas, that strong independence, which is one of its assets, would be in great degree prejudiced. Not only, therefore, would it be most inappropriate for the Government to seek to intervene in the affairs of this body but, by doing so, it would do a great deal to undermine the value of the work which this body has been and is doing.
I must, therefore, with all respect to the hon. Gentleman, say that I disagree

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totally with his suggestion that, either by appointing its representatives or by attempting to maintain detailed control of the expenditure of this relatively small sum of money, Her Majesty's Government should intervene in its affairs.
Mr. Lewis rose——
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: No, I am sorry. It is a body that performs a tremendously useful function as a meeting place of parliamentarians, not Governments, who can speak more freely than members of Governments——
Mr. Lewis rose——
Mr. Speaker: Order, order.
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: —or those with official responsibility can do.
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In the last moment available I want to say that Her Majesty's Government have the highest regard for the immensely important work in the international field which this distinguished body is doing, and feel the greatest gratitude towards the distinguished members of both Houses who undertake the responsibility of managing its affairs. We regard this grant, which is all that I am responsible for, as money exceedingly well-spent and have no criticism to offer of the way in which it is spent.
The Question having been proposed at Four o'Clock and the debate having continued for half an hour, Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House without Question put, pursuant to the Standing Order.
Adjourned at Half-past Four o'Clock.

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