Sitting of 8 December 1952

Preamble
The House met at Half past Two o'Clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]

PETITION (DE-RATIONING OF EGGS)
Mr. Emrys Hughes: I wish to present a humble Petition from residents in the County of Ayr to the honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled.
The Petition states that the de-rationing of eggs will result in the price being increased to people in receipt of the lowest incomes, old-age pensioners and persons in receipt of National Assistance and that hardship and injustice will be caused thereby.
"Wherefore your petitioners pray that suitable measures be taken to prevent undue hardship arising from the Government's plan to deration eggs, and your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray."
To lie upon the Table.

CIVIL CONTINGENCIES FUND
Accounts ordered,
of the Civil Contingencies Fund, 1951–52, showing (1) the Receipts and Payments in connection with the Fund in the year ended the 31st day of March, 1952, and (2) the Distribution of the Capital of the Fund at the commencement and close of the year; with the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General thereon.—[Mr. Boyd-Carpenter.]

ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  BURMA

    Oil Company (Rehabilitation)
    Mr. T. Reidasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to what extent the grant of £800,000 by Her Majesty's Government to the Burmah Oil Company has resulted in rehabilitation of the company's works and in the production of oil.
    The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Anthony Nutting): The Burmah Oil Company's field at Chauk has been rehabilitated, and I understand that production of crude oil is now in the region of 100,000 tons a year. This rehabilitation was not, however, paid for out of the grant by His late Majesty's Government, which was given to assist the Government of Burma to maintain employment, and took the form of compensation for losses sustained as a result of insurgent activities.

    Chinese Nationalist Forces
    Mr. A. Hendersonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether, in view of the Defence Agreement dated 29th August, 1947, between the United Kingdom Government and the Government of Burma, he will make a statement on the military action taken by the Government of Burma against the Chinese Nationalist troops in the Kengtury Province of Burma.
    The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Anthony Eden): No, Sir. The Defence Agreement has no bearing on this matter.
    Mr. Henderson: Can the Foreign Secretary say whether the troops in question came to Burma from Siam? Secondly, does he still take the view that the Chinese Nationalist authorities in Formosa have no responsibility for these Chinese troops in Burma?
    Mr. Eden: The internal aspect of this is, of course, one for the Government of Burma. As the right hon. and learned Member will remember, I did make a suggestion about international examination of this problem which was not taken up. Therefore, I do not see that there is anything more I can do in this respect except to make inquiries and from my inquiries I do not think that there is now any traffic through Siam.

    ICELANDIC FISHERIES DISPUTE
    Mr. Hector Hughesasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement on the present state of negotiations regarding the Icelandic fisheries dispute.
    Mr. Doddsasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in view of the rejection by the Icelandic Government of our proposal that the trawler owners of the two countries should meet to decide the dispute over the fishing-zone limits on the grounds that they are not the right people to decide this matter, what further action he proposes to take to arrange discussions between the two Governments concerned in an effort to find an early solution to this important problem.
    Mr. Eden: Her Majesty's Government are continuing their efforts to find a basis for the solution of this dispute: I hope myself to find opportunities in the near future for some direct discussion of these matters.
    Mr. Hughes: Is it not a fact that the Government are, in effect, handing over their duties in this matter to private interests, who are thus made the arbiters of what fish the public will and will not get? Is that not contrary to the public interest? Will the Government re-assert themselves and bring order into the industry, so that the consumers may get the fish that they require?
    Mr. Eden: As far as internal matters are concerned, they are, of course, for my right hon. Friend the Minister of Agriculture, and not for me. As far as the international aspect is concerned, I thought I made it clear that we were not abandoning our interests. As I said, I hope to have direct discussions on these matters in the near future. I do not at the moment wish to go further, because that would not help my direct discussions.
    Mr. Dodds: Does the Foreign Secretary not recognise that there is widespread disappointment at what seems to be the weak-kneed attitude of the Government in this important matter, in that the Government are not taking it up in an international way and that this has been left too long to the vested interests of the Hull and Grimsby trawler owners, who have been doing well out of it?
    Mr. Eden: To whom are we supposed to be weak-kneed? Is it the trawler owners or the Icelandic Government?
    Mr. Dodds: The trawler owners.
    Mr. Eden: It would be as well if the hon. Member made up his mind what he meant.
    Lady Tweedsmuir: Has it been suggested to the Icelandic Government that once Spain ratifies the Over-fishing Convention early in the New Year, a conference should take place and that until then they should withdraw their embargo? If so, what reply did they give?
    Mr. Eden: That is an aspect which we have considered and discussed. I say, to the hon. Member for Dartford (Mr. Dodds) that I am doing my utmost to secure a settlement by peaceful means, and I thought that he would prefer that method.
    Mrs. Castle: Have the Government received a suggestion from the Icelandic Government that this matter should be referred to the International Court? If so, what reply was given?
    Mr. Eden: I think I am right in saying that we have not received such a suggestion. If it were made, I should require to consider it for a variety of reasons, which the hon. Lady has in mind. This

    5
    is one of the most complicated international tangles which it has ever been my, not privilege, but misfortune, to have to deal with.
    Mrs. Castle: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that it has been reported in the Press that such a suggestion has been made by the Icelandic Government? Will he check up?
    Mr. Eden: I am fairly sure that there has been no such official statement.

    ERITREA (ACCOUNTS DEFICIENCY)
    Sir H. Williamsasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs how much of the estimate of £550,000 in 1952–53 for the provision for estimated net deficiency on the accounts of Eritrea for the period from 1st April to 15th September, 1952, has been realised.
    Mr. Nutting: The Eritrean account for the period in question has not yet been closed, but the revised estimated net deficiency is not now expected to exceed £150,000.

  GERMANY

    Herr Krupp
    Mrs. Castleasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a report on the progress of the negotiations with the Bonn Government on the disposal of Herr Alfred Krupp's assets in the German coal and steel industries.
    Mr. Eden: The negotiations to which I referred in my reply to the hon. Member for Leyton (Mr. Sorensen) and the hon. Member for Islington, East (Mr. E. Fletcher) on 1st December are still in progress, and I have no further report to make at present.
    Mrs. Castle: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that considerable alarm has been caused by a report in the Press that the negotiations have broken down and that the Bonn Government were being very difficult over this matter? Will he make a full report to the House on the progress of these important negotiations, so that we can know what are the issues involved?
    Mr. Eden: I can tell the hon. Lady that the negotiations have not broken down. The moment they reach a point at which I can usefully make a report to the House I shall certainly do so. They are, in point of fact, taking place with the Federal Chancellor himself. I cannot say any more today.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Will the right hon. Gentleman bring it home to Dr. Adenauer that the friends of German democracy in other countries are very anxious about this matter?
    Mr. Eden: I am sure Dr. Adenauer understands that very well and also knows quite well that it is not the fault of Her Majesty's present advisers that we have this very difficult matter to handle.
    Mr. E. Fletcher: Will the right hon. Gentleman bear in mind that although he speaks of negotiations the fact is that until the Bonn Treaty is ratified Her Majesty's Government are in a position to insist on a solution of this matter acceptable to British public opinion?
    Mr. Eden: I should like to see that question on the Order Paper. I do not imagine that the hon. Member would suggest we can now insist on an alteration of the German Basic Law, which has been in force for some years and to which no amendment was suggested by the late Government.

    Defence (U.K. Expenditure)
    Mr. Jayasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he can now estimate the additional annual burden which will fall on the United Kingdom taxpayer, on account of defence expenditure in Germany, as a result of the recent Bonn Agreements.
    Mr. Eden: No additional expenditure will fall on the United Kingdom in the period up to 30th June, 1953. Negotiations on the contribution from the German Federal Republic to Allied defence costs in 1953–54 have not yet taken place.
    As I made clear in the debate on Germany on 31st July, if as a result of these negotiations additional expenditure should fall on the United Kingdom, reductions in other spheres would have to be made, in order to ensure that the total

    7
    level of our defence expenditure in terms of external payments remains within our capacity.
    Mr. Jay: Is the Foreign Secretary aware that I had in mind expenditure after June, 1953? Is it not very unsatisfactory that the Government should apparently have drifted into this large additional commitment without knowing what it was?
    Mr. Eden: The Government have not drifted into any commitment, either large or small. The difficulty is that the Federal Government have not yet submitted proposals for defence expenditure and negotiations cannot take place until they do so—probably some time in the New Year.
    Mr. Jay: Can the right hon. Gentleman at least deny Press reports that the burden on the British taxpayer is likely to be of the order of £80 million or £100 million a year?
    Mr. Eden: I would prefer to adhere to what I have said, all the more so because I think that it bears a close resemblance to something which was said by the late Government.
    Sir R. Acland: Would it be possible to negotiate or arrange a reduction of our defence burdens elsewhere without any damage to our safety? Why could that not be done now in order to reduce the burden on this country?
    Mr. Eden: We have to see what the estimates for the German contribution will be. I think I may fairly say that the figure will not be of the order mentioned by the right hon. Member for Battersea, North (Mr. Jay).
    Mr. Nicholson: Is this such a new development that it was not envisaged by the last Administration?

  CHINA

    Chinese Red Cross (Atrocity Charges)
    Mr. A. Hendersonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether the Chinese Red Cross are affiliated to the International Red Cross; and whether the International Red Cross have yet investigated the charges made by the Chinese Red Cross of atrocities having been committed by United Nations troops in Korea.
    Mr. Eden: The Chinese Red Cross Society belongs to the International Red Cross movement and is also a member of the League of Red Cross Societies.
    As regards the second part of the Question, the answer is "No, Sir." The offer made by Her Majesty's Government, in common with the United States Government, of an impartial investigation by the International Committee of the Red Cross of Communist germ warfare charges has been consistently rejected by the Communists on the grounds that the International Committee of the Red Cross is a "tool of American imperialism." But I am discussing with the United States Government the possibility of taking effective measures to counter this propaganda.
    Mr. Henderson: Does not the right hon. Gentleman attach some significance to the fact that the booklet to which reference has been made, alleging the most appalling atrocities against the United Nations troops, is based on anonymous statements by British and American soldiers and unrelated photographs? Will he treat the matter with great seriousness in view of the distress caused in many homes in this country by the distribution of this pamphlet?
    Mr. Eden: Yes, Sir; I do understand all that, but I also understand that some of the documents have the imprint of the Chinese Red Cross Society. The difficulty in dealing with them is that, so far, the Chinese have consistently refused to have any kind of investigation made by the International Red Cross. I am trying to see what other way we have of showing what we all feel is the falsity of these charges.
    Mr. S. Silverman: Will the right hon. Gentleman bear in mind that it is by no means an unusual or even an unreasonable thing for a complainant not to be satisfied to submit his complaint to a tribunal nominated by the proposed defendant? Would he consider whether it is not possible to offer to discuss with them the setting up of a third party tribunal which would be acceptable to both sides?
    Mr. Eden: The hon. Member will understand that the Chinese Red Cross Society being, as I said, a member of the International Red Cross movement, it is hardly acceptable that they should then

    9
    say they are not prepared to have these charges examined by the movement of which they are themselves a member.

    British Freighter "Rosita" (Attack)
    Mr. A. Hendersonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a statement on the attack by Chinese gunboats on the British freighter "Rosita," near Foochow.
    Mr. Nutting: I am informed that the s.s. "Rosita" was intercepted off Foochow by two armed vessels, one of which fired a series of machine gun bursts after the "Rosita" had stopped. The master was killed. The raiders then boarded the "Rosita" and appeared to be sailing her to an island off Foochow, which is under Nationalist control. On learning of the death of the master, however, they left the "Rosita," which returned to Hong Kong.
    A fuller report is awaited. Meanwhile, Her Majesty's Consul at Tamsui (Formosa) has been instructed to draw the attention of the Nationalist authorities in Formosa to the incident, to ask for a full investigation, and to reserve all rights.
    Mr. Henderson: As this action, whoever was responsible for it, constitutes piracy, can the Minister say what action the Government are taking to safeguard our seamen on their lawful occasions?
    Mr. Nutting: Her Majesty's Consul is making investigations into this case, and I should prefer to make no statement until we have a fuller report of what took place, in the light of information furnished to him by the provincial authorities in Formosa.
    Air Commodore Harvey: Will my hon. Friend bear in mind that whatever the report says, the captain of this ship has been murdered? Will he press the strongest possible claim for compensation and, in future, see that Her Majesty's Navy take the strongest possible action to protect British ships?
    Mr. Nutting: If we can establish responsibility in this matter, Her Majesty's Government will certainly take the strongest possible action to demand and to receive compensation.

    GOVERNMENT CARS, PARIS AND WASHINGTON
    Mr. Arbuthnotasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs the number of cars employed today on United Kingdom Government account in Paris and Washington; and the numbers in 1938.
    Mr. Nutting: The number in Paris today is 41, and in Washington, 32. The corresponding figures in 1938 were one each.
    The cars in Paris serve Her Majesty's Embassy, the Delegation to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation and the British Council. The cars in Washington serve Her Majesty's Embassy, the Joint Services Mission and the Treasury and Supply Delegation.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Will the Under-Secretary resist any attempt on the part of the "hatchet group" opposite to compel our representatives abroad to pay calls on push-bikes?
    Mr. Nutting: I think all sides of the House would agree that calls by such methods of transport would be beneath the dignity of representatives of Her Majesty's Government.
    Sir H. Williams: May I ask my hon. Friend whether there are not taxis in these countries? Cannot our representative there do exactly the same as Members of Parliament do here?
    Mr. Nutting: My hon. Friend will no doubt be glad to hear that the number of cars has been reduced since this Government came into office.

    EX-FAR EAST PRISONERS OF WAR, JAPAN (COMPENSATION)
    Mr. Leatherasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he wilt approach the International Red Cross, the custodians of funds about to become available under Article 16 of the Japanese Peace Treaty, to give special consideration in the distribution of those funds to ex-Far East prisoners of war who have migrated from one part of the Commonwealth to another, and for whom no other provision has been made whatever.
    Mr. Nutting: The method of distribution of Japanese assets which will become available under Article 16 of the Peace Treaty rests with the International Committee of the Red Cross alone. I will, however, bear my hon. Friend's suggestion in mind.
    Mr. Leather: I appreciate the difficulties, but does not my hon. Friend agree that, owing to the conditions of the Treaty signed by Her Majesty's Government, these funds now represent the only possible source of compensation for these men? Will he therefore make quite certain that this is brought to the attention of the International Red Cross?
    Mr. Nutting: We shall certainly do our best, of course, to do justice all round, but I must draw the attention of my hon. Friend and that of the House to the fact that by the terms of the Treaty itself, in Article 16, the distribution of these assets is one for the International Red Cross, and for them alone.

  UNITED NATIONS

    Secretariat (Jurists' Report)
    Mr. Ernest Daviesasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what action he now proposes to take, in view of the fact that the international panel of jurists selected to consider political activities of members of the United Nations Secretariat have now reported.
    Mr. Eden: The report of the jurists has now been rendered to the Secretary-General of the United Nations with whom, as my hon. Friend stated on 24th October, the initiative in this matter rests. I am sure that he will be both willing and able to carry out his responsibility. Meanwhile, Her Majesty's Government are also studying this report.
    Mr. Davies: Does not the Foreign Secretary think it would be helpful if we conveyed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations our views on this matter and if we informed him that he would have our support in resisting any undue pressure there was to engage in witch hunting based on past affiliations?
    Mr. Eden: I think we ought to see the report ourselves before making any communication to the Secretary-General, but I can say this: the McCarran Committee.
    12
    as I think the hon. Gentleman knows, confines its activities to United States citizens. So far as our position about our own citizens is concerned, I should at all times be willing to make that clear to the Secretary-General, and I have no doubt that he is aware of it.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Can the Secretary of State say whether the report of the jurists deals with the obligations of all members of the United Nations, including the United States, arising, under Article 100 of the Charter, to respect the international character of the Secretariat and to do nothing that would seek
    "to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities"?
    Could he make the text of the jurists' report available to hon. Members?
    Mr. Eden: I should like to make the text available, although I am not sure whether it is within my authority to do so. I should have to ask the Secretary-General; but I will consider the matter. My impression is that the report covers Article 100.

    Technical Assistance Board
    Sir R. Aclandasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he has considered the recent report of the Chairman of the United Nations Technical Assistance Board showing that requests received from member governments for assistance will require an increase in income from approximately $18,000,000 in 1952 to $25,000,000 in 1953; and, as the United Kingdom was, with Australia, the only important country making a notable reduction in contribution in 1952 and now contributes less in proportion to income than any comparable country, if he will give an assurance that the United Kingdom contribution in 1953 will be substantially raised.
    Mr. Nutting: Her Majesty's Government are giving the United Nations expanded programme of technical assistance the fullest possible support. While I do not, therefore, accept the implications of the hon. Member's Question, I cannot at present anticipate next year's Estimates.
    Sir R. Acland: When extra expenditure is required for this international work and when we are contributing less than any

    13
    other comparable country in relation to our income, is it conceivable that Her Majesty's Government will not increase their contribution?
    Mr. Nutting: I cannot accept the implications of the hon. Gentleman's supplementary question—
    Sir R. Acland: It is a fact.
    Mr. Nutting: —any more than I can accept those of his original Question. The United States, France, Canada and Australia have all had to reduce their contributions to this extended Technical Assistance Programme. As for our total contributions to the specialised agencies, I have often said in the House that Her Majesty's Government are second in total contributions only to the United States and, per head of the population, are the leading country.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Since an increase in the world production of food and raw materials might be a major factor in improving our own long-term balance of payments position, and since the United Nations Technical Assistance Board are achieving considerable results, would not an increased subscription be a very wise investment?
    Mr. Nutting: I accept the premise on which the right hon. Gentleman put his question, but I do not think he would expect me at this stage to anticipate next year's Estimates or the contribution which Her Majesty's Government will be able to make.
    Mrs. Castle: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that when we reduced our contribution last year the reason given by the Government was that it had not been possible to spend the money already voted. That has now been proved to be a fallacy and it has been shown that, in fact, they needed to spend more. The argument for a reduction last year will therefore not apply next year.
    Mr. Nutting: It may be that the argument for a reduction this year may not apply next year, but when we reduced our contribution—and let me add that it was reduced by only 10 per cent.—together with the other States I have already listed, we were under the impression that the total contributions would not be required.
    Sir R. Acland: As there is a dispute of fact between us, I beg to give notice that I shall try to raise the matter when there is more time to discuss it.

    British Employees (Immunities)
    Sir R. Aclandasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs how far British citizens employed in the United States of America at the United Nations organisation's headquarters enjoy full diplomatic immunity.
    Mr. Eden: No British subject employed by the United Nations in the United States enjoys full diplomatic immunity, but the United States Government accords officers and employees of international organisations located in the United States such immunities and privileges as are provided under the relevant United States laws. The most important are exemption from United States income tax on official emoluments and immunity from suit or legal process in respect of official acts, though the exemption from taxation does not apply to American citizens.
    Sir R. Acland: Would the right hon. Gentleman make it clear that in regard to British citizens so employed, no question of their loyalty can arise except their loyalty to the United Nations, and that there could not be any question of their special loyalty to the United States or to any other individual country?
    Mr. Eden: I do not think there is anything in what the hon. Baronet has said to which I could take exception.
    Mr. Donnelly: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that all the political tests being applied at United Nations, regardless of the individuals concerned, are undermining the feeling of confidence in the impartiality of the United Nations? Is he further aware that there is a strong body of public opinion in this country which thinks that if this sort of thing does not stop there should be some thought given to the transference of United Nations to some other country?
    Mr. Eden: There has already been a carefully thought-out Question to which I gave a considered reply, and I would rather stand by that.

    ECREHOS AND THE MINQUIERS (SOVEREIGNTY)
    Captain Ryderasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if any decision has yet been reached by the International Court at The Hague, regarding the sovereignty of the Ecrehos and the Minquiers.
    Mr. Nutting: No, Sir.
    Captain Ryder: Has any indication been given as to when the case will be heard?
    Mr. Nutting: It seems unlikely that this case will be heard before the spring or summer of 1953. [HON. MEMBERS: "Where are these places?"] The House asks where these rocks are. They are off the coast of Jersey and for most of the year are four-fifths submerged, but an important question of fishery rights is involved, which is partly regulated by an Agreement of 1951. Whoever may be determined by the International Court to be the sovereign Power will be able to give its nationals certain exclusive fishery rights in certain enclaves.

    SUDAN CONSTITUTION (DISCUSSIONS)
    Mr. Fenner Brockwayasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement regarding the negotiations between General Neguib and Sir Ralph Stevenson on the situation in the Sudan.
    Mr. Eden: As I told the House on 6th November, the Egyptian Government's comments on the new constitution for the Sudan raised a number of important points. Her Majesty's Ambassador in Cairo is now discussing these questions with the Egyptian Government. But I am not yet in a position to make a statement.
    Mr. Brockway: Can the right hon. Gentleman say when he will be able to make a statement on this matter? Does he still hope that the elections in the Sudan will take place before the end of this year?
    Mr. Eden: Personally, I should have liked the elections to have taken place before some of the other complicated matters were settled, but we have not been able to agree on that, and that may have
    16
    the effect of delaying the elections. I hope to give the House some form of progress report before it rises for the Christmas Recess.

    ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL COMPANY
    Mr. S. Silvermanasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what discussions or negotiations are now proceeding with the United States State Department with a view to transferring the rights and interests of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in the Persian oilfields and refinery at Abadan to a group of United States oil companies.
    Mr. Eden: None, Sir.
    Mr. Silverman: Will the right hon. Gentleman bear in mind that rumours to the effect set out in my Question have become very widespread in recent days? Will he assure the House that the Government have no such intention as that implied in the Question? Can he further say whether he proposes to make a statement as to what the Government's ultimate policy in this matter is likely to be?
    Mr. Eden: It was because I had heard these rumours that I was glad the hon. Gentleman put his Question on the Order Paper and I was glad to be able to say "None." I do not think I can improve on that answer. I propose to make a statement at the end of Questions, in reply to a Written Question, about the disposal of oil, which the hon. Gentleman will understand is different from his Question and on which I think some clarification of our position is also required.
    Mr. Harold Davies: In view of the paramount importance of oil to the modern world, will the right hon. Gentleman try, via the United Nations, to see whether we can get a regional pact for the Middle East by which this oil could be exploited by technicians for the benefit of the whole of the peoples and so that the native people would get the economic value and price for the oil?
    Mr. Eden: That is quite a different question from that on the Order Paper, which asks if we are transferring our interests to the United States, and the answer to which is that we are not doing anything of the kind.

    TANGIER (CONTROL)
    Mr. Ernest Daviesasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs which countries are members of the Committee of Control for Tangier; and which participated in the discussions which have resulted in agreement on proposed revisions of the 1945 Agreement.
    Mr. Nutting: The members of the Committee of Control are: France, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal.
    All these countries took part in the recent discussions.
    Mr. Davies: Is it not a fact that under the 1945 Agreement the U.S.S.R. participated in the Committee of Control? What is her position now with regard to it?
    Mr. Nutting: She has shown no interest whatsoever in the international administration of Tangier. The answer which I have given lists those countries which are participating.
    Mr. Davies: Have the U.S.S.R. never participated in that Committee of Control?
    Mr. Ernest Daviesasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what amendments have been made by the Committee of Control in Tangier to the 1945 Agreement; and whether the Sultan has yet given his approval thereto.
    Mr. Nutting: I would refer the hon. Member to the answer I gave him on 1st December. A reply is still awaited from the Sultan and no details can be made public until his views have been received.
    Mr. Davies: In that reply the hon. Gentleman did not tell the House exactly what changes have been made in this agreement. Could he tell the House what they are, either by way of a White Paper Or the OFFICIAL REPORT?
    Mr. Nutting: When the recommendations have been put to and approved by the Sultan, as I hope they will be, I shall be happy to give full information to the House, either in the form of a White Paper, or a statement or answers to Questions.
    Mr. Davies: Can the hon. Gentleman tell us the extent to which the Spanish regime is given an increased influence in the administration of Tangier, and what
    18
    justification there is for Franco Spain being brought into the administration?
    Mr. Nutting: In answer to a Question he put last week, I told the hon. Gentleman that the object of the changes suggested is to make the administration of Tangier more international. As he is no doubt aware, under the 1945 Agreement and the 1928 Agreement and the 1923 Statute, Spain had certain rights and a certain position in the international administration. We are trying to get back to the position under the 1928 Agreement, which gave an international administration to Tangier.
    Mr. G. Jeger: Is the Under-Secretary aware that all these gestures of appeasement to Franco Spain are being received in the country with a great deal of disgust and disappointment?
    Mr. Nutting: There has been no gesture of appeasement to Franco Spain in this matter. Both Franco Spain and pre-Franco Spain, if I may use the term, have engaged in the administration in Tangier for many years. This is an international administration and we are trying to make it more workable and more international.
    Mr. Davies: In view of the unsatisfactory nature of the reply, I beg to give notice that I propose to raise the matter on the Adjournment.

    GENOCIDE CONVENTION (RATIFICATION)
    Mr. Jannerasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs which of the Dominions have now ratified the Genocide Convention; and why Her Majesty's Government have not yet done so.
    Mr. Nutting: Australia, Canada and Ceylon have either ratified or acceded to the Convention.
    Her Majesty's Government have not yet agreed to accede to the Convention for the reasons explained by my right hon. and learned Friend on 19th May.
    Mr. Janner: Is the Minister aware that no specific reason has yet been given and that it is a very important matter? Will he consult those present at the Commonwealth Conference to see why they ratify and, if possible, come to the same conclusion?
    Mr. Nutting: This has been very fully explained before in the House, both by the former Government and by my right hon. Friend. The position is that Her Majesty's Government do not wish to ratify or to accede to the Convention until and unless they are absolutely certain they can give effect in their domestic law to all the provisions, and to the spirit of the Convention. That is the position of the Government. As the hon. Gentleman knows, many complicated legal and technical problems are involved. We wish to sort them out and to see whether we can legislate to fulfil our obligations before we accede.
    Mr. Paget: Has the hon. Gentleman any information as to the intention of the Czechoslovakian Government with regard to this Agreement?

  MINISTRY OF FOOD

    Food and Drugs Act (Amendment)
    Dr. Broughtonasked the Minister of Food with which interested organisations he has held consultations as a part of the preparatory work for the forthcoming legislation to amend the Food and Drugs Acts.
    The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food (Dr. Charles Hill): I am arranging to place a list of the names of the organisations consulted in the Library of the House.
    Dr. Broughton: Will the hon. Gentleman state how the proposals have been received by the organisations which he has consulted?
    Dr. Hill: In general, the proposals have received approval, though I cannot deny that here and there views were expressed which were not accepted in the framing of the Bill.
    Dr. Stross: Will the Parliamentary Secretary bear in mind that as this legislation is likely to meet with approval in all parts of the House, the Committee stage may well be taken upstairs?
    Dr. Hill: I cannot add to the answer which I gave in the early hours of 28th November.

    Milk (Consumption)
    Mr. Doddsasked the Minister of Food the reduction in the quantity of milk supplied to the public in October, 1952, as compared with October, 1951; and the reason for the decrease.
    Dr. Hill: Sales were 2 per cent. less. There is too little evidence from which to deduce a reason for so small a fall.
    Mr. Dodds: How does the hon. Gentleman account for the fact that on 20th October his right hon. and gallant Friend said that consumption this year was practically the same as last year? Surely the hon. Gentleman must know by now, from all the dairymen's associations, that the reason for the decrease is the policy being followed by this Government, under which many people cannot afford the amount of milk they would like to have?
    Dr. Hill: The hon. Gentleman's argument is not supported by the fact that the fall in milk consumption has been in the higher income groups.
    Sir W. Darling: Is not it the case that the fall has been confined to certain distributors whose efficiency in distribution is less than that of private enterprise?

    Catering Establishments (Hygiene Handbook)
    Dr. Broughtonasked the Minister of Food when it is expected that a handbook on hygiene for catering establishments will be issued to local authorities; and by whom the handbook is being written.
    Dr. Hill: The handbook is expected to be on sale early in the new year. It has been written in my Department
    Dr. Broughton: Will the Minister consider advising the author, or authors, to consult some of the clean food guilds and the St. John Ambulance Association, which have now had a considerable amount of experience in the campaign for cleaner food?
    Dr. Hill: There has been widespread consultation, in the Department and outside, but I will look into the point raised by the hon. Member.

    Turkish Coarse Grain
    Mr. Osborneasked the Minister of Food at what prices coarse grains are available for sale to this country in Turkey; and what purchases he is making.
    Dr. Hill: Turkish coarse grain has recently been offered for sale to the Ministry, but at prices considerably above world values. We have made bids, but no purchases have resulted.
    Mr. Osborne: In view of the fact that in the first 10 months of this year exports to Turkey amounted to £28½ million and imports were only £5½ million, will the Minister do his best to see that whatever foods are offered he will try to purchase?
    Dr. Hill: We are willing to take coarse grain from Turkey at reasonable prices

    Sugar
    Mr. Osborneasked the Minister of Food if he will make a statement on the world sugar conference which is to meet in London next year.
    Dr. Hill: As the answer is rather long I will, with permission, circulate it in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Following is the answer:
    At its meeting in London on the 24th of November this year, the International Sugar Council adopted a resolution in the following terms:
    "The International Sugar Council, having considered at its meeting on 24th November, 1952, and at previous meetings the statistical position on the world sugar market, finds that the situation is such that international action is required to overcome the difficulties which have arisen and which will continue if such action is not taken;

    (1) considers that a commodity agreement offers the best means of dealing with such difficulties;

    (2) recognises that such an agreement will require negotiation at an international commodity conference;

    (3) requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to convene an international sugar conference to consider the conclusion of an international sugar agreement;

    (4) suggests that this conference be held in London late in June or at the beginning of July, 1953;

    (5) authorises the Chairman of the International Sugar Council to place the full facilities of the Secretariat of the Council at the disposal of the United Nations for such a conference."

    The United Kingdom Government, before signifying its approval to this resolution, consulted the other parties to the Commonwealth Sugar Agreement, as it is required to do by Article 11 of that Agreement.
    I understand that a copy of the resolution was sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations a few days ago, but that no answer has yet been received.
    Mr. Willeyasked the Minister of Food the total consumption of sugar by domestic consumers and manufacturers, respectively, for the 12 month periods ended 1st November, 1951. and 1st November, 1952.
    Dr. Hill: During the year ended 3rd November, 1951, approximately 1,041,000 tons for domestic consumption and 897,000 tons for manufacturing, and in the year ended 1st November, 1952, 933,000 tons and 857,000 tons respectively.
    Mr. Willey: Will the Parliamentary Secretary say when he hopes to be in a position to purchase more sugar?
    Dr. Hill: When our balance of payments permits us the necessary dollars.

    Margarine
    Mrs. Mannasked the Minister of Food if he will import Norwegian margarine or otherwise find from Norway their recipe for margarine which is more palatable than ours.
    Dr. Hill: No, Sir. Norwegian margarine is regularly tested here. It is not thought that the hon. Lady's preference for its distinctive flavour would be generally shared by consumers in this country.
    Mrs. Mann: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that I have contacted and been at tea with all the British brides in Norway and that at that tea all of them asked why we in this country cannot have this kind of margarine, which really tastes like butter?
    Dr. Hill: I understand—indeed, I know from personal experience—that Norwegian margarine has rather a strong, sour-milk flavour. Experience has shown that in this country the product we make at home is preferred.
    Mr. Speaker: Sir William Darling.
    Mrs. Mann: On a point of order. Owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the margarine and of the Minister's reply I will raise this question on the Adjournment.
    Mr. Langford-Holt: On a point of order. Is not it a fact that, according to your Ruling, Sir, and the Ruling of your predecessor, the previous comment by the hon. Member for Coatbridge and Airdrie (Mrs. Mann) is not, in point of fact, a point of order?
    Mr. Speaker: It has become customary to indicate by these words that what is to follow is not really a supplementary question but a statement on another issue.
    Sir W. Darling: On a point of order. You called my name, Mr. Speaker. May I respond to it by asking a supplementary question?
    Mr. Speaker: Before the hon. Member could ask his question notice was given that the matter would be raised on the Adjournment.
    Mr. F. Harrisasked the Minister of Food how far the present supply position of margarine is adequate to meet demand; and if he will now de-ration this commodity.
    Dr. Hill: As my right hon. and gallant Friend indicated in his reply to my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Lewes (Major Beamish) on 12th November, the probable unrationed demand for margarine could not be met without a substantial increase in imports which we can ill afford at present.
    Mr. Osborne: Can my hon. Friend say what extra raw material supplies will be required to abolish margarine rationing?
    Dr. Hill: To the value of £22 million a year, £10 million of which would be in dollars.

    Rationed Foods (Take-up)
    Miss Burtonasked the Minister of Food whether he is aware that the present method of ascertaining actual take-up of rationed foods is unsatisfactory; and if he will make inquiries as to the possibility of securing a more accurate return from individual consumers.
    Dr. Hill: No, Sir. The National Food Survey already provides information
    24
    about the take-up of rationed foods by individual families.
    Miss Burton: Is the Parliamentary Secretary aware that on 26th November he said that this method
    "… does not necessarily reflect the position as it really is."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 26th November, 1952; Vol. 508, c. 534.]
    That was a reference to the take-up in the shops. Does not he agree that it is most important to settle the difference between the two sides of the House, because we maintain that these rationed foods are not being taken up by the poorer sections of the community?
    Dr. Hill: The National Food Survey does not set out to give the ration take-up by the retailer from the wholesaler. It sets out to investigate, on the basis of family budgets, the take-up by the individual purchaser.
    Miss Burton: If that survey shows that bacon and butter are being taken up by old-age pensioners, is not it time that we had another?
    Dr. Hill: The hon. Lady must not criticise statistically valid conclusions because they are inconvenient.
    Mr. Beswick: Can the hon. Gentleman say how many families were questioned by the survey to elicit the information that more milk is being bought by the poor and less by the rich?
    Dr. Hill: The weekly budgets of 1,000 families are taken. That is the same number as were taken under the previous Administration which used this method.
    Mr. Willey: Is the Parliamentary Secretary telling the House that the figures he gave were based on the National Food Survey? If that be the case, did he order a special inquiry, because it usually takes two or three months to prepare the figures?
    Dr. Hill: I have not got the hon. Member's point. Any figures I gave from the National Food Survey were from its official conclusions.
    Mr. Willey: I asked whether the figures were given from the National Food Survey or from other sources?
    Dr. Hill: I have given no figures in answer to this question. Some of the figures I gave a week ago were from the National Food Survey.
    Mr. Lewisasked the Minister of Food the take-up of bacon, meat and butter for each of the four weeks in November, showing the comparison with October, and similar details for 1951 for the same period.
    Dr. Hill: As the answer involves a number of figures I will, with permission, circulate a statement in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Deliveries from Ministry stocks (which, except in the case of meat, are made to the wholesale trade) fluctuate considerably from week to week, and even over a four week ration period they provide only an approximate indication of take-up by consumers, owing to changes in the level of distributors' stocks and other special circumstances.
    The following tables show the quantities of bacon, meat and butter delivered from Ministry stocks during the relevant four-weekly periods, and also the percentage of entitlement which those quantities are estimated to represent.

    DELIVERIES FROM MINISTRY STOCKS thousand tons

    Four weeks ended

    Bacon

    Meat

    Butter

    1951

    1952

    1951

    1952

    1951

    1952

    1951

    1952

    3rd November

    1st November

    23·2

    35·3

    104·7

    104·2

    19·5

    12·8

    1st December

    29th November

    25·1

    35·1

    88·5

    101·8

    18·7

    16·3

    NOTE: The 16·3 thousand tons delivered in the period ended 1st December, 1952, includes some supplies issued in readiness for the increase of the ration to 3 oz. on 30th November.

    ESTIMATED TAKE-UP per cent.

    Four weeks ended

    Bacon

    Meat

    Butter

    1951

    1952

    1951

    1952

    1951

    1952

    1951

    1952

    3rd November

    1st November

    99

    91

    100

    99

    99

    100

    1st December

    29th November

    102

    90

    100

    99

    97

    98

    Bread (Price)
    Mrs. Castleasked the Minister of Food whether, in view of the application by the bakers for an increase in the price of bread, he will give an assurance that the cost of a loaf to the consumer will not be increased.
    Dr. Hill: The application is for an increase in the price of the small 14 oz. loaf only. It is being examined but I cannot anticipate my right hon. and gallant Friend's decision.
    Mrs. Castle: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that if the price of bread goes up
    Mr. Lewis: Can the hon. Gentleman say whether the figures are up or down on the average take-up?
    Dr. Hill: In the case of some, the take-up is slightly up; in the case of others it is level; in the case of bacon it is down.
    Following is the statement:
    yet again this will further squeeze the standard of living of people who are already finding it hard to buy essential foods? Is not he aware that, even if the bakers make out a case for a small increase to them in view of their increased costs, he has a perfect remedy in protecting the consumer by providing an increase in the subsidy?
    Dr. Hill: The claim is based on increased costs of production, but my right hon. and gallant Friend has reached no decision on it. That, I think, is as far as I can go.

    Meat
    Mr. Chapmanasked the Minister of Food to make a statement on the outcome of his discussions with butchers' organisations about the display of price tags on meat in the shops.
    Dr. Hill: The matter is still under consideration.
    Mr. Chapman: Will the hon. Gentleman say when it is hoped to reach a conclusion, because it is now several months since I first asked a Question on this subject?
    Dr. Hill: Within the next two or three weeks.
    Mr. Follick: Will the Parliamentary Secretary see whether the pre-war custom of putting price tags on English and imported meat cannot be brought back so that the customer may know, by looking at the tags, which meat is produced in this country and which is imported?
    Dr. Hill: There is at present a legal requirement that tags indicating imported and home-produced meats should be used. If the hon. Member has any information about any failure to observe that requirement, I shall be glad to look into the matter.
    Mrs. Mann: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that it is three and a half years since I had an assurance that this question was under active consideration, and that a decision would be arrived at by the leading butchers in the country to introduce the tags immediately?
    Dr. Hill: I did not give the assurance three and a half years ago, but I am giving one now: a conclusion will be reached in the next two or three weeks.
    Mr. Willeyasked the Minister of Food whether, in view of the fact that the meat ration has now been reduced to less than it was last year, he will make arrangements for a Christmas meat bonus.
    Dr. Hill: No, Sir.
    Mr. Willey: Will the Parliamentary Secretary take the opportunity to correct the mistake that appears in HANSARD for last Monday in regard to meat production, and also explain to the House why,
    28
    if his right hon. and gallant Friend is right and supplies are increasing week by week, he should, at the same time, cut the ration and refuse to give even a Christmas bonus?
    Dr. Hill: The hon. Member knows that the Argentine discussions and negotiations are not yet complete. My right hon. and gallant Friend does not propose to follow the example of the previous Government in 1950, when they put up the meat ration to a high level just before Christmas with the result that it fell to an unprecedented low level immediately afterwards.
    Mr. Willey: Does the hon. Gentleman. agree or not with his right hon. and gallant Friend, who said last Monday that supplies of meat were increasing week by week?
    Dr. Hill: The consumption of meat in this country this year is 15 per cent. higher than last year. As the hon. Gentleman knows, the future supply position is dependent upon the conclusion of the Argentine discussions.

    Coronation (Food Allowances)
    Mr. Chapmanasked the Minister of Food what allowances of rationed foods will be available for functions celebrating Her Majesty's Coronation.
    Dr. Hill: I cannot yet add to the reply my right hon. and gallant Friend gave to the hon. Member for Islington, East (Mr. E. Fletcher) on 26th November.
    Mr. Chapman: Cannot the Minister help in this matter? Cannot he tell us whether there will be some chance of street parties and other local celebrations for the Coronation being allowed a little bit extra so that they can celebrate in a proper fashion?
    Dr. Hill: I hope that an answer will be given very soon. I appreciate the point. We are seeing what can be done to help just the kind of gathering to which the hon. Gentleman has referred.

    Bakers (Flour Stocks)
    Miss Burtonasked the Minister of Food why purchases of flour in excess of the average consumption have been banned to bakers, making it impossible to lay up stocks.
    Dr. Hill: Deliveries of flour have been restricted to the normal average in order to prevent the laying in of excessive stocks.
    Miss Burton: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that in the trade itself master bakers anticipate that this means a rise in price? Will he say that this is incorrect? Also, will he bear in mind that a rise in the price of bread affects the poorer section of the community more than any other?
    Dr. Hill: My right hon. and gallant Friend announced recently that he was discussing the decontrol of cereals, including feedingstuffs. To prevent any undue accumulation of stocks during the discussions, it has been decided to limit stocking to the average for the time of the year.

    Fruit Pulp Imports
    Mr. P. Wellsasked the Minister of Food what quantities of fruit pulp, capable of production here, will be imported next year.
    Dr. Hill: I would refer the hon. Member to the reply given by my right hon. and gallant Friend to my hon. Friend the Member for Colchester (Mr. Alport) on 3rd December.

    Fruit Storage and Processing
    Mr. P. Wellsasked the Minister of Food if he is satisfied that adequate storage and processing facilities exist in this country to deal with the present acreage of fruit.
    Dr. Hill: Existing storage and processing facilities are thought to be adequate for a normal fruit crop from the present acreage. In times of glut the need for, and so the adequacy of, such facilities will, of course, depend on public demand for fruit and fruit products.
    Mr. Wells: How does the hon. Gentleman explain the constant waste of fruit that takes place even during an average cropping year?
    Dr. Hill: The Question relates to storage and processing. I suggest that the hon. Gentleman should put a separate Question down.

    Unsold Fish, Hull and Grimsby
    Air Commodore Harveyasked the Minister of Food how much fish from the ports of Hull and Grimby which was unsold during the week commencing 24th November was disposed of to fish-meal factories.
    Dr. Hill: At Hull 107 tons, and at Grimsby 50 tons.
    Air Commodore Harvey: Does not this show that, in spite of the action by the Icelandic Government, these large quantities of fish failed to secure even one bid from the buyers at the wharf; and does not it seem that the industry is doing quite well on its own account?
    Dr. Hill: It is characteristic of the industry that a glut may occur on one day at a time of relative scarcity. Therefore, I do not follow the argument of my hon. and gallant Friend.
    Mr. Dodds: Do not hon. Gentlemen opposite realise that there is an agreement between Hull and Grimsby trawler owners that when a ship comes in with a 100 per cent. catch of fish, everything over 80 per cent. must go to the fertiliser manufacturers, whether the public want it or not?
    Dr. Hill: That is a wholly inaccurate statement.

    Christmas Sweets Ration
    Mr. Lewisasked the Minister of Food by how much the sweets ration for Christmas, 1952, is expected to exceed that of Christmas, 1951.
    Dr. Hill: A cut in manufacturers' sugar allocations made shortly before we took office made inevitable an early reduction of the sweets ration. We kept a 6½ oz. ration over Christmas till 30th December, 1951, but since then it has had to remain at 6 oz., the level in the current period.
    Mr. Lewis: Can the Parliamentary Secretary recollect making a statement in reply to my hon. Friend the Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. Willey) on 17th November, in which he said that the Christmas ration of sweets will be higher this Christmas than last year; and, in view of his later information, will he now take the opportunity to correct his former statement?
    Dr. Hill: If I positively prophesied an increase in the sweets ration before Christmas of this year, it was certainly an inaccurate statement.
    Mr. Willey: In view of the fact that the Parliamentary Secretary, at the same time, made an equally misleading statement about sugar, I beg to give notice that, at the earliest possible opportunity, I shall raise this matter on the Adjournment.

    Cheese Ration
    Captain Pilkingtonasked the Minister of Food how far he expects to be able to increase the cheese ration in the near future.
    Dr. Hill: As my right hon. and gallant Friend informed the House on 12th November, the cheese ration will be increased from 1 oz. to 1½ oz. from 25th January.
    Captain Pilkington: Is my hon. Friend aware that that reply will be very widely appreciated?

    Welfare Milk Scheme (Re-registrations)
    Mr. Leghasked the Minister of Food whether he will provide that standard temporary ration cards, issued to beneficiaries of the welfare milk scheme who propose to leave home temporarily, shall be endorsed to authorise the purchase of welfare milk, or in some other way make it unnecessary for such people to register with the food office of the district into which they travel and reregister with their normal food office and milk retailer when they return home.
    Dr. Hill: My right hon. and gallant Friend is now considering the best means of resolving this difficulty.
    Mr. Legh: Is my hon. Friend aware that I am very grateful for that answer, which will be very well received in the country?
    Mr. Leghasked the Minister of Food whether his regulations require that beneficiaries of the welfare milk scheme should re-register at their food office for this milk when they move house, but do not leave their food office district or change their milk retailer.
    Dr. Hill: No, Sir.
    Mr. Legh: Will my hon. Friend give publicity in the country to his answer,
    32
    because I find that a number of my constituents are of the opinion that, if they move house even 20 yards, they have to go through all the process of re-registering with the food office and with their milk retailer?
    Dr. Hill: While it is not a requirement that they should re-register, it is desirable that they should inform the food office of their change of address.

    Imports from U.S.S.R.
    Mr. Osborneasked the Minister of Food how much of the greatly increased imports from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are foodstuffs; what proportion he is buying of the foodstuffs offered; and what are the main increases and decreases purchased in 1952 as compared with 1951.
    Dr. Hill: Imports of food and feedingstuffs in the first nine months of 1952 amounted to £34.7 million, out of total imports of £47.8 million from the Soviet Union.
    Except for some canned crab and salmon we have bought all the food and feedingstuffs offered to us.
    Supplies of grain contracted for in 1952 have so far been considerably smaller than in 1951. Compared with that year, we have bought a little more canned salmon but less canned crab.
    Mr. Osborne: Has the volume of the food imports from Russia increased, as well as the value of the food; and, further, would not the Minister agree that, since imports from Russia during the last two years have increased from £24 million to £47 million, it is evident that the Conservative Party are not stopping trade with the Soviet Union?
    Dr. Hill: The answer to both parts of the Question is "Yes, Sir."
    Mr. Chapman: Has the hon. Gentleman any evidence that the Soviet Union has any more food to offer to us, in view of the fact that many people are always alleging that we do not buy as much as we can?
    Dr. Hill: We have no such evidence.

    Animal Feedingstuffs (Subsidy)
    Mr. Wileyasked the Minister of Food what effect the withdrawal of the subsidy on animal feedingstuffs will have upon retail food prices.
    Dr. Hill: I should prefer not to speculate on the consequence of a decision which has not been taken.
    Mr. Willey: Is the Parliamentary Secretary aware that his right hon. and gallant Friend has already let the cat out of the bag, in that he has already revealed that he is discussing the slashing of the subsidy?
    Dr. Hill: The discussion of a matter does not necessarily indicate the nature of the conclusion.
    Mr. Wiley: Does the hon. Gentleman realise that that is offensive, when we are already discussing a further slashing of the subsidy just after we have had the price increase which the Chancellor told us would be the last price increase?

    CORONATION COMMISSION (CONFIDENTIAL OPINIONS)
    Mr. Lewisasked the Prime Minister on what grounds he deems to be confidential the opinions supplied to the Coronation Commission by Her Majesty's Government on the televising of the Coronation ceremony; and if, in view of the public interest shown in this matter, he will lift the ban of secrecy.
    The Prime Minister (Mr. Winston Churchill): On obvious grounds of common sense and convenient practice, it would not be fitting that opinions expressed to the Coronation Commission should be made public.
    I am informed that a further statement has been issued by the Earl Marshal this afternoon.

    COMMONWEALTH CONFERENCE (REPORTS)
    Mr. Langford-Holtasked the Prime Minister whether, in view of the importance of the Commonwealth Conference, he will cause to be published a summary of its proceedings and its conclusions as a White Paper.
    The Prime Minister: The Conference is still proceeding, and I cannot yet say how its conclusions will be promulgated. It would not, however, be in accordance with precedent to publish reports of its proceedings.
    Mr. Langford-Holt: While I appreciate the Prime Minister's statement that it would not be in accordance with precedent, may I ask if he would not agree that a great many people in this country regard the question of close co-operation between the Commonwealth countries as being the only solution of our problems? Will he therefore seriously consider what special efforts he can make to publish the results of the Conference?
    The Prime Minister: I will take note of my hon. Friend's point.
    Mr. Gaitskell: Can we have an assurance that either he or the Chancellor will make an early statement to the House at the conclusion of the Conference?
    The Prime Minister: I think I might have notice of that question. I should not like to mislead the right hon. Gentleman, but, of course, there will be a statement made to the House at the conclusion of the Conference.
    Mr. Beswick: The Prime Minister said, before the Conference started, that it would not be proper to indicate what subjects would be discussed at the Conference. Would it not be quite intolerable if, after the Conference, he should say that he will not state what subjects did come up for discussion, when we are sufficiently interested to want to know what matters were discussed at this important meeting?
    The Prime Minister: Naturally, we want to give the fullest information possible to the House when a proper moment is reached.
    Mr. Gaitskell: Would not the Prime Minister agree that a statement is to be made to somebody when the Conference concludes, and, if that is so, ought not the House of Commons to have the statement?
    The Prime Minister: Yes, Sir. I think the general terms in which the right hon. Gentleman puts his question entitles him to expect an answer in the affirmative.

    HOUSE OF COMMONS CATERING (HARCOURT ROOM)
    Sir H. Williamsasked the hon. Member for Woolwich, West, as Chairman of the Kitchen Committee, if he will make a statement about the experiment of

    35
    using the Harcourt Room as a lounge; and whether, in view of the congestion in the Dining Rooms, he will consider restoring it as a dining room.
    Mr. Steward: This matter is under consideration by the Kitchen Committee and will be discussed at their next meeting, to be held on Wednesday of this week.
    Mr. Chapman: Could the hon. Member tell us to what extent now the Strangers' Dining Room is over-booked, and on what evenings of the week is it impossible to get bookings? Surely that has a bearing on the matter.
    Mr. Steward: I should prefer not to make any statement until the Committee have considered the matter on Wednesday.

ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL (DISPOSAL)
The following Written Question stood upon the Order Paper:
4. Mr. VANE,—To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a further statement with regard to the purchase of Anglo-Iranian oil from Persia.
Mr. Eden: With your permission, Mr. Speaker, and that of the House, I should like now to give the reply to Question No. 4 put down for Written answer today by my hon. Friend the Member for Westmorland (Mr. Vane).
My hon. Friend will have seen a statement issued by the United States Government on this subject. It stresses the desirability of a general settlement of the Persian oil dispute and emphasises that small sales of oil from Persia cannot help towards such a settlement. It draws attention to the risks involved in such transactions.
With regard to these risks, as the Prime Minister stated in the House on 23rd July, and as has again been made clear by Her Majesty's Government in their Note to the Persian Government of 14th October, Her Majesty's Government continue to regard products of the oil industry in South Persia as the property of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. That Note and the communication sent to the Persian Prime Minister on 5th October were intended to make it clear that
36
acceptance by Her Majesty's Government of the fact of nationalisation was bound up with the acceptance by the Persian Government of the proposals put to them.
As was pointed out both in the Note from Her Majesty's Government to the Persian Government of 14th October, and also in my statement to this House on the following day, Her Majesty's Government, on their own behalf and on behalf of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, reserve their full legal rights pending agreement on the terms on which compensation is to be adjudicated.
Mr. Vane: May I ask my right hon. Friend for his assurance that owing to this slight modification of the American view there is no greater danger of us coming into conflict with the United States through their supporting a small company, which, having effected purchases, may come into conflict with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and then finding ourselves standing square behind the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company?
Mr. Eden: As I understand the spokesman of the State Department, the statement they issued implied no change of policy. With reference to the risks to which my hon. Friend refers, the American statement does draw attention— referring to small companies—to the risks involved in such transactions. Therefore, I would hope that the dangers which my hon. Friend has in mind would not arise, but, in any event, I must make it plain that whatever point of view any other Government may take in the full exercise of their sovereignty, Her Majesty's Government have their own obligations to the British company, and by those we stand, and those we shall seek by all means legally to fulfil.
Mr. H. Morrison: Does not this indicate a weakening in the attitude of the United States Government, because was it not the case that earlier on they advised their nationals not to go into this business? Is it not a fact that they have now advised their nationals that they are perfectly free to buy oil from Persia, which is likely, possibly, to have an effect upon the decision of foreign courts if and when the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company brings actions of restraint against these exportations; and is not this development somewhat contrary to

37
what the electorate in this country was led to expect at the last Election in relation to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's position in Persia?
Mr. Eden: I am not quite clear what the right hon. Gentleman means by the last part of his question. [An HON. MEMBER: "The right hon. Gentleman should know."] I am sorry, but I do not. I would explain, regarding the comment which the State Department have made in connection with their statement, that what I think has happened is that there has been considerable pressure by a number of the small oil companies in the United States for a definition in legal terms of the position of the United States Government.
As I have explained, though it is for the United States Government to make any statement which they feel they have to make as to their own strictly legal position in this matter, we also have an obligation to the Company. That is why I have been glad of this opportunity to make quite plain that we intend to use our legal rights to fulfil that obligation.
Mr. Shinwell: But if the United States have yielded to pressure from some of the smaller companies—
Mr. Eden indicated dissent.
Mr. Shinwell: That is what the right hon. Gentleman said.
Mr. Eden: No, I did not say that.
Mr. Shinwell: Well, the companies have brought pressure to bear in some directions, and, as a result, there is a change in the attitude of the United States Government. They no longer seek to restrain any of those companies from purchasing oil from the Persian Government. They indicate the risks, but that is all the length to which they go. Is not this likely to prove detrimental to the United Kingdom Government in the long run, and does not it seem as if steps have now been taken, even in this very indirect fashion, to enable the United States Government to gain control of Middle East oil; and is not that a very serious matter for us? Does this indicate the co-operation that some of us are led to believe exists?
Mr. Eden: I really think that the right hon. Gentleman is putting every kind of
38
gloss on the statement, ending up by saying that the United States Government are seeking to obtain control of this oil. There is nothing whatever in the statement made by the United States Government to indicate that, as the right hon. Gentleman will see if he reads the statement. I think we must be very careful not to try to read that kind of statement into a document of this nature.
I am trying to put the thing as fairly as I can, and the utmost that can he said is that some of the smaller oil companies have been asking the United States Government to define that Government's legal position in this matter, which is an immensely complicated one. I think that if the right hon. Gentleman had read the statement he would see that its tenor is to warn of the risk of these small companies coming in. The right hon. Member for Easington (Mr. Shinwell) shrugs his shoulders. To warn of the risk is not the same thing as the United States Government trying to seize the properties for themselves.
Mr. Shinwell: Surely the right hon. Gentleman will agree that the warning only extends to the possibilities of action being taken by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, or the United Kingdom Government, and as legal redress does not seem to be of very much value, especially as action must be taken in courts outside the United Kingdom, is that of very real value to us?
Mr. Eden: We have, throughout this dispute, stood on our legal rights. I thought it was the claim of the late Government that that is what they have been doing.
Mr. Stokes: As neither the right hon. Gentleman's statement nor the statement of the American Government contradicts the inference in the Press that what the small companies intend, if they can, is to get hold of the Persian oil and undersell the market, will the right hon. Gentleman say what Her Majesty's Government will do if they attempt to do that?
Mr. Eden: As I have said, we stand by our legal rights and shall exercise them in the matter should the small companies try to do that. But I think I can fairly say that among the many problems of this situation action by these small companies is not the one which would cause us the greatest concern, as probably the right hon. Gentleman knows very well.
Mr. A. Henderson: Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether there is any truth in the statement published in the American newspapers to the effect that the American Department of Defence have indicated that they would be willing to take oil from Abadan sources?
Mr. Eden: Not so far as I am aware. The right hon. and learned Gentleman will understand, and so will those Members of the House who have had dealings with this matter and should, therefore, treat it with all possible concern and caution, that the American law in these matters is immensely complicated, especially in regard to trust-breaking and matters of that kind. That is why I have handled the matter in the way which I think is most in our national interest, and that is why I feel that I am entitled to the understanding of the House in the matter.

TELEVISION EXTENSION 0 (GOVERNMENT DECISION)
The Assistant Postmaster-General (Mr. David Gammans): With your permission, Mr. Speaker, and that of the House, I wish to make a further statement about television.
I informed the House on 22nd October that the B.B.C. had been allowed to go ahead with the setting up of temporary television stations at Pontop Pike and Belfast. This has provoked a very natural desire for similar facilities to be provided elsewhere and especially in those areas ultimately to be served by the three remaining low-power stations in the B.B.C. programme—namely, Aberdeen, Isle of Wight and Plymouth. The Government have great sympathy with this desire, and have, therefore, very carefully considered whether something could not be done to meet it.
They have, however, concluded with great regret that it would not be in the national interest, at a time when important industrial investment is still severely limited on account of our defence and export effort, to devote more economic resources to the construction of new stations and still more to the manufacture of the receivers which the opening up of these new services would demand. They cannot, therefore, for the time being, sanction any further temporary stations.
40
It is not a question of the B.B.C. being unable, for technical reasons, to erect these stations in time for the Coronation. It is the drain on national resources which is the determining factor, and the suggestions that have been made that commercial enterprise might be allowed to provide stations would not dispose of this objection.
For the same reasons the Government cannot allow television relay companies to operate in areas not covered by the B.B.C. stations.
Mr. Gordon Walker: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that this decision by the Government will cause very great disappointment in the areas concerned? Can he give an assurance that the B.B.C. will be allowed to complete the three remaining low-powered stations before any consideration is given to licensing sponsored television?
Mr. Gammans: I am quite aware that this is bound to cause disappointment in the areas concerned, but I will remind the right hon. Gentleman that this country has the greatest television coverage of any country in the world. With the two stations at Pontop Pike and Belfast we are already covering 81 per cent. of the population. Even with the five permanent stations not yet permitted the coverage would be only 90 per cent. The nearest to that is the United States, which has only 63 per cent. coverage. I know that that is not very much consolation to those areas which will not be covered, but the Government's decision must be appreciated in the sense in which I have made my statement.
With regard to the last point raised by the right hon. Gentleman, I would refer him to the White Paper on the subject which we discussed in this House in very great detail.
Lady Tweedsmuir: Is my hon. Friend aware that his statement will cause deep disappointment in the North-East of Scotland? Is it expected that, owing to the re-adjustment of the defence programme, there may be a temporary recession in the radio industry soon after the New Year? Should that take place will he consider whether he can authorise the manufacture of television equipment and sets in order to maintain full employment in the industry and enable as many loyal Scots as possible to view the Coronation?
Mr. Gammans: I appreciate my hon. Friend's disappointment, but there is no sign whatever of any recession in the radio industry. The number of sets produced in October this year was more than twice that produced during August. The danger is that if we were to permit these new stations to be set up we might be encouraging the creation of a far greater number of sets than the industry could normally carry in average times.
Mr. Hector Hughes: Does the Minister realise that the reason he gave on 22nd October, and which he appears to repeat today, namely, that the North of Scotland is only a fringe area, is irrational and shows a profound ignorance of the Scottish position? Does he realise that the North of Scotland is just as much entitled to amenities like television as the rest of this island?
Mr. Gammans: I must assure the hon. and learned Member that I did not use the noun "fringe" in any derogatory sense.
Mr. Hughes: In what sense, then? Does the Minister realise that to the people of Scotland it is a thoroughly offensive expression?
Brigadier Clarke: Does my hon. Friend not appreciate that private enterprise will put up the repeater stations, that there are plenty of television sets in the shops and that the Government have a way of stopping the manufacture of more sets if it is necessary? Let us use the ones we have.
Mr. Gammans: I must point out that the limiting factor is not so much the transmitting equipment as the receiving sets, and at the present time the value of the receiving sets in the homes of the people of this country probably exceeds £100 million. [An HON. MEMBER: "So what?"] I do not think that that is a bad effort, taking the country as a whole and considering the economic difficulties through which the country has passed.
Mr. Bowles: Is the Assistant Postmaster-General aware of the great disappointment among the people of the Irish Republic that they will not be able to see the Coronation?
Dr. King: Is the Minister aware that what he has said today will give great
42
disappointment to some 3 million potential viewers in the south? Is he aware that this subject is about the only issue on which all the Hampshire Members of Parliament are unanimous? In view of this united front will he not reconsider the matter?
Dr. Bannett: Has the Assistant Postmaster-General given attention to these three points? First, there is an enormous and excessive number of sets already in the retail shops which have yet to be absorbed into private homes. Secondly, if my hon. Friend is arranging relay services for the Continent would they not be automatically available to the south of England? Third, in the event of the naval review being televised for the benefit of the country the relays needed for that purpose might be equally useful, used vice versa, in relaying from London to the south.
Mr. Gammans: My hon. Friend has raised two technical points regarding relays to the Continent and also the possible relay of the Review at Spithead. I imagine that he has in mind the question why this relay equipment cannot be used in the reverse direction. The reason is that these relays will be transmitted at a frequency which could not be used for transmission into houses, except with the use of very rare and somewhat expensive equipment. As to sets in dealers' hands, I must remind the House, as I said just now, that the number of sets produced has doubled in the past few months and that I do not think we would be doing the country good service if we allowed that number to be increased at the present time.
Mr. H. Morrison: May we take it that the answers given by the Assistant Postmaster-General are an indication that the Government have now abandoned the Prime Minister's slogan of "Set the people free."?
Several Hon. Members rose—
Mr. Speaker: Order. This is too big a matter to debate now.

BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE
Proceedings on Government Business exempted, at this day's Sitting, from the provisions of Standing Order No. 1 (Sittings of the House) for Two hours after Ten o'clock.—[Mr. Crookshank.]

CHAIRMAN OF WAYS AND MEANS (CONDUCT)
3.50 p.m.
Mr. Ede: I beg to move,
That this House has no confidence in the impartiality or competence of the Chairman of Ways and Means after his conduct in the Chair during the Committee Stage of the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill when, by his acceptance on three occasions of the closure, he improperly curtailed debate and especially by accepting the motion "That the Question, 'That the Schedule stand part of the Bill,'" he prevented discussion on the whole of Part II of the Schedule; and at the commencement of the Committee proceedings on the Transport Bill when, having just previously allowed great latitude to the Prime Minister in permitting him to intervene on a point of order, he declined to allow the Deputy-Leader of the Opposition to rise to a point of order.
It is a matter of regret to us that we should have to put this Motion on the Order Paper, but the incidents to which it relates leave us no other option than to draw the attention of the House to the various episodes with which it deals. It deals with matters that occurred at two separate sittings of the House, although actually both on the same day, for the first group occurred in the early morning of 3rd December—that is, in the sitting of the House which commenced on 2nd December—and the other at the commencement of the Committee stage of the Transport Bill on the afternoon of 3rd December.
The first set of episodes arises out of the Committee stage of the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill, and I think it will be advisable that I should very briefly draw the attention of the House to the position with regard to the Committee stage of that Bill. It is the effective stage of the Bill, and it deals with the continuation in operation of certain Acts of Parliament that otherwise would lapse. On this occasion it was divided into two parts, the first of which proposed the continuation of seven Acts for a period ending on 31st December, 1953, and the second part of which proposed the continuation of three Acts which were extended until 31st March, 1954. As far as I can see, there is nothing that distinguishes the two groups of Acts other than the fact that a different date for their new expiry has been fixed.
44
The Committee stage of the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill affords the opportunity to the House to effect three purposes. The first is to obtain an account of the way in which Ministers have administered the Act during the preceding period; the second is to consider whether they should not now be embodied in permanent legislation; and thirdly, whether they ought not to be dropped altogether. On the first part of the Schedule we had some important discussions, and some Ministerial pronouncements that could not have been obtained otherwise than by the discussions.
The first matter discussed, merely because it was the first Act in the Schedule —and apparently they are placed in the Schedule in chronological order of their first passing—was the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act, 1919. The whole of the effective control of aliens within this country depends upon the continuance of that Act. My hon. and learned Friend the Member for Northampton (Mr. Paget) moved an Amendment to delete that Act so that the discussion should be secured, for one of the anomalies of this House is that very often when we want a particular line to be followed we have to move in the House in precisely the opposite direction. In Committee of Supply, if we want more money, the only way to show it is to move that the Vote be reduced by £5 or by some other amount.
In order to get a discussion to find out whether the Act should be continued or not, the only effective means is to move the deletion of the Act. On that we had a statement from the Joint Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, who gave a very full, interesting and, if I may say so, a fully justifying account of the steps that had been taken by the Government. This is a matter which, I know from my own experience as Home Secretary, is one that demands the very close personal attention of the Ministers in the Department, and probably nothing that is now on the Statute Book involves the liberty of the subject and the liberty of the stranger within our gates more than the correct administration of this matter. I do not think that anyone can say that discussion on that matter, conducted as it was on that occasion, was other than a justifiable use of the time of the House.

45
Then we had a discussion on the Cotton Manufacturing Industry (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1934—a matter on which I am not qualified to speak with any technical knowledge, but it is a matter which is within the knowledge of the House as being one that has excited the utmost interest during the present calendar year.
Then we came to the Road Traffic Act, 1934, and on that part of the Act—only one Section—which is continued in this Measure, the whole of the law relating to the limitation of speed depends. On that we had a discussion. It was conducted by both sides of the House; in fact, it would have been conducted more by both sides of the House but for the intervention of the Patronage Secretary who, when the hon. Member for Croydon, North (Mr. F. Harris) rose to speak, turned round to him and said in a voice that could be heard on this side of the House as well as on the other side to which it was directed, "You do not want to speak on this"; and, curiously enough, after that the hon. Member did not want to speak.
I want to warn the Patronage Secretary, if I may, in the most friendly way, that the hon. Member for Croydon, North has promoted a Private Member's Bill to increase the penalties on those who inflict cruelty on dumb animals. When the Leader of the House said the other evening, I think on this Bill, that, after all, only 20 minutes were consumed by his back benchers, I want to assure him that there was a great appetite that was not satisfied on that occasion.
On that Bill we had a pronouncement by the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport that, in order to deal with the situation that is created by the continuation of this Measure in temporary legislation, a Road Traffic Act is to be promoted, and the hope was expressed by the Parliamentary Secretary that it might find an early place in the Government's programme. It is a very welcome announcement, although I did venture to damp the enthusiasm of the Parliamentary Secretary by suggesting that it might not be as easy as he perhaps thought to find a place for it. But, at any rate, there was an important pronouncement that was made as the result of this discussion, and the hon. Member for Heston and Isleworth (Mr. R. Harris), who had managed to speak before the
46
Patronage Secretary came into the House —[HON. MEMBERS: "Get on with it."] I am getting on with it; but I shall get on at my own pace. The hon. Member wanted the speed limit to be fixed at a higher rate than it is under the present law.
The next Act discussed was the Population (Statistics) Act, and after that we came to another very important Act—the Prevention of Violence (Temporary Provisions) Act—on which the Home Secretary made a statement with regard to a substantial alteration and gave a pledge with regard to its future administration which was regarded, I think on both sides of the House, as a very valuable pronouncement.
At about this time the Patronage Secretary seems to have thought that we had had enough, because he told the House the other evening, in an interruption of the speech of my right hon. Friend the Member for Ebbw Vale (Mr. Bevan), that somewhere about that time he considered taking the drastic step which was taken at the end; but that he had had a conversation with the Secretary of State for Scotland who asked him, apparently privately—not on the Floor of the House —not to proceed to do that until some Scottish Measures had been taken.
I am bound to say that the Secretary of State for Scotland appears to be more effective in private conversation than he is in his public contributions to discussions in the House because after that, the Patronage Secretary assures us, he did not move the Closure immediately but allowed the business to proceed until we had had two discussions on Scottish Measures. The first was in connection with the exemption from school attendance of certain children employed in agriculture and the second was the Tenancy of Shops (Scotland) Act.
The Closure was then moved on these matters. On one occasion it was accepted by the Deputy-Chairman and on the other two occasions by the Chairman of Ways and Means. Then we had resurrected a procedure which had not been used since the expiring days of the 1900–1905 Parliament, and the Patronage Secretary claimed to move that the whole of the Schedule should then be added to the Bill.
I defy anyone to say in good faith that the discussions we had had up to that

47
stage were any abuse of the rules of the House. I have mentioned several of those discussions. I have not dealt in detail with the two Scottish Acts, because I am quite certain that Scottish Members themselves will be able to deal with their relevancy. The acceptance of the Closure cut out all discussion of the three Acts in Part II of the Schedule—the Rent of Furnished Houses Control (Scotland) Act, the Licensing Planning (Temporary Provisions) Act and the Furnished Houses (Rent Control) Act—on which a substantial number of Members wished to make contributions and to ascertain the views of the Government with regard to their administration.
I can speak with intimacy only of one of those Acts, the Licensing Planning (Temporary Provisions) Act, which deals with the re-allocation of licences and the building of new licensed premises in all the areas of the country that were subjected to any bombing. As far as I know, the administration of that Act had not previously been reviewed in the House. It was passed in 1945, under the Coalition Government. I was the Minister responsible for its oversight during the whole of the time that the Government of my right hon. Friend the Member for Walthamstow, West (Mr. Attlee) was in office and I can recall no occasion, on which that Act was reviewed.
It seems to me that it is a matter that is now very ripe for review and that it should be discussed in the House, but that was precluded by the action, which we allege to have been premature, on the part of the Chairman of Ways and Means in accepting this antiquated and obsolete procedure which prevented any discussion on Part II of the Schedule.
The other evening some point was made by the right hon. Gentleman the Prime Minister as to the time that had been taken on this Measure when his hon. Friends were in Opposition. We do not accept that as the standard by which our work in the House should be judged. The mere fact that hon. Members opposite were prepared to allow great Measures like this to continue in operation without asking for any account from Ministers of their stewardship and without considering whether the time had come either to drop them or to embody them in permanent legislation, is not to
48
say that we should set the same standard for ourselves in the discussion of these matters.
As my hon. Friend the Member for Western Isles (Mr. M. MacMillan) pointed out the other evening, in 1936 there was a very considerable discussion on this Measure.
Mr. Cyril Osborne: What has that to do with the Chairman of Ways and Means?
Mr. Ede: If the hon. Gentleman had only listened, he would have understood. I am sorry if I sent him to sleep temporarily. We say that the acceptance of the Closure in the form in which it was finally moved deprived the House of the opportunity of examining these last three Measures.
After all, the Government did not save very much time by it, because when we got to the Third Reading hon. Members on this side of the House were able to make speeches, but no replies were forthcoming from the Government. Therefore, we feel that this is a subject which we can rightly bring before the House and we dissent from the view that things which are done every year can therefore be neglected in any given year when it suits the Government to have business hurried through.
I take another example by way of illustration. The other evening the right hon. Gentleman the Leader of the House took credit to himself for having saved the Private Member's day last Friday week. But what happened with regard to that? It was only because my hon. Friends and myself declined to move on the matter then before us, on several Amendments that were called by you, Mr. Speaker, that we were able to get the business through in time. [Interruption.] I am quite sure that the right hon. Gentleman the Lord Privy Seal will not dispute that. We abandoned a sufficient number of those Amendments—
Sir Herbert Williams: Why?
Mr. Ede: Because we thought in the general interests of the House that it was better that we should get to the Private Members' day. I do not want the whole of the credit to be claimed by people who were absolutely at our mercy had we decided to continue.

49
I want now to come to the next episode that occurred. It will be within the memory of the House that at the close of Questions on Wednesday of last week, 3rd December, the House was in a somewhat excited condition. The Prime Minister had given, in a supplementary answer to my right hon. Friend the Member for Easington (Mr. Shinwell), a twist to a phrase which greatly exasperated every Member on this side of the House. I think it was intended to be provocative, and it succeeded.
When you had left the Chair, Mr. Speaker, the right hon. Gentleman started to leave the House, accompanied by the Patronage Secretary. As the Prime Minister moved along the bench, some of my hon. Friends gave vent to their feelings.
Sir H. Williams: On a point of order. Are we discussing the Chairman of Ways and Means or some other matter?
Mr. Speaker: The right hon. Gentleman was perfectly in order.
Mr. Ede: I recognise that this is a matter on which tempers can very easily be greatly roused. It is never my ambition to ride the whirlwind, and I am trying to state as objectively and as clearly as I can the commencement of the second episode with which I have to deal.
The two right hon. Gentlemen as they moved along the bench were the subject of a hostile demonstration from this side of the House. The Prime Minister returned to the Box at a time when the Chairman of Ways and Means was on his feet. The Patronage Secretary sat down nearer to the Clerk's Table. The Chairman of Ways and Means continued to stand on his feet; I gather that he was trying to get calm in order that my hon. Friend the Member for Cardiff, South-East (Mr. Callaghan), who had commenced his speech, could be heard in the House. The Prime Minister continued to stand at the Box. The Chairman continued to stand, and then the Prime Minister waved his hand like this to the Chairman of Ways and Means.
The Prime Minister (Mr. Winston Churchill)indicated dissent.
Mr. Ede: If the right hon. Gentleman says that he did not wave his hand at, let me say that he waved it towards, the
50
Chairman of Ways and Means. [HON. MEMBERS: "Yes, he did."] It was assumed by everyone in the House that it was an indication—I will not use any other word to import any prejudice—to the Chairman of Ways and Means that he should sit down; and he did. That is a somewhat unusual procedure.
The Prime Minister: It was never my intention to attempt to convey any such direction, disorderly as it would have been, to the Chairman of Ways and Means.
Mr. Ede: That was one reason why I used the colourless word that I did. The action of the right hon. Gentleman and the subsequent action of the Chairman of Ways and Means were seen by every Member of the House who was present.
Mr. Osborne: No.
Mr. Ede: Apparently the hon. Member for Louth (Mr. Osborne), when he is in the House, neither hears nor sees.
Mr. Osborne: It depends upon who is speaking and whether he is worth listening to.
Mr. Ede: Really, the hon. Gentleman should not arrogate to himself the great position claimed by Mr. Speaker Lenthall when Charles I came here.
Mr. Nigel Fisher: I was watching the incident, and I had the impression that my right hon. Friend was rising to a point of order, which is a rather different matter.
Mr. Ede: Let us admit that on all these matters it is very difficult to stand by one's memory. I am trying to state the matter as objectively as I can. What I saw was that the right hon. Gentleman walked back to the Box and did not sit down. Within a very few minutes afterwards, my right hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) similarly rose over an episode that is generally known now, I think, as the "goose" episode.
After all, one of my hon. Friends had been placed in grave jeopardy by a statement of the Chairman of Ways and Means, subsequently withdrawn, that he was out of order in using the word "goose" and that if he would not withdraw it he would have to withdraw from the Chamber. My right hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South, anxious to

51
avoid any misunderstanding going to too serious a stage, rose and stood here in exactly similar circumstances to those in which the Prime Minister had stood.
Mr. Herbert Morrison: Except that I made no movement.
Mr. Ede: Except, as my right hon. Friend reminds me, that he made no motion with his hands.
Sir H. Williams: He used his wings.
Mr. Ede: The Chairman of Ways and Means, not following the action he had taken in regard to the Prime Minister, remained standing and my right hon. Friend, out of respect for the rules of the House, resumed his seat. We say that the action of the Chairman of Ways and Means in differentiating between two right hon. Gentlemen, one leading that side of the House and one leading this side, is a thing that cannot be tolerated in a democratic assembly, where each of us is entitled to count as one and no more than one.
I have endeavoured to state this matter without any undue heat, but I do not want any hon. Member to think that, because of that, this is not said with deep feeling and conviction by Members on this side. My right hon. Friend the Member for Ebbw Vale the other evening quoted from a speech which he made some months ago, in which he drew the attention of the House to the fact that the way the Government conduct their business inevitably brings the House into conflict with the Chair. This is an example of the way in which, in both incidents, that collision was brought about.
But we have to ask the Chair to remember that the Chair is as much the master of the Government under the rules of order as it is of the Opposition. In fact, every time a Speaker is elected it is asserted that it is his duty to watch the interests of minorities. I know that the Prime Minister told us some time ago, when a similar Motion was moved concerning the then Chairman, that it is not the overriding but the underlying duty of the Chairman of Ways and Means to help the Government in getting their business. I would not deny that, provided it is not pushed to the ridiculous extent that it was in the early hours of
52
last Wednesday morning. It is the duty of the Chair, of the Chairman of Ways and Means and of the Deputy-Chairman of Ways and Means, to ensure that when the Opposition have matters of great public importance to discuss, they get the reasonable opportunities that the rules of this House afford.
I feel that during the past few weeks, by their refusal to use the ordinary means of procedure in this House of sending Bills upstairs to Committee, and in other ways, such as the order in which they have introduced their business, the Government have imposed great difficulties on the Chair, and have imposed an intolerable restriction on free discussion by the Members of this House, and, Mr. Speaker, realising that all the while this continues we shall not get away from the atmosphere which has made life in this House during the past few months intolerable, I ask that the Chair shall live up to its duties, that ancient and archaic weapons shall not be recognised as applicable to the circumstances of today, and that the Opposition can feel assured that they will get their full rights—no more, but certainly no less—in the discussions that take place in this House.
4.23 p.m.
Mr. Clement Davies: This is a Motion which concerns the whole House—every Member in it. I want to say at once that I deeply regret that this Motion should have been put upon the Order Paper, and I regret even more that it should have been moved by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede), for whom all of us have such deep and great respect as one of those who cherish the rules of this House.
As I listened to the speech, it seemed to me to be a critique of the Prime Minister, of the Leader of the House, and of the Patronage Secretary. That is quite right. Hon. Members are perfectly entitled to do that, perfectly entitled at all times to bring that to the attention of the House, and to divide the House on it; and, indeed, a Motion dealing with those very matters was before the House last week, and the Opposition were quite within their rights in bringing that Motion. In fact, if they felt so about those matters, it was their duty to bring those matters forward.

53
But that is not the Motion that is before the House today. The Motion before the House today charges the Deputy-Speaker, the Chairman of Ways and Means, with partiality and incompetence. Those are very grave charges against the honour of the right hon. Gentleman and against his position in this House. If the Motion is carried, it means, of course, that the right hon. Gentleman must at once resign from that honourable position. Even if it is not, it is an indication to him that, led by the Opposition Front Bench, nearly half the House is prepared to charge him, at this moment and with all the consequences, with a charge which, according to the right hon. Gentleman's speech, is not directed against him but against the Government: the charge of partiality and incompetence.
The machinery for ensuring that the business of the House is carried through is most delicately balanced and delicately poised.
Mr. Aneurin Bevan: Is the right hon. and learned Gentleman— [Interruption.] We really must have a discussion in the House some time. Is the right hon. and learned Gentleman intimating that the Chairman of Ways and Means must always accept the Closure when it is moved?
Mr. Davies: No, I am coming to that. But the main charge, as I understand it, made in the speech of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields was directed against the conduct of business in this House by the Government. What is more, I am strengthened in that by his reference to the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Ebbw Vale (Mr. Bevan), and to the speech that the right hon. Gentleman made the other night, when, very rightly, he said that the conduct of affairs by the Government, the Leader of the House and the Patronage Secretary might put the Chair in a very difficult position. I quite agree with all that the right hon. Gentleman said, and to what was said on that by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields. But that seemed to me to be the main charge in the speech.
What I am saying is that it is not the same charge in the Motion which is before the House. It is an entirely different thing. What I am pointing out is that in the conduct of the business of the
54
House the position is very delicate, and very delicately poised. The majority is, of course, entitled to insist upon its views, desires and proposals being carried out. If that is not so, it is a reversal of democratic Government. It means that the minority rules, and not the majority. On the other hand, there is an equally insistent right and privilege of the minority that it should be heard, and it is entitled to express its views. It is between those two that that delicate balance exists.
The responsibility for that adjustment, holding that balance, rests upon you, Mr. Speaker, and your two colleagues, and it is a very difficult one for anybody to carry out. You, Sir, and the other two, are the guardians of the rules of the House and the privileges of individual Members. All depends upon you, and we all recognise how difficult it is. You occupy, and so do your colleagues, a position of great honour and great privilege, but the higher the honour and the greater the privilege the greater the responsibility that rests upon your shoulders.
That being so, it is the responsibility of all of us, first, to trust you and your colleagues, and second, at all times, unless there is something quite extraordinary happening, to support you in your decisions—and the same with regard to them. Obviously, unless we did, the responsibility would be almost unbearable, the machinery would break down and the whole of this democratic institution, of which we are all so proud, would break down.
Therefore, as I say, we should always support you and your two colleagues in your decisions, unless there is an overwhelming case to the contrary, and that would arise if it were quite obvious there were some wrong motive; certainly, if there were obvious partiality, or if there were obvious incompetence—for example, if the House were completely out of hand and if neither you nor your colleagues were capable of controlling it. So far as I can see, there was nothing of that kind here; nothing whatsoever.
What was happening was that the Opposition were dissatisfied with the conduct of affairs by the Government of the day, as the right hon. Gentleman has just pointed out; and, being dissatisfied with them, having made their charge against them, and rightly made their charge, and

55
taken that to a Division, they then accused the Chairman of Ways and Means of partiality and incompetence. One never likes the side that makes charges against the referee.
Now may I refer to Standing Order 29 itself, because the charge made against the Chairman is that he showed partiality and was wrong and incompetent in applying Standing Order 29. As I read that, it is a directory Order. It says:
"After a question has been proposed a Member rising in his place may claim to move, 'That the Question be now put,' and"—
then I leave out the other words for the moment—[HON. MEMBERS: "Why?"]— because I am coming back to them; they are in commas. The sentence without them reads:
"After a question has been proposed a Member rising in his place may claim to move, 'That the Question be now put,' and … the question, 'That the Question be now put,' shall be put forthwith, and decided without amendment or debate."
There is the direction to you, Sir, or your two colleagues. But there are two qualifications in between. One is that it is for you or your colleague, whoever is in the Chair, then to consider whether that Motion put in that way is an abuse of the rules of the House. It is for him, if he is satisfied that it is not an abuse of the rules of the House, then to consider the further question: Is it an infringement of the rights of the minority? He considers those matters and on them he gives his order. His order is an exercise of discretion which the House has put in you or your colleagues. We may, any one of us individually or the whole House, think that your discretion should have been exercised in another way, but the House has already decided, and there is the rule. The discretion is yours and nobody else's. Even if we think that it is quite wrongly used, nevertheless there it is; the discretion is put in you.
That being so, how can I possibly, on the evidence that appears in HANSARD, challenge the use of that discretion that night by the Chairman? I am not going through the facts again. They have been gone through sufficiently fully by the right hon. Gentleman; but on those facts, can anyone say that the Chairman at that time was not entitled to exercise his discretion, and that by so exercising it he was so
56
wrong that it is complete evidence of partiality and incompetence? I am not prepared to say that upon that evidence.
Now let me come to the other point, which is a short one, and is mainly that the Chairman did not call the right hon. Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) and that he did call the Prime Minister. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Well, that he gave way to the Prime Minister but did not give way to the right hon. Member for Lewisham, South. I have always understood that from time immemorial it has been an inflexible rule of this House that when you, or anybody occupying that Chair or the Chair in Committee, are on your feet, it is the duty of each one of us to resume his seat at once. Unfortunately, there has been great laxity with regard to that. I have observed when even you, Sir, are on your feet reading out some Order or other, Members come and Members go.
If I may recall one of the most disgraceful incidents that ever happened in this House, it was as long ago as about 1892, when unfortunately Members of this House resorted to fisticuffs and a most disgraceful scene took place. It took place merely because an Irish Member, coming past the Chair, was so certain that he had to obey this rule that he sat down upon the Government Front Bench, whereupon somebody behind him took exception to that and it led to the row. That is an illustration of what I am saying is the rule. I have always understood that it was the duty of each one of us to observe respect for you and your colleagues, and the moment that you are on your feet our duty is not to enter the House, or if we are about to leave the House, to resume our seat and not challenge you at all.
Now what happened on that day? My recollection with regard to the Prime Minister is much as the right hon. Gentleman has already described. He came back here, and I rather think the Chairman was on his feet when the Prime Minister returned. When the Chairman is on his feet, as I understand it, we must not even rise to a point of order until he sits down. The same applies with regard to you, Sir. What happened was that the Prime Minister rose, apparently to a point of order, but he should not have done it. That is a condemnation, not of the Chairman, but of the Prime

57
Minister. But that does not excuse the right hon. Member for Lewisham, South also getting up. What is more, the right hon. Member for Lewisham, South stood up, with the Chairman and himself facing one another, for quite a considerable time, and at last, very rightly, the right hon. Gentleman did sit down. It is not in order for anyone, the Prime Minister or anybody else, to stand up while the Chairman is on his feet.
Mr. H. Morrison: Of course, the partiality point still remains. May I point out that the Chairman of Ways and Means had given a decision, for the time being anyway, that my hon. Friend the Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Ross) had said something which he must withdraw at once or leave the House. That was an executive decision, and I got up to a point of order for the purpose of assisting my hon. Friend, because I did not want to see a suspension—which are always bad things—and the Chairman of Ways and Means was refusing me permission, as I understood it, to raise the point of order.
That was why I was persistent, not with a view to defying the Chair, but because the raising of a point of order at the point when an hon. Member is about to be suspended is really a vital thing for the rights, not only of my hon. Friend, but of the whole House.
Mr. Bevan: And he was wrongly to be suspended.
Mr. Morrison: After the Prime Minister had said he did not mind the term which had been used, the Chairman of Ways and Means then expressed the view that the observation was in order.
The Prime Minister: Perhaps I may, with the indulgence of the right hon. and learned Gentleman, say that I rose to a point of order. I was not aware, and up to this moment I am not aware, that if a disorderly act occurs in any part of the House in Committee, even though the Chairman is on his feet, a Member may not rise to a point of order. Of course, if the Chairman does not give way, the hon. Gentleman must resume his seat; but that does not say he is not entitled to draw the attention of the Chair to a gross and shameful act of disorder like booing. I thought I was quite entitled to rise.
Mr. Leslie Hale: On a point of order. Last Session my hon. Friend the Member for Nelson and Colne (Mr. S. Silverman) was suspended for precisely this thing, that he rose to put a point of order, while you, Sir, were on your feet. Surely the right hon. Gentleman cannot claim to be able to do exactly that?
Mr. Speaker: In order to prevent any false tradition, may I say that I think that the incident to which the hon. Member for Oldham, West (Mr. Hale) referred took place in Committee and not when I was in the Chair.
Mr. C. Davies: I accept what was said by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South that he rose on a point of order because he thought that his hon. Friend might have to leave the House at that moment. He did the right thing, but he stood there for a long time before he ultimately gave way. When the Chairman sat down, he very rightly rose to his point of order. That was right. What was wrong was that he should be standing when the Chairman was on his feet. Therefore, I do not think that any blame can be attached to the Chairman. But it is plainly in the Motion that the Chairman is to be blamed—and, if at all, for the wrong of the two right hon. Gentlemen.
I merely want to add this. I have said —as the right hon. Gentleman who moved this Motion quite obviously thought himself—that this is part and parcel of the debate which took place in the House last week. It really arises from the situation in which the House finds itself when parties are so evenly balanced, plus the fact that this House is now called upon to do an immeasurably greater amount of work than it was ever called upon to do before.
All the time—year after year—work is being added, and, unfortunately, it is making it difficult for the business of the House to be conducted. Unfortunately, also, tempers seem to be more easily aroused today than at any time during the last 40 years. I only wish that that was not so. What is needed on the part of the majority, above everything else, is tolerance, and what is needed on the part of the minority always is an optimism which is never put down by anyone.

59
Coming back to the main point, I think that by far and away the two most interesting and most useful speeches made in the debate the other day—and I would commend them again to this honourable House—where those made by the hon. Member for Yardley (Mr. Usborne) and the right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot). They described the position in this country, and the tremendous questions which are confronting us. I agree with what was said at the beginning of the debate by the right hon. Member for Ebbw Vale (Mr. Bevan). This House is always capable of adjusting itself to any difficulties that may arise. The time has come when it should consider what it should do. I am glad that so many hon. Members are turning their minds in that direction, and are asking that some measures should be taken by a committee, or by some other means, to consider the procedure of this House, and the way in which we should conduct our business.
4.43 p.m.
Mr. Charles Williams: I have always noticed that the type of speech which impresses us most is that which comes from a miner when he is telling the ordinary person like myself what are the difficulties of a miner. I rise today because I am one of the very few people in this House who can speak to this Motion as having been both Chairman and Deputy-Chairman of Ways and Means. I wonder if I may, very respectfully and very humbly—and, I hope, shortly—put forward some of the chief difficulties of the Chairman, whoever he may be.
I am perfectly certain from the speech which we have just heard, and from the way in which it was received by many hon. Members in this House, that almost everyone here today realises that we are in a difficult position as a House of Commons, and that we ought to do our best to get out of that difficult position. That is what, I think, we all want, not only in connection with this Motion, but concerning the general position.
May I say, with respect, that one of the things which I found most difficult when I was in the Chair was to deal with the Front Bench, whichever the side. It is extremely difficult for anyone who is
60
in the Chair to deal with a Front Bencher at the Box, facing the House of Commons, who fails to carry out the rule of the House, which is that every remark made by anyone speaking in the House should be directed to the Chair and through the Chair to hon. Members.
There is a rule, I believe, concerning cricket, and things of that sort, to keep one's eye on the ball, and it is quite impossible for anyone at the Dispatch Box really to see what is happening unless he faces the Speaker. May I say, as one who has come near to getting out of order from time to time, that I have always found that keeping one's eye directly on the Speaker is a very great help towards knowing how far one is going towards getting out of order. I hope that I am not stating this in any offensive way. I do know that this is one of the great difficulties that one has to face in the Chair.
The other point has been dealt with by both the right hon. Gentlemen who have already spoken. It is the very great difficulty which the Chair must have in balancing the obligation to defend minorities and the obligation to see that on every occasion all points of view are expressed, and the obligation to get the business through. I am not in agreement with all authorities on this, but I personally have always thought that it was very much more important for the Speaker to have a far deeper regard to getting minorities into a debate than it is for the Chairman of Ways and Means in Committee. This is necessary on both occasions, but it is far more important in the case of Ways and Means to secure the business because, as the very word shows, and as our financial position shows in the Budget, there is an obligation on the Chairman of Ways and Means to get the business through.
In dealing with that matter—and it is in close connection with the whole of this business—may I remind the House that one of the most successful occasions when a very small majority was protected through very long and difficult times was during the war when the I.L.P. was under the leadership of Mr. Maxton. Throughout the war, which was quite a difficult time for the House, the I.L.P. always got a say and the opportunity to have a Division. Everything went peacefully and easily. That procedure was agreed

61
by everyone. The Chairman, of course, carried it out, and it worked well.
We are a great institution, and we who are here today are not just speaking for today. We are entrusted as Members of Parliament—as I think all hon. Members will agree—with a great duty to hand this Parliament on to others better than we found it. We found it a very great instrument, and we have to do our best to hand it on. I do not say for one moment that I have always been innocent of any fault in our debates, but I do say that in the main it is our duty to try to leave this institution better than we found it.
Whatever may happen to the Motion today, may I ask the House to take this view, as one who has received great courtesy and great kindness from the House when I was in the Chair? May I ask hon. Members to think of what the Chair must always mean to the House and the difficulties of the Chair? We are part of a great institution which has a sacred trust to which hon. and right hon. Members on both sides of the House have contributed, and which has seen us through many difficult periods, including the war. The Leader of the Opposition carried out well a very great charge as deputy Leader of the House during the war.
Cannot we, when this day is over, try to think things out, so that the Opposition get real time to oppose on all the things which are most vital to the Opposition; and cannot every one of us try, as the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) appealed to us just now, to put an end to the bickerings which are happening today, which are not doing credit to anyone but which are doing discredit to the House? I believe that this is only a temporary sickness through which the House is passing. Cannot we stop it now and live up to the highest traditions of the House for the remainder of this Parliament?
4.51 p.m.
Mr. R. T. Paget: May I say, quite frankly, that I do not like this Motion. If I could put it in the simplest and shortest way, the words,
"That this House has no confidence in the impartiality or competence of the Chairman of Ways and Means"
expresses the exact opposite of my personal opinion. Beyond that, I believe
62
that the Motion places the blame for what has happened in this most unhappy Parliament on the wrong shoulders. Overwhelmingly, the blame for all what has been happening, which we all regret, rests squarely on the Government and on the way in which they have been conducting business.
It was pointed out to them by my right hon. Friend the Member for Ebbw Vale (Mr. Bevan) that the manner in which they were trying to treat Parliament would inevitably bring about a conflict between Parliament and the Chair. That is just what has happened. Parliament has to do certain work. There is other work which should be done in Committee upstairs. When we have the parties so equally matched that Bills cannot be sent upstairs, then, if the Government try to impose these Bills on the House in addition to its other work, they will break down the procedure of Parliament; and that is exactly what has been happening. It is, of course, possible for the Government to get through their controversial Measures—Measures which have nothing to do with the administration of the country and which have a mere ideological importance; but they can do so only at the expense of destroying Parliament as a legislative instrument.
Broadly speaking, that is what they have done. The method whereby they have allocated time for the Transport Bill, to take a single example, has the effect of making that Bill an Act not of Parliament but of the Executive. I should have thought that that was a precedent most dangerous for the party opposite who, on the whole, are in favour of the status quo. What they are doing is to take the legislative function from this House and to add it to the prerogatives of the Executive. That is a step which the party opposite will regret.
I will now turn to the particular difference which we have had over the Chair, which has arisen largely through the awkward position in which the Government have put the Chair. I would say very little about what occurred after Questions. When the House is in that sort of mood, I always feel very great sympathy for whoever is in the Chair, for he is in the position that he cannot do right by doing wrong—and that is even more the case when there is involved in the incident somebody as famous and as

63
venerable and as obstreperous as the Prime Minister. I think the Chair was placed in an impossible position.
As to the earlier incident, that is another matter and one of great importance, but here, to my mind, the blame rests not on the Chairman of Ways and Means but on the Speaker—and I want to say why this is the case. The Chair has a discretion, but that discretion is governed by an overriding duty. That overriding duty is to provide that the House shall decide the Questions which it is the right of the House to decide. That is the overriding duty of the Chair—to bring the House to the point at which it can decide the Questions which it is for the House to decide. Any use of the Closure or selection or any other device for shortening the debate is an abuse of procedure and a denial of the rights of the minority, if it is used to deny to the House its right of decision.
The Expiring Laws Continuance Bill provides that the House shall have the right annually to decide whether certain Acts of Parliament shall be renewed. To move the Schedule as a whole or to accept the Schedule as a whole denies to the House the right of deciding whether or not certain Acts shall be renewed, and to my mind such a decision is clearly an abuse of procedure.
The 1947 Supplies and Services Act provides in precisely the same way that Parliament shall decide annually whether certain Orders shall or shall not be renewed and provides that Parliament may consider the work of these Orders annually. The first of these Orders was the Dock Explosives Order, and by using a right of selection in that case so as not to call that Order, when a Motion had been put down that it should be left out of the Schedule—by exercising a power of selection in those circumstances, Mr. Speaker denied to the House the right to come to a decision on a matter the decision upon which had been expressly left to Parliament. Mr. Speaker having come to that decision, it seems to me wrong to blame the Chairman of Ways and Means for following the decision of his boss—which is what it really comes to. I am sorry that Mr. Speaker is not in the Chair, for it is highly important that this question should be brought to his attention.
64
One other thing, of lesser importance, is the conduct of the Patronage Secretary. I know well that it has been the custom for a long time for the Patronage Secretary, of whatever Government is in office, to have a word with the Chair before the Closure is moved. During this Parliament that has been done in a manner which is absolutely infuriating to the Opposition. I do not know how the practice started, but I feel that it ought to be discontinued and that if the Patronage Secretary has something to say to the Chair he should say it in future from the Box where we can all hear. Private consultation between one of the principal players and the referee— to put it in sporting terms—is infuriating to the other players and it ought to be stopped.
There has been something new in this Parliament which is quite contrary to precedent. That has been a refusal to accept a point of order after the Closure has been moved. That is a regrettable innovation. Whilst on the one hand the Chair hears the Patronage Secretary in private; on the other hand it refuses to hear any point raised by the Opposition in public, even though the occupant of the Chair may not have been in the Chair when matters relevant to the Closure have occurred and there is no opportunity to draw his attention to any of those matters the occupant may not have seen.
I would refer to the OFFICIAL REPORT, 1905, Volume 151, column 538, where Mr. Balfour moved the Closure and a point of order was accepted and discussed. It was moved by Mr. Runciman. Also, in 1908, Volume 107, column 1843, where the Closure was moved by the present Prime Minister and a point of order was accepted and discussed. I would point out that the words: "shall be put forthwith" mean that it shall be put next thing in the ordinary business, but it does not affect and never prior to this Parliament did affect the overriding precedence of a point of order.
I hope that in point of fact from now onwards, as it has caused so much irritation, the Patronage Secretary will not speak privately to the Chair but will say what he has to say to the Chair from the Box in the hearing of us all so that it can be either accepted or refused. I believe that certainly would improve matters.

65
Having said that in regard to the Chair and the Government, I feel that the raising of points of order as raised during other hon. Members speeches has been grossly abused. The idea did occur to me that we might possibly follow the example of ice hockey and have a penalty box where anyone who raises a bogus point of order should be put. Some measure ought to be taken to stop these bogus points of order.
I hope the Motion will be withdrawn and that it will have provided an opportunity to clear what has been the most unhappy atmosphere in this Parliament. I trust that some of the suggestions I have put forward—I hope constructively—will be taken note of both by you, Mr. Speaker, and by the Government.
5.4 p.m.
Mr. Ralph Assheton: This is a Motion which I am very sorry to see upon the Order Paper, especially because it is in the name of the Leader of the Opposition. It says:
"That this House has no confidence in the impartiality or competence of the Chairman of Ways and Means."
I was glad to hear the hon. and learned Member for Northampton (Mr. Paget) saying that those words did not express his sentiments. I honestly believe that they do not express the sentiments of a majority, and a large majority, of hon. Members on either side of the House. We have had some considerable experience of the present Chairman of Ways and Means. When we were in Opposition there were many occasions when we grumbled from time to time at the Chairman of Ways and Means. From that I draw the conclusion that when we were in Opposition we felt, just as hon. Members opposite do, that our position was difficult. Now I am again on this side of the House, I recognise and realise that that really is a test and that it shows how impartial the right hon. Gentleman is in the Chair.
I know what a difficult position it is to occupy a chair. In the first place, the right hon. Gentleman, who has long experience in the post, has himself to form a judgment when a Closure Motion is claimed. If the Chairman does not accept a Motion for Closure when in his judgment it is his duty to do so, the Chairman is not being honest. The kangaroo Closure is something which
66
many hon. Members may not like, but it is in our Standing Orders and it can be used. When it is used it must be a matter for the judgment of whoever is in the Chair to decide whether or not to accept it.
I was surprised the other evening that the Patronage Secretary did not move the Closure sooner. I was not surprised that he moved it when he did. I did not really believe that on that evening business was conducted as well as it might have been in the interests of this House. [Interruption.] I am giving my views, and I hope that hon. Members will allow me to do so. I was here during the whole night and every hon. Member was not. I do not want to be controversial. I believe quite honestly that if discussion had been somewhat curtailed on the earlier parts of the Bill there would have been no occasion for the kangaroo Closure to have been moved.
On the point about Question time, it is the duty of Mr. Speaker, or whoever is in the Chair, when there is a stormy scene, to restore order to the House to the best of his ability. It must be an extremely difficult task to carry out, particularly when the House is very full and some of the keenest protagonists are on their feet. I would only say this with reference to the right hon. Gentleman then in the Chair, that he had been up until 5 o'clock in the morning and it may be that his touch was not quite so light as it might otherwise have been, and on that occasion it is quite possible that the right hon. Gentleman made an error of judgment for the moment—an error of judgment from which he was able to retract.
My sympathy was entirely with the Chairman on that occasion, and I believe that the sympathy of the House was with him. We have had rather difficult times lately, and I hope that when this incident is all over we shall get into calmer waters and the House will resume a conduct of affairs which will be a credit to it and to the nation.
5.9 p.m.
Mr. Geoffrey Bing: We have just heard from the right hon. Member for Blackburn, West (Mr. Assheton) a speech which is typical of the attitude of mind which has led the House into its present unhappy situation.

67
The right hon. Member has one complaint; it is that the Chairman did not accept the Closure earlier. His view is that discussion should have been further curtailed. The right hon. Member for Torquay (Mr. C. Williams) was good enough to suggest that the Chairman had two duties—
Mr. Assheton: I think the hon. and learned Member has misunderstood me. I was suggesting that had discussion been rather more evenly spread over the various parts of the Bill it would have been more advantageous to the House.
Mr. Bing: The right hon. Gentleman will also remember—I read through very carefully a copy of the debate to refresh my memory—that he was absent, presiding over a Committee upstairs, and that he arrived at a late moment and apologised for his absence. He said that it was a very valuable discussion and he was very sorry that he had not been able to take part in it. It is therefore improper for him to criticise the length of time taken by a discussion in which he did not take part, and the value of which he commended to the House. It is typical of that attitude of mind for the right hon. Gentleman to believe that every discussion in which he did not take part ought to have been considerably curtailed.
As for the right hon. Member for Torquay (Mr. C. Williams), his argument, in short, was that the Chairman should, on the one side, get through Government business as best he could and, on the other, protect the rights of minorities, swerving neither on the one side nor the other to partiality. The right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) really got to the heart of the matter. He said that we should pay attention to the referee. The referee of the rules of debate in this place is not any individual, however exalted he may be, but the House itself. Decisions should be given, not on the basis of voting, but of free exchange among Members of the House, one to another, as to how business should be best conducted with the most regard to the principles of democracy.
This is a very difficult Motion for many Members of this House to speak to, because of the great personal regard in which we all hold the Chairman of Ways and Means. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear,
68
hear."] I speak not only for myself but for many of my hon. Friends, in saying that we have appreciated his acts of kindness and tolerance when perhaps we should not have been tolerated on any account. On all such matters the Chairman has been perfectly impartial between one side of the Committee and the other. It is therefore with great personal reluctance that I say that the Motion put down by my right hon. Friends on the Front Bench is perfectly justified in every word it contains, because it is on a matter which it is very necessary for this House to discuss.
The essence of the matter is that somehow or other the Leader of the House and the Patronage Secretary have manoeuvred the Chairman of Committees into such a position that he connives at their altering the Rules of the House. That is the gravamen of the charge. When right hon. Gentlemen had not a sufficient majority to carry out their controversial legislation according to the accepted practices of the House, they have managed to alter the practices of the House so as to carry it through. I will in one moment give the House comparative figures which will illustrate perfectly what I mean.
The British Constitution, our Constitution, is carefully balanced. We have the single Member constituency system, and that sometimes results in a party which has a minority of votes in the country nevertheless getting a majority of seats in this House. That is one of the difficulties we have to face with the single Member system. When that happens, another check comes into play. The effect of that check is that a party with a minority of votes in the country and a majority of seats here never has sufficient seats to enable it to man Committees upstairs. By that simple fact it is restricted to the carrying through of non-controversial Measures. Otherwise, a Constitution which gave that result would be quite intolerable.
That is no new theory; it is one which occupies one of the most classic passages of Erskine May. At the conclusion of the 14th Chapter, dealing with the Arrangement of Sessional Business, are these words:
"The conclusion which emerges from the facts, collected in this chapter from the whole range of procedure, is that, while a Government is placed by standing order in effective control of the time of the House, and while

69
it can and sometimes does use its influence over the majority of the House to remove any and every impediment to the full exercise of this control, yet reasonably adequate safeguards exist for the rights of the minority and of private Members as individuals; for these rights are inextricably embedded in the procedure by which Ministers secure the passage of indispensable portions of national business, and no Government could go far in withholding these rights without bringing the machinery of Parliament to a standstill."
The Motion is saying that those adequate safeguards have been abandoned by the Chairman of Ways and Means. Instead of strictly adhering to precedents, the Chairman has permitted more and more often the Closure to be moved until finally the example has occurred which has been chosen by my right hon. Friends to call to the attention of the House. It is not only that this example was important and should be dealt with on this occasion, but it was not merely one isolated example.
One fact which came out in debate was that hon. Members expected that there would be small majorities all the time. That was accepted on both sides. If that is accepted, it means, with our present electoral system, that the party opposite will always be in a minority in the country. If they had a majority in the country they would have a large majority here, but if they look forward to small majorities here it means that they look forward always to being in a minority in the country; and not only a minority but a considerable minority.
It is therefore of the utmost importance that Measures such as those we were discussing, like those in the Schedule to the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill and the Transport Bill—which are Measures applying only to Great Britain, and so far as Great Britain is concerned hon. Members on this side of the House represent by far the largest number of electors —should not be closured by the application of the extra votes obtained from outside, by Members who represent Northern Ireland, who have no say or concern in the particular Measures. At least there should be allowed by the Chairman a fair play of argument.
Perhaps I may illustrate the change in attitude which has occurred in regard to the Closure. In the last Session of Parliament, the Closure was moved no fewer than 77 times and was accepted on 70. It was moved on 62 of those occasions by the Chief Whip or one of
70
his deputies, and it was accepted on every one of those 62 occasions. In Committee, it was moved on 36 occasions and was accepted on 35, the other occasion being when it was moved rather surprisingly by my hon. Friend the Member for Wandsworth, Central (Mr. Adams). Nevertheless, there was no Closure at all on the Finance Bill. If there is any justification for the Chairman's accepting the Closure in order to expedite Government business it is, as the right hon. Member for Torquay said, on financial business.
Those figures should be compared with the last year of the late Administration, when we were in even greater difficulties of numbers in this House. The Closure was accepted on only 33 occasions as compared with 70. Of those, while 22 were in Committee 19 were on the Finance Bill. Let us look down the previous years. In 1948–49, the Closure was accepted on 23 occasions, of which nine were in Committee, six being on the Finance Bill. In 1947–48, it was accepted 22 times, 14 being in Committee. These were on private Clauses dealing with the Representation of the People Act. In 1946–47, it was accepted 29 times, nine times in Committee. During 1945–46 we had the closest figure approaching the present 70, when the Closure was moved 38 times, only 11 times in Committee, with seven times on the Finance Bill.
Hon. Members opposite may think I am being unfair to compare the régime of their present Chief Whip with the days pre-war of the noble Lord who was then such a terror; but I would remind them that when Captain Margesson was Chief Whip, in 1938–39, the Closure was moved and accepted only twice in the whole of that Session and it was never accepted in Committee. In 1937–38 it was accepted three times, never in Committee; in 1936–37, it was accepted eight times, four times in Committee; and in 1935–36 it was accepted 13 times, five times in Committee.
So, going back for a period of 15 years, it is quite clear that the Closure has been applied in a form which has never been applied in this House before. Why has that taken place? It can only be because, consciously or sub-consciously, the Chairman—in this case the Chairman of Ways and Means—has accepted the ruling assumption of the Patronage Secretary and the Leader of the House, and that

71
assumption is that there is a divine right of a group of business men and country gentlemen in their spare time, without prejudice to their social engagements, to run the business of the greatest Empire in the world. That could have been the only possible justification for the action taken by the Chairman of Ways and Means.
Mr. Kenneth Thompson: Will the hon. and learned Gentleman allow me to ask, purely for information, on how many times in this Session was the Motion for the Closure accepted by the Chairman of Ways and Means who is being censured by this Motion?
Mr. Bing: We are discussing the conduct of the Chair—[HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Well, the Chairman of Ways and Means. I cannot tell the hon. Gentleman exactly the number of times that the Closure has been accepted by the Chairman. He can discover it for himself if he cares to take the same trouble as I have taken. The returns are available. He has only to look up where the return is, trace it in HANSARD and find out who was in the Chair at the time. It will take some little time, but the hon. Gentleman will be well occupied in doing that during an evening Sitting.
Mr. Thompson: I am grateful for the advice of the hon. and learned Gentleman, but since he is making his case rest on this point, will he supply that information?
Mr. Bing: It does not concern the case I have made. [HON. MEMBERS: "Yes."] I am saying that there has been a profound change in the principle of the enforcement of the Closure. It has been enforced this Session in a way that it has never been enforced before in the history of this House, even if one goes back, as I took the trouble to do, to 1887, though I will not weary the House with the figures. On whose shoulders rests that responsibility, I do not know.
When we come to the matter with which we are dealing now, it could only have been accepted by the Chairman of Ways and Means provided he was prepared to accept a standard of rules of the House which has not previously obtained, and he behaved in a way quite contrary
72
to the rules of the House as previously understood. If the hon. Gentleman will permit me, I will develop that point. He will remember what his right hon. Friend the Patronage Secretary said. It was typical of the effrontery with which the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blackburn, West addressed the House. His right hon. Friend said this:
"I did in fact consult the Secretary of State for Scotland because, to be quite frank, I had intended to claim the Schedule before the Scottish Amendments were moved, but having had a consultation with him we agreed that it would be right to take the Scottish Amendments and allow some discussion upon them." —[OFFICAL REPORT, 4th December, 1952; Vol. 508, c. 1882.]
What extraordinary presumption. There was no question of the Chair. It was merely assumed by the Patronage Secretary in a speech in this House that the Chair was at his complete disposal. There were no words in parenthesis "If the Chair had thought there had been sufficient discussion."
The right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery addressed a vehement argument to the House in the course of which he read out paragraph 1 of Standing Order No. 29. What we are complaining about is not paragraph 1 of Standing Order No. 29 but the application of paragraph 3, which is quite another matter. Therefore, valuable as it was to have his views on paragraph 1, they did not really assist on the matter, because it has seldom, if ever, been raised by the Chair since the introduction of permission to the Chairman to select Amendments. Why? Because if he selects any Amendment and determines to call it, he has come to a judicial conclusion that there is an argument to be put before the House in regard to it. Therefore it would be impossible for him subsequently, equally judicially, to accept the point of view that the whole matter could be wiped out without any discussion.
If the Patronage Secretary or the right hon. Gentleman who leads the House ever care to look in Erskine May, they will find this comment on the Standing Order which the Patronage Secretary sought fit to invoke:
"This power has proved too drastic and its application too indiscriminate for practical use. Experience has shown that in such cases the discretion conferred on the Chair by S.O. No. 31 to select the Amendments which may

73
be moved is the best method of securing reasonable opportunities for all varieties of opinion."
It was the departure from the perfectly legitimate powers entrusted to the Chairman by Standing Order No. 31, and his invoking of paragraph 3 of Standing Order No. 29 at the behest of the Patronage Secretary, that we are complaining about. That was both an infringement of the rights of the minority and, in my opinion, an abuse of the rules of the Chair. It has been said by hon. Gentlemen that this discussion was unnecessary, that these Amendments should not have been moved. That was the argument of the Patronage Secretary, but what were the arguments addressed to the Committee by the Ministers who were speaking but whose speeches the Patronage Secretary did not bother to hear? Quite the contrary. The hon. Gentleman the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour said, in regard to the Cotton Manufacturing Industry (Temporary Provisions) Act, that it was quite legitimate to have a general discussion by means of moving an Amendment.
That, of course, is a perfectly proper thing to do, but what was the argument of the right hon. Gentleman for moving the Closure? That they were not going to proceed to a Division. And what was the argument of the Prime Minister? Why, that as this matter had been discussed at some length before, it should not be discussed on this occasion. Yet, on the very day before, the Joint Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department had gone out of his way to answer this argument and to say that there are certain occasions when one should discuss a matter on the Expiring Laws and others when they should not. Speaking on the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill, he said:
"In the first place, it provides an opportunity for the House to review this question annually, although it is an opportunity that is not always taken. Yet it is an advantage to have a matter of this kind brought forward from time to time so that there should be an opportunity for hon. Members to raise points as they have done this afternoon, because this aspect of policy is necessarily subject to fairly frequent change. We are not dealing with something static. The state of the economy of this country and the state of the world is changing constantly and the way we deal with aliens has to be changed to meet those changes. —[OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd December, 1952; Vol. 508, c. 1314.]
In other words, the hon. Gentleman was saying that it is perfectly proper to
74
have this discussion—a discussion which the right hon. Gentleman did not even hear. Then the Patronage Secretary comes forward and says that there was far too much discussion. Why? Because hon. Gentlemen only followed the advice given from the Front Bench by a Minister of the Government with which he is concerned. What was his other argument? That 250 Members were waiting. Why should they not wait? If he keeps 250 Members in this House for the Expiring Laws and 22 for the Steel Bill, surely that is his affair. It is not an argument to influence the Chair.
The real danger, Mr. Speaker, and the real reason why we should raise this matter in the House, and why we on this side emphasise these points as strongly as we can, is that unless we do so we cannot protect the Chair—both yourself and the right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means—from the improper type of pressure imposed upon them by the right hon. Gentleman who leads the House and his friend the Patronage Secretary.
Let me give the House one example of the arrogance of the right hon. Gentleman the Lord Privy Seal. Under the guise of administering a rebuke to back bench Members on this side of the House, the right hon. Gentleman proceeded on the Censure debate to deliver a talk on the Chair. The right hon. Gentleman said this, referring to an event which took place when we were dealing
with the Supplies and Services Act:
"Even the right hon. Gentleman himself"—
referring to my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede)—
"the other night came to an agreement that we should adjourn, and the Adjournment was delayed by something like half an hour because hon. Gentlemen behind him would go on speaking, although he and I had agreed that we should adjourn."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 4th December, 1952; Vol. 508, c. 1895.]
But what were the facts? The right hon. Gentleman came in when my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Kettering (Mr. Mitchison) was speaking, interrupted in the middle of a speech, quite irregularly moved "That the debate be now adjourned," and was called to order by you, Mr. Speaker. You pointed out that it was impossible to do this. He then asked that the House should deal with the matter shortly so that he could move his Motion. The House was not

75
delayed for half an hour, as he said; we had entered on the Adjournment 14 minutes later.
What happened? In order to oblige the right hon. Gentleman my hon. Friend the Member for Ince (Mr. T. Brown), who was speaking on a matter of the greatest importance to his constituency, got up and seconded the Motion, whereupon, when he came to speak again he was only able to do so by leave of the House, and the fortunate absence of the hon. and gallant Member for Portsmouth, West (Brigadier Clarke). When hon. Members make sacrifices of that sort, that is the sort of pressure that is applied—an attempt to put on the Chair a quite improper type of pressure.
We can only preserve democracy in this House provided that we all try to fit ourselves within a series of rules and conventions. It would be quite easy on this side of the House, or indeed on any side of it, so to obstruct business that it would be impossible to carry it out. Nobody desires to do that, certainly not my hon. Friends on this side of the House. If witness be needed for that, it is to be found in the fact that the Closure was never moved once on the Finance Act this year, which I think has not happened since 1945.
But it is necessary that the majority should abide by the rules and traditions of the House. That is why I was particularly disappointed that the Prime Minister, when the Motion of Censure was moved, should have dismissed the whole matter as a technical question. Nothing could be less technical or more important in this country than that we should preserve the framework of our democracy. The view expressed by the right hon. Gentleman would not have been that taken by his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, who was prepared, in rejection of the Closure, to take the Conservatives to the country and fight on the issue of freedom for the House of Commons.
Nobody is now saying that there should not be Guillotine Motions or things of that sort. All that we are saying is that if the time of the House has to be curtailed it should be curtailed in an open fashion, by the moving of a Motion and after discussion, and not be curtailed by improper pressure being put upon the
76
Chair. I do not wish to detain the House for more than a few minutes longer. I wish only to read to hon. Members opposite what was said by the Prime Minister himself not long ago, not when he was a member of the party of the right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery, because when he was a member of that party he would never have made the sort of speech which the hon. and learned Member for Montgomery has made. It was when he was leading the Opposition, and he was speaking some three or four years ago. When he said it he was not weighed down with the responsibilities of office and the need for getting Government business through. He expressed rather better than he did a few days ago what were the duties of the majority and the minority in the House.
He said:
"I should have thought it was not at all wise to proceed on this naked line of saying: 'We have a majority; we are going to get our Measures through, and we will not give time for them to be discussed—we will vote you down.' That, I should have thought, was an attitude inconsistent with the kind of view of national affairs, of the way in which people and States should be governed, that we have taken in the world successfully during the last few years. That is reducing legislative Assemblies to mere registration machines of Government will. The whole aspect of the British Constitution has been to the contrary. It has been the shaping of legislation by the action of Parliament, by the influence of minorities from day to day:"—
Then, let the Leader of the House note this phrase from his Prime Minister—
"and even the time factor has had a modifying effect."
It is that factor which the right hon. Gentleman is now prepared never to permit to apply.
"That is why, in this island, there is a very great respect for the laws, because laws have been shaped by Government and Opposition."
Here we were dealing with three great Measures affecting Great Britain. Not one Member was allowed to express his opinion on any one of them. How can anyone possibly say that in those circumstances the continuance of those Measures were shaped by the Government and the Opposition? It was shaped merely by a vote on the Closure which had been moved by the Patronage Secretary.
To conclude the right hon. Gentleman's remarks:
"As was pointed out by an hon. Member on this side of the House below the Gangway, there is a feeling that the laws that come down

77
to the people from Parliament and the Crown are laws which Parliament, as a whole, has had a hand in shaping. … It is quite true that in foreign countries they have followed other methods. They have admired our Parliamentary system, but they have not liked it, because of the corresponding inconvenience. They have liked to have assemblies filled with members so long as the Executive will was in no way affected. They have even allowed free criticism from time to time in order that an appearance might be given that anyone could blow off steam and that they were free Parliamentary countries, but they have not now allowed any interference with the will of the Executive by Parliamentary Debate or by the length of time involved in full discussion."— [OFFICIAL REPORT, 3rd March, 1947; Vol. 434, c. 84.]
The right hon. Gentlemen the Patronage Secretary and the Lord Privy Seal stand condemned by the words of the Prime Minister. But it is not on their conduct. The hon. Member makes himself clear without even speaking.
Mr. Osborne: That is more than the hon. and learned Member can say for himself.
Mr. Bing: I congratulate the hon. Gentleman on making an interruption which is quite up to his usual style. I repeat that it is not on them that we are moving this Motion of Censure. It is on the Chairman of Ways and Means. It is because he, unwittingly perhaps, has lent himself to this complete departure from what was until a year ago accepted as Parliamentary practice that my right hon. Friends have—I think regretfully—set down this Motion.
5.38 p.m.
Sir Herbert Williams: Whenever I watch the hon. and learned Member for Hornchurch (Mr. Bing) addressing this House, I always think he is trying to catch the Lord Chancellor's eye, and not yours, Mr. Speaker. It is a far too frequent practice of Members to turn their back on you; the hon. and learned Member invariably does it.
This is a deplorable Motion of censure, and nine-tenths of what has been said about it has not been directed to the subject. Whether hon. and right hon. Gentlemen on the Government Front Bench ought to be censured is a matter always open to argument. That happened last week, but hon. Members opposite are this week making their last week's speeches. I cannot understand it. There is a want of thought and a want of capacity which is quite shocking to me.
78
Let us go into the history of this matter. By good fortune I was paired from eight o'clock on the evening of the sitting in which the events leading to this Motion took place. I did take part in the proceedings from 3.30 p.m. to 8 p.m. The first debate was on the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act. What was the burden of the speeches made by Members opposite—that all this ought to be permanent legislation. There was no desire to discuss the subject seriously except that one hon. Member bad a grievance, namely, that his wife was still an alien.
Mr. Hugh Delargy: The hon. Member said that he was listening to that debate and that the only purpose we had was to make the legislation permanent. He could not have listened very closely because the Amendment moved by my hon. and learned Friend for Northampton (Mr. Paget), and which I supported, was to abolish that legislation altogether.
Sir H. Williams: That suggests that those proposing the Motion did not believe that the legislation should be abolished, which shows that hon. Members opposite were even more hypocritical than I thought. After we had finished with that, we got on to the Cotton Manufacturing (Temporary Provisions) Act. I listened for an hour while two hon. Members devoted themselves to reading out to this House a very good speech I made in 1934. Again, they wanted permanent legislation. [Interruption.] The hon. Member for Deptford (Sir L. Plummer) does not know whether the speech was good or bad because he has not read it.
Sir Leslie Plummer: I made no remark of any sort just now, but I wish the hon. Member, whose vulgarity grows from day to day, would leave me out of his remarks.
Hon. Members: Withdraw.
Sir H. Williams: I will withdraw to this extent, that I mistook the hon. Member for an hon. Friend of his behind him, and I apologise to the hon. Member for Deptford for attributing to him a remark which came from behind him.
It was perfectly obvious when I left the Chamber what was going to happen. An Amendment in relation to each one of these Acts was going to be moved in

79
order that hon. Members could make exactly the same speech about each Act, namely, how desirable it was that permanent legislation should be passed, and in every case they did not desire that to happen at all. It was quite obvious that the debate would go on all night. On four occasions the Closure was moved; Tellers were appointed by the Government, but no Tellers were appointed by the Opposition.
Mr. A. C. Manuel: What is wrong with that?
Sir H. Williams: Nothing, but if hon. Members opposite want freedom of debate, they should have voted against the Closure. We all know why there was no Division. If there had been, it would have revealed what a trifling number of hon. Members opposite were left in the building. That happened seven times running. What is the use of hon. Members getting up and saying they want free speech, and then will not vote for it seven times running?
Mr. R. J. Mellish: The hon. Member has said that one of the reasons for putting down Amendments of that kind was to get a discussion. That is what happened here, and surely it does not follow that there has to be a vote.
Sir H. Williams: The hon. Member must not have listened to what I said. Four of the occasions on which Tellers were appointed was when the Closure had been moved. Hon. Members opposite should have carried their opposition to the Division Lobby. The Closure was accepted by the Chairman, and though Government Tellers were appointed none was appointed by the Opposition. I know why—because there was a trifling number of Socialist Members present, who were abusing the proceedings of Parliament and keeping other hon. Members out of bed.
Mr. James Callaghan: Because a handful of 20 Scottish Members wished after midnight to discuss Measures affecting their country—and I was here with them and the hon. Member was not—and because they protested against the Closure being moved, why should it be considered an abuse of the rules of procedure of this House?
Sir H. Williams: I should have thought that, if the hon. Member thought so deeply on the matter, he who belongs to another branch of the Celtic race could have brought some of his Welsh hon. Friends with him to support his Scottish colleagues in their task.
Mr. George Porter: Does the hon. Member remember the occasion on which he and his friends held this House all night till six o'clock in the morning on six Prayers, that he refused to vote on any of them, and that the only way the House could get a vote was when the Government appointed Tellers for both sides?
Sir H. Williams: I have great respect for the hon. Member and I would ask him to consult the OFFICIAL REPORT of that debate and he will see what happened. There were six Prayers on the Order Paper dealing with the cost of living. We asked the Chair to take them as one for the purposes of debate. There were certain reasons why that could not be done. The practice has since changed, because the party opposite had eight Prayers down the other night, and the Chair agreed that they should be taken in two lots.
The opening speech on the Prayers about cotton thread was made by my hon. Friend the Member for Peterborough (Mr. H. Nicholls), who was barracked all the time. I came next and it took me an hour to make a speech of 10 minutes because no audible speech was permitted by hon. Gentlemen opposite. The only reason the debate went on to 6 a.m. was that the supporters of the Government denied free speech to the Opposition when we wanted to talk about the cost of living.
Mr. Speaker: I think this is getting a little remote from the Question before the House.
Sir H. Williams: I agree it is a little remote but I was led astray by the hon. Member for Leeds, Central (Mr. Porter).
I have had my grievances about the Closure. I have always had my grievances about those who occupied the Chair. When we are not called, we always say that Mr. Speaker is showing partiality to someone else. That is common form and we know it. On one

81
occasion a Private Member's Bill was before this House. It was the third Bill on a Friday, and was strongly opposed by Major Procter, the then Member for Accrington. The Second Reading of the Bill was moved at 10 minutes to four in a speech of about three minutes, and seconded in a speech of one minute. It was roughly five minutes to four when Major Procter got up to oppose it. Before he had finished his speech, the Closure was moved, by a back bencher, and for reasons I have never understood, Mr. Speaker Fitzroy accepted the Motion even before the conclusion of the speech for the rejection of the Bill.
I made my personal protest at the time. I never understood why not one single Member of the Socialist Party on that occasion objected to the Closure being put at the end of an eight to 10 minutes debate and in the middle of a speech moving the rejection. I would ask hon. Members opposite to look that up, for it shows what happens when hon. Members find themselves supporting a Bill. It is time that hon. Members opposite searched their consciences on this matter. We all know that the other night it was all pure filibustering.
5.48 p.m.
Mr. James Carmichael: I regret for a number of reasons that this discussion is taking place today. First, I recognise that any person occupying the chair in any assembly has always a difficult job, and I know that in a political assembly of this kind, where political opinions are so evenly divided, it is a job which will always be extremely delicate.
The second reason I regret my intervention is because I still recognise that in many ways I am a junior Member of this House, with only six years' membership. I make this qualification however. The hon. Member for Croydon, East (Sir H. Williams) is regarded as an expert, or he claims to be a bit of an expert in procedure. After having heard him today, I do not think I am such a junior, after all, in my knowledge of the procedure of this House. Thirdly, I would prefer to see the House discussing how we could more speedily shape policy and events so as to promote the economic and social wellbeing of the country.
I regret the speech of the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for
82
Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies), the Leader of the Liberal Party. During the time when the trouble arose, not a single Member of the Liberal Party was present. I feel that it is essential, if a person is going to intervene in a debate to call attention to any point of procedure, that that person should have been in attendance so that he would have all the facts at his finger tips. [HON. MEMBERS: "What about the hon. and learned Member for Hornchurch?"] My hon. and learned Friend the Member for Hornchurch (Mr. Bing) was in attendance that night, or in the early hours of the morning. [Interruption.] When the discussion on both sides of the House finishes, I may be able to continue.
That night we were discussing Measures which had been in operation for a number of years and would have expired at the end of December but for continuing legislation. During the Second Reading, we were not allowed to discuss a single item contained in the Schedule. I draw attention to that because it is extremely important. When some of us tried to debate those subjects, Mr. Speaker called us to order and said there would be ample opportunity to discuss them in the Committee stage.
Any hon. Member who reads the proceedings in HANSARD must admit that there was no filibustering on those Measures. Among the Scottish Measures was one dealing with the exemption of school children. Two hon. Members from this side of the House were allowed to express their views. Then the Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland, who was well fortified by two of his colleagues and had the chief of the Department in attendance, said it would be wise for him to intervene at that point. It is well established in the House that when a Minister enters a debate at an early stage and uses such words, it is recognised that the discussion will continue for some time.
Mr. John Rankin: The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland indicated that he intervened for the convenience of the Committee.
Mr. Carmichael: I do not want to go over that again, because the point was dealt with to some extent in the debate the other evening, but I emphasise that the Committee generally recognised that

83
the intervention of the Joint Under-Secretary of State was to clear up a number of points so that hon. Members could continue the discussion with more knowledge than would otherwise have been the case. But no sooner did the Joint Under-Secretary of State resume his seat than the Patronage Secretary intervened and moved the Closure.
It happened that the Deputy-Chairman of Ways and Means was in the Chair. In spite of what has been said about Standing Order 29, it is the Chair which has the authority to decide whether or not a subject has been adequately debated. It is not a matter which can be left to any hon. Member other than the one occupying the Chair to decide. The Closure was accepted, and that was our first grievance at that hour.
Later in the proceedings the Committee were told that there would be no discussion at all on the Schedule. Three very important Acts of Parliament were thus left. Some Acts continued under the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill are much more important than others which go through the House of Commons. On occasions when the continuing legislation is discussed, it may be that hon. Members will think that certain Acts involved have fulfilled their task and should be discontinued, although it might be desired to continue others.
When it is sought to continue an Act which has been on the Statute Book for five or six years, that might be an opportune time to discuss in detail matters which have since occurred which might improve the Act. Nobody can suggest that the Opposition was filibustering on any of the Acts concerned, because some of them had been on the Statute Book as long as six years and no hon. Member had tried to intervene and keep the House discussing them until last week. Therefore, I consider that the Chairman of Ways and Means was at fault in accepting the Closure from the Patronage Secretary when Acts in the second part of the Schedule to the Bill had not been discussed.
The hon. Member for Croydon, East made a strong point that the Opposition should have cast a vote. We are talking about free discussion, and there can be no justification for that argument, because casting a vote would have closed
84
the discussion. Casting a vote is a question for hon. Members, and what we are now discussing is the acceptance of the Closure by the Chairman of Ways and Means. When we discuss legislation of that nature in the early hours of the morning, the Chairman of Ways and Means should recognise that the Measures involved are important and due consideration ought to be given to them on both sides of the House.
I have no more desire to stay up during the night than have any other hon. Members. As a matter of fact, I sometimes feel that there is a touch of lunacy about the House when the great statesmen of the country sit up all night trying to pass a Measure. That is a matter which may be discussed in some other way, perhaps through the usual channels, but, when this House has decided the order of business, no hon. Member should be denied the opportunity of discussing the business fully, and to that extent, although I expressed my regret at the beginning, I consider that the Chairman of Ways and Means was greatly at fault in the manner in which he handled the business that night. I content myself by making my protest without going into the matter further.
5.57 p.m.
The Lord Privy Seal (Mr. Harry Crookshank): Perhaps it would be convenient if I addressed the House at this stage—
Mr. Rankin: On a point of order. On the last occasion when I heard those words uttered in the House, the Patronage Secretary rose immediately after the speaker sat down to move the Closure. Is that being repeated tonight, Sir?
Mr. Speaker: That is not a point of order at all.
Mr. Thomas Fraser: Might I have your guidance, Mr. Speaker? Some of us sat throughout the whole of the other evening but did not succeed in catching the Chairman's eye, and we wish to express our resentment at the treatment which we received then. Shall we have an opportunity of speaking in the debate today?
Mr. Speaker: I imagine that that will be so.
Mr. Crookshank: The debate takes the form of a Motion of censure on the Chairman of Ways and Means but the run of

85
the debate appears to me to have been a continuation of Thursday's debate and a general censure on the Government, on myself, on the Government Chief Whip and upon everybody else except the Chairman of Ways and Means at whom the Motion is nominally directed.
I made the Government defence on the main issue last Thursday, and the House supported me in what I then said, and I shall not go over that ground again. But the Chairman cannot speak for himself when the Motion has been moved, and, therefore, I hope I may be allowed to put the point of view which I think may very well be his. I have not asked him about it, but it is what I should say if I were in his shoes and were allowed to speak.
Mr. Julian Snow: Hear, hear. Do not be too clever, though.
Mr. Crookshank: That is a danger into which some hon. Members can never fall, I know. I shall try to put the points which I think should be brought out.
There are two charges against the right hon. Gentleman. He is alleged, first, improperly to have curtailed debate, and, secondly, to have declined to allow the Deputy-Leader of the Opposition to rise to a point of order. Because of that, the House is supposed to have no confidence in either his impartiality or his competence. The words "competence"—the word "convenience" is obnoxious to the hon. Gentleman—or "incompetence" seem to be turning up very frequently in our debate.
I can throw the ball back to the party opposite, because this Motion is an incompetent one. It does not, in fact, pick up the point which I understood from the hon. and learned Member for Hornchurch (Mr. Bing) and others was the real complaint against the right hon. Gentleman. It was that not only did he accept the ordinary Closure Motion, but also the Question, "That the Question 'That the Schedule stand part of the Bill be now put.'" Those last three words have been left out of the Motion. I will not take any objection to a manuscript Amendment if it is to be moved. I am merely making the point about competence.
Mr. Ede: We do not want to get unnecessarily at cross purposes, but surely the words are
86
"especially by accepting the Motion 'That the Question, "That the Schedule stand part of the Bill"'"—
Mr. Crookshank: "be now put." That is the second Motion, which follows naturally, and without debate, from the first. And it is the first one which the right hon. Gentleman—at any rate, it was the first one which the hon. and learned Member for Hornchurch was taking exception to.
There are two points of issue here First, the Closure business in the middle of the night, and secondly, the alleged prohibition of the right hon. Gentleman from rising on a point of order. It is quite difficult to reconstruct from HANSARD what happened. We have had the version of the right hon. Gentleman, with which I do not quarrel, except that I do not think for one moment that my right hon. Friend was waving at the Chair. It was just one of the general motions or gestures he so frequently makes and it was not directed at or an attempt to cause the Chairman to sit down.
It is obviously quite difficult, in a rather heated moment when points of order are being raised on all sides, to know—as we know from experience during recent months—what was happening. That was brought out last Thursday by my hon. Friend the Member for Twickenham (Sir E. Keeling). There has been such an enormous increase in the number of alleged points of order. That is a matter which has been referred to during this debate; and I suppose, judging by previous form, that the Chairman, or even you, Mr. Speaker, feel fairly certain that many of the so-called points of order which are to be raised are not points of order at all.
It is obviously a very difficult situation for whoever is occupying the Chair. But so far as declining to allow the Deputy Leader of the Opposition to make his point is concerned, when future historians look back to see what happened according to HANSARD they will find that the words attributed to the right hon. Gentleman occupy far more room than those attributed to anybody else—[Interruption.] Well, if he looks he will find the interchange here at any rate. The evidence is on paper. The Prime Minister rose to a point of order. The hon. Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Ross) made the offending remark and the Chairman said

87
that the hon. Member must withdraw the remark. The hon. Member for Kilmarnock said something else. The Chairman spoke again, and then the remarks of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) occupy the whole of the rest of that page. There were some more points of order raised subsequently by the Prime Minister and the hon. and learned Member for Aberdeen, North (Mr. Hector Hughes) and then the Chairman said that he must ask for the withdrawal of the offending words.
The right hon. Gentleman rose. I think that was the period in which he and the Chairman were both on their feet at the same time, because the right hon. Gentleman then goes on by saying, "with great respect"—evidently, I take it, trying to get in what he wanted to say. The Chairman must have sat down, because all the rest of the page is again occupied by the right hon. Gentleman. If we count the lines spoken, and nobody else spoke on that page, they are about five times as much as was spoken by anybody else.
It is hard to reconstruct the picture— there is, of course, a lot more on the next page, too, on this same point of order. So the way I put it is that I do not think for one moment there is any real validity in the charge against the Chairman of Ways and Means.
Mr. H. Morrison: I am not arguing about the number of lines in HANSARD, which appears to me to be irrelevant. The point made by my right hon. Friend in moving the Motion was that while I was rising on what we thought a perfectly legitimately point of order the Chairman was resisting my right to raise that point of order, whereas, in the case of the Prime Minister, he was given every facility to raise his point of order, when it was somewhat doubtful whether he was not less in order in raising his point of order than I was.
Mr. Crookshank: In any case, the Chairman ended by not resisting any longer, because the right hon. Gentleman made all the points he wanted to make. So the argument is merely about the right hon. Gentleman not having been able to raise his point of order just at the moment when he wanted to, whereas
88
in less than half a minute afterwards he was allowed to do so. To bring in a Motion of censure on the Chairman of Ways and Means for that is rather ridiculous.
The second point, although it is first on the Order Paper, is the other question of what happened during the debate on the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill. I had something to say about that last Thursday and I am certainly not going to repeat it now. We have now to consider it in the light of the alleged action of the Chairman of Ways and Means, whose conduct is being impugned. It has nothing to do with my action, or the action of my right hon. Friend, or the Prime Minister, or the Conservative Party. It is with regard to the impartiality and competence of the Chairman of Ways and Means.
Let us look back to what was the situation with regard to the Bill before the Closure was moved on the Question, "'That the Schedule stand part of the Bill' be now put." We had already had 11½ hours of debate on this Bill. It is true that every part of it is debatable and may be debated. It is also true that that occasion is not in the only time in the year when that can be done. If it was the fact that never again could any matter arising out of that part of the Schedule which was not debated, be debated, or any point be raised, that would be one argument. But that is not the case. There are other opportunities —[HON. MEMBERS: "When?"]—and the fact remains that more time was taken on this Bill than in all the eight years—
Mr. Carmichael: I am grateful to the right hon. Gentleman for giving way. Would he tell us when we will have an opportunity of discussing those Acts referred to at any other time, other than on that occasion?
Mr. Crookshank: I say that there are opportunities. I am not going to lay out the whole of the Parliamentary possibilities for the hon. Gentleman—[HON. MEMBERS: "Tell us one."] It is obvious that anything relating to administration can be dealt with on a relevant Supply day. That is perfectly simple. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Of course it is, and everybody knows it quite well. I do not wish to be diverted.

89
The fact is that the time taken in debating this Bill was 11½ hours, which was more time than had been taken in the whole of the eight years since the war in debating corresponding Bills put together. There were 53 speeches by hon. Gentlemen opposite—and hon. Ladies. There were nine speeches from the Government Front Bench and six from my hon. Friends on the Government back benches. That was not the last occasion, as I say, on which these matters could be debated. As my hon. Friend the Member for Croydon, East (Sir H. Williams) has said, no fewer than seven Divisions were called, and on no occasion were Tellers put in on behalf of the Opposition.
Mr. Glenvil Hall: This point has been made before, and it is silly to keep making it. None of us on this side of the House wanted any of these Acts to cease.
Mr. Crookshank: I quite appreciate that, but some of these were Closure Motions. If the right hon. Gentleman wanted the Question put "That the Question be now put," if he wanted the Closure, why is he censuring the Chairman of Ways and Means for accepting it? Really, the right hon. Member for Colne Valley (Mr. Glenvil Hall) has not looked at what has happened. Perhaps he was not there, I do not know—I am not blaming him; I do not see why he should be. But we had seven opportunities for a Division to take place, and no Tellers were put in. The deduction which I make from that is that this was purely a time-wasting device.
The right hon. Gentleman had just said the Opposition wanted those parts of the Schedule to stand. Why, then, go through the pretence that they were going to have a Division and occupy what is in these cases always about two-and-a-half minutes before it is known that the Division is off? When that is multiplied by seven, we are already running over 15 minutes of time purely wasted.
Mr. William Ross: Will the right hon. Gentleman also calculate how much time would have been wasted if we had gone through the mere form of being defeated in the Lobbies?
Mr. Crookshank: The next point I want to deal with is that made by the
90
hon. and learned Member for Hornchurch (Mr. Bing). He took the view that the Motion, "That the Question, 'That the Schedule stand part of the Bill' be now put" was an outrageous Motion, or words to that effect. It is true that this method has been infrequently used in recent years. It is true that one of the precedents for using it is, in fact, on a Schedule of the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill. It has been done on this very Bill before, and on that occasion it was done after only three hours of debate—
Mr. Bing: When?
Mr. Crookshank: On 22nd October, 1902. [Interruption.] The argument was that it was an improper thing to do on this Bill.
Mr. Bing rose—
Mr. Crookshank: The hon. and learned Gentleman made a very long speech, and spent a good deal of time in attacking me, but I am ready to give way.
Mr. Bing: The right hon. Gentleman should be frank with the House. He is referring to the occasion when Mr. Balfour moved the Closure in 1902. That was after all the Amendments had been disposed of and only to prevent a general discussion on the Schedule.
Mr. Crookshank: Whatever it was for, it took place. There has been a more recent example, though not on a Schedule of the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill. I agree that this is the last extreme form of Closure which is much to be deprecated. It is entirely to be deprecated except in extreme circumstances; but what was the last time when it was used?
The last time was—and I expect right hon. Gentlemen opposite know what is coming—on the Unemployment Insurance (No. 3) Bill on 15th July, 1931, when it was moved by the then Minister of Labour, Miss Bondfield, who swept with her into the Lobby 136 right hon. and hon. Gentlemen on that side of the House, including the right hon. Gentleman the Leader of the Opposition and the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede). In that Division the other Lobby was occupied by 16 Members of their own party who were, therefore, being closured by the Government of the day from continuing to put

91
up the fight that they were putting up against that Bill. And would it surprise anybody to know that one of those was the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Ebbw Vale (Mr. Bevan)?
Mr. Bevan: In view of the fact that, just a moment ago, the right hon. Gentleman most dishonestly concealed from the House a vital factor about his argument, he has probably concealed a few more now.
Mr. Crookshank: I have deceived no one and have failed to disclose nothing. There it all is, on page 711 on the relevant HANSARD. This extreme and much to be deprecated form of Closure was used by the Labour Government on that occasion against their own supporters—not even against the Opposition of the day. So much, therefore, for that.
The right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means is, naturally, always in a difficulty, I suppose, when any question of Closure comes up. It is quite possible, I suppose, for us to imagine that there should be some other form of control over speeches and debates in this House. It might be possible, as in some places, to put time limits on speeches—even exchangeable time limits, and all the rest of it. It is conceivable, and it happens elsewhere, but that is not the way in which our affairs have grown up here.
What this House decided long, long ago was to give you, Mr. Speaker, in your Chair, and the Chairman of Ways and Means, in his Chair, full discretion in this matter. Everybody knows that it is the right of the Chair to protect minorities, but, of course, the majority also has some rights; otherwise, there is nothing in the democratic theory. The democratic theory is rule by majority, as I understand it. Therefore, while the rights of minorities have to be safeguarded, all the rights of the majority cannot be thrown right over, nor can the rights of the House as a body be long out of the mind of the occupant of the Chair.
So the Chairman, like you, Mr. Speaker, though I must try not to bring your name into this discussion—this is the same argument which we have had throughout history, because this arose before there was a Chairman—has to set aside his party predilections and see,
92
as far as he can, that all goes smoothly. If all does not go smoothly I hazard the guess that, as often as not, and probably far more often than not, it is the fault of the House and not of the Chair.
The right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means is accused in this part of the Motion. The words used are:
"… no confidence in the impartiality or competence of the Chairman of Ways and Means …"
He is said to be not competent. Really, Mr. Speaker, the right hon. Gentleman has had immense experience of the Chair of this House, such as probably none of his predecessors have had, for a very long period. It is 18 years since he first became a Temporary Chairman. And so competent and, I presume, so impartial was he thought to be that during the whole of the recent tenure of office of right hon. Gentlemen opposite he was in the Chair as Deputy-Chairman. If hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite thought that he was not impartial and not competent they must have been failing in their duty.
Let us frankly face it. The right hon. Gentleman is a House of Commons man through and through and a friend to everyone of us. There is no one who has any question about procedure, about how to put down a Question or how to proceed in a debate, who goes to the right hon. Gentleman for advice and does not get it abounding and in full measure, and very wisely. If they dissociate this Motion from the troubles of last week and the previous Motion of censure—if they throw that out of their minds for a moment—are hon. Members really going to say, on the alleged ground that the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South did not get his point of order raised quite as early in a rough and tumble affair as he might have done —because he got it in the end—and because the Closure was accepted late at night on an occasion when the Opposition never took the trouble then to protest about what it now calls a constitutional outrage, that the House has no confidence in the right hon. Gentleman?
Hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite never went into the Lobby on this Question of the Closure. It is no good complaining that because there were only

93
a few of them here it was not worth doing. Those who have been long in the House remember occasion after occasion when, whatever Government were in office, whether Conservative or Labour, there was a group who used to sit below the Gangway under Mr. Maxton's chairmanship who frequently divided the House. And, not uncommonly the number of the Ayes, or Noes, as the case may be, was none, because all the little party could provide was two Tellers. But they went through the form of registering their protest. The official Opposition, in the middle of the night, never did that at all on this matter.
Mr. John Wheatley: It was a waste of time.
Mr. Crookshank: It was a waste of time! A great constitutional outrage, and we are told that it was a waste of time at four o'clock in the morning. The right hon. and learned Gentleman should restrain himself.
If it was such an awful outrage hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite should have shown it in the Division Lobby. They had plenty of precedents for small bodies of Members doing that. It may be a small party or a small number of hon. Members who had stayed up late to make their protests. I am not criticising that, but I am saying that the House will find it hard to accept the argument when the Opposition come with this so-called Motion of censure on the Chairman of Ways and Means for outrageous conduct and when the Opposition themselves did not at that time make any form of protest at all.
The fact remains that we are all agreed, wherever we sit in this House, that the right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means is completely qualified by his knowledge and experience to hold the high office which he adorns with so much dignity. He has the competence and the experience, and everybody knows it, and I certainly hope that this Motion will not be pressed.
We really must be very careful not to undermine the authority which we have given to the Chair. On this matter of accepting or refusing the Closure Motion, one might think that the Closure was always accepted. I am sure that it is not; I do not know, but I am sure
94
that there are many occasions when, possibly, the thought that passes through someone's mind is, "I wonder if this is the time when the Closure Motion might be accepted." At any rate, the discretion has been left by the Standing Order with the Chair, and I think that we might take the converse argument and say that, if the occupant of the Chair thought it was his duty to accept the Closure Motion, and if he said "No," he would not be acting with the full honesty with which he should act. The Chair has to kept master of the situation.
I submit, and it has been my view all along, that this Motion of censure against the Chair is wrongly directed. I am merely saying that I am certain that it is really a further edition of last week's debate, and that the Chairman of Ways and Means has been dragged in on the general grounds of, "Let us put down a Motion of censure on everybody we can think of." On this occasion, unlike the last time when we went to a Division, when the Government were upheld by the House—
Mr. Ede: On the last occasion? It was about 18 months ago.
Mr. Crookshank: What happened on Thursday is what I am talking about— last week's business.
I am saying that the right hon. Gentleman was quite right when he said that this is all a matter of delicacy and balance. Having elected the Chairman, we have got to support the Chair and trust the Chair, unless an overwhelming case arises when the extreme sanction of putting down a Motion of this kind arises. In my submission to the House, if the House will be good enough to take my view on this matter, such an overwhelming case has not been made out. If it had been, I hope I would be the first to say so, because it is important that the competence and the impartiality of the Chair should be respected by us all.
I have no hesitation in giving that advice to the House on this occasion. This matter is trifling in comparison with the knowledge, efficiency, hard work, dignity and fairness, with which the Chairman of Ways and Means has been known to act ever since he first occupied that Chair, now almost 18 years ago. It is such that I now express the hope that

95
the right hon. Gentleman should withdraw the Motion and allow the House to proceed to the Orders of the Day.
6.23 p.m.
Mr. John Wheatley: The right hon. Gentleman the Lord Privy Seal prefaced his remarks by saying that many of the arguments adduced in the course of this debate had been arguments directed against the conduct of Her Majesty's Government and Ministers, rather than against the conduct of the right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means. He then went on to make the claim that he had answered all these criticisms last Thursday.
May I assure the right hon. Gentleman that, while he gave a very good imitation of a successful University Union debate last Thursday, he has not met the criticisms levelled against Her Majesty's Government and the Ministers thereof, and, by the same token, he did not seek to answer the main charges which were made by my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) in his opening remarks.
I think the keynote of this debate has been a feeling in all quarters of the House that we should try to the very greatest of our powers to maintain and preserve the great traditions of this House, and accordingly there is a responsibility on each and every one of us. While it is true to say that we are all equal in this House, that responsibility falls more heavily in certain quarters than in others. I think, for instance, it falls more heavily on the right hon. Gentleman himself and on the Chief Whip. It might fall on some of my hon. Friends, and I think we would all concede that a heavy responsibility falls on the Chair. Therefore, in so far as a greater responsibility may fall in certain quarters, we desiderate a higher standard of conduct in those quarters.
May I say—and I am sure I am echoing the views of many of my hon. and right hon. Friends—that it was no great pleasure for anyone on this side of the House to participate in the debate on this Motion calling into question the impartiality and competence of the Chairman of Ways and Means, for whom, I think, we all have a very high personal regard. It is essential, however, for the working of our Parliamentary system not only that
96
justice must be done, but that it must be seen to be done, and it is for that reason that, by his conduct in relation to the incidents referred to in the Motion, we feel that the Chairman of Ways and Means had departed, however unwittingly, from the high standards of conduct which Parliament demands and which the right hon. Gentleman had set for himself.
It was accordingly necessary for us to table a Motion in order to ventilate our grievance and seek to redress the position which had resulted both in seeming injustice, and, in our opinion, actual injustice. We accept the position that in tabling the Motion, the responsibility rests upon us to justify it. We willingly accept that responsibility, and it seemed to me that we were greatly assisted by the concession made by the Leader of the House in his closing remarks, in which he referred to this form of Closure—which is the real substance of our complaint—as the last extreme form of Closure, entirely to be deprecated except in extreme circumstances.
It is our submission that such extreme circumstances did not exist on the night in question. Accordingly, if those extreme circumstances did not exist, by his own confession the right hon. Gentleman admits that it was a form of Closure entirely to be deprecated, and the responsibility for that rests not only, although primarily, on the Patronage Secretary, who moved the Motion, but also on the Chairman, who accepted it, and who must also accept his meed of responsibility.
That, of course, is the main reason we have put forward this complaint. Furthermore, the bare recital of the facts by my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields, seems to me to be sufficient in itself to discharge the onus. Our complaint is based solely on these facts, and arises out of no personal animus against the Chairman of Ways and Means. In fact, the reverse is the case. No one who knows the history of this Parliament and who has followed the proceedings that led to your election to the Chair, Mr. Speaker, can have any doubt as to the esteem and affection in which hon. Members on this side of the House hold the Chairman of Ways and Means, and I would ask hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite who remember that incident to

97
realise in exactly what general esteem we hold the right hon. Gentleman.
For my own part, I can sincerely assure the House that there are few, if any, debates in which I personally would have less desire to intervene than this one. It was merely because I was very much involved in the circumstances which gave rise to the dispute that I find myself here.
In 1945, I opposed the right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means in the General Election. We then formed a very close friendship which has persisted and deepened ever since, and accordingly it gives me no personal satisfaction to have to intervene in this debate, but since I was involved in it, and since we think that we were the victims of an incident which is the subject of the first part of the Motion, it would not be in keeping with the traditions of the House if one were to shirk one's responsibilities merely out of a feeling of personal friendship for the person involved.
The gravamen of our complaint was the acceptance by the Chairman of Ways and Means in the Committee stage of the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill of the Motion "That the Question, 'That the Schedule stand part of the Bill,' be now put." It has been conceded on all hands that this is a most exceptional Motion to be moved, and it is even more exceptional, I submit, that it should be accepted. I would further submit that it is very surprising indeed that it should be accepted in the circumstances which preceded it.
The right hon. Gentleman was really on a very bad point when he produced an alleged precedent without giving us the full circumstances of that precedent, which proved that it was not a precedent at all, because it did not touch the question at issue, namely, the exclusion during Committee stage of certain Acts confined to the Schedule.
Mr. Crookshank: If the right hon. and learned Gentleman will allow me, I would point out that on that occasion only 26 out of 35 of the Acts had been disposed of.
Mr. Wheatley: Will the right hon. Gentleman tell the House whether there were any Amendments down to the remaining Acts in the Schedule, because, as the right hon. Gentleman knows, if there are no Amendments down to them,
98
those Acts cannot be discussed in the Committee stage. Accordingly, if there was no Amendment down, there could be no discussion. Therefore, if the right hon. Gentleman is going to be honest with the House—as I am sure he is anxious to be—will he tell the House whether any Amendments were down in relation to these succeeding Acts? Can we please have an answer?
Mr. Crookshank: I cannot charge my memory as to whether there were or not, but, of course, if that Motion was put there must have been some reason for it being put as distinct from the Motion, "That the Question be now put."
Mr. Bing: It may help my right hon. and learned Friend and the Leader of the House if they will recall that the only Act in Part II on this particular occasion was discussed early in the debate. It was, in fact, the Irish Labourers Act, 1882, and it was discussed during an earlier stage in conjunction with another Act.
Mr. Wheatley: I think enough has been said to indicate quite clearly that the arguments adduced by the right hon. Gentleman had no substance, no relevance and no bearing on the point. Accordingly, we came to consider a situation where it was contrary to all precedent—and even if there had been a precedent, it is rather strange that the right hon. Gentleman had to go back 50 years to find one, and then only to find it to be a false one—to apply the Closure to this particular Bill for the simple reason that, by virtue of our procedure, it is really the only occasion when there can be proper and adequate consideration of these Acts; where, in point of fact, we are legislating for another year in respect of each of the items in the Schedule and where the House of Commons in Committee consider whether legislation in respect of various matters should be carried on for another year.
In many ways, one could say that in accepting this Motion the right hon. Gentleman the Chairman of Ways and Means had made a mistake, and, of course, if it were a mistake in isolation, I do not think that this House would be anxious in any way to condemn it. But in our submission, it was worse than that, because there was a continuous course of conduct, running right through that night, resulting in Closures being put, in our

99
submission, most unfairly and accepted most improperly, and repeated the following day in another form.
We felt that it was not just an isolated mistake which could be overlooked and excused, but an unfortunate course of conduct over a period of time which justified our putting down this Motion. What is the gravamen of our complaint in respect of the first night? It is that we had been led to believe that we would be allowed a full discussion on each of those Acts when we came to the Committee stage. As my hon. Friend the Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Carmichael) pointed out, the point had been raised on Second Reading, when you, Mr. Speaker, gave a series of Rulings, only one or two of which I intend to quote. You said:
"It is a Ruling that has lasted for over 50 years that the inclusion or exclusion in or from a Schedule of the Bill of any Act cannot be discussed on Second Reading."
Therefore, there cannot be any discussion on these Acts at that stage. Later, you said:
"I agree entirely with the hon. Member, and that is the point of order that I have been trying to instil into the House. It is not proper to take up the time of the House on Second Reading with criticisms of the various Acts when machinery exists ready for proper discussion in Committee."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 18th November, 1952; Vol. 507. c. 1759, 1764.]
Therefore, there was a fair indication from the Chair that opportunity would be given for proper discussion in the Committee stage.
My right hon. Friend has recited the events of the evening, and I do not intend to repeat them. All I intend to say is that during the night we were again misled. It cannot be argued that there was any filibustering in respect of the arguments. Each of the Acts under discussion was seriously considered. As my right hon. Friend pointed out, two important statements were made by Ministers of Her Majesty's Government, and if one examines the time-table, one sees that only a reasonable amount of time was taken up on the discussion of the first five Acts and that there was no question of the Closure being moved. Then followed an Amendment in connection with the Public Works Loans Act, and again a full discussion without the Closure being moved.
100
But then we were let into the rather grim secret of what was going on. It was at that point that the Patronage Secretary made up his mind that he was going to move the Closure there and then on everything in order to prevent discussion on any of the further Acts, but, seemingly by an act of great grace, he decided to allow some more discussion. My hon. Friend the Member for Cardiff. South-East (Mr. Callaghan) had moved to report Progress for the simple reason that we had had a very full, fair and profitable discussion on the previous Amendments, that the time was now midnight and that we should all go home and resume our considerations at a more congenial and favourable time.
That Motion was rejected by the right hon. Gentleman the Leader of the House in terms which again led us to believe that we would have ample opportunity for discussing the subsequent Acts in the Schedule, and, in particular, the three Scottish Acts which immediately followed. The right hon. Gentleman assumed—on what grounds I know not—that the Scottish Acts would not take a very long time to discuss, that some trivial points would be raised and that then we should pass from them.
How little he knows the context of the Acts and how little he knows Scottish Members. But, in any event, he encouraged us to go on, and anyone who cares to read the report of that evening's proceedings will see that we were encouraged to go on. We then turned to the next Act, but within 47 minutes the Closure was moved and accepted. One of the unfortunate features of that—and I say this with respect to two of my hon. Friends who spoke on the matter—was that we were discussing an Act which had been passed by our own Government. Two of our back benchers who were critical of the Act had spoken. There were two hon. Members who had been junior Ministers in our Government on their feet when the Closure was moved and it was their intention to put a rather different point of view with regard to that particular Act.
Nevertheless, the Patronage Secretary moved the Closure and it was very unfortunate, as has been pointed out already, that the Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in intervening used words which, however unwittingly, led the Committee to believe that he was merely inter-

101
vening and that the debate would continue. We now know from the admission of the Patronage Secretary in his maiden speech last Thursday— [Interruption.] I beg his pardon, I did not realise that. There has been a series of speeches from him which have been characterised by tedious repetition.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. P. G. T. Buchan-Hepburn): It is not usual for a Chief Whip to be challenged all the time. As a matter of fact I quite enjoyed it. I could enjoy it even more if a debate were arranged between myself and the right hon. Gentleman the Opposition Chief Whip.
Mr. Wheatley: That was a welcome change from the tedious and repetitive speeches which we are accustomed to hear from the right hon. Gentleman when he gets up to move the Closure.
Mr. Buchan-Hepburn: The right hon. and learned Gentleman will hear them again.
Mr. Wheatley: The right hon. Gentleman says that we shall hear them again. We are making an appeal for better leadership in this House in order that business can be effected in a manner consistent with Parliamentary tradition, and as soon as the Chief Whip is inveigled into an argument, all we can extract from him is that we shall hear these things again. The right hon. Gentleman will not find us unreceptive to proper and decent treatment, but we will not be bullied and will not be bull-dozed.
Be that as it may, the Closure was moved, accepted and carried. We then had the second Scottish Act discussed, and again the Closure was moved and accepted by the Chairman of Ways and Means— a really offensive Closure in face of all the undertakings which had been given. I am not suggesting that any undertaking was given by you, Mr. Speaker, when you were referring to procedure, but I do not think that anybody would have interpreted this matter otherwise, consistent with the rules of the House. The Chief Whip and the Leader of the House sought to interpret it otherwise. In view of what was said when the Motion to report Progress was moved, we were entitled to expect full discussion, but by this method discussion of three very important Measures was excluded in the Committee stage.
102
According to you, Mr. Speaker, we had a proper time for a proper discussion. The procedure adopted was against all the traditions of the House, and while primarily the responsibility rests with the Government Ministers who were responsible for moving the Motion, we feel that, against that background and in those circumstances, the Chairman of Ways and Means cannot escape criticism for accepting that Motion.
There is a great deal of misconception on this matter. The right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) seemed to think that since acceptance or rejection of this Motion is a matter of discretion, there can never be criticism of the discretion exercised. That is a strange proposition to put forward. We are not in any way suggesting that the discretion can be exercised, or was exercised, in bad faith. We are suggesting that the discretion may be exercised in circumstances where justice is not done, and that if it is done not once but on a series of occasions one is entitled to draw attention to that fact, because if repeated it might undermine the whole confidence of hon. Members in the Chair.
The right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery had the thing entirely wrong, because I think that he was dealing with the wrong part of Standing Order 29. He did not draw attention properly to the effect of an important part of Standing Order 29, because the whole thing is conditional upon its appearing to the Chair that the Motion for the Closure is not an abuse of the rules of the House or an infringement of the rights of the minority. [HON. MEMBERS:
"He said that."] Of course, the right hon. and learned Gentleman said that, but he took it out of its context.
Mr. C. Davies indicated dissent.
Mr. Wheatley: It is within the recollection of the House. The right hon. and learned Gentleman purposely omitted that part of the Standing Order. He said that he was doing it; but at the end he came in with it. The point is that he put the emphasis in the wrong place, with respect, because he rather looked upon this as incidental to the invocation of the Order, whereas it is a condition precedent to the invocation of the Order. That being so, he com-

103
pletely distorted the whole of his argument. Without impeaching the bona fides of the Chair, we say that these consistent errors of judgment in the exercise of discretion led to partiality being exercised on that occasion and to a denial of the rights of the minority who were in the House.
I turn now to the incident of the following day. All I want to say in connection with that day is that again, standing in isolation, it might not have formed the subject matter of a Motion of the nature of the one now before the House; but it seemed to us to be a continuation of that lack of consideration for the right of the minority which had been so manifest on the previous evening.
The right hon. Gentleman the Prime Minister was scarcely convincing when he tried to explain away the action by which he apparently put down the Chairman of Ways and Means. First of all, the right hon. Gentleman had no recollection of waving his hand at all. Then he remembered that he had waved his hand and, I think, it was said that he had waved it in his usual manner. But the right hon. Gentleman ought to remember that the usual manner of the Prime Minister is to wave his hand in an upward direction and not in a downward direction. On this occasion he waved it in a downward direction. It may have been just one of those strange coincidences that with that downward sweeping gesture of the Prime Minister the Chairman of Ways and Means resumed his seat. He appeared to us as if he was accepting directions and instructions from the Prime Minister.
It is no use saying, "Let us look at what HANSARD says." If we do that, we shall see that my right hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) was allowed to make his point of order. But that is not the point of our complaint. Of course he was allowed to make it, and perhaps it is just as well that he was allowed to make it eventually, because otherwise a grave injustice might have ensued.
At that point the Chairman of Ways and Means had instructed my hon. Friend the Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Ross) to withdraw his remark or withdraw from the Chamber. My hon. Friend
104
refused to withdraw and, as events turned out, he properly refused, because the word which he had used was not an un-Parliamentary expression and he was entitled to stand on his rights. The Chairman of Ways and Means, by his own confession, turned out to have been wrong, and yet he was about to impose a wrong decision and my right hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South rightly came to the aid of my hon. Friend.
Be that as it may, that is not the burden of our complaint. The burden of our complaint is that the Prime Minister, who was walking out of the Chamber, returned, and, without sitting down and subsequently rising, raised a point of order and achieved the point, in our opinion, by waving down the Chairman of Ways and Means. Yet when my right hon. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South tried to raise a point of order—and he did it in more decorous circumstances because he did at least rise from his seat—the Chairman of Ways and Means refused to hear him on the point. It seemed to us that discrimination was being shown in that, whilst the Chairman of Ways and Means was prepared to take signalled advice from the Prime Minister, he refused to give similar consideration to my right hon. Friend who, for the time being, was the counterpart of the Prime Minister on this side of the House.
We feel that that continuous course of conduct was sufficient to indicate to us that something had to be done in order to voice our dissatisfaction. We felt that the whole course of conduct could not be excused as a momentary lapse. We were afraid that if this type of conduct were repeated, it would destroy the confidence in the Chair without which Parliament as we know it would not work.
We have ventilated our grievance. I think—and my right hon. and hon. Friends believe—that we have justified our grievance. Now that we have done so—I trust, putting forward our case with proper decorum—we do not propose to carry it further today, and the Motion in due course will be withdrawn. But Parliament is jealous of its rights. It is, I think, equally generous in its ability to forgive and forget. I trust that, now we have stated our complaint, we can resume

105
our normal friendly and felicitous relationship, in the hope that the circumstances which gave rise to these unfortunate proceedings will not be repeated.
6.51 p.m.
Mr. Ede: When 18 months ago a similar Motion was moved—[An HON. MEMBER: "By leave of the House."] No, I was the mover of the original Motion—I appealed to the right hon. Gentleman who is now the Leader of the House to withdraw the Motion. He insisted on the Motion being negatived without a Division so that, I think, the House was left in the worst of all possible positions as a result. We have had a discussion. I trust that we have expressed our views on this side of the House with moderation and clarity, and I beg to ask the leave of the House, on the lines indicated by my right hon. and learned Friend, to withdraw the Motion.
Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

ORDERS OF THE DAY

  EDUCATION (MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) BILL
  Order for Second Reading read.
  6.52 p.m.
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education (Mr. Kenneth Pickthorn): I beg to move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
  I hope that the provisions of this Bill. which it is now my duty to offer to the House, are all within the framework of the 1944 Act and resemble the amending Measures of 1946 and 1948 in seeking adjustments which experience has shown to be necessary, rather than in assuming some new principle or promoting some new system. We hope and believe that the resemblance goes further, and that with this Bill as with its predecessors there is very wide agreement and no party quarrel.
  My right hon. Friend has no desire at all to claim that everyone consulted has been in every respect wholeheartedly delighted; and, above all, my right hon. Friend has no desire to diminish by a jot this House's right to discuss and decide. But certainly my right hon. Friend has taken great pains to consider in good time the various proposals here embodied in consultation with those best qualified to speak for the local education authorities, for the teachers and for the denominations. Incidentally, perhaps I may be forgiven for interpolating that I do not like the word "denominations" any more than most people do, but I think it shortens our discussions if we use it in a technical sense.
  No doubt the Bill is still susceptible of improvement. I think we can safely say that it has the general approbation of the responsible bodies on which our educational arrangements rely. For nearly 10 years now we have had in this series of Bills a high factor of identity of intention and of general admission of that identity. We hope it is not presumptuous to look forward to a continuance of that advantage. There is no great general principle here which I may begin by expounding, but I will endeavour to indicate, perhaps a little more clearly than the actual words of the Bill, the purposes of the three groups of Clauses into which it may be divided.

  107
  The specific purposes of this Bill fall into three categories, in connection with grants for voluntary schools, with suggestions made by the Local Government Manpower Committee, and thirdly with the simplifying of administration and the clarification of some intentions of the principal Act. Clauses 1, 2, 3 and 9 are designed to help the voluntary schools. Clauses based mainly on the Local Government Manpower Committee, which hon. Members may remember was appointed by Sir Stafford Cripps, are Clauses 4, 7 and 13, and with them may be grouped the amendment proposed by the First Schedule to Sections 13 and 40 of the principal Act. In the third of my categories, simplifying and clarifying, are Clauses 5, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12.
  The purpose of Clause 1 is to help denominational bodies to provide new voluntary schools in new towns and housing estates. To understand the Clause, hon. Members who are fully familiar with the existing position will forgive me if I try to indicate my understanding of it. As the law stands, if a voluntary school—aided or special agreement—has been transferred to a new site, the promoters may receive grant of not more than 50 per cent. of their expenses; or if the school on the new site has been built in substitution for an old one which has been closed, it may be eligible for 50 per cent. grant so far as the new school is taking the place of the old one. In so far as the new school is doing what the old one did, half the cost of that may be grant-aided. In these two cases the grant is conditional on the older school replaced by transfer or substitution having been closed and no longer used as a school.
  There is a third way in which a voluntary body may seek grant for a new voluntary school project—this time without any existing school premises having to go out of use. They may apply under Section 104 of the 1944 Act for an order certifying that the projected school is to provide for a substantial number of displaced pupils, and so far as the new school does so provide, 50 per cent. grant is authorised. I am sorry to be so technical, and I am afraid, dreary, but I think one cannot approach the Bill without being so.
  Mr. Ede: So long as the hon. Gentleman is accurate.
  Mr. Pickthorn: So far I am accurate, and I hope that I shall keep up the standards of accuracy which the right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) may aim at.
  The House will remember what for this purpose displaced pupils are. Section 104 defines them as
  "pupils for whom education would, in the opinion of the Minister, have been provided in some other aided school or special agreement school."
  but who have been displaced in one of two ways—either because the school has, been re-organised and ceases to supply both primary and secondary education, or alternatively because the number of pupils for whom education can be provided in that school is being substantially reduced. In seeking grant for displaced pupils, the promoters of a new school—on a housing estate, for example —need not point to an old school building which has been closed, as they must for transfer or substitution. But what they do need to do is to show that an existing aided or special agreement school or schools has or have been reorganised in the technical sense, or substantially reduced in numbers.
  Unfortunately these grant conditions which I have indicated have proved inadequate in present circumstances. When a new town or a new housing estate is being developed the incoming population is often composed of groups which, taken singly, are small, from a large number of older areas of population. The reduction is the denominational population in any one of those older areas is therefore often not well marked enough to warrant the closing of an existing voluntary school, and it is often imposible even to ascertain that there has been a substantial reduction in numbers in that school.
  The result is that a large number of parents whose children would have been able to attend or go on attending a voluntary aided school if they had remained in the old area of population are unable to secure this education for their children when they have been moved in consequence of a housing or planning development, unless they can do so without aid from public funds. This is the

  109
  limitation with which we are trying to deal. It is not believed to be within the spirit of the 1944 Act.
  By the rectification which we now propose in Clause 1, pupils who have moved with their families from the voluntary aided schools they were attending—or would in my right hon. Friend's opinion have attended—will be eligible to be treated as displaced if, in the area to which they have moved, they form, either by themselves or together with other children similarly moved, a substantial number.
  Mr. David Logan (Liverpool, Scotland Division): What would the hon. Member call "substantial"?
  Mr. Pickthorn: That is one of those questions which are frequently put and which cannot easily be answered. When I sat on the other side of the House, I always quarrelled with the draftsmen's use of the word "substantial." But it has the use which has been accorded to it over the years. I do not think that it is a point which should be raised on Second Reading. If I had to stop to explain the meaning of every word I used, it would take a very long time.
  A pupil who actually attended an aided school in the area from which he is now being moved will, under this Clause, count as displaced, and so would a pupil who, being under school age, though he did not actually attend a school near the old address, would have gone there on reaching school age. In the area emigrated from there must be an existing aided or special agreement school to which the child was going or would have gone at the appropriate age.
  The second condition is that the family's move from the older area was not merely casual but was related to housing developments in connection with town and country planning. Grants under this Clause will not be limited to schools the building of which is to start after the statute. The crucial question is whether the school has been established and is being maintained by the local authority. Provided that this stage has not been passed and that the amended statutory conditions are satisfied, grant could be paid.
  Thus, under the amended definition of displaced pupils, grant could be paid in respect of a school which is in process of
  110
  being built at the time when the Bill becomes law. I would add that with this sort of Bill—a Miscellaneous Provisions Bill—it is almost impossible to make a Second Reading speech which is not a long series of Committee points. That being so, although I am perfectly willing to give way to hon. Members, it cannot be supposed that I can answer every Committee point which is raised.
  Mr. Percy Collick: Can the hon. Gentleman tell me to what extent it is intended to make Clause 1 retrospective in its effect? Schools have already been built in my own area and unless there is some part of this Bill which is made retrospective, it is obvious that injustice may be done.
  Mr. Pickthorn: In general, all questions will be answered, as far as time allows, by my right hon. Friend. In particular, I have just answered the hon. Gentleman's question. I do not think that in any technical sense there is any retrospection about the Clause as it stands, but the benefit of the Clause is not limited to projects which are conceived after the Royal Assent. There may be schools which are already projected or in course of building which will get the benefit of the Clause. If I may repeat the words from my notes, the crucial question is whether the school has been established and is being maintained.
  Mr. Harold Wilson: I should like to raise a point which I did not quite catch in the hon. Gentleman's explanation. It is a point of some substance and I hope that he will not think it is a Committee point. He referred first to the child who is actually moved and who was living in the down-town area. He then referred to the child moved from the area when it was under school age and who then reaches school age. Will he say whether this Clause also covers the case— which is very common in many constituencies—of a family who moved in 1947, for example, where the older children have attended the old school and a child is born in 1949 in the new housing estate area and goes to school in 1954? Would the hon. Gentleman refer to that? It is of some importance.
  Mr. Pickthorn: I cannot give authoritative rulings on rather complicated and hypothetical questions. On the face of it, I should say that a child born in Pimlico

  111
  cannot, so long as it continues to reside in Pimlico, be called a displaced child— at least not without the risk of a quarrel with its mother.
  Hon. Members will have noticed that Clause 1 is concerned exclusively with the establishment of new voluntary aided schools; Clauses 2 and 3 are concerned with voluntary controlled schools. Since the effect of both these Clauses is to extend by many years the powers already exercisable on Ministerial directions, under Section 1 of the 1946 Act, I shall take them together.
  Mr. R. J. Mellish: I hope that the hon. Gentleman will not get too upset if we continue to ask questions. Before he leaves Clause 1, as he probably knows, there are about eight Catholic schools which have been built since 1944 and which it is believed, under this Bill in its present form, will not get any grant. We want to know whether it is the intention of the Government to include schools that have been built since 1944 in those covered by this Bill. Can we have a straight "yes" or "no"?
  Mr. Pickthorn: The hon. Member cannot have a straight "yes" or "no" because I cannot remember the exact form of the question. I have explained as simply as I can what is meant by "retrospection." I am quite prepared to repeat what I have said and my right hon. Friend will also deal with the point. I am not a lawyer, but as I understand it, there is no retrospection in this Clause.
  Mr. Barnett Janner: The hon. Gentleman said there was.
  Mr. Pickthorn: The benefit of the Clause is, however, claimable in respect of schools which, although already projected or carried to a further stage, are not yet established and maintained. [An HON. MEMBER: "It would need a lawyer to understand that."] I do not think one could explain it very much more simply when one had got one's lawyer. Section 1 of the 1946 Act—
  Mr. Collick: I am sorry to interrupt again, but the hon. Gentleman has not made this at all clear. I am quite confused as to what he means.
  Mr. Pickthorn: Section 1 of the 1946 Act enables the local education authority,
  112
  with the agreement of the managers or governors, and on Ministerial approval, to meet the cost of enlarging a controlled school where the enlargement is needed wholly or mainly to accommodate pupils from some other voluntary school or schools which are to be closed. What that Section of the 1946 Act does not do is to enable the local education authority to provide a new controlled school to take the place of one or more existing controlled schools. Yet there are many cases where the provision of a new controlled school on a convenient site would be wiser than the enlargement of an existing one.
  Clause 2 of the Bill is to make possible the provision of a new controlled school in replacement of an existing school or schools. The proposals must, of course, have the agreement of both the authority and the promoters. The Clause is subject to the same general limitation as Section 1 of the 1946 Act, that is to say, that the new school must be wholly or mainly required for the accommodation of pupils from some other voluntary school which is to be closed. The local education authority cannot provide a new controlled school if most of the pupils come from county schools.
  Clause 3 widens the Minister's power to authorise local education authorities under Section 1 of the 1946 Act, by extending the conditions on which they may enlarge an existing controlled school. One of the restrictions imposed by the 1946 Act is that some other voluntary school must have been discontinued or re-organised; but there will be cases where, irrespective of that consideration, some enlargement of a controlled secondary school is justified on both economic and educational grounds.
  For example, the only grammar school available in an area may be a long established two-stream school. I apologise for the vocabulary, but it is the quickest way of giving the illustration. If a further grammar stream is required, it might be best to enlarge the existing two-stream school rather than to provide a new one-stream school. The Clause is to give authorities power to deal with this sort of special case. Hon. Members will have noticed that this new power is confined to secondary schools, if they have looked at the end of the Clause.
  Mr. Somerville Hastings: Will the Parliamentary Secretary tell us what a two-stream school is?
  Mr. Pickthorn: One where there are two streams of children—enough to fill two forms at each level.
  Clause 9 is linked with Clauses 2 and 3, so I will deal with it next. It is to amend Sections 103, 104 and 105 of the 1944 Act relating to payments of grants and loans in respect of new voluntary schools. Sections 103 and 104 authorise the Minister to pay grants on the building of new voluntary schools in cases in which the old school is to be transferred to a new site, or in which a new school is to be built in substitution for an old one that is being closed, or in which the new school is to be built for displaced pupils.
  As the law stands at present—this was the effect though I think not the intention of the 1944 Act—under Sections 103 and 104 grant can be paid only if the new school buildings are literally constructed —that is, one brick put on top of another and so on. It cannot he paid, for example, on the purchase of an existing building to be adapted as a new school— only when there is actual construction. I do not think that was the intention, and so far as I can see there is nothing in natural justice which imposes this distinction. It is not economic, and subsection (1) of the Clause tries to put that matter right.
  Mr. M. Turner-Samuels: Will the hon. Gentleman elucidate what he will agree is a very important point. Clause 9 (1) gives the Minister power to make grants and loans. Will he see that that is applied retrospectively. I think the reading of the Clause probably—
  Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Mr. Hopkin Morris): It would be more convenient for the House if hon. Members reserved their points until they came to make their own speeches, unless they have specific questions to ask.
  Mr. Turner-Samuels: With great respect, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, I am seeking an explanation and clarification.
  Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That should be done briefly.
  Mr. Turner-Samuels: Will the Minister allow me?
  Mr. Pickthorn rose—
  Mr. Deputy-Speaker: The Parliamentary Secretary gave way for a short question to be put, I understood. Perhaps the hon. and learned Member will put his question shortly.
  Mr. Turner-Samuels: I will give the Parliamentary Secretary an example. Will this apply to Catholic schools acquired in the past? It is important to know that that position is clear.
  Mr. Pickthorn: There is an element of retrospection in Clause 9. If I do not, in the course of my remarks, sufficiently explain it, questions can be addressed to my right hon. Friend or can be taken up during the Committee stage.
  Mr. Turner-Samuels: On a point of order. When the Parliamentary Secretary began to speak, he said most explicitly that it was necessary for him to deal with this Bill in a sort of Committee way and that, therefore, any hon. Member who had a question to ask could put it and he would try to answer it.
  Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That is not a point of order for me. How the Minister makes his speech has nothing to do with me.
  Mr. Pickthorn: There is a small element of retrospection in this Clause. It does not cover very much. If reckoned in terms of money, it can be expressed as about £50,000.
  Subsection (2) of the Clause deals with Section 105 of the Act, which enables the Minister to make loans subsection I was about grants—in respect of initial work at voluntary schools. In part, the amendment consists first of making it possible for loans as well as grants to be paid for the purchase and adaptation of existing buildings instead of their being confined as hitherto to new construction.
  It also removes an anomaly which has caused some hardship to managers. At present they can apply for loans to help to pay for some alteration in the buildings only when it is required by the development plan for the area as already approved by the Minister. In practice these development plans have taken much longer to work out than almost anyone

  115
  thought likely in 1944. It does not seem fair that managers should suffer from that. Therefore the subsection is to make possible loans on permanent alterations approved by the Minister even though the Minister may not have had a chance of approving the development plan as a whole. Clause 9 is so drafted, as I have already indicated in answer to an interruption, to enable the Minister to deal with cases that have already occurred before the passing of the Bill.
  The second group of Clauses, Clauses 4, 7 and 13, are related to the Report of the Education Sub-Committee of the Local Government Manpower Committee issued in August, 1951. This Report contains a number of recommendations aimed at shortening the administrative procedure and saving time, manpower, money, and so on. Some are controversial, but we thought it obviously right to adopt here any which were comparatively simple and might be thought to be generally acceptable. That is what we are trying to do in Clauses 4, 7 and 13.
  Clause 4 is to simplify the procedure about school attendance orders. Under the existing law, if a parent does not ensure that the child is receiving sufficient and suitable education, the local education authority must serve an attendance order. After that, it is for the parent to select the school which he wants his child to attend.
  Mr. Logan: I take it that the hon. Gentleman will be willing to withdraw Clause 4 altogether?
  Mr. Pickthorn: I do not think that that would be a fair assumption, but we are prepared to hear discussion about Clause 4 and to consider methods of improving it in one way or another.
  Mr. Logan: The hon. Gentleman has had a lot of discussion.
  Mr. James MacColl: Does this apply to residential schools as well as to day schools? Does it empower a local education authority to enter a residential school into the order?
  Mr. Pickthorn: I am afraid I have not followed the point. I will leave it to the winding-up speech. This procedure may lead to considerable delay—
  Mr. MacColl: May I assist by making the point a little more clearly? This
  116
  Clause deals with the placing by a local education committee of a school suitable for the aptitude of the child into an attendance order. Can that power be used to put into the order a residential school, and thus to send the child away from the mother's care?
  Mr. Pickthorn: A residential special school, for instance, I think would be covered by this Clause. This procedure may lead to considerable delay. For instance, a parent may choose to send the child to a school which cannot receive him because it is full. Under the new Clause the authority would name the school the child should attend. My right hon. Friend is confident that the authorities will give proper weight to parental wishes, but in order to safeguard the parent's rights the Clause provides the right of appeal to the Minister within 14 days of receipt of the order; and to make plain that this right of appeal exists, the purpose of subsection (5), to which it is related, is to be clear on the face of the order itself.
  Mr. Mellish: Not good enough.
  Mr. Pickthorn: By this means we hope to cut out delays and interruptions in the child's schooling, and at the same time to preserve the essential rights of the parents.
  Mr. Mellish: Not good enough.
  Mr. Pickthorn: While dealing with school attendance, I think it would be convenient if hon. Members would look at the amendment to Section 40 of the 1944 Act included in the First Schedule. This amendment is to give local education committees more appropriate powers for dealing with persistently truant children. The step between such truancy and delinquency is a short one, and it is necessary to give the authorities effective powers to deal with the first of these evils.
  At present the only course open to the local education committees, when a child is reported as a persistent truant, is to bring it before a magistrates' court, and the court, if it thinks fit, may refer the child to the juvenile court. In many cases the proceedings are an ineffective spending of time. The Clause, therefore, is to enable local education committees to take the child directly before the juvenile court, without having to seek a direction from a magistrates' court.

  117
  I am now about to come again to the relation between this and the point of the hon. Member for Widnes (Mr. MacColl). I apologise to him that I have not, as I meant to do, had the time to look up HANSARD properly. He will correct me if I am wrong, but I think I am right in saying that an Amendment with this object was proposed by him in Committee upstairs on the Children and Young Persons Bill this April; it was then negatived; and an Amendment was moved on the Report stage, which was then withdrawn, I think by an hon. Friend of the hon. Member rather than by him—I think, like me, on that occasion he was compulsorily elsewhere; it was then withdrawn upon a Ministerial undertaking that suitable provision would be inserted in this Bill; and I hope that the hon. Gentleman the Member for Widnes thinks that the undertaking is borne out. I think there is no question but that the purpose of the Amendment is generally approved, though there may be some question about it.
  Clause 7 is the second designed to meet one of the recommendations of the Local Government Manpower Committee. The purpose is to regularise the existing practice where an authority takes up places in a direct grant grammar school or, less frequently, in independent schools. The Clause in various ways provides for education provided at non-maintained schools. It makes provision in the case where a school is put at the disposal of a local education authority to provide for a pupil from a non-maintained special school, and other purposes of that kind.
  Where accommodation in one of these schools is being used, there is provision by way of providing for the pupil, and the local education authority can pay the whole of the fees. The statutory authority for doing so at present is obscure. Under Section 81 of the principal Act, assistance may be given to the parents, but even under that Section it is not given the parents by right, and it must be related to means. That is under Section 81. Outside Section 81, up to now, the payment by the authority of tuition fees in the circumstances I have indicated has been regarded as assistance to the school under Section 9 of the Act. This is really a clumsy device, and the new Clause, it is hoped, will put the practice on a satisfactory basis.
  118
  Clause 13 is related, fortunately for everybody's memory, to Section 13 of the 1944 Act. Any proposal under that Section for the maintenance or discontinuance of a school can be approved by the Minister only when three months have elapsed from the publication of the notice. The purpose of this interval is to give reasonable opportunity for objection, because a balance is needed between the rights of those who live in the neighbourhood and the avoidance of delay in building the school. My right hon. Friend is inclined to think that the present period for objection, three months, which was carried over into the 1944 Act from earlier practice, is unnecessarily long. The Local Government Manpower Committee recommended that the period should be reduced to one month. Now, my right hon. Friend, with great ingenuity and, I think, with precise arithmetic, added three to one and divided by two, and found the average was two. The provision of the Clause is, therefore, that there should be a two months' notice instead of three.
  I come to the last of these sets of Clauses, mainly clarificatory, and the House, I hope, will not think this need detain us long. Clause 5 is to make abundantly clear what, I think, was undeniably always the intention, that it is the duty of local education authorities to provide a comprehensive system of free dental treatment by full-time or part time dentists in their employ. Clause 6 is included at the request of the Secretary of State for Scotland for a similar purpose.
  I come to Clause 8. Perhaps, I may be forgiven for one personal word of reminiscence. For more than 30 years I have spent a very large proportion of my time struggling, sweating against the difficulties arising when young persons move from one educational area into another, and I have struggled and sweated for some system of reciprocal treaties to avoid the absurd results that arise. I well remember the case in the old days of a child who, because of the exigencies of his parents, moved from a Bradford school into the East Riding and his university scholarship was held up. A great many hon. Members are familiar with this; it is a most time-wasting, maddening affair.
  Clause 8 is an attempt to extend, with certain modifications, the improvements that have been made in this connection

  119
  with regard to primary and secondary education, to further education. The principle applied by Section 6 of the 1948 Education Act enables one L.E.A. to seek from another recoupment of the cost of providing for a child belonging to that other authority. I should not say "child" really, but "pupil," because they will mostly be people of well over school age.
  Broadly speaking, the Clause has two purposes. First, where a student from one area attends, with the authority's consent, an establishment of further education in a second area, the Clause will enable the second authority to recover part or all of the cost from the first authority. Secondly, where a student cannot be regarded as only the particular responsibility of any one area—somebody perhaps born at sea, or in the Colonies, or what-not, with no domicile in any special place here, with parents serving overseas perhaps—the cost of this sort of education would be pooled among all the L.E.A.s.
  Clause 10 has been included to clear up a discrepancy between the intentions of two Sections in the principal Act. If hon. Members will look at Section 9 (2) and Section 85 (3) of the 1944 Education Act—I do not mean at this minute, but at some time—it will be found that they do not really quite fit each other in the way they affect the position of endowed schools for which in the past L.E.A.s have been appointed trustees. The Clause is to remove that discrepancy.
  Clause 11 enables the Minister to modify the trust on which a voluntary school is held. That is plainly a good thing. Plainly, financially or in any other way, it is desirable that these schools should be held on purely educational trust, and at present in many cases the trustees are legally precluded from having the trusts varied in the way desired. The purpose of this Clause is to enable the Minister, on application from the trustees —so it does not interfere with them—to have a trust modified from being generally charitable, or whatever it may be, to become specifically educational.
  Clause 12 is, I think, the last on which the House would desire some explanation in an opening speech. It removes the obligation at present imposed by Section 87 (2) of the principal Act upon universities and L.E.A.s to record at the
  120
  Ministry assurances of land and of personal estate converted to land. This provision of the statute has not been found to serve any useful purpose at all, and it is thought that it is, though small, an obvious economy.
  Clauses 14 to 17 are plain and, in the main, formal. I think I have dealt with the First Schedule amendment to Section 40 of the principal Act. The other amendments are all, I think I can fairly say, of an extremely minor nature.
  As hon. Members will have seen, the Bill is not, in a sense, a whole; it is not all a piece, one great design from which its promoters might promise immense benefits to the country and great glory to themselves. But I hope the House has been convinced that the three groups of Clauses into which it may be classified are all useful, even if some might be made more useful yet, all well calculated, and, at any rate, what Ministers can perhaps seldom say of a Bill, all inoffensive.
  Mr. Logan: Before the hon. Gentleman sits down, could he tell me whether his definition of "displaced pupils" for the purpose of Section 104 of the principal Act means that at any period—not using the term retrospectively—a Ministerial grant would be given? Clause 1 appears to me to carry that meaning.
  Mr. Pickthorn: The decisive question one has to ask oneself is this: Is the school established and already being maintained? If it is established and already being maintained, it cannot, as I read this, and as the intention is, claim the benefits of the Clause.
  Mr. Logan: Why not?
  Mr. Pickthorn: Because that is the way the thing is drawn. If not, it can. That is where the line is drawn. I have tried to put it simply and, I hope, clearly.
  7.36 p.m.
  Mr. Ede: I thought I understood this Bill until I heard the Parliamentary Secretary's explanation. I am bound to say that I have never known a Bill presented to the House with less conviction and less knowledge than this one has been, and I am very sorry that that should be so because, in the main, I desire to support the Bill.
  I am bound to say also that I do not think the Parliamentary Secretary gave

  121
  us an accurate account of the meaning of Clause 1. I think I can say that with some conviction, being the parent of Clause 1, because in the absence through illness of my right hon. Friend the late George Tomlinson I met the representatives of one of the churches concerned and agreed with them on what was necessary to meet their immediate needs. When I read Clause 1 I thought that the draftsmen had put those conclusions into legal form; and as I read them, in spite of the hon. Gentleman's explanation, I still believe that to be so. However, in view of the line he took, I think it may be as well to have some more detailed explanation when the right hon. Lady replies later on.
  Do let us try to keep out of our heads the idea that the school and the building are the same thing. That is the first difficult thing to understand. A school may be a collection of human beings. It may, in our language, also be a building. I want first of all to deal with the human community of pupils in the school.
  Unfortunately, the 1944 Act, against the advice of some of us who were engaged in the negotiations, laid great stress on the word "substantial," because some people had the idea that when it came to the regrouping of populations after the war a whole community would be picked up from one place and moved bodily to another so that in the new place they would have the same old faces as before. I, for one, never believed that English people would put up with that kind of regrouping. I believed that new towns, new housing estates, would be of very mixed origins, as the old ones had been.
  Therefore, I always wanted each child to have a coupon—in the language of those days—and when we had our new area we would find how many children had a Roman Catholic, or a Church of England or a Jewish coupon, and then that group of children, if they formed a substantial part of the whole community, would entitle that school to rank for the benefits of the later Clauses of the Act.
  The Parliamentary Secretary said, "These pupils must come in substantial groups,"—
  The Minister of Education (Miss Florence Horsbrugh): No.
  Mr. Ede: I took it down when he said it, and I consulted someone whom I regard as being capable of giving me advice. I understood—and this is very important—that the principle I have enunciated is the way in which the new school community is to be analysed for the purpose of ranking for grant aid. That is to say, that if only one child comes from a denominational school to another school in which there is a substantial number of children, taking them altogether, built up possibly of single units, that school will rank, and that individual child will rank—
  Miss Horsbrugh: I saw the speech which my hon. Friend wrote and I have looked at it again. If the right hon. Gentleman will look at it, I think he will find that they will come in small numbers. First; shall I say, they will come in small packets and, together, they may make a child packet—that is where the "substantial" comes in—when they reach the area? The right hon. Gentleman is quite right. My hon. Friend said, "When small parties come in," and I think that if the right hon. Gentleman will look in HANSARD tomorrow he will see that. They become a substantial collection of the small groups. In order that the school may be built, there must be a substantial number.
  Mr. Ede: I am glad that the right hon. Lady has intervened. It is true that the Parliamentary Secretary made a remark, which alarmed me, in response to a question by one of my hon. Friends and not from the speech which he had prepared beforehand, and which he had, no doubt, committed to memory.
  Now I come to another group of children. These are the children who are born into a family of one of the selected faiths after they have got into the new area. In the main young families move out. Four or five boys and girls in a family may have been to a school promoted by a particular faith in the old place, and undoubtedly the child who is under school age at the time of leaving or who is born after the family gets into the new area would have gone to the old school that his brothers and sisters attended.
  I shall never forget the trouble in my own family when my brother was ordered by a hard-hearted county council, of

  123
  which I afterwards became chairman, to attend a different school from the one which I was at. Families, as a rule, like to carry on the tradition of attending the same school. As I understood it, both these children—that is the child under school age in the old district who leaves it and the child born after the family arrives in the new district—will rank for building up the new school community.
  I understand that that is what the Parliamentary Secretary has been trying to say. This very difficult subject of retrospection also really refers to the difference between the two conceptions of a school. Where the school building has been erected and the school is in full working order, that school does not rank under Clause 1; but where the school is in the process of being built up and has not yet been taken over for maintenance by the local education authority, that school, although money may have been collected, and money may have been spent, under the existing Clause will rank for grant.
  This problem of retrospection and of drawing the line does present very great difficulties. Although at the time when I first dealt with this subject in October, 1951, no claim for retrospection was then made—and I want to make that quite clear—this seems to me to be a matter which, if the Financial Resolution allows, might well form the subject of a nonparty discussion in Committee.
  I support Clause 1. I am glad to see that the right hon. Lady has proved so excellent a mother to one of my children, and I must say that I hope this will be a substantial measure of help to the Church of England community, the Roman Catholic community and the Jewish community in the places where they are attempting to establish voluntary aided schools.
  Clauses 2 and 3 seem to me to be really common sense, and I do not propose to spend any time on them. I accept them as being reasonably good working arrangements, and I think they will enable the local educational authorities to provide good schools and better schools where some remnants of denominational teaching according to the Church of England can still be carried on; because, of course, this type of school is of no advantage, owing to the way in
  124
  which they look at the subject, either to the Roman Catholics or the Jews, but it should help in many areas where there is a sound working arrangement at the moment between the Church of England and the non-conformist denominations, and will, I hope, lead to a substantial improvement of the position in the still too many single school areas.
  I wonder whatever induced the Conservative Government to put Clause 4 into the Bill. This arises out of the Local Government Manpower Committee. This really represents the triumph of bureaucracy over the intentions and the expressed provisions of the Education Act, 1944. Section 76 of that Act was the Section inserted in another place, which occasioned so much difficulty to the draftsman when he got it. If hon. Members will look at the 1944 Act, they will see that Section 76 is headed, "PART IV. GENERAL," and then follows this particular Clause, which was somewhat late in its arrival, and which got shoved into a little compartment all by itself, headed: "GENERAL PRINCIPLE TO BE OBSERVED BY MINISTER AND LOCAL EDUCATION AUTHORITIES." That, of course, is not part of the Act, but it shows the affection in which the draftsman held those words from another place, and it says that,
  "In the exercise and performance of all powers and duties conferred and imposed on them by this Act the Minister and local education authorities shall have regard to the general principle that, so far as is compatible with the provision of efficient instruction and training and the avoidance of unreasonable public expenditure, pupils are to be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents."
  Ever since Mr. Sidney Webb persuaded Sir John Gorst to circulate Fabian pamphlet 106 as a Cabinet Paper when the Education Act, 1902, was drawn up, that has been our view of the proper position of parents in the educational system.
  The procedure is that if, for some reason or other, a parent does not send his child to school or does not have him efficiently educated—there is no compulsion on a parent to send his child to school if he can make efficient arrangements for his education otherwise—a school attendance order is served on the parent. The law laid down in 1944 said that the parent should then insert the name of the school, and if the local authority did not like it he could appeal to the Minister.

  125
  Let us face it: the local authority has a staff which is capable of drawing up appeals, knows all the case law and can do all this as a matter of routine. But the parent, finding in the order a school to which, for some reason good and sufficient to himself, he objects, has not as a general rule any of those qualifications. I should have thought that the law as it at present stands represents what Section 76 says should be the case, and I cannot see the need for the alteration.
  I am told that there are sometimes long delays, that a parent does not fill in the name soon enough, or suggests that his offspring is a suitable person to be one of the 70 poor scholars at the Foundation of Henry VI at Eton, and I believe there are other occasions when he treats the matter somewhat facetiously. I want it to be understood that I am not defending such parents. Nevertheless, I believe we could very well amend the original Act by giving the parent a certain length of time within which to fill in the order —I am sure no one could object to that —and then, if there has to be one, the appeal should be expedited by the Ministry of Education and a decision reached within a reasonable length of time.
  If there is a reasonably genuine difficulty here I am sure we shall all be anxious to help the right hon. Lady find a reasonable solution, but I always view with very great suspicion anything which appears to derogate from the carefully chosen words of Section 76. It is in no hostility to the generality of the Bill that I say that I find Clause 4 something which I would find very difficult to swallow, and I cannot understand how the right hon. Lady has managed to gulp it down.
  Clauses 5 and 6 do what we all feel ought to be done.
  Clause 7 (1) requires rather more elucidation than we have had up to the present. I do not understand why Section 81 (1, b) is not sufficient to cover the situation. It was hoped at the time the Act was passed that the public schools would implement the Fleming Report, and I regard as one of the most disappointing things about the years since 1944 the failure of the public schools to do anything worth while to implement the Report. I gather that the only purpose of Clause 7 (1) is the removal of
  126
  doubts. I should have liked to see it start with the words, "For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared …" instead of introducing a new subsection which might lead to confusion in administration when Clause 7 and Section 81 (1, b) of the original Act are considered together.
  Miss Horsbrugh: If the right hon. Gentleman looks at Section 81, he will see, as I am sure he knows very well, that it empowers local authorities to make payments up to a certain amount. Here we are saying that they must pay the full amount if they take up places necessary to supplement the provision for the numbers for which they have to give education. The Section empowers them to pay part of the amount; the Clause requires them to pay the full amount.
  Mr. Ede: That is not quite as it was explained to us, and I hope that in Committee we shall be told exactly how this applies to the direct grant regulations and the schools affected by them.
  Some words should be inserted in Clause 7 (2) (iii) to indicate that the local authority must pay attention to the wishes of the parents in deciding the school to which they shall send the child.
  Clause 8 is common sense. This has been a very difficult matter. I have known local education authorities spend more money in checking up out-county pupils than they have actually been able to gather when they have sent the bill to the neighbouring authority. Anything which makes easier the procedure between authorities who really ought to try to co-operate with each other is welcome.
  Clause 9 deals with what I am sure was our intention when we drafted the 1944 Act, that where a voluntary school is fortunate enough to be able to acquire a mansion or some other large building and make it into a school which can be recognised as efficient, it ought to rank for grant under the later sections of the Act. I am glad that the right hon. Lady has been able to do this, and I understand that the decision is retrospective to the passing of the 1944 Act.
  Miss Horsbrugh indicated assent.
  Mr. Ede: Clause 10 does not call for comment.
  Clause 11 is one which we shall require to have explained to us during the Committee stage, and I will not venture at

  127
  this stage into all the dark deeds which it may cover. Clause 12 is reasonable.
  As to Clause 13, I should have been quite willing to accept the decision had the right hon. Lady not gone through the complicated mathematical process described by the Parliamentary Secretary but had boldly said that one month was long enough. On occasions, to my knowledge, children have been kept out of school for a full three months by merely waiting for the effluxion of time when there was no likelihood of objection, and the same sort of thing will happen if the period is two months. If we can save a month in a child's school life it is all to the good.
  I am glad that Section 40 of the original Act is being amended in the way suggested, and, generally, I think that the amendments proposed to the First Schedule are to be welcomed.
  Therefore, subject to what I have said, my right hon. and hon. Friends join with me in giving a welcome to this Bill. This is the 50th anniversary of the passing of the Education Act, 1902. The altered atmosphere in which we can discuss these matters today compared with what just a few of us can remember in 1902 is, I think, a healthy recognition of the growth of tolerance in this country, as is our recognition that the children of any parents, be they Catholic, Church of England, Jewish, Nonconformist of any grade—and after all very few of them can come up to my grade in that—or the children of the parent who does not desire that his children, for good and sufficient reasons, should receive any religious instruction, shall be the first concern of the nation, Parliament, the education authorities and the teachers irrespective of the families from which they come.
  8.2 p.m.
  Mr. Clement Davies: It is always a pleasure to listen to the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) speaking on education. He speaks with such knowledge, such experience and such enthusiasm that it is a joy to listen to him. It also brings back to my mind the hours that we spent together in 1944 in steering through Parliament that great Education Act, which, it must be remembered, was intended to be a guide in education for us for a long period. It was a sort of a charter. As
  128
  "The Times Educational Supplement" very rightly pointed out, there is nothing worse for education than frequently chopping and changing the legislation. We all recognise that the Act has only been in existence quite a short time. It has not had time to come to fruition, and we are not able as yet to judge as to its complete adequacy.
  The right hon. Gentleman referred to a former Education Act. There are some of us who remember the very bitter controversies of 1902, and it was a pleasure for us in 1944 to find that we could work together, having in mind that the paramount consideration was the education of the child. We were prepared to compromise and agree to all kinds of measures that our predecessors would not dream of touching. At any rate, that was one good thing that came out of the Coalition Government, for the bitterness of 50 years ago seemed to have died down so that in 1944 we could work together.
  In the main, as the right hon. Gentleman said, we accept this Measure. To me it seems to be a clarifying and declaratory Bill, and it is right that the subject should be dealt with as early as possible. I want to deal with one controversial aspect. I do not like Clause 4. What we all have to realise—and this we must emphasise and impress on the education authorities and, if I may respectfully say so, on the Civil Service—is that the parents have rights as well as duties, and it is essential that the parents should realise that they have those rights.
  What is very frequently forgotten today, even by teachers as well as education authorities, is that the child is a joint responsibility. The first responsibility rests upon the parents in the home, and the second responsibility falls upon the teachers in the schools. They must exercise that jointly. Therefore, like the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields, I do not know how this Clause came into existence. I can well remember—I cannot actually remember about the right hon. Lady herself—so many Members of the Conservative Party emphasising with me at the time the importance of the parents' right of choice, and I hope that this Clause will be reconsidered in Committee.
  Clause 1 is obviously a Clause which any Nonconformist, remembering 1902, would approach in the same way as Clauses 2 and 3—with caution. It is quite

  129
  obvious that the old definition we had in the Act of 1944 was narrow, narrower than we thought it was. As I understand it, the object of Clause 1 is to widen the scope of the Act of 1944. For that reason it has been discovered that it is the new areas that require the new schools, and the churches, who are so anxious about these matters in these new areas, are entitled in equity and fairness to the relief granted under this new Clause.
  If it is felt that that is only right and proper, then I should have thought that it should have been possible to have so framed this Clause to relieve the churches as and from the 1944 Act. We all recognise that all Christian churches have a dominant place in the education of their children, and they should be required to take an active interest in, and to work in co-operation with, the local authorities. If that is true, then they should be treated fairly as from the time when the Act of 1944, which was an agreed Measure, was passed, particularly if it is necessary today to bring in the co-operation of the churches in this all too materialistic age.
  I only want to add one word about Clause 2. We accept that Clause, and I think the power is strictly limited for the new schools, as I understand it, must be wholly or mainly for children coming from other voluntary schools; and, secondly, the local education authority itself must be satisfied that the new school is required, because it must join in the application for it. That being so, the ratepayers and the public generally are sufficiently safeguarded.
  One final point, because I think this is accepted by all as a necessary Measure. Can the right hon. Lady, when she comes to reply, give us some estimate of what it would take to make this retrospective, supposing that it were made so as a declaratory and clarifying Act from 1944? I should imagine that whereas the charge would fall heavily on the churches, it would not be so heavy upon the State or the local education authority. There may be some opportunities to raise this on the Committee stage, and I will conclude by saying that on the whole I welcome the Bill.
  8.9 p.m.
  Mr. Christopher Hollis: I feel my first task as the first back bencher to speak in this debate is to offer my most warm congratulations to my right hon.
  130
  Friend on what may be described, I hope, as the beginning of the end of many months of work, of great patience in bringing together all interested parties to co-operate on this Bill. Nobody wants to criticise the services to education of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede), but I could not help feeling that he was a little bit too free in his claims of parenthood. In order to get this Bill on the Statute Book it was not merely a matter of writing out the Clauses, which is a comparatively easy thing to do, but of many months of difficult and patient negotiation to bring together varied interests who have not always pulled together in educational matters in the past. Another thing which must be in the minds of hon. Members on all sides of the House is the feeling of great sorrow and regret that Mr. George Tomlinson is not with us on the Opposition Front Bench to take part in this debate.
  I suppose I have a certain sort of interest to declare. At any rate, it is only fair that hon. Members should understand that I happen to be a Roman Catholic. At the same time, it is only fair to those who share my religious persuasion to make it clear that I have no sort of authority to speak for the Roman Catholic community. It may be that in some of my detailed opinions other Roman Catholics may find cause to dissent. Nevertheless, there are three Catholic points which I should like to make clear before this House.
  The first is that the right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) said that the 1944 Act was an agreed Measure. It was agreed as between the political parties, but it was not agreed as between the denominations —not agreed by the Roman Catholics. I am not arguing the case at the moment, nor making a complaint, I am merely stating a fact. They never accepted that this was the right way to deal with religious education. They always made it clear that they would prefer to have something in the nature of the Scottish system in this country; but we have to deal with facts as they are.
  The second point is that when the 1944 Act was being passed, those who were piloting it through this House held out a prospect that the burden upon the aided

  131
  school would be in the nature of £10 million. Mr. Hardman told the House just before the General Election that the burden would certainly come to something more than £50 million. Now, the Financial Memorandum to the Bill speaks of such figures of aid as £200,000 a year. Again, I am not making any complaint, but I would like the House to understand that a very heavy financial burden will rest on those whose consciences make it necessary for them to maintain aided schools even after this Bill is an Act.
  Thirdly, the formula in the Act at present is that in order to qualify for a displaced-pupil grant we have to show both that the new school has acquired a substantial number of displaced pupils, and that an old school has lost a substantial number of displaced pupils. I would like the House to understand how that rather peculiar Clause happened to be in the Act of 1944. There was no Clause about displaced pupils in the Bill as it was first presented to the House, but in Committee the right hon. Member for South Shields, who was then Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education, moved a new Clause about displaced pupils. He said, in doing so:
  "I believe we have met the desires of the Church of England and the Roman Catholic communities with regard to this matter, as far as it is possible."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 9th May, 1944; Vol. 399, c. 1783.]
  In the debate, the hon. Member for Liverpool, Scotland (Mr. Logan) and the right hon. Member for Ipswich (Mr. Stokes) accepted the Clause then moved, with gratitude. Mr. Moelwyn Hughes accepted it for the Nonconformists. The Clause was passed by the Committee without a Division. That Clause defined displaced pupils as,
  "Pupils for whom education would, in the opinion of the Minister, have been provided in some other aided school or special agreement school if that school had not ceased to be available for them, or in consequence of its having ceased to be used for providing both primary and secondary education."
  That is to say, it was what the right hon. Gentleman called "the coupon system." There was no mention in that Clause, as passed by the Committee, of having to show that some particular old school had lost a substantial number of pupils.
  The Bill went to another place, where Lord Selborne moved an Amendment, in
  132
  a speech of a single sentence. He said that the Amendment
  "was of a drafting character which clarified, without altering, the intention of the definition."
  On that observation, it was passed by the House of Lords, but the Amendment had, in fact, entirely changed the meaning of the Clause. We are entitled to say that if ever there was an alteration which was within the spirit of the 1944 settlement that was the alteration in that definition of the meaning of "displaced pupils."
  Again, I am making no complaint, but we have to understand that even in the present Bill the aided schools will be getting less and not more than what was the original intention of Parliament in 1944.
  In the Bill, there is the qualifying phrase:
  "In consequence of action taken or proposed to be taken under the enactments relating to housing or to town and country planning."
  That qualification did not exist in the Bill originally passed in 1944. Hon. Members must realise the difficulties with which those have been traced who are fighting the battle of the aided school.
  I should like to ask my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary two or three definite questions. They may save time in Committee if he can give us clear answers. The first question is: What is the exact meaning of the words in Clause 1; line 19: "area served by"? Does that mean what is commonly called the "catchment area"? There are today certain children who live outside the catchment area and who go to the aided school because their parents are so keen that they should receive a denominational education. Suppose one of those children becomes displaced; is he unable to qualify as a displaced pupil in his new home simply because when he went to the aided school he was outside the area served by the aided school? I hardly think so, but I hope my hon. Friend can give me an answer on the point.
  The next point is about displaced pupils who go to county schools for a time. I can imagine the case where a pupil goes to an aided school and his parents move the home under conditions which qualify for the grant, into a new place, where there is no aided school at the moment and, where, for a time the child has to go to the county school.

  133
  Later, an aided school is built and the child goes to the aided school. I imagine that it does not disqualify the displaced pupil in those circumstances, but I should be grateful if my hon. Friend can give me a definite answer.
  What is the position of the displaced pupils who come from outside Great Britain? Let us take the case of Corby in Northamptonshire. A considerable child population is there, which comes predominantly from Scotland and Ireland. The parents of those children certainly come under housing regulations and they are certainly parents who would send their children to the equivalent of an aided school had they remained in Scotland or Ireland. But of course in those countries there is not that precise nomenclature.
  Or take the case of a certain village in Wales which is half given over to Polish children and where the schools for half Polish and half Welsh children are now growing up. If ever anyone deserved in the literary sense the title of displaced pupils, it is these Polish children who have been driven from country to country over the 12 years of their lives. Are they displaced pupils within the technical definition of the Act because the schools to which they would have gone in Poland are not technically known by the name "aided schools"?
  Then we have heard a great deal about the vexed question of retrospection. I will not detain the House by repeating what right hon. Gentlemen have said, but I should like to be clear on the following point. Is the definition of a school which can qualify for the grant one whose account has not yet been closed? If that is the turning point it seems to me that in practice, whatever the theoretical merits, the issue is not quite as large as it seems because there are probably only three or four schools concerned.
  On Clause 4 I am in complete agreement with the right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery and the right hon. Member for South Shields. Parents are often a peculiar class of people. Indeed, I remember an immensely distinguished but immensely ill-tempered headmaster who once said in a moment of petulance that parents are the last people in the world who should be
  134
  allowed to have children. But both in natural law and in the law of this land the people who have the right to settle the future of a child are its parents. I agree that the Clause should be turned round and that the right of decision should be given to the parents though perhaps with a time limit.
  Then we come on to Clause 6, which deals with the Scottish teeth, about which nothing in the world would induce me to make any observation one way or the other. Clause 7 is clearly an improvement on Section 81 of the 1944 Act, and I welcome it, but I have a few points to raise. I want to make a passing observation on the comment of the right hon. Member for South Shields. The right hon. Member said the public schools were entirely to blame for not implementing the Fleming Report. In reality the opposite is the case. Headmaster after headmaster of the public schools has complained of the difficulty in getting the boys they are anxious to get, and certainly the obstacles have not come from them.
  I should like to be clear about the meaning of paragraph (i) of subsection (2, a). Does it mean that the local education authority are bound to pay whenever the proprietors of the school put the places at the disposal of the authority? If so, I am delighted, and I hope it means that without any qualification. The right hon. Member for South Shields wants something about the rights of parents put into subsection (2, a), paragraph (iii). I have no objection to that, but I believe it is even more important to put something about it into paragraph (ii).
  In this context, what does the word "suitable" mean? We are told in the Explanatory Memorandum that Clause 7 "regularises the existing practice," but it is not as easy as that. There is every reason to think that the existing practice is illegal and will continue to be illegal even after this Bill becomes an Act. It is illegal because it is a contradiction of Section 76 of the 1944 Act to which the right hon. Member for South Shields referred in a slightly different context. Pupils are to be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents. That being so, I doubt greatly what legal right local education authorities have, though they do it with the support of the Ministry, to say that the maintained

  135
  school must be filled before pupils can be allowed to go to the non-maintained school.
  If my right hon. Friend could put after "but" in line 30 some such words as "in accordance with Section 76 of the 1944 Act" or after "aptitude" two lines later "in accordance with the wishes of their parents," we should be happier. Indeed, I think my right hon. Friend would be in a much stronger position. There is nothing in the world I wish less than that she should be transferred from the Front Bench to Holloway Gaol, and if she allows those words to be inserted, I think we can keep her outside. However, I am doubtful about her position if she does not allow an Amendment to that effect.
  Subsection (2, b) deals with the provision of board and lodging. It is not infrequently the case that a child of Anglican or Catholic parents qualifies for a grammar school education but that, in the town in which the family lives, there is no grammar school of that persuasion. Therefore, the parents ask if they may send the child to a boarding school and, realising that this imposes an extra cost, they say they are willing to pay the boarding fees if the local education authority will pay the tuition fees. That seems to me entirely fair, but it is a proposition which neither the local education authority nor the Ministry of Education has ever favoured, I can never understand why. I am afraid that if subsection (2, b) is passed in its present form, which speaks of paying the whole of the fees in respect of board and lodging, without any opportunity for a compromise splitting of fees, it will be more difficult to carry out this highly desirable object.
  Clause 9 admits the principle of retrospection and in Clause 13 my right hon. Friend, with the wisdom of Solomon, has split if not the children, at any rate the difference in specifying two months. In spite of what the right hon. Member for South Shields said, I think that was a wise decision.
  My right hon. Friend, I am sure, does not misunderstand me. I have gone through the detailed Clauses and made suggestions because it is important that those of us who ate interested in this
  136
  subject should see to it that we do not make the Bill an Act without having cleared up difficulties which may lead to future trouble. That is our duty and this is our opportunity. However, it does not mean that I give anything other than the warmest of welcomes to it and to the work which my right hon. Friend has done.
  There are two ways of looking at this Bill. We can either look at it as a small machinery Measure for rectifying certain financial anomalies and, as such, it is to be welcomed. We can also look at it fairly in the way in which the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery was suggesting. For more than 100 years, ever since the State first began to interest itself in the problems of education in this country, educational life has been bedevilled by this continuing denominational controversy, which has done infinite harm to the cause of religion and infinite harm to the cause of education.
  Now, I hope, we are moving into a new era in which we have all learned the value of tolerance, but in which we have also seen that tolerance means that none of us can expect to get absolutely everything he wants. There is nothing in the world which is more difficult than for honest men to work together on matters upon which they honestly differ from one another, yet it is the very test of a mature civilisation that one should be able to do that. As we look round the world today, we can find all too easily examples of countries which have failed in that test, and I think it is a matter for legitimate pride that we are able to present a contrast to that general picture, a picture in which all interests and all denominations work together.
  This is a Bill which, I understand, receives the support of hon. Members of all religious denominations. I think this is a memorable day, which will, I hope, be the beginning of a memorable era. Whatever verdict history may pass on other aspects of the work of this Parliament, I feel confident that it will, at any rate, say in this Bill that we have deserved well of our country and set our hands to a task for which we shall be long remembered, perhaps long after things that today bulk larger in the public eye have been forgotten.
  8.31 p.m.
  Mr. David Logan (Liverpool, Scotland Division): I remember some 20 years ago coming, not to the present Table, but to another Table—not the one that was burned—and asking one of the Members of the Government "Where shall I go?" It was to regions below that he told me to go, because we had just passed an Amendment on which the Government were defeated. That was in the period of the late Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, and the Amendment which I drew up myself, was the Scurr Amendment, which was the cause of the Government's defeat.
  The atmosphere tonight is much different from that of those days. There seems to he in this House today a better feeling of understanding of one another's position, for I must say, after being here for 23 years, that I have sat side by side with many people with whom I would never have walked side by side if we had been outside. In the confines of the House of Commons, one comes to understand men, but women very seldom indeed.
  Congratulations for the right hon. Lady do not generally come from me, but I do congratulate her tonight on the magnificent manner in which she has dealt with this pressing problem. We have been waiting for a solution for a long, long time, but let nobody in the House, whatever may be his opinions, run away with the impression that we have settled the education problem for the denominational bodies. We have not. What we have done might have been done 18 months ago. We missed the boat, and now we find—and I am sorry to say it—that the Tory Party comes forward with what I feel is at least a little solatium for the liabilities that we have had to incur.
  I intended to commence my speech by saying that my conscience would not allow me to agree with anything that had been brought forward, but sometimes it pays to keep quiet for a little while. When we have heard the Minister explaining that Clause 1 definitely resolved the question regarding the word "retrospective," because the words now in the Bill contain the essence of what is meant by it, one is naturally gratified. The side heading of Clause 1 says:
  138
  "Extension of definition of 'displaced pupils' for purposes of s. 104 of principal Act."
  If this be the explanation of the definition "displaced pupils," what do we find? We find in Clause 1 the words:
  "The expression 'displaced pupils' shall in relation to a proposed school, include pupils who, in consequence of action taken or proposed to be taken under the enactments relating to housing or to town and country planning, have ceased to reside in the area served by some other aided school …"
  Paragraph (a) also explains the position. I take it from what the Parliamentary Secretary has said that the whole of the Catholic, Protestant and Jewish communities in the country, and those who took part in the great exodus during the blitz and those who settled in new satellite towns, come within the definition in this Clause and will be dealt with accordingly, and that therefore there is no need to use the word "retrospective," I take it that is so.
  Miss Horsbrugh: I did not want to interrupt the hon. Gentleman, because I know how maddening it is to be interrupted when one is speaking.
  Mr. Logan: Do not be afraid of hurting me.
  Miss Horsbrugh: I would not like to hurt the hon. Gentleman. He read out the words of Clause 1 correctly, but I would point out to him that it refers to "proposed" schools.
  Mr. Logan: I was afraid I was going to be told that. It is the future about which the right hon. Lady is speaking. Perhaps the past is not worth talking about. But I was trying to read that definition into this Clause and to get an admission from the Minister that that was the correct definition. From my point of view, the Clause is most unsatisfactory.
  What does the future mean? What is meant by substantial? "Substantial" would mean a dozen children coming along. The exodus from the blitzed cities of the country meant anything up to 10,000 children being moved to reception areas, and new schools having to be built.
  Talk about a solution of the education problem in 1952. This is where I become critical of the Bill and where my conscience begins to be aroused at not understanding the English language. The

  139
  Parliamentary Secretary was not so explicit in his enunciation as the right hon. Lady has been in making her pronouncement. She saw the danger in what I was saying, because she immediately rose and contradicted the false interpretation I was putting on the Clause. She has made it quite clear, at least to me, that it is the future with which the Clause is dealing.
  But we have not been suffering from the problem of a mere half-dozen or so scholars being displaced. We have had to face the problem of thousands of scholars being displaced and of our having to keep on building and building without knowing when our liability would cease or whether it would be £5 million or £51 million. That is what the cost of education has meant to our people.
  On the basis of a population of 50 million, and assuming that only 25 per cent. of that population is Catholic or is attached to a distinct denomination, one finds that, whilst education in other schools is provided free, it costs each person who has denominational attachments about £30. We have to pay for the education of others, and not only have we to pay through the nose but we have to pay three or four times over.
  I am 81. My days are numbered. In the House of Commons I can afford to speak my mind and no one can interfere with my freedom of speech. I am convinced that the time has come when, if we wish to defeat materialism and get rid of Communism, we shall have to provide better education in the schools, a better training for the young and a better home life. There is only one means of providing that, and that is to find the money to run the schools.
  The people in my city are and have been prepared to lay down their lives in the service of the country. The men in my constituency work in the city and in the docks, they go down to the sea in ships and they work in the factories, and in almost every house three or four out of the family have fought in one or both of the last two world wars. If men are good enough to go out and fight, they are good enough to demand their rights within the nation. I claim the right like any other person to have equal opportunity. I claim equal birthright with everyone. It is essential that we should have
  140
  universal education and that all parents should have the right to guide their children in their faith. Those children should have the right to have schools provided for them.
  I believe that a materialistic conception of life is permeating this Christian nation. I want to see a higher and better national life and a better opportunity for our children. When there are happy children in the home, we know that this is a good and proper country, and when our women folk have their proper place in the home, our land is safe. I have 15 grandchildren who will have to face some of the liabilities which we of this generation have imposed upon them.
  Some of my hon. Friends may think that I am proposing too drastic a remedy for present conditions, but I would remind them that life is only made sweet by sacrifice. It is only by sacrifice that we can do good for others yet to come. In making this fight, I am convinced that hon. Members will recognise that there is sincerity in what we preach and will pay just regard to it, and that when we deal with this Bill in Committee we shall obtain all the benefits which are possible under this Measure.
  I wish to thank the House for listening to perhaps a frothy oration. I am convinced, however, that it is only when we begin to know ourselves that we know each other well, and that being so, I trust the destiny of this Bill to Members of the House in the knowledge that they will give it fair and honest treatment.
  8.46 p.m.
  Mr. Cyril W. Black: No Member of this House can have listened to the hon. Member for Liverpool, Scotland Division (Mr. Logan) without being immensely impressed with the sincerity and the conviction which he has brought to the matter that he has felt constrained to bring to the notice of the House. If I do not attempt to follow the line of thought that he developed, I am sure that he will acquit me of any lack of courtesy towards him. In fact, no one could listen to the hon. Gentleman's speech without wishing to extend to him the utmost possible courtesy within his power.
  I only want to speak for a few minutes, because I know there are a number of other Members who wish to take part in this important debate, and there are many others who have an experience and expert

  141
  knowledge in the field of education to which I cannot lay claim. In fact, the only competence that I claim to have to take part in this discussion—and this is the first occasion on which I have taken part in one of our debates on education—is the fact that for a good many years past I have been a member of local education authority committees, I have been a governor of a number of schools, and, while I make no claim to be an expert in this matter, it seems to me that education is one of those subjects which ought not to be left entirely to those who claim expert knowledge of it but on which the voice of the ordinary man and of the parent in particular should on occasion be heard.
  I am glad to have the opportunity of adding my few words of welcome to the Bill and of expressing my appreciation of all the patient negotiations which the Minister has undertaken to secure the very large degree of unanimity with which this Bill comes before the House tonight.
  In the last two General Election campaigns in which I stood in my constituency, I was naturally approached by the Church interests regarding my attitude towards the denominational schools, as I imagine were all candidates who have stood in recent years for election to this House. On those occasions I have expressed my sympathy with the position of the denominational schools and my sense of the indebtedness which I believe the nation feels to them for the contribution that they have made to the rich variety of the educational life of this country. Tonight, in speaking in support of this Bill, I am merely discharging a duty which I undertook in the light of the assurances which I gave to the representatives of both the Church of England and the Catholic Church in my own division.
  I understand from contacts which I have had with the representatives of those Churches in my constituency since this Bill was first published, that they support the Bill as representing, not by any means all the help that they would like to secure from the State, but at any rate as giving them a measure of justice in respect of the just claims which they feel they possess to greater assistance from the State. While it may be that in Committee matters of detail will be brought forward for consideration, as far as I can ascertain there is no doubt as to the general welcome which they extend to this Bill.
  Mr. Mellish: The hon. Member is saying that his constituents have definite denominational interests. He will probably know that they are bitterly opposed to Clause 4. Can we be assured of his support in the Committee stage to help us get rid of that Clause?
  Mr. Black: I do not know whether this Bill is going to be taken in a Committee of the whole House or in a Committee upstairs, but I will certainly meet the hon. Gentleman's point to the extent of saying that I share the general misgivings which have been expressed in this House tonight regarding Clause 4. I very much hope that in Committee some modification can be secured which will fully protect the rights of parents in this particular matter. I am quite prepared to do what I can and to make any contribution that is within my power towards hammering out some solution to what I think are the perfectly legitimate misgivings which have been expressed both here and outside regarding Clause 4.
  I have made reference to the attitude of the Church of England and the Catholic community towards this Bill, but I want to speak in this debate more particularly as a Free Churchman and as voicing what I believe to be the attitude of the Free Churches generally towards this Bill. I cannot help contrasting—as the right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) has done—the very great difference in atmosphere in which this matter is being debated tonight compared with the atmosphere existing in 1902.
  If the House will pardon a personal allusion—I was born in the year 1902 and I was born into the atmosphere of the great education controversy of that period. I make no apology for the fact that my father was a passive resister and, if I may say so without indulging in a contradiction in terms, he was a very militant passive resister. For that fact I make no kind of apology either in this House tonight or at any time in any other place. While my father was always most punctual in the discharge of his legitimate obligations, as far as the payment of the education rate was concerned he was a passive resister.
  I remember how in my early days household goods were sold up half-yearly in order to provide for that part of the rate which my father and many thousands of other Free Churchmen and women of that period refused to pay as a matter of

  143
  conscience and as a question of conviction. Whatever the rights and wrongs of that controversy of 50 years ago may have been, we can all agree that it did great and almost irreparable harm to the cause of education in that period. It was responsible for tremendous bitterness among the various Christian communities and it played a most divisive part by separating one section of the nation from another over a matter of conscience.
  I think that we can all rejoice tonight in the fact that that episode is now closed and lies behind us, and that we have entered a period in which it is possible for the various Churches and the various sections of opinion in this country to join together in seeing what we can unitedly do to treat with justice those who have convictions regarding the particular kind of school in which they desire their children to be educated, and to find a solution to this difficult problem which will be generally acceptable.
  I am authorised to say on behalf of the Free Church Federal Council, which is the body representing the Free Churches in this country, that they offer no objection and no opposition to this Bill. They regard it as a Measure which falls within the proper framework of the 1944 Act, and as being nothing more than a reasonable and legitimate development of that Act, found to be necessary in the light of the eight years' experience we have had of the working of the Act. If that contribution, which I am able to make on behalf of that section of the Christian Church, is one which will aid the Bill and assist the cause of education, I shall feel that my small contribution to the debate tonight has not been in vain.
  Mr. Mellish: As the hon. Gentleman does represent such a very important Christian element in this country, would he say, on behalf of the Free Churches —speaking for them, if he can—what he would feel about the question of retrospective payment?
  Mr. Black: So far as I am aware, that matter has not been considered. I have certainly no authority to speak for anybody on that matter. I hope that Members will agree to accept what I have said so far as the attitude of the Free Churches is concerned. I have tried to make my statement carefully and
  144
  within the framework of the authority I possess. I am afraid that I cannot go beyond the mandate that has been given to me.
  There is one specific point I should like to put to the Minister, and on which I hope information can be given when she replies. I am anxious that the Minister should give her interpretation to the word "enlarge" as used in Clause 3. I take it that the Minister has in mind that there should be some limit upon the amount of enlargement which could take place within the framework of Clause 3. For instance, I do not imagine that a very small school could under that Clause be enlarged into a very large school or that the enlargement could take the form of adding to the school to such an extent as to make it two, three, or four times as large as the original building. I think that the Minister must have in mind some limitation upon the enlargement that is possible under that Clause, and I hope that when she replies to the debate she may be able to say a word on that point.
  This Bill brings some relief of the crippling burdens which have in recent years afflicted the denominational schools. In that way it contributes, I believe, to the variety of the education available under the Act, a variety which I believe to be greatly in the interests of both children and parents. I believe that it marks a further milestone in good relations between the various sections of the Christian Church in this land, and I regard that as being by no means one of the lesser purposes which this Bill serves. No one can feel at a time like this that other than good can come from this increasing spirit of understanding and friendliness between the different Churches. It is a development that, I am sure, we in this House ought to welcome. Long may it continue and long may it grow.
  9.0 p.m.
  The Rev. Llywelyn Williams: Before I come to the main part of my speech I really must cross swords with the hon. Gentleman the Member for Wimbledon (Mr. Black). He has just stated that he spoke with the authority of the Federal Free Church Council. I, along with my hon. Friend the Member for Barking (Mr. Hastings), happen to be a member of the general purposes committee of the Federal Free Church

  145
  Council, but each of us, and, indeed, every Baptist and every Congregationalist, and everyone of the other constituent denominations of the Federal Free Church Council, surely knows that the Federal Free Church Council, as such, has no binding authority whatsoever on any denomination represented in the Federal Free Church Council, and as a Baptist the hon. Member for Wimbledon must know that it is the local church, and the local church alone, which has the authority to which one is in any sense of the word bound to give allegiance. The Federal Free Church Council is just an expedient body set up for joint consultation amongst Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists and Presbyterians.
  I feel a strange feeling of loneliness in this Chamber tonight, because I feel my voice is almost a lone voice. I want to speak very guardedly. I want to speak very carefully. I do not want to be misunderstood at all. But I must speak very plainly about certain things which have been said here tonight, and, indeed, about developments in education during the recent years.
  Now, it is true that the people at the head of the respective denominations which are at present represented on the Federal Free Church Council, the Baptist denomination, the Congregationalist denomination, etc., did accept, as some sort of compromise, the 1944 Act, and its provisions with regard to voluntary schools. Many of us disagreed with the people who purported to act as our leaders in those negotiations. Our trouble as Free Churches is that we are so loosely knit—
  Mr. L. M. Lever: So free.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: —and our authority is so diffused between all the local churches, so that no one can really and fully speak for us. I speak as an Independent. Our standpoint has never wavered at all. The hon. Member for Wimbledon referred, as others have referred—as my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) and as the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) referred—to the "bitterness" which characterised the 1902 Education Act. They apologised for the bitterness,
  146
  Mr. Speaker; but why should you apologise for bitterness at all times? Surely, there is a type of bitterness which actuates people in certain constitutional, religious and political struggles which can not only be justified but can also be such that we can be proud of it.
  Mr. Black: I am sure the hon. Gentleman does not wish to misrepresent what I said. I did not apologise for anything. I said specifically to the House that I took pride in the fact that my father was a passive resister. Certainly there was nothing in the nature of an apology in saying that. I said exactly the opposite. What I did say was that bitterness did harm, and bitterness always does harm.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: I do not necessarily accept that bitterness at all times does harm. The 1930's in this House were bitter years in political controversy, but I believe they were the finest chapter in the history of the Labour movement. There is nothing necessarily to be ashamed of in people, like the hon. Gentleman's own father, being prepared to sacrifice for principles they hold dear.
  I admit that this Bill is a logical step, if we accept the premises of the 1944 Act. I fully agree that a fine case, an incontrovertible case, can be made out for those new provisions for pupils referred to as "displaced pupils" because of the migration of population, the new housing estates, and so on. I would readily accept, in view of the 1944 Act and its provisions for voluntary schools, that this is the necessary logical step in view of what has happened since then. But I must declare that sometimes the word "tolerance" which has been bandied about here is really a misuse of language. Another word should be used, and that word is "latitudinarianism." Unfortunately the Free Church witness has increasingly become weaker and weaker during these years because we are not the men our fathers were; we do not stand where they stood in 1902.
  I speak with respect about the Roman Catholic religion. I speak with respect about the Anglican religion, but I believe that the Anglican Church is a privileged church, and I am opposed to privilege in religion. I do not want to be misunderstood at this juncture. I have got a good many friends, inside and outside this House, who are members of the

  147
  Roman Catholic communion, and I know the saintliness of character of many people who are in that Church; I know of the great struggle they are putting up in very difficult countries today in defence of their faith; but I must sincerely but frankly warn my friends, inside and outside this House, that they are carrying on the pressure group system on behalf of their church to an extent which is not justifiable in the circumstances. Reasonable pressure I thoroughly accept to be natural in this complicated society of ours, but I deprecate the unnecessarily strong pressure which is put on candidates before an election to declare where they stand in regard to Roman Catholic proposals, particularly in the field of education. I have perceived a tacit threat, a veiled threat in some of those questionings.
  There are many people for whom I am speaking, on both sides of the House, and I think that someone should speak on their behalf. It is no moral courage which impels me to speak. It is purely fortuitous that my seat is a Labour stronghold, and that the Catholic members of my constituency, speaking in population statistics, are practically negligible. But if what people tell me, and if what Members have told me time after time, is true, then somebody should say those things in this House of Commons.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: It is not true.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: It is true.
  Mr. Walter Edwards: The hon. Gentleman will know that at election time all sorts of matters are sent out to candidates of all parties asking them to reply to certain manifestos. Can my hon. Friend say that he has ever received a manifesto or a request from the Catholic Church in this country saying that if he did not support what they wished in the questionnaire sent to him they would not support him but would support his opponent?
  The Rev. LI. Williams: Speaking for myself, I immediately say that I have never had that type of experience. But if other hon. Members of this House are speaking the truth, then they have had that type of veiled threat, that tacit implication.
  Mr. Edwards: Then let them get up and say so. That is a shocking thing to say.
  Mr. L. M. Lever rose—
  Mr. Speaker: I think the debate is getting a little disorderly. The hon. Member for Abertillery has the Floor.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: I do not apologise for what I have said. I did preface my remarks by saying that I have the greatest respect possible for the Roman Catholic Church and for the Anglican Church. Speaking as a Free Church witness, I deplore the fact that my own church, or my own form of religion, has become so tolerant in the diffused sense that it really has very little contribution to make to this discussion in these days.
  Mr. Raymond Gower: Would the hon. Gentleman not agree—and I speak both as a Baptist and as a Welsh Member, like himself—that it was the intolerance of the generation of our fathers which caused the decline of religion in this country?
  The Rev. LI. Williams: I would not accept that for a second. What I am trying to say is that the Free Church voice should be heard much more strongly than it has been heard in this House. In my own country, every single Welsh Member has his roots in Nonconformity, and I am sure that it is true to say of the Labour Party that about 75 per cent. of its members have their roots in Nonconformity. I do want my Roman Catholic friends— and I can sincerely emphasise the word "friends"—to realise that there is a very real and deep seated sense of resentment that this pressure is put on us during election campaigns.
  Mr. Mellish: Why has this suddenly been raised? There has never been one occasion when a Member of my own party has ever come to me and complained about this having been done.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: We cannot settle this matter at this juncture. I say again that many hon. Members have told me of this pressure. [HON. MEMBERS: "Who are they?"] I have heard my own father-in-law say it when he was a Member of this House representing the Ince Division of Lancashire. [An HON. MEMBER: "How many years ago?"] What has the passage of time to do with it?

  149
  I must draw my remarks to a conclusion because I do not want unnecessarily to cause a polemical atmosphere to prevail in this debate. I have made my protest and made in sincerely.
  9.13 p.m.
  Sir Sidney Marshall: I am sure that the whole House has the greatest sympathy with the hon. Member for Abertillery (Rev. LI. Williams) in presenting what to his mind and to his soul must be a most deep-seated feeling in regard to, shall I say, the religion of his fathers. I think that we have got a little way beyond that in regard to education. We have heard from one or two hon. Members already this evening remarks which have been often made in previous education debates since the passing of the 1944 Act, that we have really overcome these great differences of opinion which did divide us and to which the hon. Member for Wimbledon (Mr. Black) must have been referring when he said that his father was a passive resister.
  I am sure that every Member of this House has the greatest sympathy for anyone who expresses his own opinions in regard to religion. I think that we have in our schools today got far beyond the position which obtained a few years ago when we had these fights in every village and town in this country in regard to the religious teaching in the schools. An hon. Member mentioned the fact that he rather regretted the tolerance which appears today. If I may say so with great respect, I think that we have no need to regret that tolerance, and I am sure that in thinking this over the hon. Member concerned will not regret that we as a House do express, feel and exhibit a great tolerance.
  This is a very short Bill. There is no education in it. It is purely administrative. There is no doubt that Clause 1 will be of very great assistance to denominational bodies, and I welcome it. In the subsequent years the 1944 Act made things extremely difficult, and much more difficult than the framers of the Act thought. During war-time, none of us foresaw the economic position in the aftermath of the war, and in particular we did not imagine the difficulties about supplies and materials.
  The Act will relieve the Churches of very great difficulty in providing the schools which they hoped to do under the
  150
  1944 Act. The Churches hoped to raise sufficient money for them on the basis of costs at the time of the preparation of the 1944 Act, but costs have now risen astronomically. Clause 2 will give them some small relief. Although the Clause was not explained to the House in as much detail as it might have been, it is not so difficult to understand when we come to analyse it.
  I am sure that in the Committee stage the Minister will reply to the points which have been raised, especially about the retrospective action, if any, of the Clause, and will make quite plain what the Clause will do to meet religious authorities whose building operations may already have begun and who will be entitled to grants when the Bill receives the Royal Assent. I am sure the Clause will go a long way to meet the difficulties facing Churches and religious bodies who wish to build schools.
  I welcome the provision in Clause 3. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) said that it would now be possible to receive a grant to enable an adequate building to be converted into a very good school. My county, Surrey, has recently converted Reigate Priory, a very venerable and lovely mansion, into a most excellent mixed secondary school. At present we have it only on a lease but I think we shall retain it for ever. It has tradition and history behind it, and no better setting for a grammar school could be found than that wonderful old Priory. Under the Clause religious authorities will be able to do what Surrey has done as a county authority, which is to turn existing buildings into very good schools, and receive grants for doing so.
  The matter dealt with in Clause 4 has caused difficulties. I do not for a moment wish to deprive a parent of the principle that he should be entitled, as far as he can do so, to choose the school and the education for his child. However, some difficulty has been found in administration. The Clause may appear to be a little awkward and may seem unduly to trespass on that inalienable right which we hope parents will always be able to exercise. I hope that in the Committee stage the Minister will be able to meet the objections and satisfy both parties.
  To pass over the Clauses dealing with dental treatment, Clause 7 relates to con-

  151
  tributions by local authorities in respect of pupils boarded or educated in non-maintained schools. I must confess that when my hon. Friend the Member for Devizes (Mr. Hollis) talked about illegal practices, I hung my head for a few moments, for my county authority has been acting illegally for some time. I am very glad indeed that this Clause was put into the Bill, which will mean that I shall not need to shrive myself or the county, but we shall find that what apparently was carried on illegally will be legalised by this Clause.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: The hon. Member wants an act of indemnity.
  Mr. Marshall: Whether it should be extended to boarding schools is another matter, and perhaps the Clause, as drawn in the Bill, is rather wider than I should like to see. Again, I feel sure that we shall be able amicably to thrash it out when we come to the Committee stage.
  There is a lot missing from the Bill. I dare not start on that, but I am sorry about it. It is well to remember, however, that the 1944 Act has not yet been in operation for a decade. During the eight years that it has been on the Statute Book, the good which has come from it has been inestimable. I imagine no one would find fault with that. On the other hand, it might readily and properly be expected that there are things in the Act which experience has proved might very well be reconsidered. Perhaps at some future time when we are not quite so busy in this House attention might be given to some of these things, which certainly could be remedied in some way.
  The present Measure, which is a very short one, will ease the administration of education to local education authorities, and will give to the parents some things which, at the moment, they are not free to enjoy under the Act of 1944 as it is interpreted. I wish Godspeed to this Bill, and I am quite sure that, as all other Education Acts since 1902 have contributed something to the progress of education, so this small Measure will also make its contribution to it.
  9.23 p.m.
  Mr. Harold Wilson: I should like to join in welcoming this Bill, and perhaps I ought to follow the tradition that has been established by a number of
  152
  right hon. and hon. Gentlemen by declaring my own position in respect of it. I am a Nonconformist, too, but, as my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) has already said, anyone who is concerned with the 1944 Act and the educational system that it has developed must agree that in certain respects, things have not turned out as was intended at that time. My right hon. Friend gave a full account of what it was hoped would be included in that Act, and has explained to us the position about displaced pupils.
  It is only right for me to say that there is probably no division in the country more affected than my own by the problem of displaced persons. There are so many pupils from the families of the constituency of my hon. Friend the Member for Liverpool, Scotland Division (Mr. Logan) and from the Exchange and Kirkdale Divisions, that this problem of displaced pupils has become a very serious one there. When I mention that in Huyton alone the population has increased from 5,000 in 1935 to nearly 60,000 today, and when I say that of the children there 52 per cent., certainly more than half, come from families whose parents wish them to be educated at denominational schools, it will be seen what part this Bill will play in that constituency. Also in Huyton there are new housing estates where five schools will be required very quickly indeed.
  I myself was not educated at a denominational school, but I take the view—and I think this was the view expressed in the 1944 Act, and expressed so clearly by the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) tonight—that parents should have the right to say that their children should be educated in the school of their choice. We all recognise that for many of our constitutents this is a profound question of conscience. Once we have recognised that, as it is recognised by the principle of the 1944 Act, then any divergence from the intentions of that Act by the passage of events ought to be put right by this House. The Bill does not set out to deal with all the changes that have happened since 1944, particularly those arising from building costs, but it makes a very useful contribution to the problem of the displaced pupil.
  My right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) was explaining

  153
  some of the difficulties of the legal definition. Since there seems to be some discussion in the House about who was the father, the mother or the foster-mother of the Bill, I am certain that everyone who has been concerned in it would wish to express his gratitude to my right hon. Friend, and also to George Tomlinson, whom we all miss so much from this debate. It is also fair to pay a tribute to a number of private Members who have worked hard about the legal definition for a very long period of time, particularly the hon. Member for Oldham, West (Mr. Hale) the hon. Member for Ardwick (Mr. L. M. Lever) and my hon. Friend the Member for Liverpool, Scotland Division.
  These cases arise in my constituency, and in the outer areas of London and Manchester and elsewhere, in relation to new estates or new towns. Schools have been built there since the war, and because of the working of the displaced pupils provisions of the 1944 Act these schools have not been ranking for grant, for the very reason which my right hon. Friend gave a few minutes ago. In some cases, the children spent an intervening period at sonic other school, perhaps an overcrowded school of a different character, or perhaps a State school. Then their own school was built and they went along, but they have to earn the grant for the school that they have joined. The new definition will ease the position for thousands who will now be coming forward in areas such as those for primary education, and later for secondary education.
  I hope that when the right hon. Lady replies she will make crystal clear what her hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary failed to do, when I asked perhaps a not very clear question about the position of children born after their parents had moved from what I might call the "down town" area to the reception area. The reference by my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields was as clear as anyone could possibly want, and he confirmed what I thought was the position under the Bill. I am bound to say that the Parliamentary Secretary did not make it clear, and I hope that the right hon. Lady will do so. It is clear that such children would have gone to the same school as did their brothers and sisters if they had stayed in, for example, the Scotland Division.
  154
  The Clause which deals with the conversion of premises not originally educational premises is quite valuable in its own small way. In many parts of the country it has been necessary to go in for that kind of building. However, the right hon. Lady knows that she has made herself a little unpopular recently in my part of the world by vetoing the proposed use of emergency premises.
  We all recognise that this Bill has been brought forward as virtually an agreed Measure between the parties as well as between the religious interests, but some people are afraid that the Minister, having introduced this Bill, may tend to whittle away its effect by administrative means, and particularly by the tight restriction of new building. The Financial Memorandum refers to £200,000 per annum. We want to know what rate of school building is envisaged in that figure. The present rate? The rate that was being followed under the Labour Government? Or is it some future expanded rate? The House ought to be told that before we proceed to the Committee stage.
  The right hon. Lady knows, as the result of a lot of correspondence from myself and other hon. Members, that there have been serious cases of schools which, I regret to say, played a large part in election promises by Members of her party in two previous election campaigns and which, when her axe fell last February, were pushed out of the building programme. One of them was restored later. Another, she now tells me in answer to a Question, she will look at to see if it can be put into the programme for 1954–55.
  Naturally I should be out of order in arguing the cases of those schools now, but one is closely related to this Bill. Indeed, I doubt if there is a school in the country of which it could be so truly said that this Bill meets its need in regard to the problem of displaced pupils. It is a school which could only get a grant, if this Bill becomes law, if it were to be built. We want to know how many of these schools which were cut out of the programme are likely to be built and to qualify for the grant.
  I am sure the right hon. Lady does not want to provoke feeling and everyone in this House recognises her difficult task, particularly in relation to religious questions. However, there is a strong sus-

  155
  picion in Lancashire that there is a certain tendency to turn down applications for much-needed schools while at the same time schools are being built where others exist. I know of one costing more than a quarter of a million pounds which is one-third empty. I know that building was done before the right hon. Lady had responsibility and it was carried out by the Lancashire County Council under management which has recently changed for the better.
  Nevertheless, it causes feeling when the Minister, even as I believe against the wishes of the Lancashire County Council, turns down some of the other schools and gives the impression that, although she is willing to bring forward a Bill in the House, on the administrative side she is tending to frustrate what I am sure she sincerely means to be the purposes of this Bill.
  Finally, may I join with my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields and others who have spoken from all sides of the House, in expressing our deep concern about the iniquitous Clause 4. Here, again, perhaps I ought to declare an interest. The right hon. Lady knows that there is a cause célèbre proceeding on the question of parents' choice in Cornwall. The headmistress of the State school in question is my own sister. She would agree, though she would not say so, that any Minister who has to deal with such an effete and incompetent local authority as the Cornish Education Authority is faced with an almost impossible position. On that particular case, which bears very closely on the provisions of Clause 4, there would appear to be—at least, as explained by my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields—a direct breach of Section 76 of the 1944 Act; certainly, of the spirit, if not the letter, of that Act.
  In those cases where the local authority has intervened somewhat brutally and flat-footedly against the wishes of the parents concerned in respect of a particular school—and I am told that the Minister is negotiating with the local authority about it—I think she ought to stop negotiating and hit them hard over the head if they are, in fact, breaking the law.
  What causes us so much concern is that, where we have a local authority of
  156
  this kind, this new proposed method of Clause 4 will strengthen the hand of such a local authority against what are perhaps the real wishes of the parents, who, as my right hon. Friend said, are not always in a position to be able to express their wishes clearly. Therefore, I hope the right hon. Lady will look again at Clause 4, and that she will reassure us that it is not being used to regularise the position of one or two local authorities which have been acting in a way contrary to the spirit of the 1944 Act.
  I hope she will tell us—because I am sure that she has sensed the feeling a the House on this question—that, when we come to the Committee stage, she will withdraw Clause 4 and accept the proposals of my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields that we should get together to see how the administration of Section 76 of the 1944 Act could be improved to meet the requirements of administration without destroying the principle, which all of us feel was a fundamental principle, of the 1944 Act, a principle that will be fundamental to our educational system for all time to come.
  9.37 p.m.
  Mr. Hugh Fraser: I feel sure that any praise from me for this Bill this evening will be unnecessary. When my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary was introducing the Bill, he referred to the "twin-stream system," and certainly there has been a twin-stream system of praise and good wishes for the Bill from both sides of the House. Indeed, I wondered what the parentage was, because so much was claimed by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) and by my hon. Friends on this side that there seemed to be some difficulty in the identification of the baby and its birth marks, to which both sides laid claim.
  In general, I feel sure that the House will give this Bill a warm Second reading. Nevertheless, while congratulating my right hon. Friend on the difficult negotiations which she had to undertake with the various bodies concerned, and although hon. Friends of mine on both sides of the House have rightly pointed to the great improvement in the situation and the atmosphere regarding education and religion since 1902, and though the Minister still has to move in these matters

  157
  somewhat gingerly, even so, I must myself, as a Roman Catholic, point out that, so far as my religion is concerned— and this, of course, applies also to Church of England schools and to some schools of the Jewish religion—there are certain disadvantages which this Bill does not entirely overcome.
  I am afraid that I am very much of the "B stream" of the rather less intelligent persons regarding education. I cannot go into the intricate detail which my right hon. Friend and some of my hon. Friends dealt with earlier this afternoon, but there are certain very simple points which I think should be raised.
  The first, surely, is that the whole essence and success of the 1944 Act depended upon that principle enshrined in Section 76. That principle seems definitely to be put to rout by Clause 4 of this Bill. I feel sure that the hon. Member for Abertillery (Rev. LI. Williams) spoke with genuine emotion and from the depths of his conscience; but feelings such as his can undoutedly be reconciled by this iron principle—to which we must adhere—that so far as possible the parent shall decide to which school his child shall go. I believe that within that principle many of the religious difficulties can be reconciled. Therefore, I feel that even if on administrative grounds Clause 4 may be justified by certain local authorities, this House must resist it.
  There is one point which I think must be made by one who speaks as a Roman Catholic, and that is the question of the vast sums of money which Catholics will have to find for the building of their schools in the next period. That is going to be a very big burden indeed. At the end of 1944, the amount involved was estimated to be in the region of £10 million, but today it will be in the neighbourhood of £50 million or more.
  We welcome the relief that has been given, but we ask that, if possible, there should be an even wider and clearer definition of the "displaced pupil." Hon. Members on both sides of the House have pointed out the need for greater clarity on this point, and I hope that when my right hon. Friend replies she will clarify this matter for us.
  I feel sure that what has been said by hon. Members on both sides tonight, about the great progress which has been made over the last 50 years, is basically
  158
  true. I think this Bill is to be welcomed. Of course, it does not go as far as many of us would desire, but it has the support of all parties, and, I believe, of all the educational bodies in the country, and is therefore the first step along the road, which I believe we must tread, towards allowing families to educate their children in the faith in which they believe, whether it be Catholic, Jewish, Protestant or Anglican. I think that is the basis which we must inculcate more and more into our educational system.
  9.44 p.m.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: I welcome this day as being one on which there is being manifested a greater sense of appreciation of what should be true human brotherhood and the respect that each of us should have for the religious opinions and consciences of others. I have always been—and I say it with pride—a strong supporter of the idea that no education can be complete unless it has as a comcomitant the sine qua non of sound religious education based on the conscience of the parents of the children who are to be instructed.
  The spirit which has manifested itself overwhelmingly on both sides of the House today is indeed a spirit which, on the whole, reflects the general attitude of the mass of our fellow citizens and is embodied in a general respect for the consciences of others. But whilst there is that general respect, one would like to see a greater devotion on the part of citizens to the faith of their fathers, a greater attention by parents to the religious needs of their children and a greater practice of the faith. I am sure that we in this country would be stronger and better for it.
  Any Measure that will strengthen conscience and dethrone the phenomena that unhappily are showing themselves in other parts of Europe is to be welcomed. I have been actively concerned with denominational schools in this country for well over a quarter of a century. I have been concerned with Jewish schools, and as a Jew I am very proud to support this Measure and to join in the general support that has been expressed. I have been chairman of the Manchester Education Finance Committee for over 17 years, and I say without hesitation that

  159
  I have been appalled at the financial difficulties of non-provided schools and of the managers who try to establish schools for the tuition of their faith and the instruction of their children in the principles of their sacred beliefs.
  Religion is not merely taught, it is caught; and it is caught in the atmosphere in which children are reared. In this democratic society there is no reason at all why, having caught and imbibed the religious faith of our fathers, we should not come together with our fellow citizens for the general welfare of the community and of the Realm of which we are all proud and for the betterment of mankind. We are all the better equipped to do that by having a sound religious education.
  This Bill, the Clauses of which have been welcomed in greater or smaller degree today, assists in that direction. I am very sorry that my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery (Rev. LI. Williams) should have expressed himself in the way he did about our Roman Catholic brothers. I have had a wide experience in an area in which there is a large Roman Catholic population. I have fought five municipal elections and two Parliamentary elections, and my experience has been—as I am sure it has been the experience of other hon. Members—that I have never been subjected to any pressure to act or to move in any particular direction. It is true that one has been approached about one's opinions on matters which are near and dear to people, but that should be a subject for praise and not for the kind of condemnation we have heard today.
  I confess quite frankly that if the Roman Catholics had behaved in the way which was indicated by my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery and had been so partial on one side I might not have been a Member of this House, because on the two occasions when I was a candidate for Parliament I was opposed by a Roman Catholic Tory. They were not partial but voted according to their consciences. Therefore, we should approach the question of the denominations on a basis not of bitterness but of justice for all. Opportunities for religious teaching according to conscience for all denominations will serve the State well, and for those reasons I welcome this Bill.
  160
  I think that the definition of displaced pupils does not go far enough. It ought to be made retrospective. After all, the 1944 Act was passed by this House on that basis. Then it went to another place and, as the hon. Member for Devizes (Mr. Hollis) has said, the two Amendments to the Clause were of a drafting character, which were intended to clarify without altering the intention of the definition of displaced pupils. It was quite obvious that the noble Lord concerned had no intention of altering the intention of the Measure which had passed this House. It would be most unjust to allow an observation by a noble Lord on that occasion to upset what was the unchallenged effect of the terms of that Clause in the 1944 Measure.
  As to the other Clauses, I am sure that hon. Members will have an opportunity to make their contributions. I want to join in the protest against Clause 4 which, I think, is quite repugnant and contrary to the spirit which Section 76 of the Act expressed. I should like to read what Viscount Jowitt said in the case of Baxter v. Baxter in 1947 All England Reports, page 886:
  "In any view of Christian marriage the essence of the matter, it seems to me, is that the children if there be any should be born into a family as that word is understood in Christendom generally, and in the case of a marriage between spouses of a particular faith that they should be brought up and nurtured in that faith."
  What is the good of condemning parents for not fulfilling their obligations as parents, if we condemn them and at the same time take away the responsibilities which are essentially theirs? I am very glad indeed that this Measure is before us today. I hope that improvements will be effected in the Committee stage.
  I do not wish anyone to go away with the idea that this Bill has emanated from the benches opposite. The initiative in this matter was taken by the late George Tomlinson, who was Minister of Education under the Labour Government, and my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) when they met a Labour group who had drafted the Amendments to the 1944 Act. I should like to read the Clause which I drafted on that occasion so that this House and the country may know how identical is the Clause in the 1952 Bill with the

  161
  Clause that I drafted in 1950. I will only quote the part relating to displaced pupils. It reads as follows:
  "For the purposes of this Section (a) the expression 'displaced pupils' means in relation to any such proposed school as aforesaid, pupils for whom education would, in the opinion of the Minister, have been provided in some other aided school or special agreement school if that school had not ceased to be available for them in consequence of its having ceased to be used for providing both primary and secondary education or in consequence of a substantial reduction in the number of pupils for whom education is to be provided in it."
  These were my words, two years ago:
  "… or children of families affected by the movement of population in consequence of any action taken or proposed to be taken under the enactments relating to housing or to town and country planning, or by reason of war damage."
  I am sure the right hon. Lady found this Clause when she came to the Ministry as the new Minister of Education. In that Clause there was also this additional wording:
  "The Principal Act shall be deemed always to have had effect as if for Section One hundred and four subsection two thereof there were substituted the following subsection. …"
  which was the Clause I have just read and was to have retrospective effect.
  I know that other Members feel equally keenly about the progress which is being made in regard to the recognition of conscience. I hope this Bill will receive a Second Reading and that in Committee we shall be able to improve it with even greater justice to the non-provided schools.
  9.56 p.m.
  Mr. Angus Maude: We probably all realise that it was inevitable that the hon. Member for Ardwick (Mr. L. M. Lever) would make the speech he has—at least as regards the last few minutes of it. It is unfortunate that on the Second Reading of this Bill we should appear to enter into any sort of controversy as to who bears the major responsibility for its paternity.
  A great deal of activity went on behind the scenes, in all parties and among the leaders and representatives of the Established Church and of all the other Churches. I myself, my hon. Friend the Member for Devizes (Mr. Hollis), my right hon. Friend the present Minister of Education and many other of my hon.
  162
  Friends were concerned with this question several years ago. We had continuous discussions with a great number of religious bodies, and we even discussed it with the previous Minister of Education. I should have thought that anybody who had attended the debates which took place during the last Parliament or had read the reports of those debates in full would have realised that there was general agreement on both sides of the House that something of this sort needed to be done.
  The fact remains that it has not been done until now. The right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) claimed the paternity of Clause 1. His hon. Friend the Member for Ardwick has now raised the "ante" and is claiming it, as far as I can gather, in precedence to his right hon. Friend—
  Mr. L. M. Lever: I drafted it.
  Mr. Maude: The right hon. Gentleman says he thought of it and now the hon. Member for Ardwick says that he drafted it. Far be it from me, in a discussion of a non-contentious Measure like this, to introduce a further spirit of competition between hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite. Hon. Members on this side of the House were aware that the representatives of one of the religious bodies had entered into negotiation with the last Government. Though I shall be grateful if the hon. Member who is going to wind up will confirm this, I do not think that the matter had got very much beyond that stage. Certainly I do not believe that it had got to anything like the stage where an agreed Bill could be presented for Second Reading.
  Mr. Leslie Hale: Surely the hon. Member is aware that it was announced in the Catholic Press— there was no secrecy about it—that full agreement had been arrived at prior to the last Election?
  Mr. Maude: The hon. Member is surely begging the whole question. If he knows anything about education during the last 80 years he will know that to get agreement with one Church is simple. It is to get agreement with everybody which is the difficulty in this matter. The fact remains that only one set of negotiations out of the whole lot had been completed.

  163
  If we are going to discuss this matter, let us be frank about it: on the basis of negotiations with one church—and that the church which was asking for most out of this change—the right hon. Gentleman and his colleagues issued a statement through the Ministry of Education during the last General Election which caused the utmost concern to members of my party because it seemed to us that it was dragging a matter of some delicacy, and on which many of us felt very seriously as a matter of religious conscience and principle, out into the electoral arena for what appeared to us to be at least partially vote-catching purposes. In my view it might have greatly jeopardised all the negotiations which were going on at that time. However, had it not been for the fact that it had been brought up by other hon. Members, I should not have gone into such detail about the background of this Bill.
  Much has been said about the possibility of making Clause 1 of the Bill retrospective. No doubt when my right hon. Friend replies she will be able to tell us more about it, but I should have thought that this was not solely a question of finance. It seems to me that the question of what it will cost is not the most important question. What I do not understand is whether it will be administratively possible to make this Clause retrospective. I should have thought that it would have involved going back over the records of individual schools and pupils and would have caused a lot of administrative complications. In order that we may discuss any possible Amendments in Committee in the light of the fullest information, it would be helpful if my right hon. Friend would give us some idea of the administrative complications which this change would involve.
  I should also be glad if my right hon. Friend could explain further Clause 3 of the Bill. The right hon. Member for South Shields passed it over as something which did not need further discussion. Not having had the right hon. Gentleman's Ministerial experience, I am afraid I do not find the draftsman's English quite as simple as no doubt he does. My hon. Friend the Member for Wimbledon (Mr. Black) asked that the definition of "enlarged" should be given in greater detail. I should have thought that the
  164
  following three lines appeared to qualify that word and to some extent explain it. Perhaps my right hon. Friend can tell us more about that.
  I think everybody who has spoken so far has expressed disapproval of Clause 4. I am bound to say that when I first saw the draft of the Bill Clause 4 was the one which of all of them struck me as being open to the gravest question. I do not very much like Clause 4. On the other hand, I can see the attraction from the administrative point of view. There can be no doubt that the existing practice has led to a great deal of delay and difficulty for the local education authority and particularly for school attendance officers. However, I think that the question of principle which has been put by two right hon. Gentlemen opposite and several hon. Members is probably right. Whether it is possible to reach some form of compromise which will satisfy both parties is a matter upon which my right hon. Friend may have some ideas. I hope she will tell us something further about it.
  I should like to register one more protest about the observations of the right hon. Member for South Shields on Clause 7 about the public schools and the Fleming Report. The hon. Member who is to wind up the debate for the Opposition and my right hon. Friend the Minister can no doubt expand on this point, but as my hon. Friend the Member for Devizes indicated, our experience surely has been that local education authorities have simply not been forthcoming with pupils whom the public schools can take. The public schools have tried to get these pupils, but they have not been able to get them.
  The local education authorities, with the constant pressure on their budgets that has been noticeable ever since 1945, so far from increasing the number of places they would take up, have simply been steadily reducing them for obvious financial reasons. We may say that it is a pity that the recommendations of the Fleming Report have not been carried out, but is it not a little hard to come here and blame the public schools for it at this stage? I really think that, on reflection, the right hon. Gentleman will realise that he has not been entirely just in this matter.
  Mr. Ede: After all, the Fleming Report left the initiative with the public

  165
  schools, and that initiative they have never shown.
  Mr. Henry Brooke: That is not so.
  Mr. Maude: The right hon. Gentleman simply cannot make that sort of accusation without evidence. There are a number of public schools that have shown a very great amount of initiative indeed, and have tried to get these pupils. Indeed, they did at one time have many more of them than they have now; having made the initiative they got the pupils; and the number has been steadily dropping because the pressure on the local education authorities' budgets has become greater, and they have tended to reduce the number of places which they were offering to take up. I really do assure the right hon. Gentleman that this is so. Anybody who has served on a local education committee will know the difficulties which the committees have found throughout in taking up the number of places that the schools were offering.
  If the right hon. Gentleman were to come along now and say, "The fault of the public schools has been that they will not offer places free, or that they will not lower their fees by a considerable amount," that would be one argument, but to say that they have not shown any initiative seems to me to be entirely unjust, and I really think that it is only right that somebody, at least, should say a word for that much maligned body of gentlemen, the public school headmasters, who have been trying to make the Fleming Report recommendations work, and who would welcome a little more cooperation from the local education authorities to get it done.
  10.7 p.m.
  Mr. F. Blackburn: Though a little fog has been seeping into this Chamber I am glad to say it is chiefly atmospheric. I do not think there is a great deal of fog otherwise, nor a great deal of disagreement. Whatever fog there may have been was created earlier in the debate, and we hope that the right hon. Lady will be able to dissipate it.
  Mr. Logan: Very good.
  Mr. Blackburn: There is little disagreement. The "Teachers' World," commenting on this debate, said:
  166
  "When the Bill comes before Parliament there may be much speech making, but I expect little real dissension."
  Speech making is one of the things to be expected in this Chamber, though actually I think we are losing an hour and a half that might have been devoted to serious debate; but there is not likely to be very much dissention. In fact, we are likely to have much more agreement today than we are likely to have tomorrow or Wednesday or Thursday, and there may be a moral for the Government in that. Today we have the opportunity to deal with some constructive legislation, whereas tomorrow, Wednesday and Thursday we shall be dealing with legislation which is merely destructive.
  I hesitate to say that I shall be non-controversial and non-political because my mind goes back to a recent debate— a very recent one—in which the Attorney-General stated that he would be non-controversial and non-political, and he then proceeded to make the most controversial and the most political speech of the day, and one that was quite out of keeping with the general tenor of the rest of the debate that day. Therefore I should, rather, say that I give my general approval to the Bill. I think most hon. Members will give general approval, and, in spite of there being so many claimants to the parentage, we are very pleased that it has come along, whoever is responsible. If there had been a Labour Government instead of a Conservative Government this very Bill, or one very much like it, would have been introduced.
  I still say, however, that we can congratulate the right hon. Lady in bringing forward this Bill which removes some of the anomalies and tidies up some of the loose ends in our educational system. I think the right hon. Lady will agree that it does not deal with all the many educational problems facing us at present, and we should have been very happy if we had had the opportunity to discuss some of them. There are other anomalies and loose ends, but when we remember the forces which the right hon. Lady has arrayed against her on her own Front Bench we could not expect much more on this occasion. The explanation of why the right hon. Lady has been allowed to bring forward this Bill at this time is to be found in paragraph 15 of the Explana-

  167
  tory and Financial Memorandum, which explains that the financial charge upon the Exchequer is likely to be small; the financial charge, both directly and indirectly through the local rates, is not likely to be very great.
  As the words "(Miscellaneous Provisions)" in the Title indicates, the Bill covers a wide variety of subjects—subjects which are totally unrelated except that they fall within the broad field covered by educational administration. When one sees inserted into a Bill of this kind Clauses to regularise existing practices, as is the case in Clause 7, one cannot help wondering whether it would not be advisable 12 months, say, after the passing of an Act to have a sort of stocktaking day to see how the legislative provisions are working out in practice. No legislation can be expected to foresee every contingency, and it might be advantageous if there could be some device whereby at an early date we could remove anomalies and amend deficiencies. It might also be of great advantage if, whenever a Bill is published, particularly an education Bill, we could have a popular edition which attempted to state in simple language exactly what it was that the writers of the Bill hoped the Clauses meant.
  Paragraph 1 of the Explanatory and Financial Memorandum explains that
  "The main purpose of this Bill is to amend the provisions of the Education Acts of 1944 and 1946. …"
  in relation to voluntary schools. We must all welcome any amendment which tends to remove a sense of injustice. In any case, the welfare of the child should be the overriding factor in our decisions. In so far as county and voluntary schools are concerned, our educational system today is built up on compromise. It is as well that that is so, for no one would wish to see our educational system debated in an atmosphere of fierce religious controversy.
  Reference has been made to the atmosphere of 1902, and, in spite of what my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery (Rev. LI. Williams) said, I think I am voicing the general opinion of the House when I say that not one of us would want to see our problems discussed today in that deeply contentious atmosphere. Therefore, since Clauses 1, 2,
  168
  3 and 9 are agreed to by the religious bodies concerned, I welcome them. I am glad that there has been this measure of agreement between the Government, the local authorities and the religious bodies concerned.
  Clause 1, which extends the somewhat restricted definition of "displaced pupils" in Section 104 (2, a) of the 1944 Act, recognises the justice of the claim of the voluntary school authorities in circumstances over which they have had no control. In spite of what the Parliamentary Secretary said, I think that there is still some doubt in the House with regard to retrospection. I am not quite clear yet what is the view of the Government on this matter of retrospection, and I hope that the right hon. Lady will make the position of the Government quite clear when she replies to the debate.
  I understand that it is only the Government that can clarify the position with regard to retrospection. I have not been in the House for any great length of time, but I understand that we should not be able to move an Amendment concerning this question which would increase Government expenditure, but that the Government could do so. Therefore, I hope that the right hon. Lady will make the position of the Government quite clear when she replies to the debate. Clauses 2, 3 and 9, which provide new arrangements for aid to voluntary schools, can all be said to fall within the broad general framework of the 1944 Act, and, therefore, at this stage, I do not intend to comment upon them further, more particularly since I realise that there are some of my hon. Friends who are still hoping to take part in this debate.
  I should like to refer to Clause 4, about which so much has been said today. It relates to the enforcement of school attendance. I can appreciate the views of hon. and right hon. Gentlemen and their anxiety for the freedom of the individual. But I must frankly admit that their reaction was not my first reaction when I read the Clause. Possibly I was looking at the problem from the point of view of administration, because at the time the 1944 Act was passed, and for some time later, I was the chairman of an education committee, so possibly my views were coloured and I tended to look upon the problem from the administrative point of view.

  169
  There are two problems and two classes of parents. There is the recalcitrant parent who willingly and knowingly breaks the law. I am not concerned about his freedom, but I can understand the anxiety about the freedom of other parents—those who are keenly concerned about the educational welfare of their children—and possibly we can have another look at this Clause during the Committee stage and bring forward some proposal to cover both classes of parents. In any case, if Clause 4 is left in the Bill, I hope that subsection (5) will not be, because if we get the legal experts trying to put into simple language subsections (2), (3) and (4) they will have all the parents, if not the Members of this Chamber, befogged.
  No reference has been made to Clause 5, which relates to dental treatment. I should like to have a little more information from the right hon. Lady on that matter. When all is said and done, the problem is tied up with finance. If we are to have a comprehensive dental treatment scheme for schools we must pay for it. An unfortunate effect of the National Health Service was that a number of dentists left the educational service and if we now want them back we shall probably have to pay more than we might have had to do previously. I should like to know exactly what the Government has in mind, what they think the cost will be and what they consider would be comprehensive facilities.
  I support what was said by my hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) about Clause 13. One month would be ample. I am sorry that the right hon. Lady has not accepted the recommendation of the Local Government Manpower Committee. Since the passing of the 1944 Act there has been a general slowing up in educational administration, and anything tending toward acceleration would be acceptable. I hope that on the Committee stage the right hon. Lady will accept one month instead of two months.
  I sincerely hope that there will be a unanimous vote in favour of the Second Reading of the Bill so that we shall be able to solve some of the problems of the voluntary schools and enable those connected with the voluntary schools to feel that a greater measure of justice is being meted out to them.
  10.22 p.m.
  Mr. Gilbert Longden: I am glad to have the opportunity of congratulating my right hon. Friend most warmly upon her patient persistence in obtaining agreement and upon having produced the Bill. As a member of the Church of England, I very much welcome the help which is being given to the denominational schools by Clause 1. Like everyone else, I should also very much welcome it if the provision could be made retrospective so that the benefits could be given to all schools which will have been completed before the Bill becomes an Act. However, as was said by my hon. Friend the Member for Ealing, South (Mr. Maude), it must be obvious to anybody who thinks about it that it would be extremely difficult administratively to give effect to that wish.
  Mr. Mellish: It would be the easiest thing in the world
  Mr. Longden: Perhaps the hon. Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish), will give the House the benefit of his suggestions, but I cannot see how it can be done. In view of what has been said by the Opposition, I hope that, if it cannot be done, the denominations will realise where the blame lies and appreciate that it is not upon my right hon. Friend.
  Mr. Blackburn: Will the hon. Gentleman explain what he means?
  Mr. Longden: What I mean by what?
  Mr. Blackburn: By the statement which he has just made.
  Mr. Longden: My remark was that, if it is found administratively impossible to make the terms of Clause 1 retrospective, I hope that those who will lose thereby will know where to place the blame. The Labour Party were in power for six years during any one of which a Bill could have been introduced, but they failed to introduce it.
  When I read Clause 4 for the first time I rubbed my eyes. I wondered whether it was a Clause which my right hon. Friend had found when she arrived at the Ministry. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) realised that it was a breach of a fundamental Conservative principle, and he was good enough to give us credit for that. I was sorry to hear the Parliamentary

  171
  Secretary say that he thought the Clause would be generally acceptable and was justified by the fact that it would simplify procedure and cut out delay. That is precisely what every bureaucrat, no matter what his party, always thinks— that administrative convenience must come before principle. It is a fundamental principle that is enshrined in Section 76 of the Education Act, 1944, and although I do not agree with my hon. Friend who said that this Clause 4 routs that fundamental principle, I think it very seriously eats into it, and I deplore that.
  As the law now stands, there are two perfectly reasonable safeguards. The first is that the local education authority must be satisfied that the education suggested by the parent is one suitable to the age and ability of the child; and the second is it does not cause unreasonable expense to the community. Those are two perfectly reasonable safeguards, and can be taken in conjunction with a third suggested by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields, giving the parent a time limit. That is all I should like to say about Clause 4.
  As has been said by the hon. Member for Stalybridge and Hyde (Mr. Blackburn), little has been said about Clauses 5 and 6 and yet, of course, they affect a most extremely important aspect of the children's life. The only question I would ask my right hon. Friend to answer when she comes to wind up is whether she is satisfied that it is possible for the schools to send children to the dentists as they are now doing, because it might be difficult to get the children adequate care if Clause 5 is mandatory. With those few observations, I very warmly welcome this Bill.
  10.28 p.m.
  Mr. R. J. Mellish: I do not know what the Leader of the House sees so funny about this debate. It is a very serious debate, and if he wants to sit in the House during the discussion he ought to be serious. We do not want any more Motions of Censure upon him.
  I wish at once to declare my interest. I went to a denominational school, and I have three children going to one at the moment. Therefore, from any benefit that is to come from this Bill I shall indirectly get an advantage, and as it is
  172
  the usual custom and practice of the House I am happy to declare my interest.
  Mr. Maude: Is the hon. Member trying to suggest that the Bill should be made retrospective to his time or just to the time of his children?
  Mr, Mellish: If the hon. Member will listen to me I shall try to make my position clear. If there is a reduction in the global sum to be paid by Catholics, to which I am making my contribution, then the contribution that I make will be all the smaller. Is that clear? Having said that, let me say at once that I welcome this Bill, and I thank the right hon. Lady for getting it before the House of Commons even at this present date.
  Those who have taken a personal interest in the matter know that had the Labour Government been returned to power at the last Election, we should have produced a Bill on similar lines. In fairness to my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) I should say that it would have been introduced a little earlier. The hon. Member for Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. G. Longden) introduced a party note in his speech, and I will say that the Labour Party, had they been returned to power at the last Election, would not have introduced a brewers' Bill before this Bill, but that is another matter.
  The urgent necessity for this Bill struck us very forcibly, but that does not detract from the efforts of the right hon. Lady. I pay her the tribute that as soon as she became Minister of Education she tried hard to find a solution to this problem. I personally am grateful to her for what she has done.
  The Bill, it ought to be made clear, is not one which deals with additional aid to church schools, as many newspapers have suggested. It deals with an anomaly in the 1944 Act. If we are attempting to remove an anomaly created in the 1944 Act, surely it is but right to ask that this should be made retrospective. If we are removing an anomaly, let us go back to the time when the anomaly was created, which was in 1944.
  The hon. Member for Hertfordshire, South-West asked how that could be done. It is a fact that every civil servant will say it is administratively impossible, but then all civil servants find a good reason for not doing any hard work—I

  173
  mean hard work in the sense that it would be difficult for them to find out the amount owing. If, however, the right hon. Lady is determined on this, surely the solution is that every Catholic or other denominational school that has been completed since 1944 but has not had the aided grant, ought now to be given it from that year. What would be the difficulty about that?
  In the Manchester and Liverpool areas about eight schools have been completed since the Act was passed but have not qualified for grant. If this Bill becomes law in its present form it will mean that Catholics in that area will have a real sense of grievance in that their schools, because of an anomaly which has nothing to do with them, and which is now to be rectified, will not receive any grant. How can the Minister, in all decency, refuse grant aid to those schools? I hope, therefore, that she will try to remedy that anomaly.
  Much has been said about Clause 4. Any Catholic insists that his child shall go to a school of his own faith. I am only one of several millions in this country who believe it to be fundamental to our way of life that our children shall be educated in the faith of their forefathers. To be told by local authorities that I have to send my children to a school not of my own religious faith would mean that a fight would start. I ask the Minister to realise that it is an affront to any decent Catholic to be told that he must send his child to a certain school. Even in my own area I know of children who go many miles, passing State schools on the way, to a school of their own faith. The Minister will earn the gratitude of many of us if she will remove Clause 4 from the Bill.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery (Reverend LI. Williams) made some serious allegations about the manner in which the Catholic hierarchy has organised the campaign on behalf of their schools, and I was sorry to hear that from my hon. Friend. What happened was that the 1944 Act could not be implemented until the war ended and it was not until it was implemented in 1946 or 1947 that it was discovered how this part of the Act was working against Catholics. It was decided, therefore, to get various Catholics to go to every candidate and put their point of view.
  174
  We on these benches can say that there has been no pressure from Catholics as such. In fact, almost every one of my hon. Friends know that we owe a debt of gratitude to non-Catholics on both sides of the House for their work. Hon. Members such as the hon. Member for Oldham, East (Mr. Horobin) and Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood), who are not of our church, have fought as hard as anyone for this remedy. The hierarchy asked that the Catholic Parents and Electors Association should be set up. This has gone forward and presented a statement of claim.
  It may be that one or two people have adopted a truculent attitude, but no one defends that and no one would condemn a whole faith as the hon. Member for Abertillery did tonight. It was scandalous to suggest that people were being blackmailed. The extraordinary thing is that those of us who are close friends of his and admire and respect him, have never heard this complaint before. The Catholic community of this country has had no alternative but to come forward at a rather late stage and say, "These are our complaints and troubles. Will you help us?"
  If one or two individuals have misbehaved themselves, one cannot blame the whole lot. We have tried to conduct these matters always in the spirit of the tolerance of today. Of course, there has been intolerance by the Roman Catholics, and their intolerance of the past is well known. Perhaps I might be permitted to tell the story of two old Irish ladies who were walking in the park one morning. One of them, turning to the other, said: "Look at the Bishop playing with the children on the lawn; what a wonderful sight! He is a credit to us all, and a credit to his faith." "But," the other replied, "that is not the Catholic Bishop; he is the Anglican Bishop." The first old lady then said: "Is it? Well, now, wouldn't you think that at this time of the morning he would have something better to do!"
  Intolerance, we all hope, is a thing of the past. We want, and hope, that the Christian approach and spirit shall be a credit to this country. All we ask is that our faith will not be denied. Nothing can stop the growth of the great Christian faith of this country, of which the Catholic Church is such an important part.
  10.37 p.m.
  Mr. Henry Brooke: I am sure we are all grateful to the hon. Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) for much the best story brought into this debate tonight; but I hope he will not mind my not associating myself with his remarks about civil servants.
  Mr. Mellish: What I meant to convey was these civil servants, whoever they are, or wherever they may be, were not anxious to take on a lot more work, and this inquiry would mean a lot more. They are, however, a fine band of people.
  Mr. Brooke: I thank the hon. Member, but I shall not pursue that farther.
  I think it would be a waste of time to discuss too far the paternity of this Bill. I can remember no Education Bill ever being brought into this House which was wholly the product of one man or of one mind. Any Minister of Education who brings forward an Education Bill and pilots it through Parliament does a brave thing. I speak as a member of the Church of England and as one who can remember having many discussions, some amicable and others slightly more contentious, with the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) during those long days of 1943 and 1944 when the major Measure was passing through this House.
  In many respects, this debate tonight has seemed to prove true an argument which I put forward then; namely, that if we could get that Bill on the Statute Book, it would make it that much easier to carry out adjustments, as the years went by, with general good will. But one feature repeated this evening, I am sorry to say, is the dissatisfaction expressed from Wales. Even in 1944, I was struck by the fact that, if left to English hon. Members alone, there would have been a wide measure of agreement on the arrangements to be made; but a group of hon. Members from Wales appeared determined to see that the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches did not have more than their pound of flesh, if I may put it that way. I think they rendered the task of the Minister and his Parliamentary Secretary at that time more difficult than it need have been.
  This is the third amending Bill which it has been necessary to bring forward since the Act of 1944 was passed. In that
  176
  original Act we were trying to get everything balanced, and to see that all the restrictions and limitations were just right; but, in the outcome, it has become apparent that we were too restrictive, and in one direction after another the bonds have had to be loosened and we have to render it possible for people to do things which would have been impossible if the Act had remained as it stood originally.
  Frankly, I think this is a warning to us in all our education legislation. We must constantly have in mind the spirit of education. We must not dwell too heavily on the precise words, the precise bonds and knots that we are going to tie. We must somehow ensure that within the wording of the Acts which we pass we will give sufficient freedom—the very lifeblood—to those who are going to teach and to learn in the schools.
  I feel a little diffident this evening in disclosing that I was a member of the Local Government Manpower Committee, and I do not know whether I am going to be charged with being the father or the mother of Clause 4. I do not intend to say anything in self-defence. The Local Government Manpower Committee was instructed not to re-draft the Education Acts but "to review and coordinate the existing arrangements for ensuring economy in the use of manpower."
  My own view is, having listened to this debate, that Clause 4 as it stands will not be acceptable to the House of Commons, and in these circumstances I certainly would not press the House to accept it. We should do better to get back to the main principle which was laid down in the Manpower Committee's Report, where it said, in reference to school attendance orders, that "the whole procedure should be reviewed to see whether manpower could be saved and procedure simplified." If we can make a fresh start from that point, perhaps in Committee we can find the right solution for Clause 4.
  I am not certain that the suggestion of the right hon. Member for South Shields will meet the case. He argued for a time limit to be given to the parent within which the parent must opt for a school. But within my experience that is not the only difficulty. The more frequent trouble is that the parent opts for a school which there is no chance of the

  177
  child being able to get into, because it is already full, or for some other reason. That then sets the machinery in motion, and undoubtedly it is cumbrous machinery. If we can find some way of avoiding many cases having to go up for decision to the Minister, everybody will gain.
  If I may dwell on that report for a minute or two longer, there was one recommendation in it which, so far as I can see, has been omitted from the Bill, and I cannot perceive that there is any great question of policy that might be controversial involved in it. The Manpower Committee recommended the amendment of Section 13 (5) of the 1944 Act. That subsection says:
  "A local education authority shall not, without the leave of the Minister, do or undertake to do anything … for which proposals are required by this section to be submitted to the Minister until such proposals have been approved by him."
  That, I believe, was put into the 1944 Act in order to create some freedom where freedom might not otherwise have existed. But it has been found in practice, I understand, to make it impossible for local education authorities to get on with even the most urgent work, where a new school is pressingly needed, until the Minister has reached final decisions on the proposals. Perhaps my right hon. Friend in her reply will be able to explain why the recommendation of the Manpower Committee to make that subsection an enabling one and not a restrictive one has not been acted upon.
  There is one other specific point in the Bill which I should like explained. There has been some debate on Clause 9 —that is to say the Clause which is designed to facilitate the purchase of a building for a transferred school instead of the erection of one. I know it has been laid down elsewhere that the cost of the site for a transferred school shall fall upon the local education authority. But Clause 9, as I read the present wording of it, seems to cut across that provision. I trust that either now or in Committee, the Minister will be able to satisfy us that there is nothing in Clause 9 which would throw back upon the governors or managers of the transferred school the cost of providing a site for the school.
  I am inclined to think, from my experience of talking about the needs of Church of England schools and other voluntary
  178
  schools, both in the House and elsewhere, that public opinion tends to run ahead of the politician in these matters, and that we politicians are apt to be frightened by people who say, in a militant manner, rather hostile and extreme things which would not, in fact, get the general backing of public opinion. In this Bill we are taking a step forward. I hope we shall have the courage to see that this is not the last step forward, and whether in Committee we may be able to go a yard or two farther still.
  I can speak with some local experience. I represent the constituency of Hampstead, which as the House knows is not entirely filled with adherents of the Christian religion. There are in that borough only three county primary schools, but we have six Church of England primary schools, and one Roman Catholic school. I have been member for the borough for nearly three years now, and in that time I have not received a single complaint from a parent about lack of county school accommodation, nor the slightest objection to anything that has gone on in any of the voluntary schools. There is undoubtedly a preponderance of voluntary school places there, so, if there was a grievance, it is just the kind of place where that grievance might naturally come to the surface. It has not come, and I take courage from that. I urge that we base our legislation on the need of the ordinary area, and do not become too frightened by what might imaginably happen in some rather exceptional locality.
  10.48 p.m.
  Mr. John Baird: I should like to direct the attention of the House to Clauses 6 and 7 of this Bill, but I must first spend a few moments on the question of denominational schools. I represent a division in which there is a large Catholic population, and where many people—almost the majority—live in new housing estates built since the war. In my area hundreds of Catholic children have to be transported every day to schools on the other side of the town, because there are not adequate Catholic schools on their own side—and many are going to ordinary non-denominational schools. That being so, on behalf of my constituents, I welcome the Bill.

  179
  At the same time, as a leading cleric in my division said to me at the weekend, the Minister is giving with one hand and taking away with the other, because in this area we have land available for building Catholic schools; the plans are all there; but year after year permission to build a school is refused. This Bill will be of no avail until the school building programme is revised and we get permission to build the schools which are envisaged under this Bill.
  My main point is with reference to Clauses 5 and 6, which impose certain statutory obligations on local authorities to provide dental services for schoolchildren. I thought that the hon. Gentleman who opened this debate did not really understand these Clauses because he referred to them, along with other Clauses, as being simply clarifying Clauses. I read them as much more than that.
  I am speaking on behalf of the British Dental Association, who are as worried as I am about these Clauses. I do not understand what the Minister is getting at and I have been asked by the Association to get some clarification from the right hon. Lady tonight. Under the Education Act of 1944 it has hitherto been the duty of local authorities to ensure that dental treatment is made available to schoolchildren either through the school dental service or otherwise. The important words are "or otherwise." At present, many local authorities are unable to engage sufficient dental officers and as a result some of them have discharged their statutory obligation by arranging, in co-operation with dentists in private practice, to allow the schoolchildren time off to have their dental treatment carried out in the private practitioners' surgeries.
  Clauses 5 and 6 propose to place on local authorities a duty to provide a comprehensive dental service either through persons in the employment of the authorities or through the hospital service. In other words, the arrangement by the authorities for children to be treated under the general dental service would no longer amount to a discharge of the statutory obligation on a local authority.
  This is a most important point because, as I have emphasised in this House time and time again—and I raised
  180
  the matter on the Adjournment the other night—at present we have not a comprehensive school dental service. If the figures I have quoted are correct—and they have never been denied—there is no likelihood of getting a comprehensive school dental service for the next 10 years, in view of the manpower shortage and the present rate of the school building programme.
  During the transitional period what is going to happen? A letter I have received from the British Dental Association says:
  "We consider that where a local authority who has tried its utmost is unable either through lack of staff or lack of clinics or both to provide a complete service in the area it is essential that the authority should have the right to make arrangements …"
  such as I have suggested tonight. If a local authority takes every available step to provide an adequate school dental service and yet, for the reasons I have mentioned, cannot provide this service, will the local authority have the right to make an arrangement with dentists in private practice to do as they have done in the past—allow time off for children to be treated in the surgeries of private dental practitioners?
  I am sure the Minister must understand this point. Do not let us be too doctrinaire or too bureaucratic. We have not got an efficient school dental service and in the interim period I am sure the Minister will agree that a suggestion such as I have indicated should be adopted.
  10.55 p.m.
  Mr. Norman Cole: Like most other hon. Members I welcome this Bill and I should like to congratulate the Minister for introducing it at a comparatively early stage in the life-time of the present Parliament. It is a very happy thing for the House that on important Bills like this we can so often be in agreement on principles.
  There are two or three questions which I should like to address to the Minister. The first is one to which the hon. Member for Devizes (Mr. Hollis) referred in talking about that Section of the 1944 Act which was deleted in another place. In the present Bill the whole reference in the extension of definition of displaced pupils is to pupils who already exist, to pupils for whom, in the opinion of the

  181
  Minister, education would have been provided. On the other hand, there are cases where pupils came to the area a long time ago and, therefore, do not constitute a qualification because they have passed the school-leaving age.
  In addition, those cases where no children are yet born to the parents moving from other areas are, presumably, not qualified under this extended definition. That is, in some parts of the country, for all denominations, an important matter. It is a particularly important matter for my constituency. I would point out the great difference between what was in the 1944 Act when it left this House and what is in this Bill.
  The other point to which I wish to refer in the new definition of displaced pupils is that it is restricted to those displaced by reason of housing or town planning. Will the Minister be good enough to tell us what is the position of pupils displaced for other reasons? There are from time to time in this country movements of population due to changes of employment, for war or other emergency reasons. It seems to me that the two reasons mentioned in the Bill constitute a great restriction.
  One other point, which has been mentioned by other hon. Members, is that it would be a great help to denominational bodies trying to provide their special education for their children if Clauses 1 and 2 could be made retrospective. There is great hope for the future, but there have been these lean years ever since the war during which many of these denominational bodies have built and founded schools, and at present they do not stand to gain anything from the Bill.
  Clause 9 deals with the question of loans to managers or governors of voluntary schools. I want to ask the Minister whether a school which cannot rank for grant under Clauses 1 and 2 under the definition of displaced pupils, can obtain a loan under Clause 9, irrespective of the fact that it is not qualified for a grant under Clauses 1 and 2?
  In conclusion, I would say that this is an important Measure. We are glad to feel that there is such a large amount of agreement on it. The educational system of this country had birth in the denominational schools, and it is a very happy matter that after some 50 years
  182
  of a State educational system we have once again the opportunity to put on the Statute Book something which will greatly assist those denominational bodies which, for very proper reasons, in my view, seek to provide education for their children.
  10.59 p.m.
  Mr. Michael Stewart: The Clauses of this Bill which have naturally attracted the greatest interest throughout this long and interesting debate have been those which affect the position of the voluntary schools. It would be churlish if we on this side of the House were not to express our gratitude and congratulations to the Minister on being able to introduce a Bill which, in that respect, accords with the wishes of so many people of all denominations. But I should also add that our welcome of the Bill is made all the warmer by our recollection of the fact that much of the necessary preparatory work to the making of the agreement on which the Bill is based was that in which my right hon Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) and our friend the late Mr. George Tomlinson played a considerable and distinguished part.
  If my references to the parts of the Bill which deal with the position of the voluntary schools are comparatively brief, I take it that no one will suppose that that is because I do not regard it as an extremely important subject. It is, of course, a subject of the very greatest importance that our educational system should proceed with the good will of both the parents and the religious communities.
  Fortunately, it is not necessary at this stage of the debate to say very much more on the topic, partly because many of the points which were in doubt at the beginning of the debate have subsequently been cleared up, and partly because of the wide measure of general agreement on the principle underlying Clauses 1, 2, 3 and 9. The fact that it is not necessary for me to say very much on the topic is evidence of the much more fortunate and happier atmosphere in which this denominational question is discussed today compared with that which prevailed in earlier periods of the history of English education.
  There are, however, certain points which I hope the right hon. Lady will be

  183
  able to clear up. In the first place, it is clear that Clause 1 is not retrospective in the definite sense that it does not relate to schools which are actually built and running as schools when the Act is passed, but, if I understand the matter rightly, if the school is not actually running as a school when the Act is passed, the benefits of Clause 1 apply to it. That is what I take the position to be, and I believe that the right hon. Lady will confirm it.
  Some of my hon. Friends and hon. Gentlemen opposite have said that we ought to consider whether Clause 1 should relate also to schools which are actually running as schools when the Act comes into force. It has been suggested that the Clause should be retrospective in the fullest sense of the word. It would help hon. Members if the right hon. Lady was able to tell us the quantitative size of the problem, how many schools and how much money would be involved.
  There is always a genuine difficulty about making any benefits retrospective. By making something retrospective, it may become so difficult to administer and so costly that one hesitates to make the concession at all. In a very large number of fields of legislation, particularly with regard to the social services, we experience the problem of making an alteration in the law which gives a concession, and it is decided not to make it retrospective on the grounds that if one did so it would become unbearably expensive.
  Consequently, it is important for us to know what would be involved in making the Clause retrospective. It seems to me that those hon. Members who have argued that in principle there is a good case for making it retrospective are on very strong grounds. It is intended to remedy unforeseen results of the 1944 Act. Perhaps the right hon. Lady will tell us, not, of course, with absolute precision, what information she has which will enable us to know the order of the problem with which we are dealing when we suggest that the Clause should be retrospective.
  My right hon. Friend the Member for Huyton (Mr. H. Wilson)—I am sure the right hon. Lady will understand that it is impossible for him to be here now, as he would have wished to be—asked
  184
  whether the child born after the family has moved from a "down-town" area into a reception area is a displaced pupil in the terms of the Bill. The hon. Member for Bedfordshire, South (Mr. Cole) made the same point. My right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields took the view that, in the discussions which led up to this Bill, it was intended that a child of that kind should be a displaced pupil within the terms of the Bill.
  I am not sure what the Government's intentions are in the matter. Do they intend that such a child should be regarded as a displaced pupil? If they do, I ask the Minister to look very narrowly at paragraphs (a) and (b) of Clause 1, because, as I read them, they could not include a child of that kind.
  Any child called a displaced pupil by Clause 1 has to have resided at some stage in that former area. If I am right, and if the child we have been describing is not included in the terms of the Bill, perhaps the Minister will explain why that is so? I think it is clear that Clause 9, on the other hand, is undoubtedly a retrospective one and, I presume, it is partly on that account that in the Money Resolution, which will subsequently be before us, there is reference to retrospective provisions. Does the fact that retrospective provisions are mentioned in the Money Resolution mean that in Committee Amendments designed to make Clause 1 retrospective will be in order? This is a point of some considerable importance.
  Whatever view we take as to whether Clause 1 should be made retrospective or not, nobody would want to see discussion on that matter stifled on a mere technicality. It is important that we should know what is the Government view as to the possibility of moving Amendments to that effect in Committee. Have the Government taken advice on this procedural matter and, if so, what are they able to tell us?
  Before leaving this matter of the Clauses which give help to the voluntary schools, I should say that it is usual, when one is dealing with the Second Reading of a Bill, to make some reference, not only to what is in the Bill, but to the general surrounding circumstances in which the Bill is passed. It is in that respect that a Second Reading

  185
  debate differs from a Third Reading debate.
  These Clauses deal with the provision of buildings. We have to read them against a background of a general slowing down in recent months of the provision of school buildings of all kinds. If the position is that a Bill which gives, on paper, assistance to voluntary schools, but which is passed in circumstances in which anybody who proposes to build a school, whether it is a religious community or a local education authority, will find it difficult to do so, then the practical value of the Bill is, if not diminished, very considerably postponed. We are all concerned that there should be equal justice as between the various religious communities in the country in the matter of the building of schools. We do not, however, want a situation in which they all suffer equally a degree of hindrance in putting up schools of any kind.
  I am sure the Minister must be very well aware that, while it is desirable and important to carry through a Bill of this kind, there does hang over it the shadow of the limitations of school buildings and the shadow of the very limited supply of teachers compared with the growing demand for their services, which is likely to hamper the development of good education in both county and voluntary schools alike.
  Clause 4 has been related to the recommendations of the Local Government Manpower Committee. I cannot feel that a mere question of the saving of manpower, paper, forms and even time are not in themselves sufficient for bringing forward a proposal, which, as we can see quite clearly from the debate, excites so much criticism and, in some quarters, very strong hostility. If the Parliamentary Secretary and I were to be miraculously transferred to each other's places, and I had the task of defending this Clause before the House, I do not think I would do so on the ground it will make administration easier for local authorities.
  There is, however, one aspect at which one ought to look with considerable care on Clause 4, and that is when one considers the type of parents—fortunately very few—who, persistently and antisocially, continually try to prevent their children attending school. Any bench of
  186
  magistrates, any headmaster or headmistress or anyone who has had practical experience of our educational system, will know there is a limited number of parents of that kind.
  At present, the legal machinery for catching up with them and for rescuing their children from the anti-social bias of their parents moves very slowly indeed, and we ought to think along those lines before we brush Clause 4 aside in complete disapproval. The famous Section 76 of the principal Act says that children are to be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents. None of us wants to be argued into the position where the children of unfortunate parents are to be deprived of what their parents wish, if their parents happen to have any wish in the matter.
  I would ask the Government to leave this Clause out of the Bill and look at the problem again, having that type of parent in mind. They can then see what type of legislation can be introduced that will protect the child against the parent of the kind that I have been describing without infringing the rights and liberties of the overwhelming majority of the population, who want to do well by their children and by the law.
  I should be sorry to see a complete gap in the Bill where Clause 4 now is, because I do not believe that it should be impossible to do what I have suggested. My right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields suggested one way in which it might be done, namely, by imposing a time limit. The Government, when they look at the matter, may see a better way of achieving the same result, but it is quite clear that there will be a good many different proposals about Clause 4 when we come to the Committee stage. They range from the one I have heard advanced in some quarters of keeping the Clause as it is, but adding to it a proviso that the parent who wish to appeal must be given help in preparing that appeal, to the other extreme of an Amendment designed to remove Clause 4 from the Bill altogether.
  My own feeling is that the atmosphere in Committee will be sweeter if the Government anticipate their critics, and are able to meet the Committee with proposals of their own, and, I hope, on the lines I have suggested, which, I think, would meet the criticisms advanced

  187
  during the debate, although, of course, it would be far too much to suppose, whatever proposals they make, that hon. Gentlemen on both sides will be prevented from suggesting further improvements. But the right hon. Lady will, no doubt, be used to that and will be prepared for it.
  Clause 7 does a good deal more than regularising existing arrangements, as the Explanatory Memorandum rather lightheartedly puts it. There is a good. deal of doubt about what exactly are the legal powers of local education authorities with regard to the payment of fees of children at independent schools, which is one of the issues raised in the Clause. My own reading of the principal Act is that they have that power at present, but if there is any doubt let it be stated beyond question, as is done in Clause 7 (1).
  Beyond that, as I understand it, the Clause is still a permissive Clause. Of course, if we read that side by side with the general duty of an education authority to educate children in accordance with the wishes of their parents according to age, aptitude, and ability, we may say that they may be obliged to make this arrangement. None the less, Clause 7 at present simply says they have the power to make arrangements of this kind with the Minister's approval.
  Then, however, it goes on to say that if they do make such arrangements, as they are making at present, a limit is placed on the form in which they can be made. For example, if such an arrangement is made at present a local education authority can arrange to pay part of the expenses of board. This was referred to by the hon. Member for Devizes (Mr. Hollis). But if this Clause goes through, if they make an arrangement at all, they can only do it on the basis that they pay the whole of the expenses.
  I should be the last person to advocate unnecessary inquiry into people's incomes and means, but the amount of funds available to a local education authority for this purpose is limited. Sometimes people who may, quite rightly and properly, claim to benefit by these arrangements are people who, without being wealthy, are by no means poor. There is a case within my knowledge where the parents, by reason of their employment, have to spend several years in India, and they
  188
  have to arrange for a guardian for their children. It is easier for the children to be at boarding school. It is quite legitimate for them to benefit under an arrangement made with the local education authority. At present, the authority can make an arrangement whereby the parents make a contribution, and, by doing so, the authority can perhaps provide for more cases of this kind.
  Might not the effect of Clause 7 be that if a local education authority agrees to make an arrangement at all it has to pay the whole of the expenses, and, consequently, the number of cases for which it could make such an arrangement would be unnecessarily and unreasonably limited? I may be wrong in my interpretation, but I am sure it will be agreed that this Bill is excessively difficult to understand unless one has around one three other Acts at least. I think the Parliamentary Secretary is drawing my attention to the fact that the powers shall be in addition to and not in derogation of. If that is right, it would mean that they can pay the whole or part, in which case it is a little surprising to have it stated emphatically that they shall pay the whole.
  Can the right hon. Lady tell us the extent to which the provisions in Section 81 of the principal Act are being used at present? I believe it varies a great deal from one education authority to another. It may be that the time has come to survey the use being made of these powers by different local authorities, and possibly to try to get a little more uniformity between one local authority and another in the use they make of them.
  There are other Clauses, mainly of a comparatively minor administrative character. We have already had an expert comment on Clauses 5 and 6 from my hon. Friend the Member for Wolverhampton, North-East (Mr. Baird) and I will therefore merely make the following concluding remarks on the Bill.
  It seems to me that the Bill is oddly arranged. If one looks at the topics with which it deals—the voluntary schools, the recommendation of the Local Government Manpower Committee, and certain other administrative matters—it will be found that the arrangement of the Clauses dodges back and forth between those different topics for no reason immediately apparent to a layman. The point is per-

  189
  haps a little more important than it seems because we already have a large principal Act and several amending Acts, and it is important that it shall be comparatively easy for people who are not lawyers to be able to get at the sense of the Bill. I should have thought some re-arrangement of the Clauses with an eye to their subject matter would be helpful.
  Still more am I puzzled as to why certain matters appear in the Schedule rather than as Clauses. It is perfectly clear on page 12 why provisions to amend Sections 78, 79, 100 and 114 of the principal Act are put in the Schedule. They are quite minor administrative matters. But I do not see why it is convenient or useful to tuck away the Amendment of Section 40 of the principal Act in a Schedule instead of in its proper place as a Clause, next to Clause 4 which also deals with the subject of school attendance. If there are powerful reasons for dealing with the matter in this way I am sure the right hon. Lady will tell us, but if there are not, I hope that in the interests of the layman who is keen on education and wants to be able to feel his way about the Bill speedily and competently, there will be some rearrangement.
  Since everyone seems to be declaring their interest, may I say that a good many years ago I used to be a schoolmaster. When I pursued that profession it was occasionally my duty to tell pupils who showed me written work that it was untidy or ill-constructed and must be done again. I should be reluctant to say that to anyone who holds so exalted a position as the right hon. Lady, but that old professional habit began to surge within me as I hunted my way about the Bill and tried to arrange its Clauses and bits of Schedule according to the subject matter.
  Although this Bill is only a Miscellaneous Provisions Measure, it is noteworthy that, in the variety of matters, minor but not unimportant, with which it deals. it touches on almost all the interests and groups of people concerned with our system of education; and that brings out how much our system is a continued attempt to pay due regard to the interests of the parents, of the religious communities, and of local authorities and the central Government. It is, I think, impossible for us properly to carry on our system of education unless we constantly keep that balance. If we ignore
  190
  the interests and rights of the parents and the religious bodies, we create an atmosphere in which the work of education cannot be done. If we ignore the rights of the local education authorities, and ignore the central Government, we run in danger of a diminution in the standards of education which ought to be maintained.
  We have, of necessity, to maintain that balance, and that, in my judgment is why we are never able to reach the final answer. There are always changing circumstances; there are changes in public opinion, changes in material factors, such as the cost of building a school, and all these items create a situation so that, what appeared to be the most balanced plan in 1944 is not the one for 1952. In my judgment, that will continually be so, and if any hon. Member imagines that one day we shall never need argue this question again, then he is deluding himself.
  What is hoped for is a compromise which is not merely a dull average between two extremes, but the kind of compromise we shall very soon see when we take our young relatives to the circus and see a person maintaining a perfect balance on four horses at the same time. This Bill aims at reaching a right balance at this time, and that is why we, on this side of the House give it our welcome.
  11.28 p.m.
  The Minister of Education (Miss Florence Horsbrugh): I would begin by thanking right hon. and hon. Members who have given such a warm welcome to this Bill, although I am sorry that the hon. Member for Fulham, East (Mr. M. Stewart) thought that it is in rather untidy order. I would deal first with his last question, why the Clauses were arranged as they are and why certain things are in the Schedules.
  I can assure him that I have been asking that question ever since the Bill was put into draft. Having dealt with all the problems put forward by local education authorities, and those from parents and teachers, and the various Church interests, I found when it came to the actual drafting of the Bill that I did not know why this order had to be. However, I will give the assurance that I will try to get more information for him, if that is possible. But, as he may well know, if Parliamentary draftsmen tell one that

  191
  this or that must be put a certain way, then a great amount of determination and energy is needed to find out why.
  It would, I think, be for the convenience of the House if I dealt first with the later Clauses. Then I would deal with the issue raising the most general interest, namely, Clause 1 and the question of retrospection. I was asked about Clause 3, both by the hon. Member for Wimbledon (Mr. Black) and the hon. Member for Ealing, South (Mr. Maude). The purpose of this Clause is to enable a local authority to pay for the enlargement of a controlled secondary school where this is considered necessary and expedient. Such enlargements, I understand, will be few, and what we have in mind is adding a single stream—which is an expression I do not like, but which is in the fashion now—to secondary grammar schools.
  This was explained by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary. A bigger enlargement that greatly extended and transformed the school would not, in my view, be a proper use of the Clause. Let us remember that, unlike other Sections in the 1946 Act, this Clause does not lay down that those who are to fill the extra places in a controlled school must necessarily come from a voluntary school. We are having this exception, and I want the hon. Member for Wimbledon to realise that our object is that there shall be a small addition. The Clause is meant to be limited in its application to meet a special case, when it would be uneconomical and unsatisfactory to provide accommodation in another way.
  I now come to Clause 4 about which a good many questions have been asked and opinions expressed. I will be quite frank with the House. When it was suggested that this amendment should be made, my first reaction was rather like the reactions of a great many hon. Members. Those who came to see me on behalf of the local education authorities pressed this matter strongly and I listened to their arguments. They pointed out to me—I think I may paraphrase what they said—that at present the parent puts the name of the school into the attendance order, and the local authority may then appeal to the Minister to have that order changed and the name of another school inserted. They suggested that the local
  192
  authority should put in the name and the parent should be enabled to appeal, and in that way a quicker arrangement would result.
  As has been pointed out, there are some cases in which there is not the activity on the part of the parent who is keeping children away from school to assist in getting the attendance order through as quickly as possible. In the Bill as it stands, Clause 4 makes certain that the parent will have an opportunity to appeal. We might go further and provide for some prescribed form. I have been urged by the representatives of the local education authorities to adopt this course because they feel that there are many cases in which children are away from school much longer than they need be simply because certain parents will not co-operate in filling in the name of the school.
  I think they have a case, but, as I say, my first reaction was exactly the same as that of a good many hon. Members, and I wondered whether we would be taking away the rights of the parent. I certainly do not want to do that. It was pointed out that the rights of the parent are still there, because the parent appeals. I am perfectly willing to hear all the suggestions and to consider any Amendment that is put down for the Committee stage. We want the Act to work in the best way possible. We do not want the Act to fail simply because certain parents do not co-operate and keep their children away from school.
  The right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) suggested that there should be a limited number of days in which a parent would have to fill up the form. I am quite willing to look at any suggestions. I must impress upon the House that those who are involved in working the scheme—the local education authorities—were very anxious that this arrangement should be included; they gave me their reasons and, as I say, it was a recommendation from the Manpower Committee.
  I now come to Clause 5 about which questions were asked by the hon. Members for Stalybridge and Hyde (Mr. Blackburn), Wolverhampton, North-East (Mr. Baird) and Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. G. Longden), on the subject of placing a duty on the local authority to provide this dental service.

  193
  I wish to make it perfectly clear, because I think this was the doubt in the mind of the hon. Member for Wolverhampton, North-East, that the fact that the local authority provides this dental service in no way prevents children from going to other dentists, whether they are in the National Health Service or not, as their parents wish. All we are saying— and hon. Members in all parts of the House will think this is right—is that local authorities should provide the dental service. I am certain it is right that we should now make it quite clear that these services should be provided.
  The hon. Member for Wolverhampton, North-East said we would not be able to provide the service. In the meantime, there is nothing to prevent parents sending children to other dentists, and I do not think the hon. Member need be quite so pessimistic about it. After all, I quite agree that every year since 1948 there were fewer full time dentists in the school dental service—or their equivalents, but this year we have had a great improvement.
  For the first time the number did not go down. It was down to 713 in January, but now it is going up and in six months we have had over 100 new dentists—or the equivalent—in the service. This is hopeful, and I wish to see this going on. By putting this provision in the Bill I wish to be able to say that we are going to continue this service, that we are going to do it by means of the local authorities so that those coming in can know that this is a continuing service.
  Mr. Baird: I quite agree with the right hon. Lady, but the whole point is that it will be many years before we can get a fully staffed service. In the meantime, some local authorities have made arrangements with dentists in private practice to treat school children sent by schools in school time. If a local authority takes steps to organise its own service, and dentists are not available, will they still be able to send the children to private dentists?
  Miss Horsbrugh: It is to be laid down that every local authority shall provide a service. The hon. Gentleman asks if we will prevent children going to other dentists—of course, we will not. It will be the duty of the local authority to provide the service.
  Mr. Baird: The dentists are not there.
  Miss Horsbrugh: At present, we know there are cases where treatment cannot be granted to all children, but there is nothing in the Bill to prevent the children going to any other dentist.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: Or to any other doctor.
  Miss Horsbrugh: Or to any other doctor. All we are trying to do is to state quite clearly that it is the duty of the local authority to provide this service.
  I would like to say at once that Clause 7, as it is drafted, is not as clear as I would like it to be. In Committee I hope to put down an Amendment to make it more clear. I wish to say, also, that this Clause is not a substitute for Clause 81, but is an addition. This Clause makes it the duty of a local authority to take places in schools other than its own when it has not got sufficient places to provide education for the children for whom it is their statutory duty to provide education.
  If there are not enough places, the local authority has, so to speak, to hire places from other schools—direct grants schools, in some cases also, independent schools, but places in special schools. That is a duty on them, and because it is a duty to take up places in other schools and pay for them they must pay the whole amount. It is not a case of saying that the parent must pay part. That is the difference between this Clause and Section 81 of the principal Act, where the power—not the duty—is given to pay in certain cases to avoid hardship.
  The cases alluded to by the hon. Member for Fulham, East would be cases mostly arising under Section 81—and that is not altered in any way by this Bill. But the relevant Clause is limited to what is the existing practice, which was very wisely referred to by my hon. Friend as a clumsy device. We now want to make it perfectly clear that the local authorities who have to take places in other schools have to pay the whole fees and not only part, as was done under Section 81.
  Mr. Harmar Nicholls: Does my right hon. Friend mean that under Section 81 of the principal Act part can be paid but under this Bill the local authorities can pay the whole?
  Miss Horsbrugh: Under this Bill they must pay the whole. This is merely a question of extending their own places.
  Mr. Ede: As I understand, Clause 7 (2) deals with the cases under Section 33 of the original Act, that is to say, cases of children who are in one way or another handicapped and require a special form of education. But the point with which we are mainly concerned is in Clause 7 (1) and there, in spite of what the right hon. Lady says, the operative words are:
  ".. a local education authority shall have … power …"
  It is not a duty. What will be the position of a direct grant school in an area where the provision of the local education authority itself is already adequate, when they want to fill up the places they have to fill in order to get the direct school grant?
  Miss Horsbrugh: I can make this clear. In subsection (1) the words are:
  "have … power to make … arrangements."
  In other words, a local authority, if it has not enough places in its own maintained schools, may make arrangements with the other schools; but as the right hon. Gentleman will see, later it is
  "shall … pay the … fees."
  It is not "part of the fees." As I have said, I want to have another form of words to make it quite clear that they can make arrangements, if they have not enough places in their own schools, to take up places in other schools, and in that case they must pay the full fees.
  Mr. Ede: I agree that that happens under subsection (2), which does not deal with direct grant schools but with schools for what we generally call handicapped children. I think we had probably better leave this until the Committee stage; but I would point out that subsection (1) needs a lot of clarification.
  Miss Horsbrugh: This deals with direct grant schools when they take up places. It also deals with special schools and with independent schools when they take up places. It is a question of adding to their own places in their maintained schools.
  Mr. G. Longden: Before the right hon. Lady leaves Clause 7, would she agree that the provision should be made at the parents' choice?
  Miss Horsbrugh: We shall continue exactly as we are doing now. There is a choice very often and the parents are given a list of schools. I do not say that they always get the places they would like in the schools; but there is no change at all. We are continuing the present practice in a clearer way, and the present practice is for these places to be fully paid for and for the parents to get a choice—though I cannot guarantee that in each case the parents will necessarily be able to get the required place in, the school.
  On Clause 9, I was asked by my hon. Friend the Member for Hampstead (Mr. H. Brooke) whether there was any change with regard to payment for the sites. There is no change. Regarding his question about an omission from one of the suggestions of the Manpower Committee in Clause 13 (5), it was considered that as no real change could be made, no difference would result from making them affirmative rather than negative.
  Now we come to Clause 13, and the difference between one month, two months', or three months' wait for objections under Section 13 of the principal Act. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields thought that we ought to have accepted one month. Some of the denominations and deputations which came to see me were against one month, and some asked us to maintain the period of three months, but I compromised with two months. I think that will meet the case.
  Now I will come to what has been most discussed and of greatest interest, namely, Clause 1. I do not want to take too much time arguing whose ideas it is considered are now in this Bill. Everybody seems to have had some point of view put forward, and several hon. Members have suggested, that we have simply taken what the previous Government was going to do. The hon. Member for Ardwick (Mr. L. M. Lever) pointed out that he was one of the first to put forward some matter about which there was a strange coincidence in that the words are very similar. I think we can probably suggest that the words are similar because certain of those who wanted the changes made were suggesting what the words should be and how we could work out a definition of displaced pupils.

  197
  The right hon. Member for South Shields told us that the late Government made a statement, which, I know, was published on 5th October, 1951. I quite agree that the substance of what is stated there is included in the Bill. What has always surprised me, and it surprised me more and more as I listened to this debate, is that the last Administration, now appearing so keen and interested about getting grants for these schools as soon as possible, did not bring in the Bill. Why the delay?
  Mr. L. M. Lever: The electors did not return us.
  Miss Horsbrugh: I was thinking of the year before that.
  When hon. Members were asking for retrospection I was surprised that hon. Members of the Opposition should join in that request, and should point out the difficulties of certain Clauses in the Bill of last year, or the year before; because they then decided not to do it. They ask me, and the present Government, to make the provision retrospective—to turn back to what they decided was not to be done. The hon. Member for Ardwick pointed out what he said in March, 1951. I have seen a copy of it, and read parts of it this evening. No legislation was brought forward then, although it was urged from both sides of the House.
  Mr. Lever: Discussions were going on.
  Miss Horsbrugh: They were going on for such a long time. The Labour Government were in office in 1951. They were in office the year before, and the year before that. Whether they were discussing the matter for all those years I do not know; but they were not convinced until the General Election started and their own Election manifesto had gone out, with no mention of this matter in it.
  Strangely enough, apart from the fact that a good deal is said about the difficulties of the Roman Catholics in their "Handbook for Socialist Speakers, 1951." which, I agree, was published in November, 1950, the Labour Party made no mention of the displaced pupil. Even more strange is that the supplementary edition brought out in August, 1951, did not mention the displaced pupil. However, better late than never. The right hon. Gentleman has explained that by 5th
  198
  October, when the General Election had started, the Labour Party had come to the conclusion that it was necessary to deal with the displaced pupil. They were quite right.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: We have been waiting for a General Election.
  Mr. Mellish: The right hon. Lady knows that private discussions were going on. Only a year earlier discussions were opened with the party which now forms the Government in order to make certain that there would not be opposition from them. Discussions were also going on with religious bodies. The Labour Government could not have found time for a Bill.
  Miss Horsbrugh: We know all about the discussions. I took part in discussions when I was in the Opposition. The hon. Member for Ardwick pointed out that he began drafting something in March. Hon. Gentlemen opposite may say that it is terrible that these schools cannot get an extra grant, but the schools could have had it if the Labour Government had got on with the work that I have done in a year.
  Mr. Lever: The right hon. Lady must remedy the situation, then.
  Miss Horsbrugh: My first remedy is to bring in the Bill so that we can deal with the matter in the future.
  Mr. Lever: Make it retrospective.
  Miss Horsbrugh: The hon. Member may be looking to me to deal with the sins of omission of the Labour Government, but it is impossible to deal with them all.
  Among the matters raised in connection with Clause 1 was the question of the unborn child, which was mentioned by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields and other hon. Members.
  Mr. Collick: Before the right hon. Lady gets right off the point—
  Miss Horsbrugh: I have not much time.
  Mr. Collick: The right hon. Lady has forgotten to tell the House her attitude towards making the Clause retrospective.
  Miss Horsbrugh: If the hon. Gentleman will be patient, I will get as much done in the time left to me.
  Mr. Lever: It needs only three sentences.
  Miss Horsbrugh: It was suggested that a family with children having the status of displaced pupils might move to another area and later another child might be born, and it was asked whether that child would be a displaced pupil. Hon. Members will, I am sure, realise that in dealing with the definition of a displaced pupil in the Bill we can hardly call a child a displaced pupil if it is born when the family is residing in another area. That would be impossible. I was interested in the fact that the statement of October, 1951, put before us by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields as a definition did not include reference to the unborn child.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Devizes (Mr. Hollis) asked what would be the area in relation to schools when a family moved. He need not think that it would necessarily be only what is officially called a catchment area. If the children were attending a voluntary school before they moved to a new area I certainly think they would count as displaced pupils.
  It has been suggested that the present law is as it is simply because of a mistake in a Lords Amendment. I would remind hon. Members that this House has to agree to or disagree with Lords Amendments, so this House must bear its responsibility. If hon. Gentlemen had been so anxious about what they refer to as an anomaly—
  Mr. Lever: We were not there.
  Miss Horsbrugh: Perhaps the hon. Gentleman will wait a moment.
  The last Government amended this Act on two occasions, in 1946 and 1948. They did not see fit to make that amendment. So, we have been working on the Act which the last Government did not see fit to amend. The amendment did not come up in the Bill which was put before this House by the Labour Government because they did not include it.
  Mr. Lever: The then Opposition could have moved an Amendment to it.
  Miss Horsbrugh: I have been told that although we bring in this Bill to help the voluntary schools, as we have had a reduction in building, perhaps it will not do so. There has not been a reduction in building. I have now the figures of educational building as a whole for the first six months of 1951 and 1952. In the first six months of 1951, educational building had been done to the value of just over £16 million. This present year, 1952, educational building has been done to the value of over £20 million, so that it is not a reduction but an increase. I have been asked if there is any—
  Mr. Lever: The building was approved by the last Government.
  Miss Horsbrugh: During the time of the last Government the building done in the first six months was just over £16 million. Under this Government, the building done was to a value of over £20 million.
  I have been asked what would be the cost of making Clause 1 completely retrospective. There was a Question on this matter on the Order Paper today, but it was not reached. My written answer was:
  "I cannot give a reliable estimate as this would require an investigation into the provenance of the pupils—
  which means the location they come from—
  "first admitted to some 50 new aided or special agreement voluntary schools opened since.. 1945."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 8th December, 1952; Vol. 509, c. 14.]
  That is the difficulty. I do not think we can make this retrospective.
  My last word about retrospection is this. We talked about it with all the people who came to see me when we were having discussions. I agreed that I would not make this retrospective and I think we have to keep to that and to keep to the bargain we have made. We cannot now make up for what was not done in the years that have gone.
  Question put, and agreed to.
  Bill accordingly read a Second time.
  Committed to a Standing Committee.

  EDUCATION (MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) BILL

    EDUCATION (MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) [MONEY]
    Considered in Committee under Standing Order No. 84 (Money Committees). —[Queen's Recommendation signified.]
    [Mr. HOPKIN MORRIS in the Chair]
    Resolved,
    That, for the purposes of any Act of the present Session to amend the law relating to education in England and Wales and to make further provision with respect to the duties of education authorities in Scotland as to dental treatment, it is expedient to authorise the payment out of moneys provided by Parliament of any increase in the sums payable out of such moneys under any enactment, being an increase attributable to provisions (including retrospective provisions) of the said Act of the present Session—

    (a) extending the definition of "displaced pupils" for the purposes of section one hundred and four of the Education Act, 1944, to include pupils who have moved in consequence of action or proposed action under housing or town and country planning powers;

    (b) extending the cases in which a local education authority may be required to defray the whole or any part of the cost incurred in the establishment or enlargement of a controlled school;

    (c) relating to the provision of free dental treatment;

    (d) relating to the provision by local education authorities of primary and secondary education at schools not maintained by such authorities;

    (e) substituting, for the powers of the Minister under sections one hundred and three and one hundred and four of the said Act of 1944 to make grants in certain cases for the construction of schools, powers in the like cases to make grants for the provision of school sites and buildings;

    (f) extending the definition of "initial expenses" for the purpose of the Minister's power to make loans to school managers or governors under section one hundred and five of the said Act of 1944; and

    (g) empowering a local education authority to provide clothing for pupils receiving special educational treatment in pursuance of arrangements made by the authority. —[Miss Horsbrugh.]

    Resolution to be reported Tomorrow.

  CONSUMER GOODS (LABELLING)
  Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."— [Major Conant.]
  11.59 p.m.
  Miss Elaine Burton: This is not the best night, so far as the weather is concerned, for initiating an Adjournment debate, because it means that I have to stay the night. I should like to apologise in advance to anyone who has to stay and who would not otherwise have to do so but for this Adjournment.
  The matter I wish to raise has to do with the labelling of consumer goods and is important because it affects industry very greatly and, obviously, the shopping public of this country. I informed the Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade that I would be dealing principally with textiles, and I should like to say straight away that the Government wish to secure voluntary informative labelling of textiles and have made arrangements with the British Standard Institution to that effect, but I am wondering whether the hon. and learned Gentleman realises that there are no means as yet in the hands of the Board of Trade by which informative labelling can be policed and properly enforced for the benefit of the public. The shopping public and I myself believe that there is no indication on the part of the Government that they are aware of their responsibilities in this direction or of the urgency for more speedy decisions.
  The Government have already asked for the voluntary imposition of standards of performance of textiles and clothing sizes and other consumer goods. I would ask the Parliamentary Secretary to realise that this is purely voluntary. There is a great desire on the part of the shopping public for better standards of consumer goods and for enforcement and publicity about those standards, and I should like to stress that this is a matter held by the shopping public, quite irrespective of party politics.
  First of all, I should like to deal with the question of textile trade terms. I wonder whether the Parliamentary Secretary would give me his attention, because

  203
  I hope he will be able to give me an answer when he replies to the debate. In this matter of trade terms, I think everybody would agree that the modern commercial practice of "writing up" merchandise goods causes the change of technical and trade meaning to move faster than that of the common understanding of the ordinary shoppers.
  Furthermore, this change is invariably —and I want to stress the word—from one of quality or precise significance to one of vague significance or no significance at all. This is because sales promotion, in its endeavour to enhance the goods it has to sell, borrows terms of high quality significance or luxury appeal to describe lower grades and imitations.
  I will take two very obvious examples. First, shantung. If we go back to 1938, the word "shantung" had a very definite and precise meaning. The word "shantung" conjured up a vision of wild-silk material of certain appearance and known quality and performance. Since then, as perhaps the Parliamentary Secretary realises, this term has been applied to spun rayon cloths so that today shantung has had its meaning blurred, and new terms are now needed to distinguish between the various cloths labelled shantung.
  The second obvious example is gaberdine. That is a term which should only be applied to a well-recognised and distinctive cloth structure. Would the Parliamentary Secretary give me his attention for a few moments?
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (Mr. Henry Strauss): I am sorry, but I hope the hon. Lady realises that I was only seeking to help her by collecting for myself the answers to her questions.
  Miss Burton: I apologise and I am looking forward to the answers.
  I am sure the Parliamentary Secretary realises that gaberdine has lost its original meaning in the public mind, because of its sudden leap into fashion and the consequent application to almost any loose-twill wool or wool mixture cloth.
  I want to go on to the current misuse of trade terms. In retail advertising of clothing, and household textiles I believe it results from three causes—first, ignorance; secondly, carelessness, often coupled with negligence; and, thirdly, deliberate
  204
  effort to defraud. Investigation shows that by far the greatest preponderance comes from the second cause.
  I have had some experience in retail stores, and believe that ignorance usually arises from ignorance of the counter staff. Many stores and shops have recently begun to overcome this difficulty by making a real effort to train their assistants in regard to the content and performance of the cloths with which they have to deal. But we often find that misapplication of the term "woollen" is encouraged by the staff because they know that the public sets great store on cloth being advertised as wool.
  If we take linen, silk, wool, and leather, the misuse of trade terms falls under these three headings, but I am sorry to say that intent to defraud comes much to the fore. When advertisers are challenged on any of these four commodities they usually fall back on the excuse of ignorance, although some do blame their suppliers and admit carelessness.
  The point I wish to speak of in detail concerns wool, woollen and worsted materials. Everyone, I think, would agree with the following statements. First, it is the right of the consumer to know what he or she is buying. Secondly, it is essential that laundries and dry-cleaners should know the fibre content of any material or garment to be dealt with. It seems to me very strange that any West Riding cloth producer should object to such a proposal. I wish to be fair, but, from the large number of cloth producers from the West Riding who do object, I can only conclude that they fear that their sales will be adversely affected if they have to describe a dress as being rayon and wool, instead of being able to pass it off, lightly, as a woollen dress.
  How can a rayon dress normally be described as anything else? Surely it seems to the ordinary shopper that wool is wool and rayon rayon. If we are not careful, and if the Parliamentary Secretary does not intervene, we shall find soon that rayon may well be described quite legally in wool industry terms.
  For some time now some manufacturers from the West Riding have been fighting strongly for the legal interpretation of the word "woollen" to mean merely a process of spinning. If this were accepted the terms "worsted" and "woollen"

  205
  would be acceptable in the courts as describing rayon suits and dresses. Representations against this have been made to the British Standards Institution by many organisations. There have been not only representations, but counter-proposals for the labelling of wool and mixture cloths, and one has only to give the names of these organisations to see how reputable and responsible they are.
  Under the auspices of the Retail Trading Standards Association the following organisations have added their names to this counter-proposal: The Association of Wholesale Woollen Merchants, the Bespoke Tailors Guild, the British Mantle Manufacturers Association, the Drapers Chamber of Trade, the Institute of British Launderers, the International Wool Secretariat, the National Association of Outfitters, the National Chamber of Trade, the National Federation of Dyers and Cleaners, the Retail Distributors Association, and the Wholesale Textile Association. Briefly, those associations believe that a cloth should only be labelled as wool, woollen or worsted if it contains 100 per cent. wool on which they would allow a manufacturers' tolerance of 3 per cent. and a maximum of a further 7 per cent. for visible decoration.
  Obviously, those names carry weight, and in view of this opposition, reinforced by the principal women's organisations and the Co-operative Wholesale Society, the manufacturers have retreated a little, but only a little. They still want the term "woollen" to mean only a process of spinning, but they now suggest that those of them who are prepared to adopt the British Standards Institution standard will always follow the word "woollen" by some such words as "wool dominant" or mixture containing wool."
  I think that that is a clumsy phrase designed to conceal from the public the nature and extent of other fibres than wool. It means simply that under this plan any manufacturer not voluntarily adhering to the British Standards Institution standard would be in order in describing his goods as woollen although they contained only 15 per cent. of wool, and nobody could touch him because the term "woollen" would be a technical one indicating a spinning process.
  I submit that this is not good enough and I think Parliament should step in to see that it does not happen. How did
  206
  it arise in the first place? The British Standards Institution has a Wool Industry Standards Committee which includes 16 representatives of the Wool Textile Delegation, two of the Textile Institute and one of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. In that list there is not one consumer or one distributor.
  When it became obvious that the trade associations were getting restive, the British Standards Institution appointed a technical committee. On this they included most of the important trade associations and representatives from the Women's Advisory Committee of the British Standards Institution. This Committee met once, on 21st May, 1952, and I believe that at that meeting there was prolonged criticism of the proposed labelling and definitions which I have mentioned, and strenuous efforts were made to obtain agreement that the mixture cloths would be labelled according to weight of fibre content.
  After this meeting those suggestions and proposals went back to the original Wool Industry Standards Committee and, being judge and jury, this Committee ignored practically every comment that had been made and re-circulated its previous proposals—perhaps with an odd "t" crossed and an odd "i" dotted, but they were the same. When that happened the Retail Trading Standards Association and its other associated bodies protested. They said that their suggestions involved counter-proposals and they asked for a reply. I believe that an acknowledgment has been sent but nothing further has been done, and I suggest to the Parliamentary Secretary that the Wool Industry Standards Committee itself should be opened up to include representatives of the distributor and of the consumer.
  Time is getting on and I wanted to mention the Merchandise Marks Act of 1887, but I know that you would rule me out of order, Mr. Speaker, if I went into that, so I shall have to leave it. Before coming to my final recommendations, however, may I say that there are seven points that I wish to bring to the notice of the hon. Gentleman.
  The first is probably the most important. It is that today we have with us a new problem of the strong synthetic fibres, two examples of which are nylon and terylene. I expect the House knows that these strong synthetic fibres are used

  207
  with wool to give specific benefits to the users of the fabrics or the articles made therefrom and they are of two kinds. First, there is the direct benefit which is obtained by using from 25 to 50 per cent. of strong fibres to improve the actual properties of the fabrics concerned.
  There is also the indirect benefit obtained by including as little as 3 to 5 per cent. of these strong fibres to improve the manufacturing efficiency. The inclusion of as small a percentage as 3 to 5 per cent. aids the spinning and weaving, but makes no difference to the quality of the cloth. Therefore, there is no need to declare its presence; but, if its presence is declared, then the percentage should be stated in order to protect the purchaser from descriptive claims concerning the performance of the cloth. I wonder whether the Parliamentary Secretary knows that today we have cloth described in the most flattering terms as being of "wool and nylon" but where the actual nylon content is less than 5 per cent.?
  Secondly, the other day I saw two pieces of material; one of viscose rayon taffeta, and the other of embossed rayon velvet. Both had a pattern arranged by pressure processing which would disappear completely the moment the garment became wet; if it was put in water, or even if tea was spilt on it. Many women have sent in complaints about these dresses after contact with water or perhaps because a cup of tea has, unfortunately, been spilled over them. That would not have happened if acetate rayon had been used; and I would say here in passing, that in the United States manufacturers are compelled to disclose which type of rayon has been used.
  Thirdly, recently I saw a piece of rayon material with various shades of red and green dye on it. When this had had a little use, or had been sent to the cleaners after short service, the red and green parts would disintegrate and go into holes. There was nothing to warn the purchaser of that.
  Fourthly, I saw some pit socks which were composed of so much "waste" material that when the men wore them for their hard work in the pit, the "waste" disintegrated and simply meant that there had been money thrown away by these miners on something which wore
  208
  for so short a time. Here again, there was no indication of how much "waste" had been used in the socks.
  Fifthly, any woman can now see a lot of lizard handbags on the counters. I do not expect the Parliamentary Secretary to be an authority on those, but he may know there were many so-called "lizard" bags. At first they were called "plastic lizard," but the retailers were told that they could not use that term because it was a false trade description; a bag was either "lizard" or "plastic"; it could not be both. Then, they became termed "lizard grain." Why could they not have been called "plastic"?
  Sixthly, I saw that in the courts recently, a decision was sought as to when a fishcake was not a fishcake, and the answer was when it contained less than 35 per cent. of fish. I suggest to the Parliamentary Secretary that that might be borne in mind, although it is not included in the labelling of textile goods.
  I come now to the last of my seven points. If anyone breaks a leg or seriously injures himself by falling off a step-ladder in future will he take comfort from the fact that, although the British Standards Institution has drawn up a set of minimum standards for step-ladders. there is no compulsion on manufacturers to observe them? What a ridiculous situation.
  I should like to put forward four recommendations. First, that the British Standard definitions of textiles and other commodities should be produced. A small nomenclature committee sitting under Government auspices, and representing all interests, should lay down "market place" definitions of the principal trade terms used by the retailer in his dealings with the public. There is, in addition, a growing need to cover the growing field of man-made fibres and cloths.
  Secondly, there is the need that British Standard definitions, as agreed, should be accepted by Parliament as definitions acceptable by the courts. Thirdly, the Board of Trade should hasten its investigation of the Merchandise Marks Act of 1887, whereby offenders can be prosecuted and punished for applying false descriptions to goods. Fourthly, if necessary as a prelude to

  209
  introduction of British Standard definitions and necessary amendment of the Merchandise Marks Act, labelling of consumer goods, and not merely textile consumer goods, should be generally introduced.
  On 20th November, the Parliamentary Secretary, in reply to a Question by me about the description of napped cotton goods and about the term suede, said
  "I do not think that any requests from my Department are necessary to the British Standards Institution. They are certainly getting on with the job."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 20th November, 1952, Vol. 507, c. 2025.]
  I do not think they are getting on with the job fast enough and I would quote from the Council of the National Hosiery Manufacturers' Federation, which stated in notes on Fair Trading Codes on 28th November last:
  "The Council of the Federation, desiring to establish and license a characteristic Mark for hosiery, and deterred by the likelihood of considerable delay or even frustration if the British Standards Institution proposals were adopted, finally decided that we should proceed with our own Code and Mark."
  The labelling of goods must be hastened by the British Standards Institution. It must be made compulsory on all traders, and, if necessary, we shall have to have some Parliamentary legislation on the matter, because then at last wool would be wool, rayon would be rayon, fish cakes would be fish cakes, and words would mean what they said.
  12.20 a.m.
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (Mr. Henry Strauss): The hon. Lady the Member for Coventry, South (Miss Burton), as is her wont, has said a great deal and much that is interesting in a very short time, and I cannot pretend that I can, on the spot, give her an answer to it all which will satisfy her, but I do want to refer to some points on which I agree with her and some points on which I do not.
  I do not differ from the hon. Lady at all in the importance that she attaches to the question of standards of quality. The importance that my right hon. Friend attaches to that was made known in his speech last March. It was and is his desire that voluntary standards should be prepared by the industries concerned in consultation with the British Standards Institution, and that in due course the public should have the
  210
  opportunity of buying goods bearing the mark showing that they comply with British standards. But it is an essential part of that scheme that they should be voluntary standards. I should be out of order if I discussed matters involving legislation, but an essential part of the scheme is that these should be standards voluntarily negotiated. These voluntary standards are being prepared on a number of the topics with which the hon. Lady dealt. One of these matters on which the industry and the British Standards Institution are working is the very matter of which she spoke, namely, the glossary of wool terms.
  I agree with the hon. Lady that important differences have arisen. There has been a difference on this subject between the proposals originally put forward by the wool textile industry's representatives in the B.S.I. Committee and the retailers' representatives, and there have been counter-proposals by the retailers' representatives which have not been agreed by the manufacturers.
  I have, however, no reason to think that agreement will not eventually be reached, and I certainly do not propose tonight, by expressing views on the proposals that in the course of these discussions have been put forward by one body or another, to make agreement or compromise more difficult. In fact, I think that would help to defeat the very object that I believe the hon. Lady has in mind. She is wrong in thinking that there is objection on the part of the wool industry to labelling and indicating the wool content. Indeed, as I understand it, they have undertaken to do so. There are, however, I admit, differences of opinion which I hope are in course of being resolved.
  I agree that many of us hoped that further progress would have been made by now, but the scheme is largely novel and it is difficult. I think that all of us who wish to see these quality schemes put into operation know how important it is that the standards should be satisfactory, that they should be accepted and that they should work, even if that involves waiting rather longer than we had hoped.
  I have not got time to go through all the causes which make this a somewhat lengthy matter. Before proposals are presented to the British Standards Institu-

  211
  tion, agreement must be reached between representatives of the spinners, weavers, finishers and dyers. Then in the appropriate B.S.I. Committee agreement has to be reached between representatives of the particular textile industry as a whole and the clothing manufacturers, distributors and consumers. All this has had to be carried on during a period when a great deal of the energy of the industries concerned has been devoted to meeting the urgency of the textile depression. Now trade is improving, and I hope that energetic attention will be given to the work of bringing these standards into use.
  What has been achieved—because we ought not to speak as though, in all this time there has been no advance towards securing agreed standards of quality? I should mention one case where not only has agreement been reached, but a marking scheme is in operation. Bedding, including mattresses, pillows, and bolsters can now be bought with the Kite mark of the British Standards Institution. This is a matter in which the public can help by buying goods so marked. In the case of safety boots and shoes for men, likewise there are standards agreed and a marking scheme in operation. Another standard completed and in course of being printed, covers rubber footwear. I can mention others, but I agree with the hon. Lady that textiles have not yet advanced so far. I hope that will be remedied— and I believe it will. I differ from her entirely—and I wish to make this absolutely clear—in the view she apparently holds that the British Standards Institution is in any way to blame for any undue delay. I do not believe that that charge is right.
  212
  The main part of the hon. Lady's speech was devoted to the question of trade terms. Although I cannot discuss legislation—a rule from which she herself suffered—I should like to remind her that successful prosecutions have taken place under the Merchandise Marks Act. The Act already makes the application to goods of a false trade description or the sale of goods to which a false inscription has been applied a criminal offence. Trade description includes any statement or other indication, direct or indirect, as to the material of which any goods are made or produced or as to the mode of manufacturing any goods. It is, therefore, an offence to mis-describe the fibre content of textiles, and successful prosecutions have taken place.
  Some of the matters the hon. Lady mentioned might, in certain circumstances, I think, be remedied even under the Sale of Goods Act. The hon. Lady has made many suggestions of what some of the standards should be. I hope she has made them to the industry, and to the British Standards Institution, because I think the Institution, in particular, are far more competent to consider the merits of some of her proposals than any Minister at the Board of Trade.
  The Question having been proposed after Ten o'Clock on Monday evening and the debate having continued for half an hour, Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House without Question put, pursuant to the Standing Order.
  Adjourned at Twenty-nine Minutes past Twelve o'Clock, a.m.

  BRITISH COUNCIL
  BRITISH COUNCIL
  CHINA (GERM WARFARE ALLEGATION)
  CHINA (GERM WARFARE ALLEGATION)
  DISUSED CHURCHES (BRISTOL)
  DISUSED CHURCHES (BRISTOL)
MINISTRY OF FOOD
  Coronation (Bottled Beers)
  Coronation (Bottled Beers)
  Meat (New Zealand Shipments)
  Meat (New Zealand Shipments)
ROADS
  Accidents
  Accidents
  Pedestrian Crossings
  Pedestrian Crossings
  Coronation (Improvements, London)
  Coronation (Improvements, London)
  Victoria Embankment (Police Notice)
  Victoria Embankment (Police Notice)
  Welsh Schemes
  Welsh Schemes
  Expenditure
  Expenditure
  CANAL FOOTBRIDGE, THORNE
  CANAL FOOTBRIDGE, THORNE
  RAILWAY BRANCH LINES (LAND)
  RAILWAY BRANCH LINES (LAND)
MINISTRY OF SUPPLY
  Iron Ore
  Iron Ore
  Defence Orders, Brighton Area
  Defence Orders, Brighton Area
  Steel Supplies, Scotland
  Steel Supplies, Scotland
  Armament Contracts (Progress Payments)
  Armament Contracts (Progress Payments)
NATIONAL INSURANCE
  Spinsters Pensions Association (Deputation)
  Spinsters Pensions Association (Deputation)
  Dermatitis
  Dermatitis
  Industrial Injuries Fund
  Industrial Injuries Fund
  Non-Contributory Pensions
  Non-Contributory Pensions
  Reynaud's Disease
  Reynaud's Disease
  Disablement Pensions (Prescribed Diseases)
  Disablement Pensions (Prescribed Diseases)
  Sickness Statistics
  Sickness Statistics
GAS AND ELECTRICITY
  Gas Works (Electricity Production)
  Gas Works (Electricity Production)
  Ex-Municipal Pensioners
  Ex-Municipal Pensioners
  West Midlands Gas Board (Pipe Supplies)
  West Midlands Gas Board (Pipe Supplies)
COAL
  Local Administration Costs
  Local Administration Costs
  Nutty Slack
  Nutty Slack
  Mining Subsidence (Compensation)
  Mining Subsidence (Compensation)
NATIONAL FINANCE
  Burma (Debt)
  Burma (Debt)
  Tithe System
  Tithe System
  Purchase Tax Refunds (United States Forces)
  Purchase Tax Refunds (United States Forces)
MINISTRY OF WORKS
  Improvement Works, Bishop's Stortford (Licence)
  Improvement Works, Bishop's Stortford (Licence)
  Anti-Tank Blocks, Wormley (Removal)
  Anti-Tank Blocks, Wormley (Removal)
EDUCATION
  Special Agreement Schools
  Special Agreement Schools
  Married Medical Students (Assistance)
  Married Medical Students (Assistance)
  KOREA (BRITISH PRISONERS OF WAR)
  KOREA (BRITISH PRISONERS OF WAR)
  HOUSING, GLAMORGAN
  HOUSING, GLAMORGAN
  ROYAL NAVY (PERSONAL CASE)
  ROYAL NAVY (PERSONAL CASE)
  ARMED FORCES (CHRISTMAS PARCELS)
  ARMED FORCES (CHRISTMAS PARCELS)
  PRISON SENTENCES (FIRST OFFENDERS)
  PRISON SENTENCES (FIRST OFFENDERS)
  WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (COKE DELIVERIES)
  WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (COKE DELIVERIES)
  MILK REGULATIONS (SALES)
  MILK REGULATIONS (SALES)