Sitting of 6 November 1950

Preamble
The House met at Half past Two o'Clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  ATOMIC ENERGY

    Private Firms
    Mr. Errollasked the Minister of Supply what steps he is taking to enable private firms to increase their participation in the development of atomic energy.
    The Minister of Supply (Mr. G. R. Strauss): Although the time is not yet ripe for large-scale participation by industry in the development of atomic energy, industrial firms are helping in preliminary studies of the feasibility and design of power reactors. Every encouragement and assistance is being given to the development of industrial applications of radio-active isotopes.
    Mr. Erroll: Will the right hon. Gentleman, without involving any security considerations, continue to ensure that private industry has a full chance of collaborating in this work?
    Mr. Strauss: Yes, Sir; as I indicated we are closely in touch with industry in this matter.
    Mr. Martin Lindsay: On a point of order. May we have some candles brought in, Mr. Speaker?
    Mr. Charles Ian Orr-Ewing: Could we also have some air, Sir?
    Mr. Speaker: We have to get over our teething troubles in this new Chamber. I will do my best.

    Research Staff (Aliens)
    Miss Hornsby-Smithasked the Minister of Supply how many of the staff at Harwell are naturalised citizens of alien birth.
    Wing Commander Hulbertasked the Minister of Supply how many naturalised British subjects are now employed at Harwell on atomic research; and what was their former nationality.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: Thirteen naturalised British subjects are employed at Harwell. Six were formerly German, three Austrian, one Swiss, one Polish, one French and one American.
    Miss Hornsby-Smith: Is the Minister satisfied that such of these gentlemen as may have obtained employment in wartime as refugees from Nazi oppression have been re-screened in the light of their possible affiliation with Communism?
    Mr. Strauss: Yes, Sir.
    Wing Commander Hulbert: Does the Minister agree that the majority of these people who have acquired British nationality, are loyal to the Crown, and that it is only the odd one who lets the country down?
    Mr. Strauss: Yes, Sir. I think it would be very regrettable if, because of recent incidents, any slur were to be cast on the excellent work and admirable character of those who are continuing their work at Harwell?
    Mr. J. Langford-Holt: As an appeasement to the superstitious, will the Minister make the number 12 or 14 at the earliest possible opportunity?
    Mr. Garner-Evans: Will the Minister, through his information officers, make known the enormous contribution made by these ex-foreign scientists?
    Mr. Strauss: I thank the hon. Member for making that point, which I fully endorse.
    Mr. M. Lindsay: Is the Minister aware that on security grounds we permit only British-born subjects to hold commissions in the Armed Forces? Surely it is much more important that these highly secret posts should be filled by British-born subjects.
    Mr. Strauss: The general rule is that only British-born subjects are employed in work of this sort. Any exception has to be referred to me, and I have to give my special consideration to it.
    Mr. Emrys Hughes: In view of the large sums spent by both sides on these so-called security operations and secret service, will the Minister consider whether it would not be cheaper to exchange information between countries?

    Dr. Pontecorvo
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenterasked the Minister of Supply when Professor Bruno Pontecorvo entered the employ of his Department; what was the nature of his work; and if he has any further information as to where this gentleman now is.
    Mr. Baker Whiteasked the Minister of Supply how many days elapsed between the date on which Professor Pontecorvo was due back from leave and the date on which his Department notified the security departments, on a high level, of his disappearance.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: Dr. Pontecorvo entered Government service in January, 1943, and joined my Department in January, 1946. He took up duty at Harwell in January, 1949, where he was employed in the Nuclear Physics Division. Dr. Pontecorvo's leave expired on 31st August. On this date he had written a note to Harwell, received on 4th September, saying that he had trouble with his car but hoped to be back in time for a conference to be held between 7th and 13th September. A message was sent to him from Harwell asking him to visit and advise a team of scientists employed in Switzerland on cosmic ray work on which he had specialised. It was his failure to pay this visit or to communicate further with Harwell after the date of the conference which first gave cause for concern. Inquiries as to his whereabouts were started on 21st September. I have no conclusive evidence of his present whereabouts, but I have no doubt that he is in Russia.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether, at the time this gentleman's employment at Harwell began, it was known to his Department that he was closely connected with a well-known Italian Communist; and can he also say if he has any information as to whether, on his recent trip abroad, Professor Pontecorvo took with him any documents of a secret nature?
    Mr. Strauss: No, Sir, it was not known at the time Professor Pontecorvo was first employed at Harwell that he had a relative abroad who was connected with the Communist Party. As to the second part of the hon. Gentleman's question, so far as is known he took no documents abroad with him.
    Mr. Baker White: May I ask the Minister, although I see the difficulty in this case, whether it would be possible to extend to Harwell the system used in the Services, namely, that if anybody is absent and over-stays his leave, machinery is set in motion immediately to find out where he is?
    Mr. Strauss: Yes, Sir, but the reasons for this man overstaying his leave seemed quite normal. He had a motor car breakdown, and was asked to visit some people in Switzerland, and it was, naturally, only about a week afterwards that those at Harwell became worried about him.
    Captain Waterhouse: In answer to a previous Question I understood the Minister to say that foreigners were carefully screened before they got these jobs. Does the right hon. Gentleman agree that we ought to have found out that Professor Pontecorvo had a Communist connection in Italy?
    Mr. Strauss: One finds out a great deal by screening, but it so happens that the fact that he had a Communist relative abroad was not in the possession of the security officers.
    Mr. Nabarro: Can the Minister say whether the three defections which have taken place in the last four years—Dr. Nunn May in 1946, Professor Fuchs in 1949 and now Professor Pontecorvo in 1950—arise from the fact that these three gentlemen were working in conjunction with one another in the Harwell atomic establishment?
    Mr. Strauss: It is true that Dr. Fuchs and Professor Pontecorvo were working in the same major establishment, the one research establishment in this country. But they were not particular friends, and I do not think that the fact that they were working in a centre where research takes place is really a significant fact.
    Mr. Walter Fletcher: Would not almost the first series of questions asked

    569
    in any process of screening be about Communist connections, either relations or friends, of the person who is being screened?
    Mr. Strauss: I do not think so, particularly in this case. The man had not been abroad for a long time. He had left Europe in 1940. The fact that he had relatives abroad who were members of the Communist Party was not suggested to the security officers, and they were not aware of that fact.
    Captain Crookshank: If these people are not asked about their friends and relations, what are they asked about?
    Mr. Strauss: It must be remembered that the major screening of this man took place in 1943, when he joined the atomic energy organisation in Canada and the security services made the necessary inquiries. Similar inquiries were made at a later date and, as I have informed the House, this fact was not known when the man joined the Harwell organisation at the beginning of 1949. It was known later, but by that time he had made arrangements to leave Harwell anyhow and go to Liverpool.
    Mrs. Middleton: Is my right hon. Friend aware that a "star turn" at the recent Conservative Party Conference was a former Communist? What screening would be appropriate in that case?
    Several Hon. Members——
    Mr. Speaker: We cannot debate this matter further. We have had at least five minutes on it already.

    Security Measures, Harwell
    Squadron Leader Burdenasked the Minister of Supply if he is satisfied with present security measures at Harwell.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: Yes, Sir.
    Squadron Leader Burden: Is not it a fact that a list in a telephone directory, giving the names and places of work of the people working at Harwell, is available to anyone? Would not the Minister agree that the first step to breaking down security is to know the names of those people and, in particular, to discover whether they have relatives living behind the Iron Curtain upon whom pressure can be brought to bear?
    Mr. Strauss: I do not think there is any danger in someone discovering the names of people working at Harwell by looking at a list in one of the telephone booths at Harwell.
    Sir Waldron Smithers: Would the right hon. Gentleman consult with other Ministers to see if they are satisfied with the security measures at Broadcasting House?
    Mr. Godfrey Nicholson: May I ask the Minister whether any steps are taken to keep a check on people abroad with whom these people may correspond?
    Mr. Strauss: Certain checks are kept. Reasonable checks are kept on the people working at Harwell and other secret research stations. But it would be quite impossible, in view of the thousands of people who work there and elsewhere, to keep a check on people in other countries with whom they may communicate.

  MINISTRY OF SUPPLY

    Lead Deposits, Lanarkshire
    Lord Dunglassasked the Minister of Supply whether he will conduct a survey in the Leadhills area of Lanarkshire to establish whether there are sufficient deposits of lead to justify a renewal of mining.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: I am looking into this matter and will write to the noble Lord as soon as possible.
    Mr. Niall Macpherson: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that it is nearly five years since I first raised the question of these lead deposits, which extend into Dumfriesshire? As the price of lead is very much more attractive than it was at that time, is it not time that the Minister did a little more than look into the matter?
    Mr. Strauss: The major responsibility for producing lead in this country rests with private companies, who are opening a number of lead mines in various areas.
    Lord Dunglass: Is the right hon. Gentleman not aware that with development rights restricted as they are there is very little incentive to private companies to undertake development?

    Airways Staff (Motor Cars)
    Mr. Peter Thorneycroftasked the Minister of Supply how many motor cars were supplied to British European Airways by way of special priority in December, 1949; and what was the reason for this special treatment.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: Special arrangements were made for the supply of 100 cars to British European Airways. Ninety have so far been delivered. The purpose was to avoid the danger of fatigue in aircrews who have been unable to find accommodation near the airport and have to travel long distances to their place of duty. This arrangement also effects a considerable saving in the Corporation's road transport costs.
    Mr. Thorneycroft: Why was this very special and particular privilege to acquire motor cars, which is denied to other people, extended to this nationalised corporation? Is not Northolt surrounded by bus stations and public transport and are not there vast areas in the country which are far worse served than that?
    Mr. Strauss: I think I gave the reason in my reply. The special reason is that there are a number of pilots, navigators and others who cannot live close to Northolt. They have to be there at odd times, both day and night, and is essential that they should have proper transport.
    Mr. Erroll: Will the Minister extend similar privileges to private charter companies on request?
    Mr. Strauss: It is not proposed to extend this privilege to anybody or to supply any further cars.
    Several Hon. Members——
    Mr. Speaker: This is an ordinary Question and it has been pointed out that to an ordinary Question two supplementary questions are quite enough. I saw at least half a dozen hon. Members rise. We shall never get through half the Questions on the Order Paper if we have so many supplementaries.
    Mr. Thorneycroft: In view of the wholly unsatisfactory nature of the Minister's reply, I beg to give notice the I propose to raise this matter again on the Adjournment.

    Motor Cars (Home Market)
    Mr. Basil Nieldasked the Minister of Supply if he will make a statement as to the arrangements for the supply of motor cars to the home market for 1951, and as to the factors which will determine priorities among those who wish to have new cars.
    Mr. Douglas Houghtonasked the Minister of Supply what arrangements are being made to ensure fair distribution of new cars during the period of reduced supplies for the home market.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: The number of cars to be supplied to the home market in 1951 is at present under consideration. In distributing cars in the home market the industry has been asked to give priority to the urgent requirements of doctors and midwives and there is no intention to add to these priority classes. I have, however, asked the industry to consider measures to improve distribution and I await their proposals.
    Mr. Nield: Has the right hon. Gentleman considered the special position of commercial travellers and other business people who very urgently need a car and who may have a very old one?
    Mr. Strauss: There are so many people to whom one can say that special conditions attach, that if we extend this list it would become so wide as to be quite meaningless.
    Mr. Houghton: Can my right hon. Friend do anything to stop the practice of some distributors of offering a new car, plus a cash premium, in return for a used car just out of covenant?
    Mr. Strauss: I think that is a matter for the motor car industry, which is very active in trying to stop abuses.
    Mr. Watkinson: Is the Minister considering with the industry the question of a possible three-year contract?

    Steel Allocations
    Lieut.-Colonel Liptonasked the Minister of Supply what steps are being taken to ensure fair allocations to industrial users of rolled steel production.
    14. Mr. Redmayneasked the Minister of Supply whether he is aware that since August, 1950, stock-holding merchants of steel have been short of supply owing to

    573
    an extension of delivery to 15 to 18 months from the mills; and what is the reason for this shortage.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: All steel, other than sheets and tinplate, was freed from distribution control last May and no allocation to industrial users is now made. Extensive additional buying, following the outbreak of war in Korea and the announcement of the Government's rearmament programme, is causing delay in obtaining supplies.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Is my right hon. Friend aware that there are a number of firms who are hoarding steel in anticipation of Government orders that may never come their way, and will he put into effect a system of allocation to avoid this abuse, which is already having serious economic consequences on firms who are not misbehaving in this way?
    Mr. Strauss: I do not think that we are justified at the moment in reimposing our steel allocation scheme.
    Mr. Peter Roberts: Is not it a fact that certain orders of steel are earmarked for the right hon. Gentleman's Department, and that the firms concerned have not been given conversion orders, with the result that there is steel lying idle at the moment? Can the Minister give an undertaking that there will be no such delays in future?
    Mr. Strauss: I would be grateful if the hon. Gentleman would give me the information on which he bases that question.
    Mr. Chetwynd: Will my right hon. Friend look into the position of small firms who cannot get their orders direct from the works and who have to go through merchants?
    Mr. Parkerasked the Minister of Supply why the steel allocation for Briggs Bodies, Dagenham, is to be cut in January by 25 per cent.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: Briggs Motor Bodies do not receive an allocation of steel for production from my Department but obtain supplies from their customers. Allocations have not yet been made for the first quarter of 1951, but owing to the difficulty in importing sheet steel there may have to be some reduction in the allocation to the industry.
    Mr. Parker: In view of the importance of car exports, can an arrangement be made to see that adequate supplies of steel are available for key industries?
    Mr. Strauss: We get all the sheet steel we can. We have been importing considerable quantities from the United States. We hope to be able to continue to do that, but it appears that there is very little available there and we may have to forgo some of our normal United States imports.

    Government Orders (Small Firms)
    Lieut.-Colonel Liptonasked the Minister of Supply what steps are being taken to utilise for Government requirements the productive capacity of smaller firms engaged in tooling work and light engineering.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: Government requirements do not at present provide work for all the small firms willing to help but many such firms are engaged directly or indirectly on Government orders. We have a list of suitable capacity firms if and when needed.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Can my right hon. Friend say how these smaller firms can make known to his Department what contribution they can make to national requirements? Is the matter left to pure chance or to the trade associations concerned, which may consist of the larger firms only?
    Mr. Strauss: Firms are not backward in letting us know if they have spare capacity. We had applications from about 5,000 firms in three or four months. The normal process is preferably for firms to inform our regional controller if they have spare capacity, and he will make a note of it.

    Zinc
    Mr. John Grimstonasked the Minister of Supply to what extent he has recently had to pay more for zinc on the Continent than the price at which he sells it to consumers in this country.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: It would be contrary to established practice to disclose contract prices.
    Mr. Grimston: Is not it a fact that the Ministry have been forced to buy on the Continent at a figure higher than the selling price in this country?
    Mr. Strauss: If I gave an answer to that question I should be disclosing the type of price we pay, and that would be contrary to established practice.
    Mr. J. Grimstonasked the Minister of Supply if the allocation of zinc to Royal Ordnance factories is restricted to 90 per cent. of their 1949 intake in the same way as the allocation of zinc to the rest of industry is restricted.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: The demands of the Royal Ordnance factories for zinc for defence work will be met in full. For civilian work they will be treated in the same way as commercial manufacturers.
    Mr. Grimston: Do we understand from that answer that private manufacturers requiring zinc for defence work will also be met in this way?
    Mr. Strauss: Yes, Sir.

    Copper
    Mr. J. Grimstonasked the Minister of Supply if is he is aware of the sudden demand for copper from unusual export markets; and what steps he is taking to keep the metal in the country for the use of our finishing industries.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: The answer to the first part of the Question is "Yes." The export of copper and copper scrap, except under licence, is prohibited. Licences are granted exceptionally for the export of very small quantities of unwrought copper. Exports, under licence, of copper alloys in ingot form are restricted, by arrangement with the trade, to a quota based on exports in 1949. Since 11th September, 1950, exports of semi-manufactures of copper, except under licence, have also been prohibited. Licences are granted for export to traditional markets, notably the Commonwealth countries. But the extent of these exports is now being reviewed.

    Surplus Goods (Auctions)
    Mr. Shepherdasked the Minister of Supply what steps are taken by his Department to make certain that items offered at Ministry of Supply public auctions are not those needed by the purchasing branch of his Department.
    Mr. G. R. Strauss: New goods are not ordered unless it has been established that no suitable surpluses are available.
    Mr. Shepherd: How can the right hon. Gentleman explain a case, which I have checked again today, of a buyer who resold to the Ministry of Supply, at a big profit, something which he bought a short time ago at a public auction?
    Mr. Strauss: I should like to have details of that case before I make any comment.

  MINISTRY OF WORKS

    Government Offices, London
    Mr. Errollasked the Minister of Works how many steel-framed office blocks are under construction in London at the present time; and how many of these are intended for use as Government offices, either temporarily or permanently.
    The Minister of Works (Mr. Stokes): Thirty-five steel-framed office buildings are at present under construction in London, of which three are Crown buildings and 15 will be leased for use as Government offices.
    Mr. Erroll: In view of the fact that successful private business offices provide the money, through taxation, for the Government offices, is not it time that they had a bigger share of the new buildings?
    Mr. Stokes: No, I do not think so.
    Mr. M. Lindsay: Has the right hon. Gentleman calculated how many houses could have been built with the materials which are being used for these offices?
    Mr. Stokes: Here again, Sir, confusion arises. The whole of the building force is not interchangeable. It is a great mistake merely to add up building materials and then try to equate them to houses.
    Mr. Somerset de Chairasked the Minister of Works why, in view of the fact that there are 9,000 families on the waiting list of Paddington Borough Council for housing accommodation, application was made by his Department to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning for permission to erect a block of Government offices facing the mainline railway terminus; and whether he will arrange for flats for working-class families to be built on this site instead.
    Mr. Stokes: My Ministry considered last year a proposal to build offices in Eastbourne Terrace, Paddington, in order to accommodate the Edgware Road Employment Exchange (which is at present in a Church hall and in huts on a site required for Church purposes) the Ministry of National Insurance (which was then in a requisitioned school and two requisitioned houses) and the National Assistance Board, which was also in requisitioned houses. It was possible to make temporary arrangements to avoid building for the time being. I have no power, however, to require the owners of the site in question to build flats on it. No licence has been granted for any building on this site.
    Mr. de Chair: Would not it be better for the Minister to consider the possibility of the erection of accommodation for the overcrowded people of Paddington in view of the drastic housing situation there, rather than to contemplate the building of all these offices?
    Mr. Stokes: I have already said that the building of the offices has been put off, and I have no power to insist that the owners should build anything other than what they wish on the site.

    Village Halls (Army Huts)
    Mr. Dyeasked the Minister of Works whether he will now make it permissible for those villages without a village hall to purchase and re-erect an Army hut as a social centre for the neighbourhood or for ex-Service men in particular.
    Mr. Stokes: Applications for building licences in such cases may be granted provided the amount of building work involved is small, only negligible quantities of scarce materials—particularly softwood—are required, and that there will be no interference with more important work in the district.

    Building Labour Force
    Mr. Emrys Hughesasked the Minister of Works how many building trade and civil engineering workers are now employed on work for the Armed Forces in Scotland and in England and Wales respectively.
    Mr. Stokes: The latest available figures are for the end of August. It is estimated
    578
    that the number of building and civil engineering workers employed on work for the Service Departments was then 29,780 in England and Wales and 2,620 in Scotland.
    Mr. Hughes: In view of the enthusiasm for the building of houses, can the Minister do his best to transfer some of these workers to municipal housing?
    Mr. Stokes: In point of fact, of the numbers quoted, 6,120 in England and some 420 in Scotland are now engaged on building new permanent houses.

    Hyde Park (Riding Tracks)
    Lieut.-Colonel Hydeasked the Minister of Works whether in the interests of public safety, he will provide some fencing or railings at the sides of the tracks used by riders in Hyde Park.
    Mr. Stokes: No, Sir. I consider that more fences or railings would detract from the amenities of the park, and that they are not in any event necessary.
    Lieut.-Colonel Hyde: Is the Minister aware that there have been a number of accidents recently both to horses and riders, these accidents being caused by small boys careering madly across the tracks on bicycles? Will the right hon. Gentleman consider reverting to some form of protection similar to that which existed before the war?
    Mr. Stokes: No, Sir. Not many serious accidents have been reported. In fact, I cannot recollect one since I hit a bus at Hyde Park corner many years ago.
    Mr. Snow: Having seen some very peculiar antics by these riders, may I suggest that there appears to be a need for a supra-equestrian control?
    Lieut.-Colonel Hydeasked the Minister of Works whether he will take steps to prevent motorists from parking their motorcars on the riding tracks in Hyde Park, especially on the north side of the Serpentine.
    Mr. Stokes: Parking of cars on the horse rides is prohibited under the existing Hyde Park Regulations between the hours of 7 a.m. and noon on weekdays. Revised regulations have been prepared—and are at present lying on the Table—which will prohibit parking at any time, except in authorised parking places.

    War Memorials, West Riding
    Colonel Stoddart-Scottasked the Minister of Works how many war memorial schemes in the West Riding region, in addition to Ilkley, have been declined licences by his Department.
    Mr. Stokes: One other war memorial scheme has been refused a licence recently in this region.

    Building Licence, Lancashire
    Mr. Harrisonasked the Minister of Works what were the circumstances that actuated him to increase the extent of the licensed work by £5,000, to enable the unlawful work carried out by Lord Peel on his residence "The Hyning" to be taken advantage of.
    Mr. Nallyasked the Minister of Works if he will make a full statement on the circumstances under which officers acting for his Department visited a residence known as "The Hyning," Warton, near Carnforth, Lancashire, and subsequently submitted a report stating that building work was being done in and about such residence outside the limits of the existing licence; and if he will give details as to the reasons why, following the submission of such report, his Department approved the granting of a building licence of approximately £5,000 in order to complete building work held to be unlawful.
    Mr. Stokes: Licences were issued by the local authority in January, 1949, for the rehabilitation of this house, but, when officers of my Department visited the house in January this year, they found work in progress which was beyond that authorised. Although the house was virtually uninhabitable in its existing state, all work was stopped, so that, apart from the question of taking legal proceedings, immediate consideration could be given to the minimum amount of work needed to make the house habitable again, to remove danger and to avoid waste of materials.
    The greater part of the value of the licences then given was accounted for by the price of antiques valued at over £3,000 which were to be fitted into the fabric and had already been bought. If their installation had not been allowed, ordinary building materials would have had to be used. It is my Department's normal practice in these cases to allow,
    580
    without prejudice to possible proceedings, the minimum amount of work necessary to make the building usable, in order that building materials and labour already expended may not be wasted.
    Mr. Harrison: Is it the intention of my right hon. Friend to take any further steps, in view of this case, to prevent the excessive use of urgently needed building materials in other directions?
    Mr. Stokes: We do our best. We assume that, when licences are granted, people will play the game, and I really cannot afford to keep an army of snoopers watching what they are doing.
    Mr. Nally: In view of the gravity of this case, does my right hon. Friend consider it proper policy that a prosecution should be gravely handicapped by the fact that his Department had granted a licence for the completion of what was already known to be illegal work? Will he study the comments of the learned judge in that connection?
    Mr. Stokes: I am obliged to my hon. Friend for putting that question, since, in point of fact, the Director of Public Prosecutions was consulted before the further licence was issued and approved its issue.
    Mr. Assheton: Owing to the extraordinary confusion, which appears to be general, as to what kind of work calls for a licence, would the right hon. Gentleman consider the possibility of taking steps to enlighten the public on that matter?
    Mr. Sydney Silverman: Can my right hon. Friend say whether the attention of the court was drawn to the fact that the Director of Public Prosecutions had been consulted in the way he now informs the House, and, if so, whether that information was brought to the notice of the court before the allegation of condonation by the Minister had prejudiced the matter?
    Mr. Stokes: I could not say without notice.

  WESTMINSTER HALL
  Mr. John E. Haireasked the Minister of Works why the structural arrangements made in Westminster Hall for the opening of the new House of Commons were removed so soon after the ceremony.
  Mr. Stokes: Part of the material was hired and the contractor has removed it. It is my intention to keep Westminster Hall free of encroachments of any sort.
  Mr. Haire: Does my right hon. Friend know—and if he does not, I am glad to tell him—that on all sides of the House the arrangements he made for that occasion were greatly appreciated? Therefore, is not it a pity that they were not seen by a wider public, particularly week-enders?
  Mr. Stokes: Without all the people who were there on the ceremonial occasion, I think the place would look very untidy and empty.

  FOOTBALL CLUB, HUDDERSFIELD (STAND)
  Colonel Stoddart-Scottasked the Minister of Works if he has yet granted a licence for the repair of Huddersfield Town's grandstand; and how much money he has permitted to be spent upon this project.
  Mr. Stokes: Licences totalling £14,000 have now been issued for the reinstatement of Huddersfield Town's grandstand.
  Colonel Stoddart-Scott: How is it that the Minister can agree to grant a licence like that but declines a licence for the Ilkley war memorial?
  Mr. Stokes: Probably the same material is not involved. Perhaps I should tell the House that, when the complete embargo on replacements for recreational purposes was lifted, it was thought right, in certain of the towns where football grounds had been completely blitzed, that a certain amount of money should be made available for this purpose. This was done with the utmost discretion, and Huddersfield Town happens to be one of the clubs which benefit.
  Mr. Nally: In view of the Huddersfield Town club's absolutely appalling record, would it not have been better if they had spent this money on buying some decent players?
  Mr. Stokes: I must leave my hon. Friend to fight that out with certain of his hon. Friends below the Gangway.
  Colonel Stoddart-Scott: Surely the right hon. Gentleman appreciates that the
  582
  Ilkley War Memorial is to take the form of shelters for old people. As that is a form of recreational facility, would he not reconsider the matter?
  Mr. Stokes: Now that my attention has been drawn to the question, I will certainly look into it.

  ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES

    New Power Stations
    Major Tufton Beamishasked the Minister of Fuel and Power which new power stations conceived and constructed since the British Electricity Authority came into being have been completed; and what is the output of these stations.
    The Minister of Fuel and Power (Mr. Philip Noel-Baker): It takes four years to plan and construct a power station and to install the plant. Vesting day for the British Electricity Authority was April 1st, 1948. None of the new stations which they have planned is, therefore, yet in operation.
    Major Beamish: In that case, how can the Minister explain the British Electricity Authority's spending of very large amounts of the taxpayers' money on lavish and expensive poster and advertising campaigns under the heading of "Another New Power Station"?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I see nothing in what I have said which is inconsistent with that policy. I shall be very glad to discuss it with the hon. and gallant Member, and perhaps that would be the most useful and suitable way. The purpose of the Authority is to show people, in their advertisements, that something is being done to increase the capacity, and to urge on them the necessity of not using more electricity than they need in peak hours.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: To prevent any misunderstanding, would the right hon. Gentleman ask the Authority to print upon any future posters the complete answer which he has given to the House this afternoon?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Perhaps the hon. Gentleman would put a Question down about these posters.
    Colonel J. R. H. Hutchison: Will the Minister tell the public that something is being done to provide the power, not the posters?
    Major Beamishasked the Minister of Fuel and Power which power stations on which work had not been begun when the British Electricity Authority came into being are at present in course of construction; and what will be the output of these stations.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: Since vesting day, the British Electricity Authority have begun constructional work on 16 new power stations, and on the extension of seven existing stations. With the hon. Member's permission, I will circulate a list of these 23 stations in the OFFICIAL REPORT; their total capacity will be 2,746 megawatts.
    The Authority has also begun preliminary work on 12 other new stations, and on 35 other extensions, the total capacity of which will together amount to 4,346 megawatts. The output from these 47 stations will become available between 1953 and 1956.
    Commander Noble: Will every care be taken to see that there is as little pollution of the atmosphere as possible from these stations?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Yes, Sir. Great attention is being given to that problem, and I attach tremendous importance to it.
    Sir Herbert Williams: Could the right hon. Gentleman say how many of the stations which have not yet been completed are those described in the posters?
    Following is the list:

    NEW POWER STATIONS AND POWER STATION EXTENSIONS ON WHICH SITE WORK HAS BEEN COMMENCED SINCE VESTING DAY

    New Stations:

    Capacity MWso.

    Acton Lane (Willesden)

    …

    …

    56

    Bold (St. Helens)

    …

    …

    56

    Carrington

    …

    …

    224

    Chadderton

    …

    …

    112

    Connah's Quay

    …

    …

    112

    Doncaster

    …

    …

    112

    Drakelow

    …

    …

    224

    East Yelland

    …

    …

    84

    Fleetwood

    …

    …

    84

    Goldington

    …

    …

    112

    Littlebrook "C"

    …

    …

    225

    Meaford "B"

    …

    …

    168

    Plymouth "B"

    …

    …

    90

    Roosecote (Barrow)

    …

    …

    112

    Tilbury

    …

    …

    280

    Uskmouth

    …

    …

    336

    16 New Stations

    …

    …

    2,387

    Generating Plant, Overhaul
    Sir H. Williamsasked the Minister of Fuel and Power what proportion of the generating plant of the British Electricity Authority was out of operation on 31st October because of overhaul.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: I am informed by the British Electricity Authority that the proportion of their generating plant which was out of operation on the 31st October because of overhaul was 12.2 per cent.
    Sir H. Williams: Will the Minister say why it was that, in an inspired paragraph in the evening newspapers last Friday, it was stated that the proportion was 20 per cent.? Is he also aware that, in a great many cases, the overhaul commenced late in July, instead of early in June?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: The overhaul has to be phased throughout the year, and, in addition to the overhaul, there was some capacity out of use bceause of breakdowns. The hon. Gentleman, who has great knowledge of these things, which we all respect, knows that we have had to keep in continuous use a great deal of old plant which, before the war, would have been replaced.

    Load Shedding
    Colonel Ropnerasked the Minister of Fuel and Power whether he will give an assurance that during the forthcoming winter every effort will be made to prevent the necessity for power cuts, or to reduce them to a minimum.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: Yes, Sir. I can assure the hon. and gallant Member that the British Electricity Authority and area boards will make every effort to reduce to the absolute minimum the amount of load shedding that may be required during the coming winter months. Their difficulties

    585
    arise from the great and continuing increase in the demand for power the B.E.A. are now supplying 27 per cent. more electricity than they were on vesting day—less than three years ago—and the demand during the peak hours is greater than ever before.
    To mitigate the loss and inconvenience caused arrangements have been made, as my right hon. Friend the Minister of Labour has announced, for the load spreading proposed by the Electricity Sub-Committee of the National Joint Advisory Council. The lighting of shop windows and advertisements has been restricted over the peak hours. The general public, including housewives, have been urged not to use more current than they must during the peak hours, and, in particular, not to use electric fires except in cases of real need between the hours of 8 and 9.30 a.m.
    I would like to express the Government's gratitude to the leaders of industry and to the trade unions for the willing co-operation which they have always given in previous years.
    Colonel Ropner: Does the Minister feel that his Department is really fully informed not only of the great inconvenience but also of loss caused to industry by these power cuts, and, further, of the danger to life which often ensues?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Load shedding is, of course, primarily the responsibility of my right hon. Friend the Minister of Labour, although I have a good deal of information about it.
    Lieut.-Colonel Bromley-Davenport: Is the Minister aware of the great inconvenience which recent power cuts have caused both to schools and hospitals in the Knutsford Division? Are these cuts to continue? If so, why can no previous warning be given.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: If we have hard weather it is likely that there will be cuts. The arrangements now being made are designed to minimise the inconvenience and loss caused, and I think the public will co-operate in the future as they have done in the past.
    Captain Crookshank: Will the Minister amplify his reference to his right hon. Friend the Minister of Labour in this connection?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: As my right hon. Friend the Minister of Labour is responsible for industry, he makes the arrangements for load shedding in industrial concerns.
    Hon. Members: Since when?
    Mr. Donner: Can the right hon. Gentleman give an assurance that the agricultural industry will be safeguarded from the kind of dislocation suffered in Hampshire on 30th October last.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I am sure everyone will do his best.
    Sir H. Williams: Will the Minister say when responsibility for industry was transferred from the Board of Trade and other Departments to the Ministry of Labour?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I used a loose phrase. My right hon. Friend is responsible for the committee which has suggested these arrangements.

  COAL MERCHANTS (LOGS, PRICE)
  Mr. Nallyasked the Minister of Fuel and Power if he will study the circumstances under which coal merchants were able to obtain logs from suppliers at 55s. per ton at the end of September, are now having to pay 75s. and expect a further increase to 100s. at the end of November; and what action he proposes to take to end or reduce the profiteering in this trade.
  Mr. P. Noel-Baker: I have not been able to trace any case where merchants have been asked to pay more than 55s. per ton for firewood, but if my hon. Friend will give me the names of the merchants to whom he refers I will cause further inquiries to be made.
  Mr. Nally: Is my right hon. Friend aware that this question was put down on the day following a conference which I had with no fewer than 14 people actively engaged in the coal industry, and that 10 of them have had precisely the experience of being asked 75s. for log deliveries at the beginning of this month?
  Mr. Noel-Baker: If I could be told who made the offer to these merchants, I will try to follow it up to see if something can be done.

  COAL INDUSTRY

    Opencast Sites, Higham
    Mr. Fortasked the Minister of Fuel and Power how much compensation has been paid to the contractors working the opencast coal sites at Higham, near Burnley.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: I have received no information about the payment of any compensation to the contractors who are working the opencast site at Higham, near Burnley.
    Mr. Fortasked the Minister of Fuel and Power if the working of the opencast coal sites at Higham, near Burnley, was let out to the contractors by tender; and if the lowest tender was accepted.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: I understand that the hon. Member's question refers to the sites in the West Close zone. Tenders were invited for the production of coal from the original site, for the crushing of coal, if and when that was required and for the provision of a crushing and screening plant. My Department accepted the tender which gave them the lowest price for this work, taken as a whole. Another contractor offered a lower price for the production of the coal, but he was unable to provide the plant required. In accordance with my Department's normal practice, the original contract was extended by negotiation to cover adjacent sites.
    Mr. Fort: I am unable to follow the Minister's remarks about the western districts, as this question specifically refers to Higham site near Burnley. Was that contract concerned with the whole of East and West Lancashire? To what exactly is the Minister referring?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I was referring to the same site as the hon. Member, but to the original site for which tenders were invited, were subsequently added other adjacent sites which had not been proved at the time of the original tender.

    Italian Workers
    Mr. Garner-Evansasked the Minister of Fuel and Power how many Italians are now employed in our coal mines; and what steps are being taken to increase their number.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: The statistics of manpower in the coal industry do not show the nationalities of the men employed; I have, therefore, no information about the number of Italians who work in the mines. The National Coal Board have made proposals to the National Union of Mineworkers for the recruitment of Italians; their consultations are still going on.
    Mr. Harrison: Can my right hon. Friend say whether all these men have been well screened?

    Gasification Experiment, Chesterfield
    Mr. Roland Robinsonasked the Minister of Fuel and Power what progress has now been made with the experiments in the underground gasification of coal at Newman Spinney, near Chesterfield; and whether these experiments are to be continued on a larger scale.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: The work at Newman Spinney on the underground gasification of coal has begun very well. A seam, unsuitable for mining, was ignited more than three months ago, and has continued ever since to produce gas; the total gasification of 200 tons of coal has been effected. The results of this experiment will be assessed at the end of the year, and the plans for future work will then be made.

  GAS COUNCIL (REPORT)
  Colonel Clarkeasked the Minister of Fuel and Power what steps he is taking to expedite the presentation of the Gas Council's Report for the year ended 30th April, 1950.
  Mr. P. Noel-Baker: I have impressed upon the Gas Council how desirable it is that their report and accounts should be presented with the least possible delay. They have expressed their full agreement with this view, and I am satisfied that they will submit the report as soon as they can.
  Colonel Clarke: Does the Minister recollect that before nationalisation the larger gas companies were under statutory obligation to present their accounts within three months of the end of the year—and many did so in a shorter time? Now that the industry is nationalised we have

  589
  already waited six months and look like waiting considerably longer. Does he consider that satisfactory?
  Mr. Noel-Baker: The units on which reports have to be made are now much bigger, and, owing to the great decentralisation of powers which has been carried through in gas, the task of co-ordinating the reports, and above all the accounts, is rather complex. Many of the reports are now with the printers; I hope that the Stationery Office will be able to get them out early in the new year, but I cannot give a firm date.

  MINISTERS (OFFICIAL RESIDENCES)
  Sir H. Williamsasked the Prime Minister what Ministers are now provided with official residences.
  The Prime Minister (Mr. Attlee): Rent-free official residences are provided for the Prime Minister, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (who is not at present occupying it), the Lord Chancellor (as Speaker of the House of Lords) and the First Lord of the Admiralty. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and the Minister of Transport have residential accommodation in official premises for which they pay rent.
  Sir H. Williams: Is there a certain measure of official accommodation provided for other Ministers, without having complete flats?
  The Prime Minister: There are cases where there is lavatory and washing accommodation, and there are cases where a Minister has a bed in which, if he is kept late, he can sleep. Nothing else in the way of residence is provided.

  RAILWAYS (QUESTIONS TO MINISTERS)
  Captain Orrasked the Prime Minister to which Minister Questions concerning the defence value of any United Kingdom railway should be addressed.
  The Prime Minister: It would be convenient if such Questions were addressed to my right hon. Friend the Minister of Transport, though in some cases other Ministers might appropriately reply.
  Captain Orr: Does this mean that the responsibilities of the Minister of Transport extend to Northern Ireland?
  The Prime Minister: I should like to have notice of that question.
  Mr. David Renton: Is the right hon. Gentleman certain that the Minister of Transport is competent to answer Questions on this particular point, bearing in mind the rules of procedure and the practice which has grown up with regard to Questions put to the Minister of Transport about the nationalised railways?
  The Prime Minister: I shall decide that when I see what the Questions are like.

  FESTIVAL OF BRITAIN

    Catering
    Mr. Deedesasked the Lord President of the Council whether he can now make a statement on the catering arrangements at the South Bank Exhibition.
    The Lord President of the Council (Mr. Herbert Morrison): There will be 13 catering establishments in the South Bank Exhibition, comprising restaurants, cafés, buffets and bars. Concessions have been let to five catering firms who are now planning their operations in close association with the Festival Office. A description of these arrangements was published in the Press on 20th October. The catering facilities which are being provided separately by the L.C.C. in the Royal Festival Hall will also be available to visitors to the South Bank Exhibition.
    Major Legge-Bourke: To ensure a fair distribution of the crockery available for the catering, would the right hon. Gentleman give an assurance that the Dome of Discovery is not being reserved as a flying saucer by Lord Beaverbrook?

    Advertising
    Air Commodore Harveyasked the Lord President of the Council what amount is being spent in hard currency and sterling, respectively, on advertising the Festival of Britain.
    Mr. H. Morrison: The estimates for Press advertising are £94,600 home and £131,400 overseas, and for poster advertising £12,500, all of which is at home.

    591
    In addition, £15,000 is being held in reserve for Press and poster advertising. Of the overseas Press advertising, £66,512 is in hard currencies.
    Air Commodore Harvey: Can the right hon. Gentleman assure the House that at the present rate of expenditure the Estimates approved by the House will not be exceeded?
    Mr. Morrison: I have every intention that they shall not be exceeded.
    Mr. Summers: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that at present Americans are coming here with no knowledge whatever of the facilities offered in connection with the Festival, and will he take steps to ensure that they do know what is provided for them?
    Mr. Morrison: I hope I put that right in a broadcast to America last Friday.
    Mr. Mikardo: Can my right hon. Friend tell us whether the Opposition are pressing for more advertising or less?
    Mr. Morrison: I do not know.

    Opening (Sunday)
    Sir W. Smithersasked the Lord President of the Council if he will take steps to ensure that the opening of the Festival of Britain does not take place on a Sunday.
    Mr. H. Morrison: As already announced, the opening of the Festival of Britain will be broadcast to the world from the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral by His Majesty The King after a service of dedication in St. Paul's Cathedral on Thursday, 3rd May, 1951.
    Sir W. Smithers: Does the Lord President know that in England even would-be dictators have to bow sometimes to public opinion?
    Mr. Keeling: Can the Lord President say if it has been decided yet whether the Exhibition should be open on Sundays?
    Mr. Morrison: As I understand it, that is not the Question on the Order Paper.
    Captain Ryder: What advice has been tended by the Churches Advisory Council—I believe that is what it is called—on the question of the Festival being open on Sundays?
    Mr. Morrison: I admit that the Question on the Order Paper is perhaps a little vague but, as I understand it, that is not the question intended to be put.

    Parliamentary Committee
    Later—
    Mr. Carson(by Private Notice) asked the Lord President of the Council whether any arrangements have yet been made to secure that our Parliamentary institutions play their rightful part in the forthcoming Festival of Britain celebrations.
    Mr. H. Morrison: Yes, Sir, I am glad to be able to announce that you, Sir, have appointed a Committee of Members of all parties and of both Houses to examine this matter and to make suitable arrangements. The following is the list of its members: The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Horsham (Earl Winterton), Chairman; Lord Douglas of Barloch, K.C.M.G.; Earl Fortescue, C.B., O.B E., M.C.; Lord Rea, O.B.E.; the hon. Lady the Member for Anglesey (Lady Megan Lloyd George); my right hon. Friend the Member for Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire (Mr. Woodburn); my right hon. Friend the Member for Colne Valley (Mr. Glenvil Hall); the hon. Gentleman the Member for Renfrew, West (Mr. Maclay); my hon. Friend the Member for Stalybridge and Hyde (Mr. Lang); the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Saffron Walden (Mr. R. A. Butler).
    The whole House will be gratified to know that the noble Lord has accepted the chairmanship. The Committee will meet for the first time tomorrow.
    Mr. S. Silverman: On a point of order. For the assistance of Members on future occasions, could it be explained, Sir, in what way this particular Question qualified as a Private Notice Question?
    Mr. Speaker: The hon. Member asks me how this Question qualified as a Private Notice Question. It must be perfectly obvious. The hon. Member knows that announcements are made to the House and that one arranges for a Private Notice Question of this kind. It is done with my permission in order that the House may be informed. I do not like it if the hon. Member queries my authority to allow Private Notice Questions.
    Mr. Silverman: With very great respect, and without seeking in any way to question your authority, Sir—I do not think there was anything in my question which did query it—nevertheless, it will be appreciated that this is a matter of interest to the House. Many of us have been told from time to time that there must be some element of urgency in the matter to justify a Private Notice Question. Ministers always have the right to make a statement at the end of Questions, with your permission, and without any Question being asked. If the Rules are to he changed at all in connection with Private Notice Questions, then all hon. Members ought to have the benefit of them.
    Mr. Speaker: I cannot accept that argument in the least. After all, this is a matter which is of great interest to Members of Parliament of both Houses and in order to give it prominence surely the proper way is to put a Private Notice Question, so that all hon. Members can hear. That is quite a different matter from other Private Notice Questions.
    Professor Savory: May I ask who represents Northern Ireland on this Committee?
    Mr. Morrison: I am quite sure that Mr. Speaker did his best. The list which I have read is the list which has been selected. Northern Ireland has a committee of its own in connection with the Festival organisation.
    Mr. John Hynd: For the interest of hon. Members, would the Lord President mind telling us what the Committee is about, because those of us at this end of the Chamber have not yet heard?
    Mr. Morrison: My hon. Friend heard the Question put. The Committee is to see what arrangements have yet been made to secure that our Parliamentary institutions play their rightful part in the forthcoming Festival of Britain celebrations.
    Mr. Peart: When will the Committee first report to the House; and is my right hon. Friend aware that all hon. Members will welcome the appointment of the Committee?
    Mr. Morrison: I have no doubt that, on behalf of the Committee, the noble Lord the Member for Horsham (Earl Winterton) will report to the House the
    594
    conclusions which the Committee has reached as to the best form the celebrations can take.

    Local Products
    Mr. Grimondasked the Lord President of the Council whether he will make arrangements for local products from outlying areas to be exhibited at the main centres of the Festival of Britain.
    Mr. H. Morrison: I am not sure what arrangements the hon. Member has in mind—I pause a little because presently I shall be asked to speak up—but so far as Scottish outlying areas are concerned I would draw his attention to the Exhibition of Scottish Architecture and Traditional Crafts to be held in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh from July to September next year. I should welcome any help the hon. Member can give in securing increased support for this exhibition.
    Mr. Grimond: Will the Lord President look favourably on suggestions from myself and other sources for some exhibitions of typical crafts from areas which ordinary tourists will find difficulty in visiting?
    Mr. Morrison: If the hon. Member will let me have the suggestions, I will certainly consider them.

  BROADCASTING (COMMITTEE)
  Sir W. Smithersasked the Lord President of the Council if he will amend the terms of reference of the Broadcasting Committee, under the chairmanship of Lord Beveridge, to require them to publish the evidence in full.
  Mr. H. Morrison: No, Sir.
  Sir W. Smithers: In view of the increasing Communist activities of the B.B.C. as typified last night in the outrageous broadcast called "The Marxist View," would the right hon. Gentleman make certain that none of this anti-Communist evidence is suppressed in the Beveridge Report? May I have a reply? No? Does not that prove that the right hon. Gentleman is a fellow traveller?
  Mr. Keeling: Can the Lord President tell the House whether it has been decided that the Exhibition should be open on Sundays?
  Mr. Morrison: At the moment we are on matters concerning the British Broadcasting Corporation.
  Mr. Speaker: The hon. Member asked a supplementary question to a Question which has not yet been asked.

  INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANISATION
  Captain Duncanasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he has now reconsidered the question of closing down the International Refugee Organisation; and what organisation he proposes to set up to carry on the resettlement work after 31st March, 1951.
  The Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Ernest Davies): Owing to delays in the resettlement programme, the International Refugee Organisation's operations will be extended until the 30th September, 1951. It is estimated that by that date every refugee registered with the Organisaion will have been satisfactorily resettled. Those who do not qualify for admission into any other country will be treated as citizens of the country where they now reside. The second part of the Question does not, therefore, arise.
  Earl Winterton: Does the hon. Gentleman mean by those who are "registered" the refugees in Europe? What provision has been made for the millions of refugees in Asia? Are they to be left to their own sweet devices?
  Mr. Davies: For the most part refugees in Asia, certainly those in Korea and certainly China, do not come under the I.R.O., but the United Nations are now discussing the question of the resettlement or the care of refugees in Korea.
  Earl Winterton: Cannot the hon. Gentleman, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, make a sympathetic statement saying that His Majesty's Government are interested in the welfare of these people?
  Mr. Davies: The record of His Majesty's Government on the question of the refugees shows that we are very much interested.
  Mr. Vane: Approximately how many refugees are still registered with the I.R.O.?
  Mr. Davies: If I recollect correctly, it is somewhere in the neighbourhood of 200,000 who have not yet been resettled, but the important thing is that, on the present basis of resettlement, it is expected that, when I.R.O. comes to an end, there will be only 60,000, who might be called the hard core, who will not be resettled.

  VIENNA (NEWSPAPERS)
  Mr. Boyd-Carpenterasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs why His Majesty's Government sold the Vienna newspaper "Weltpresse" to the Austrian Socialist Party; and whether other Austrian political parties were given an opportunity to offer for this paper.
  Mr. Ernest Davies: As I replied to the hon. Member for Carlton (Mr. Pickthorn) on 18th September, an agreement was made in 1946 with the Austrian Socialist Party whereby the latter undertook printing and distribution of "Weltpresse" for an option to buy the paper if British control were withdrawn.
  In 1948, the Austrian Socialist Publishing Company acquired an interest in a former French evening newspaper "Welt am Abend" which was losing money for lack of adequate printing facilities. The Austrian Socialist Publishing Company therefore wished to print the paper on their own premises which were then occupied by "Weltpresse," and consequently to stop printing British controlled papers. As there were no satisfactory alternative facilities for "Weltpresse" it was agreed, after negotiations, that if the Austrian Socialist Publishing Company continued to print "Weltpresse" on their premises and consequently abandoned the publication of "Welt am Abend," the Austrian Socialist Publishing Company would be confirmed in the right to acquire the title and good will of "Weltpresse" when Information Services Branch ceased publication. In these circumstances, the question of giving the other Austrian political parties an opportunity to offer for the paper did not arise.
  Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: Is the Under-Secretary aware that the Austrian Chancellor protested both against the decision and against the failure of His Majesty's Government to consult the Austrian Government on this issue? Is he not aware also that the way this transaction

  597
  has been handled has left an unpleasant feeling of more interest in international Socialism than in British interests?
  Mr. Davies: I do not accept the hon. Member's statement. There was some protest made by the People's Party of Austria, but not by the Austrian Government, at the time it was decided to put into effect the offer made to "Weltpresse."
  Mr. Pickthorn: Will the hon. Gentleman say which of the circumstances he describes was that which made it impossible to consider any other party in this connection?
  Mr. Davies: It was the option which the Austrian Socialist Printing Company had to take over "Weltpresse" when we ceased publication.
  Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: Is it not a fact that the protest was made by the Austrian Chancellor himself?
  Mr. Davies: Whether or not it was made by the Austrian Chancellor himself, it was made on behalf of the People's Party. I should want notice of the question whether it was made by the Austrian Chancellor or not.

  SOUTH-EAST ASIA (BRITISH-FRENCH LIAISON)
  Air Commodore Harveyasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what arrangements exist to provide for close co-operation between the British and French Governments in dealing with the states of emergency in Malaya and Indo-China.
  Mr. Ernest Davies: Close liaison exists between the British and French staffs in South-East Asia, and the staff discussions held recently at Singapore and Saigon have enabled a considerable amount of information to be exchanged. Since no British Forces are employed in Indo-China or French forces in Malaya, there is no question of any special arrangements for joint operations.
  Air Commodore Harvey: In view of the grave danger that exists in this part of South-East Asia, will the hon. Gentleman see about increasing the number of liaison officers between the two countries so as to ensure the fullest information is available to both?
  Mr. Davies: I will take note of that.

  EGYPT (SUDANESE PRODUCTS, TRANSIT)
  Sir John Mellorasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether his attention has been drawn to the prohibition by the Egyptian Government of the transit through Egypt to Israel of certain Sudanese products; and what action he proposes to take to safeguard Sudanese interests in this respect.
  Mr. Ernest Davies: I am aware that the Egyptian Government have taken certain measures in this respect, although His Majesty's Government have not received any official communication concerning them either from the Egyptian Government or from the Sudan Government. I understand that the matter is the subject of discussion between these two Governments.
  Sir J. Mellor: Will the Minister make inquiries and inform the House on this important matter, and make it perfectly clear that the British Government cannot consent to any such prohibition?
  Mr. Davies: It is not a question of the British Government consenting. This is a matter for the Sudan and Egyptian Governments. It is not a matter for the British Government in that connection.
  Mr. de Chair: Has the Minister also had his attention drawn to the extraordinary statement made by Ibrahim Farrag Bey to the effect that all Egyptian parties regarded the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty as null and void, in view of the United Nations Charter; and does he propose to take that up as well?
  Mr. Davies: That is an entirely different matter. It does not arise out of this Question.
  Mr. S. Silverman: Does my hon. Friend not agree that this is only an additional factor making for general upset and disorder in the Near East and ought not His Majesty's Government to interest themselves in it?
  Mr. Davies: It is not quite correct to say that we are disinterested. We are very much concerned about the situation in the Middle East, as my hon. Friend is well aware.

  FALKLAND ISLANDS DEPENDENCIES
  Mr. Braineasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he has made any representations to the Governments concerned about the presence of foreign armed forces in the Falkland Islands Dependencies; and what further steps he proposes to take to ensure the removal of these forces.
  Mr. Donnerasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs on which Falkland Island Dependencies foreign troops are now stationed; how long they have been there; what is the context of His Majesty's Government's last protest in this connection; and when it was made and with what result.
  Mr. Ernest Davies: I apologise for the length of the answer. The position as regards Argentine and Chilean posts on British territory in the Falkland Islands Dependencies has not changed since the statement made in the House on 23rd March, 1949, by the then Under-Secretary, of which I am sending the hon. Member a copy. The Argentine base at Laurie Island was founded in 1904, that on Gamma Island was founded on 31st March, 1947, and that on Deception Island on 27th January, 1948; the Chilean base on Greenwich Island was established on 22nd February, 1947, and that on Cape Legoupil in Grahamland on 18th February, 1948. It is known that Service personnel are employed at some of these posts, but I have no information to show whether all foreign parties are armed.
  His Majesty's Government have on various occasions protested through the diplomatic channel against the establishment of these posts and have rejected Argentine and Chilean claims to sovereignty over any part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. The last Note on this subject was communicated to the Argentine Government on 23rd December, 1947, and to the Chilean Government on 1st March, 1948. In addition, local protests have been delivered by the leaders of British parties to intruders in British Antarctic territory. The most recent protests of this nature were made during the 1949–50 Antarctic season.
  Furthermore, His Majesty's Government have signified their willingness to accept the decision of the International
  600
  Court, but Argentina and Chile have not availed themselves of this offer. None the less, His Majesty's Government are convinced that the problem can be solved by peaceful settlement and will let slip no opportunity which may lead to that end.
  Mr. Braine: Is the Minister aware that he is singularly out of date? Is he aware that last month the President of Chile signed an order for the establishment of a third military base in British territory? Is he also aware that the Argentine and Chile are continuing to flout British sovereignty, and will he make representations to his right hon. Friend the Foreign Secretary that grave consequences may flow from his continued inactivity?
  Mr. Davies: As I said to the House a short while ago, this matter is now under further review and we hope that we shall be able to make a further statement in due course.
  Mr. Donner: Is the Under-Secretary aware that the Government's failure to make our protests effective has injured our reputation in the world and, as far as South America is concerned, has brought us a measure of contempt?
  Mr. Davies: It might be that action which some Members on the other side of the House would like us to take would injure our interests far more.
  Mr. Peter Smithers: Can the hon. Gentleman say whether our offer to take the matter before the International Court will remain open, regardless of whether or not it is accepted within any period of time?
  Mr. Davies: Our offer to take the matter before the International Court will remain open.
  Captain Duncan: The hon. Gentleman said that the matter was under review, but is it quite clear that His Majesty's Government adhere to the view that these Dependencies are British territory?
  Mr. Davies: Yes, Sir. That assurance has frequently been given in the House.

  CHINA AND TIBET
  The following Questions stood upon the Order Paper:
  Mr. GAMMANS: To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what consultations have taken place with India,

  601
  Pakistan and the United States of America regarding the possibilities of common action concerning the Chinese invasion of Tibet.
  Lieut. - Commander R. H. THOMPSON: To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he has any statement to make on the Communist invasion of Tibet.
  Mr. PETER SMITHERS: To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what diplomatic representations he has made with regard to the Chinese Communist invasion of Tibet; and whether he will make a statement thereon.
  Mr. PETER FREEMAN: To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a statement on the invasion of Chinese troops into Tibet.
  Major Beamish: On a point of order. In view of the very great national and international importance of Questions Nos. 60, 68 and other Questions on the same subject, is it perhaps possible, with your permission, Mr. Speaker, for the Under-Secretary to answer these now?
  Mr. Speaker: It is not within my power to order any Question to be answered. I would remind the House that at the beginning of Questions I told hon. Members that this was not debating time. It is their fault that they have not reached Question No. 60. I have done my best to cut down supplementaries.
  Captain Waterhouse: On a point of order. It will be within your recollection, Sir, that on Thursday of last week I asked permission to put down a Private Notice Question about the serious position arising in the Midlands especially from electricity cuts. Unhappily, I was five minutes late in getting the Question to your office. I was advised then by you to put the Question on the Order Paper, which I have done. It is Question No. 76. As I have not had a reply, I wish to give notice that I shall raise the matter on the Adjournment at the earliest possible date.
  Mr. Speaker: I do not know if the right hon. and gallant Member wishes to raise on the Adjournment the fact that did not allow a Private Notice Question. That will not do.
  Captain Waterhouse: No, Sir, that was certainly not my intention.
  Mr. Ernest Davies: Subject to your Ruling, Mr. Speaker, I am willing to answer Questions Nos. 60, 67, 68 and 71. The answer is as follows:
  On the transfer of power to India in 1947, all existing treaty rights and obligations of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom with regard to Tibet were assumed by the Government of India. When we informed the Tibetan Government of this change, we expressed our intention of continuing to take a friendly interest in the maintenance of Tibetan autonomy. That is still our attitude. We have over a long period recognised Chinese suzerainty over Tibet, but only on the understanding that Tibet is regarded as autonomous. For many years this Chinese suzerainty has been no more than nominal, and indeed, since 1911, Tibet has enjoyed de facto independence.
  There is no country which is more inaccessible or which has fewer contacts with the outside world than Tibet. It would be ludicrous to suggest that it is a threat to anyone. It has shown that it is prepared to negotiate with China for an amicable settlement of their relationship. Talks between a Tibetan Mission and the Chinese Embassy in New Delhi started in September. As a result of these talks, the Mission expressed its willingness to go to Peking to continue the talks there. Indeed, it was just as the Mission was starting its journey to Peking that the Chinese Government announced that they had ordered their troops to advance into Tibet. Chinese forces are now reported to have penetrated into Tibet well beyond the areas where the boundary is in dispute.
  We deplore this resort to force by the Chinese Government against a people who have no other wish than to pursue their traditional way of life free from outside interference. The House will have seen the exchange of Notes between the Indian and Chinese Governments, which have been published, and His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom fully support the stand which has been taken by the Government of India. We have been, and continue to be, in close consultation with interested Governments on this issue.
  Mr. Julian Amery: Will the Government make it clear to the Chinese Communist Government that we could not support their joining the United Nations,

  603
  nor continue our efforts to establish diplomatic relations with them, so long as this invasion of Tibet continues?
  Hon. Members: Answer.
  Mr. Davies: That is an entirely different matter, which does not arise from these Questions.
  Mr. Wakefield: Would the hon. Gentleman say whether he considers the Chinese occupation of Tibet to be a potential threat to the security of India?
  Mr. Davies: That would be a very dangerous question to answer.
  Mr. Smithers: Will the hon. Gentleman make it clear to the Chinese Communist Government that they cannot expect to continue the immunities of peace-time while waging two local wars of aggression? Does the hon. Gentleman realise that the quicker we can emphasise this point, the more likely we are to limit these local wars?
  Mr. Davies: Clearly, if China takes action such as she has taken in this case it must influence our attitude towards her.
  Mr. Emrys Hughes: Are His Majesty's Government proposing to call for volunteers for Tibet?
  Lord Dunglass: The hon. Gentleman said that these matters are continuously under review. Has any special conference been called with the representatives of India, Pakistan, America and ourselves since the invasion of Tibet? Does not the hon. Gentleman realise that unless a common policy is devised for India and Pakistan, there is no sound basis for the defence of Eastern Asia?
  Mr. Davies: I said in my original reply that we are in active consultation with those Governments, and Commonwealth and other Governments.
  Mr. Emrys Roberts: Is not the Security Council of the United Nations the appropriate body to discuss this matter? Is it the intention of His Majesty's Government to do anything to bring the matter before the Security Council?
  Mr. Davies: That is one of the matters which are being considered in the Edit of these events.
  Mr. S. Silverman: Would not the settlement of all these matters be greatly facilitated if the United Nations could be persuaded to do what His Majesty's Government have long wanted them to do, that is to say, recognise the actual de facto Chinese Government so that they can be present at the Security Council?

  ARMY WORKSHOPS, ALDERSHOT (FIRE)
  Mr. Oliver Lyttelton(by Private Notice) asked the Secretary of State for War whether he has any statement to make regarding the fire at No. 13 Command Workshops, R.E.M.E., at Aldershot, which occurred last Saturday night.
  The Secretary of State for War (Mr. Strachey): This fire occurred on the night of 4th November. The workshops consist of a building of five bays. One of these was completely destroyed and two were seriously damaged. About 75 "B" vehicles which were under repair were destroyed, together with a number of spare parts and workshop equipment. No tanks or other fighting vehicles were damaged or destroyed. Investigations by the Special Investigation Branch of the Military Police and by the civil police were at once put in hand. A court of inquiry will be convened. As soon as its report has been considered I shall make a full statement to the House.
  Colonel Stoddart-Scott: Can the Minister give some indication of the value of the buildings and material which have been destroyed by this fire?
  Mr. Strachey: I think it would be premature to pronounce on that now.

  NEW MEMBER SWORN
  Henry Frederic Lawrence Turner, esquire, for Oxford.
ORDERS OF THE DAY
  KING'S SPEECH

    DEBATE ON THE ADDRESS [FIFTH DAY]
    Order read for resuming Adjourned Debate on Question [31st October]:
    "That an humble Address be presented to His Majesty, as follows:
    Most Gracious Sovereign,
    We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in Parliament assembled, beg leave to offer our humble thanks to Your Majesty for the Gracious Speech which Your Majesty has addressed to both Houses of Parliament."—[Mr. Kenyon.]
    Question again proposed.
    Mr. Speaker: Before I call the Amendment, I am afraid I must inform the House that there are about 50 Members who would like to speak today. Without Question time, we managed on the preceding four days, to have 15 backbench speeches a day. If we are to get through 12 back-bench speeches today hon. Members will have to be very short in their speeches. I think we shall be lucky to get through 12.

HOUSING
3.48 p.m.
Mr. Marples: I beg to move, as an Amendment to the Address, at the end, to add,
But humbly regret that the Gracious Speech shows no resolve to ensure a steady increase in the rate of house building up to at least 300,000 houses a year.
I am quite sure there is not a Member in the House, irrespective of party, who, in his own heart, is not deeply worried about the shortage of houses. My main task this afternoon is to devote myself to the technical problem of seeing whether these houses can be built, and the question I ask myself is—is it physically possible to build 300,000 houses a year and, if so, how? For that purpose I must make one assumption, and it is that what happens to the house is irrelevant, at any rate for the purpose of my argument. I am solely concerned with the erection of the house from the virgin soil to the last tile. My task is solely to show that there is no technical reason to prevent their being built. In order to do that I pro-
606
pose to divide my speech into four parts. First, I should like to deal with the main Socialist criticism. Secondly, I should like to discuss the question of building materials. Thirdly, I want to deal with the question of labour; and fourthly with the methods by which the extra 100,000 houses could be obtained by marrying, as it were, the labour and the materials.
First of all, the Socialist criticism. Socialists ask this question: if we build more houses, what building are we to do without? Is it the building of hospitals or schools which we shall cut? That question is based on two assumptions: first, that it is impossible to build more houses with the existing labour force and that efficiency is at present 100 per cent. and is static; and secondly, that we shall always build the same type of house in the same way. We do not accept those assumptions. I shall give the House the reasons why we do not accept them.
There are some very interesting building statistics in connection with the school building programme. Suppose in 1949 a distinguished Member on the Government Front Bench—suppose the Lord President of the Council—had asked us if we proposed to increase the number of primary school places by 50 per cent. Would he have asked, "If you do that, what other building are you going to do without?" If he had asked that question the answer would have been that the efficiency of the school building programme has increased by almost 50 per cent. in the two years from 1949 to the end of this year, and that the cost of a primary school place in 1949 was £195 and that it had been reduced to £140 in 1950. That means that 10 seats in 1949 cost £1,950, and that 15 seats today would cost only slightly over that figure. In other words, the school building programme has increased by 50 per cent. for almost the same expenditure of money. Therefore the question would not have been irrelevant, and we say that what has been done in school building must be done in house building.
On the question of building materials, the shortage has been the greatest single factor in the loss of productivity in the building industry since the war. In 1946 we had the disastrous experience of the Minister of Health overloading the building industry with a programme of houses

607
for which there were insufficient materials. Materials must not only be there: they must be seen to be there by the men on the site. That is one of the most important factors in building today, because labour will simply not work itself out of a job, and I say, quite frankly, from my own experience of building houses, that I do not blame the men at all. Unless the man on the site sees ever-increasing piles of materials he will not be able to give of his best work.
Let me divide materials into the three main items—timber, cement, and bricks. Let us take timber first. The first point about timber is that there is not a world shortage. Timber is physically in existence, and the world output of cut timber in 1948 was 3 per cent. higher than in the record pre-war year of 1937. Therefore, the world supply of sawn timber is greater, and we are getting an ever smaller share of an ever larger cake. The second point is the quantity of timber that would be required to deal with the extra 100,000 houses. The President of the Board of Trade considers that 145,000 standards would be sufficient. For the purpose of my calculation I must reject that as being unsound technically, because the 1.6 standards per house includes 10 per cent. for waste on a 1,000-foot house. The President deducts that 10 per cent.—he did so in answer to a Question in this House—and says that only 145,000 standards would be needed. That is not so. A hundred thousand houses, in my opinion, would require not less than 160,000 standards.
I go further. I think we ought to buy more than we need. Look at the good results which would flow from that. I mention this because timber is the key. We could stockpile for strategic reasons, and we could get reduced prices for timber throughout the world; because unless we have full stock yards our buyers will never be able to purchase timber at competitive prices in the world market. The only time we shall get prices down is when we can say to the sellers of timber, "Our stock yards are full. You can keep your timber." If we could say that to them, prices would come down, without politicians on either side having to negotiate the matter at a high level. Not only should we benefit by reduced prices, we should benefit immensely by
608
reduced building costs and by increased building speed, and we should eliminate waste of timber.
The recent hold up of the completion of houses is entirely due to the break down of timber supplies in the summer, and what happened was this. The rafter size is, generally speaking, four inches by four inches. When orders went to the merchants they did not have well-balanced stocks and they took larger sizes, and cut them down. In order to supply the four-inch by two-inch rafters which were necessary, they cut them from two-and-a-half inches by seven pieces of timber. That left the merchant with a piece of timber six inches long and half an inch wide, and there is virtually nothing he can do with that except put it on the watchman's fire. So, unless we have a large range of stocks in the timber yards of this country building will always be difficult.
We on these benches propose to do two things with the timber situation. The first is to allocate dollars—as many dollars as are needed—for the timber for the extra 100,000 houses, because we consider that houses are the highest social priority, ranking second only to defence. Secondly, we propose to abolish bulk buying in every quarter of the globe, and not merely in those parts which suit the President of the Board of Trade. We propose to abolish it not for price considerations mainly, not for doctrinal reasons, but mostly for practical reasons. I shall tell hon. Members opposite why, as they rather doubt that statement. Pre-war, if any building firm in this country wished to buy timber from abroad they would send precise specifications and the sizes which were required to Canada. The timber would be cut to that size. It would be shipped back to this country. It would arrive at these shores cheaper than it does now, because under bulk buying we ship from Canada gross timber, and there is waste in freightage, in dollars, and in shipping space.
I come to the next material, which is cement. Before the war we used two and a half tons to four and a half tons on a house. Now we use eight and a half tons, and 100,000 houses would require, at the present extravagant rates, something like 850,000 tons. The first way in which I should tackle the cement problem would be to effect economies, and I think if economies were effected

609
most of the cement we require would be saved. I go so far as to say that it could be saved by the advice of the excellent memorandum prepared by the Minister of Works, if it were carried out by other Government Departments. When we were in the Army we learned that it was not enough to give orders and instructions, but that one must see that they were carried out.
The Minister of Works has got two excellent pamphlets out, one on the saving of cement on houses and the other on saving cement on civil engineering works, and so on; but, in point of fact, no other Government Department is taking the slightest notice of them. Let me read a quotation from the memorandum regarding houses. It says:
"The applications of the recommendations should result in the use of not more than 6 to 7½ tons of cement.… This recommended range is considerably below the average of the cement actually specified in the bills of quantities examined."
In other words, six tons to seven-and-half tons would be used, and we are using eight-and-a-half tons. I know for a fact that it is still being carried on, because some local authorities are issuing bills of quantities on 1890 specifications, based on 1890 cement and 1890 building techniques—in the year 1950, when cement is very much better in quality and building techniques are very much better than they were 60 years ago.
My view is that most of the cement could be saved and we must remember that increased timber stocks would automatically make a great saving in cement. For example, a solid concrete floor takes a ton of cement, but if timber is used for part of the flooring, there would be an automatic saving in cement.
The Minister of Health (Mr. Aneurin Bevan)The Minister of Health (Mr. Aneurin Bevan) indicated assent.
Mr. Marples: The Minister nods his head. All I can ask is, why have they not carried out these economy measures? I hope this debate will not degenerate into the normal rough and tumble we have had with the Minister of Health on previous occasions. I say so, because I believe this problem is far too serious for that kind of thing and if I address myself to some serious arguments, I expect that when the right hon. Gentleman replies he will deal with those arguments on their merits. If we cannot get enough
610
cement from the actual savings, the expected annual increase in cement for 1951–52, or a very small proportion of it, will be sufficient to build the houses without impinging in any way on the export of cement, but the export of cement can be kept in reserve as a cushion and in that way there should be no difficulties in regard to cement.
Now I come to the question of bricks. A house requires 20,000 bricks—that is a rather extravagant estimate—which means 2,000 million bricks for 100,000 houses. The output of the industry is now 6,000 million, but pre-war it was 8,000 million. I would suggest two methods for overcoming the brick shortage. The first suggestion is one of economy where bricks are employed in parts of the house where it is not necessary to use bricks, in internal walls where breeze blocks and other materials would be just as suitable. I am sorry that the Lord President of the Council is not in his place. If he tours his constituency of South Lewisham he will find that a direct labour scheme is being spoiled by using bricks on internal partitions. The first method is to economise on the use of bricks by using such suitable substitute materials as are available where it is technically possible.
The second method is by increased production, which I think is the key to the whole of the building materials problem. Labour is the limiting factor. The capacity is virtually the same as it was prewar. I am allowing for the fact that some old yards have dropped out of existence, but the present larger yards, with increased mechanisation and greater efficiency, make the capacity about the same. The raw material of clay is the same while, to a large extent, the coal is the same, although perhaps it is not of the same quality. I estimate that we require 5,000 additional workers in the brickyards to give the extra production needed for another 100,000 houses.
I wish to make two suggestions on how this could be done. If necessary we could allocate, or consider allocating, more houses to the local authorities in whose areas there are brickyards, because mobility of labour is grievously affected by lack of housing. I make the suggestion because it is easier and cheaper to build a house next to a brickyard, than to build it elsewhere. A brick

611
doubles in price if taken 100 miles. Therefore, it would be reasonable that houses should be built next to brickyards in order that the workers can be housed. [Laughter.] I do not see what is wrong with that suggestion and if the hon. Member opposite wishes to make any interjection, I will give way to him.
I hope that will provide the necessary labour to do the trick, but, if it does not, I would not exclude the possibility of getting in some foreign labour from Italy, where they have some quite good brickyard workers who are at the moment unemployed. I do not exclude it, although I would rather have British workers making British bricks. I was much impressed by what was said by the hon. Member for Chorley (Mr. Kenyon) in moving the Address in reply to the King's Speech. He said that at the Chorley labour exchange they had to have an interpreter for 18 different languages. If they can do that at Chorley, I should think it not an unreasonable suggestion that some Italian labour should be brought over to help to provide the bricks.
Mr. William Ross: I am interested in the hon. Member's argument, because I have some brickworkers in my constituency. Would he address himself to the desirability of raising the wages of brickworkers and to the effect that would have upon production of bricks?
Mr. Marples: I am not responsible for the wage freeze and the hon. Member should put that question to his Front Bench. Secondly, there is the question of lack of confidence in the industry generally. The hon. Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Ross) will agree with me that the industry has had a difficult time in the last 10 years. During the war it was concentrated and after the war there was tremendous expansion. [An HON. MEMBER: "What about before the war?"] If we are to get interjections about what happened before the war it is highly unlikely that we shall be building the houses after the war.
Quite frankly, the lack of confidence in the industry is mainly due to the treatment it received at the hands of various governments. First it was concentrated and then, in 1946, it was expanded. The present Minister of Education,
612
whom I see in his place, went to the industry and indicated to them that every brick they produced could be used, but, six months later, in 1947, the headlines in the newspapers were, "Brickyards choked with millions of bricks." When the Minister of Education—who was then the Minister of Works—increased the production of bricks, he was not able to use them and there were 1,000 million bricks choking the yards, sufficient to build 50,000 houses, and production was slowed down. That was because of the extraordinary inconsistency with which the capital cuts were applied. Having been bitten once, brick makers are very shy at the moment and the only way to give them confidence is by a long term programme of five years, or, better still, 10 years, so that they can plan their work to produce bricks with a very smooth rhythm.
Having dealt with the raw materials of timber, cement and bricks, I hope that I have proved that there is no reason why those three materials should not be supplied in sufficient quantities to builders. I now come to the question of building labour. The Socialist Party ask, "From where are we to get the labour?" I believe there are two ways in which we can get the houses. The first is by increasing the output and the second by increasing the number of people in the industry.
Taking the question of increased output first, I would point out that the Minister of Works has carried out a works survey of payment by results in the direct labour schemes. Some 96 local authority schemes were examined and 83 showed an increased output of up to 43 per cent. and, on specific trades, the increase varied from 22 per cent. to 112 per cent. Finally, the report said:
"In some cases reduction of 25 per cent. on the labour costs were claimed representing over £100 per house."
Our view is that payment by results is difficult to apply in the building industry. It is an intricate job and gives a headache to anyone in the industry. Both sides of the industry—and I speak as a member of one side now—will dodge the issue as long as they possibly can. I do not want to allocate blame to either side. I believe that it is six of one and half dozen of the other. It is up to politicians in this House to unite to express the will of the people and to get houses by creating a

613
public opinion which makes the two sides realise that they have to have payment by results whether they like it or not.
On the question of increasing the number of building workers, let us look at the monthly average employed on housing. It dropped from 264,000 in 1947 to 230,000 in 1950. In the last three years, there has been a steady drift away of labour from new house building to other types of building. Every hon. Member in this House knows that that is true. Every hon. Member knows of cases where that is so in his own constituency. That drift must now be stopped; it must be reversed. I do not care whether people are building Labour Clubs or Conservative Clubs—it ought to be stopped and the men ought to go back to building new houses.
Mr. Manuel: Will the hon. Gentleman tell us how he is going to do that without controls?
Mr. Marples: We do not need any more controls than we have already. We can perfectly easily build houses with the controls which we have.
Another method of getting labour could be explained by the Lord President of the Council. He got his labour for the Festival of Britain, and he got some of it by attracting it from the power station which I was helping to build on the other side of the Thames, by giving the workers higher wages. You can get them either by scheduling them under civil engineering or under building. Under one method you pay them a higher rate of pay or a higher rate of subsistence allowance whichever will attract the workers away.
I come now to the second method of increasing the number of workers in the industry. We claim that in 1950 education is much better than it was in 1910 and in 1890 under the wicked Tories and the rather wicked Liberals. But it still takes five years to train a craftsman. If education has improved to the extent claimed, surely it is possible in an emergency to train craftsmen in four years instead of five. It would be quite easy to do away with a lot of tea drinking and tea carrying. I put this forward as a practical suggestion. There will be resistance from both sides of the industry, but I think that in the interests of house building some pressure must be brought to bear.
614
As to the methods of marrying the labour and the materials to produce the houses that we require, my first point is that no single method will produce the houses. It must be a judicious selection and combination of a large number of methods. Perhaps I may be allowed to give some idea of how it can be done. My first heading is "Efficiency in the industry itself." At the present moment, it is running at 75 per cent. of pre-war. If we could get it back to 100 per cent. it would mean, in the words of "The Times," an extra 50,000 houses. I believe that nothing must stand in the way of getting that efficiency back to pre-war level. I am reinforced in that view by a speech made by the Minister of Works,—who has a vast Government Department behind him—when he said that "he saw no real difficulty in raising considerably the rate of house building without extra total cost in 1951." I support the Minister of Works in that statement. It can be raised considerably without any extra cost.
I now come to the first method of increasing efficiency, and it will raise a shout from benches opposite. The first thing that should be done in the industry to increase efficiency is to allow private enterprise to build more houses.
Mr. Manuel: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that practically every local authority is employing private enterprise to build houses?
Mr. Marples: There has been so much misconception on this issue that I shall take this opportunity of putting it right. The ordinary contracting firm builds in two ways. It builds either for a local authority under specification and contract, or it builds for itself, either to sell or to let. I have here a typical specification, which I shall refer to later and which a local authority sends out to a builder when it asks him to work for it. These are the main differences between a builder working for a local authority, whom I should like to call the contract builder, and the private enterprise man working on his own, whom I would call the private enterprise builder.
Mr. Manuel Mr. Manuel rose——
Mr. Marples: Let me finish my point, and if it is not clear I will willingly give way.

615
In the first case, the local authority has the status and the control. It is the boss and the builder is the servant. The initiative and the drive come from the local authority, and the private enterprise contractor does what he is told. When the private enterprise builder builds for himself, he uses his own initiative, his own planning, his own drive, and, what is more important, he suffers a penalty when he fails. The relationship is this: in the first case, the contract builder is the servant of the local authority. He works to a definition of duties, rigidly and comprehensively drawn up in large documents. In the other case, an ordinary bricklayer, who is perhaps a master builder, with some other people can build a house, using his own initiative. That is the main difference.
If the hon. Member for Central Ayrshire wants to know another difference, I will tell him. When a contract builder for a local authority starts to build a house, it is when it is politically desirable, not when it is economically desirable. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] The Minister of Defence, when he was Minister of Fuel and Power, came to a site, on which I was working, to lay the foundation stone. Everyone had to get a move on with that site, not to start operations, but to build up a foundation on which the right hon. Gentleman could lay the foundation stone. He laid the foundation stone, and as soon as his back was turned, after he had made his speech—a rare speech in which the insulted no one—the foundation stone was knocked down and men moved to another site. No private enterprise builder could afford to do that. If the hon. Gentleman wants to ask anything, I will give way.
Mr. Manuel: I do not know what the last observation of the hon. Gentleman has to do with building houses. I wanted to take him up on the question of specifications. He will agree that there are specifications in both types of houses which he has illustrated. Whether the specification for the private house, directly originated by the private builder, is the proper specification or not, I am not prepared to say. I say that there ought to be a standard of building, and that the standard ought not to be decided by the private builder erecting the house.
Mr. Marples: I quite agree; there is one. The standards are laid down when the local authority passes the plans, and the district surveyor is there to see that there is adherence to those standards. The hon. Member displays an appalling ignorance of the building industry, although I did not want my aggressiveness to come out on this occasion.
Therefore, the first thing we must have is more private enterprise. I am so tired of arguing this point that I suggest we do what was suggested in the housing debate of 12 months ago. Let us build 400 houses as an experiment. Let private enterprise build them, and let the Minister take them over and let or sell them, or do what he likes with them, and let there be a series of costing clerks on the job to see which method is the cheaper. If I am proved to be wrong, I will humbly apologise publicly, but if I am not, I suggest that we include this method in the building of houses. My second point is that payment by results must be increased. In 32 schemes, the Minister of Works reports a 27 per cent. increase in efficiency.
My last suggestion is that we should have a long-term programme of nontraditional houses, so that the inventive genius of our people can be got to work, which will not be the case if it is a short-term programme. The last programme of prefabricated houses was a short-term programme, and it failed because it was a short-term programme. The Minister is looking worried. He knows that when the capital investment cut was introduced, anyone engaged on producing permanent prefabricated houses had all his orders cut off.
Mr. Bevan: The hon. Member is hopelessly inaccurate. The reason why the non-traditional programme was stopped was because the House had authorised finance for general subsidy of non-traditional building up to the end of 1947, and not beyond that.
Mr. Marples: That is exactly what I said—it was a short-term programme. I was saying that there should be a long-term programme. I can tell the right hon. Gentleman that my firm spent £80,000 on putting up a factory for the building of non-traditional houses, but that when it came to producing them all the orders were stopped and the plant and factory had to be sold. Does he think

617
that I, or anyone else, will go in for nontraditional houses on that basis? If he does, he has greater faith in human nature than I have.
I come to my second method, which concerns the type of houses. By that I mean whether the houses are to be of one, two or three bedrooms. We are still building houses of three bedrooms to an extent of over 50 per cent. of the total programme. I believe that, so far as the type of house is concerned, we should bear two considerations in mind.
First, we should have regard to the view of the people who are on the waiting lists. After all, they are interested parties who ought to have a great deal to say as to the size and type of house we build. It was Chesterton who said:
"The true idealist is a man who first asks what the other wants."
I believe that the people on the waiting lists should be taken into consideration.
Second, we ought not to fall below the Dudley Committee recommendations. My view is that the present situation demands a far larger proportion of our building to be devoted to the requirements of old people—that is, to houses with two bedrooms. That, in itself, would create many more units. It would mean that we should get more houses, because these houses would be smaller in area. Also, we should be able to reduce the rents, which is a very important consideration these days. Further, people in large houses would move into smaller houses, thus enabling the larger houses to be let.
Mr. Shurmer: What about the landlord?
Mr. Marples: A relative of mine is living in a house which is 1,600 feet. She is a married woman, 60 years of age, and she wants to get a bungalow or flat and to let the other house, which is rent restricted. At present, she cannot move out of the house because the local authority will not accept her on the housing list as she already has a house.
Mr. Shurmer: What is the local authority?
Mr. Marples: I give the hon. Member my word that that is the position. She is a close blood relative of mine. I do not know whether or not it is a Tory council, although I do not think it can
618
be from the way they are behaving. This lady cannot get on the local authority housing list, nor can she get a permit to build a house.
Mr. Turner-Samuels:
Where is this?
Mr. Marples: It is in the north of England.
Mr. Turner-Samuels: But where is it?
Mr. Marples: This case concerns a relative of mine, and I have given the case as an illustration. I will not tell the hon. and learned Member where it is now, although I shall do so privately outside the House, as I do not wish to give the case publicity.
Mr. Turner-Samuels Mr. Turner-Samuels rose——
Mr. Speaker: Order.
Mr. Marples: The second thing is——
Mr. Turner-Samuels: The hon. Member is afraid to answer the question.
Mr. Marples: There should be greater freedom for the local authorities. York is not the same as Yeovil, and Brighton is not the same as London. If democratically elected local authorities express a strong desire to erect a large number of small houses instead of a small number of large houses, that request should be sympathetically considered, subject to the standards not falling below the recommendations of the Dudley Committee. The local authorities are much nearer the centre of the problem than centralised Whitehall. The wishes of the local authorities should be taken into consideration much more than at present.
Third, simple houses should be completed at once on the basis of adding any additional items later. These modern items of equipment do not always work very well. Those of us who have been in this Chamber during the last week know that to be the case; at one moment it is like being on the bridge of a destroyer, and the next moment it is like being in a brick kiln, although we know that everything will be adjusted later. So far as houses are concerned, some of these unnecessary items could be postponed until a more favourable moment. I shall give the House an example, although the Minister of Health has

619
already moved in this respect. The Gird-wood Committee, on page 15, paragraph 65, state:
"A second W.C. is now included on the advice of the Ministry of Health."
I believe that a second lavatory and an outside tool shed are very desirable things.
Mr. Ellis Smith: For the rich?
Mr. Marples: Not only for the rich, but for everyone. But, taking a broad view of the country's position, I should have thought that at this moment we could leave this until later, when these additions can be made without any extra cost.
Mr. Manuel: To all houses?
Mr. Marples: Certainly. The hon. Member has got me quite wrong. I may have been aggressive in places, but I do not care on which side the vested interest is, whether it be on the employer's or employee's side, or on the landlord's or the tenant's side. What I am saying is that we should be unanimous on both sides of the House in abolishing some of these restrictions. If we stop the lavatories and outside toolsheds it would mean we would have a row of 13 houses instead of a row of 12. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Oh, yes, it would, because each costs £100. If hon. Gentlemen opposite object to that, they have to ask themselves whether they want to house 13 families with one lavatory each, or 12 families with two lavatories, leaving one family homeless. It is a choice of evils, and we must decide where the balance of advantage lies.
I have mentioned three matters which together would give us a considerable number of houses. I come to the last method, and that is the alteration of priorities. In balance that must come, in our view, from altering the social priorities. We believe that housing is the first social priority, subject only to the overriding needs of defence. We must decide on those priorities according to the position at a particular time. When they are decided upon they must be adhered to and not altered. They must be decided in relation to the building programme as a whole. For example, it is no use cutting out a social
620
industry which does not use the materials and the labour that are wanted in house construction. Cuts must be selective according to the method, building and construction that is going on.
In that respect I should like to quote one other example—I believe that some of the building we are carrying out in our capital investment programme could be cut without injuring that programme. I refer to power stations. I believe we ought not to have a single unit of electricity less than we are having now. If anything we want more. The civil engineering work and the electrical equipment on power stations ought, if anything, to be increased, not reduced. We ought not, however, to be building "cathedrals" to house our power stations. In America they build power stations, and leave them in the open. They do not put anything round them. In this country some of the building work above ground, some of the superstructure is far too extravagant and far too expensive. If the Minister wants any private information on that I am quite prepared to give it to him afterwards.
Mr. Logan: Does that apply to cinemas?
Mr. Marples: Yes. I want to make it quite clear that it applies to anything—Government offices, cinemas or anything taking materials which should be used for housebuilding. It includes Labour Clubs, Conservative Clubs, Liberal Clubs or whatever they may be. These should be cut out. [Laughter.] When hon. Members opposite ask for constructive sugestions apparently they do not want them. We are asked to make suggestions and when we give chapter and verse, hon. Members opposite jeer and criticise. What we on these benches want is not any violent controversy. [Laughter.] At least, I do not. I want the right hon. Gentleman, when he replies, to answer some of my points chapter and verse.
After being fairly constructive there are two points of criticism I should like to make, because, after all, this is, in effect, a vote of censure. The first is concerned with the number of houses built, and the second with the cost of those houses. What are the net additions to our stock of houses? Two factors to be taken into consideration are obsolescence on one hand, which is reducing the stock, and on

621
the other hand, the new houses built, which is adding to the stock. The Minister of Health, in 1944, estimated that annually obsolescence accounted for 200,000 houses. He is now building, annually, slightly fewer than 200,000. Therefore, we are not making the slightest dent at all in our housing problem. The stock remains the same. No slum clearance has been affected, and as far as I can see, we are not in new houses replacing the war damage; we are not replacing even the obsolescence which takes place. I believe that the Government are being complacent and lack drive and energy in this respect.
One of the last points of criticism concerns costs. This has to do with the Minister of Health—if I could have his attention for a moment—for in 1945 his intention was to bring costs down. I was a newcomer to the House, and I listened to the right hon. Gentleman making a very stirring speech on this matter. He said this:
"As a result of a tug-of-war that has been going on between the Ministry of Health and building contractors for the last four months, housing costs have been held and in some cases tenders are coming down."
The right hon. Gentleman was asking at the time for £100 million, and he added
"… by the same scientific organisation of material supplies we shall progressively reduce the costs of building."
He said later:
"We are going to be judged by results."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 26th November, 1945; Vol. 416, c. 1,000–1.]
In the OFFICIAL REPORT it is recorded that Members said, "Hear, hear."
What are the results? Take the period between 1947 and 1949 on the Girdwood Committee figures. Costs came to £1,159 in 1947, and £1,321 in 1949. That is a 12½ per cent. rise in two years despite a reduction in the Ministry of Education Estimate. The right hon. Gentleman promised to reduce costs and he agreed to be judged by the results. Does he think that an increase in costs is implementing the promise he made? If not, what percentage increase does he consider constitutes failure? Costs, in my opinion, will rise further unless we get an adequate supply of building material.
I have taken longer than I ought to have taken. I have given some indication of the kind of measures which should have been taken much earlier. I hope
622
they will be taken now, and I hope the right hon. Gentleman or someone else will announce a new housing policy, thereby giving way to some of the pressure which comes from Government back benchers as well as from hon. Members on this side of the House. Anything that remains short of a long-term rate of 300,000 houses a year is, in our view, inadequate.
Our censure on the right hon. Gentleman is for building far too few houses, building too expensively, and building too late. I have sought to prove that 300,000 houses can be built, and unless these arguments can be knocked down, then a vote against the Amendment is a vote against the building of 300,000 houses a year. There is no technical reason, in my opinion, why these houses should not be built. I want hon. Gentlemen opposite to get this quite clear—we on these benches believe it can be done. We shall allow nothing to stand in the way of the houses being built, but the initiative, drive and example must come from the top—from those in power. We have one settled purpose which is to build these houses. I remember a quotation from Disraeli, with which hon. Members opposite do not probably agree. It is this:
"I have brought myself by long meditation to the conviction that a human being with a settled purpose must accomplish it; and nothing can resist a will which is prepared to sacrifice even its own existence in its fulfilment."
We have that settled purpose, we have that will, and, given the opportunity, we shall build those houses.
Mr. McAdden: I beg to second the Amendment.
As I was fortunate enough to have been able to express my views on this subject a few days ago, I will obey the injunction of Mr. Speaker that we should keep our speeches short, and will content myself merely with seconding the Amendment.
4.41 p.m.
Mr. Gibson: All the way through the speech of the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples) I wondered when he was coming to the subject of the Amendment. Right at the end of his speech he said that the Opposition wanted to reach a target of 300,000 houses a year. The hon. Member has had some practical experience of the building industry. I hope he will forgive me for saying that

623
he did not once attempt to explain how, assuming that his party were in office, they would build the extra 100,000 houses. He made a lot of minor suggestions for increasing output and for increasing the number of workers in the industry. One was to increase the number of apprentices and to reduce the training period to about four years; but that would not provide building trade operatives during the next four years. On his own argument, the apprentices would not be ready to build until they had had four years' training.
It is a fact that the reason the apprentices agreement, to which all the unions in the industry have agreed, is not being implemented is that the contractors will not take on the apprentices. Even in London, where we have done fairly well, there is a very great shortage of apprentices in all the trades to replace the natural wastage in the building industry. There are joint agreements and joint committees the purpose of which is to find apprentices to do this work, but the employers will not take them on in many cases. Understandably, it is a bad economic proposition. That is not the way to build these mythical, additional 100,000 houses.
Towards the end of his speech the hon. Gentleman said that this Amendment is a vote of censure. Hon. Members opposite would like the country to believe that they could do this extra building without impinging upon vital building operations in other directions. It is essential, therefore, that the country should know what has already been done. The impression which it is attempted to create in this debate is that very little has been done to build houses in this country. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] Apparently there are Members of the Opposition who agree with that.
The facts were put into the hands of hon. Members only a few days ago in the Housing Returns for September, which showed that in Great Britain since the end of the war 1,259,729 families had been housed. [An HON. MEMBER: "In how many houses?"] That means that five million people have been housed. That is not bad for any Government in the provision of additional housing accommodation of one kind or another. If we
624
must not include requisitioned houses, bomb-damaged houses that have been repaired, and so on, we are left with a figure of 927,658 houses, which means that there were provided completely new permanent and temporary houses for a population of 3,700,000.
The fact is that this Government, although not doing as much as any of us would have liked in this direction, have already housed more than one million people each year since the end of the war. It is really too bad of hon. Gentlemen opposite to try to prove that the country is in an uproar. I remember the uproars which occurred after the First World War. I took part in them. I am sure that but for the terrific drive by local authorities, contractors and trade unions to provide additional housing accommodation we should have had a social outburst in this country long ago. The only people who do not realise the truth of that are Members of the Conservative Party in the British Parliament. Everybody else does. I should like to quote an American newspaper. In April last the "New York Herald Tribune" said:
"The British have perhaps the most successful housing record of the whole lot. Up to September 30, 1949, the British programme of subsidies had produced 556,000 permanent post-war dwellings and 171,000 temporary ones. Another 262,000 have been repaired or converted into dwellings from something else. Between September and the end of February this year, were added 250,000 permanent houses, bringing the post-war total well beyond the estimated 851,000 houses destroyed or badly damaged during the war."
The hon. Member who moved the Amendment had the audacity to say that we were not catching up with the bomb-destroyed houses. We are well in front of the number of bomb-damaged and destroyed houses in this country. It is true to say, taking the country as a whole, that there are actually more houses in this land to day than there were in 1939. That is certainly true of London. Let me give some figures: In London we had 80,000 houses completely destroyed. We have built in one way and another, by permanent and temporary houses and by the repair of bomb-damaged dwellings, 165,000 houses in London since the end of the war. Excluding from that figure 80,000 houses destroyed, we find that there are actually 9,500 more houses in London now than there were before the

625
war. That is in addition to the fact that the population of London has dropped from 4¼ million to 3⅓ million.
Mr. Henry Brooke: Will the hon. Gentleman excuse me——
Mr. Gibson: I am saying that the number of houses provided is so great that we have exceeded the number of houses which existed in London before the war. That is true of the whole country. When the Minister of Health makes a public speech in which he says that, he is speaking the truth.
It is not going to be easy, however, because the housing problem is not solved. Nobody has said that more frequently in this House than I have. No one has suggested from these benches that we have reached the end of the road and that there is not need for a very large number of houses still to be built. After all, 100 years of jerrybuilding and speculative building take some catching up with, and until we do that we shall always have a large number of houses to be built. I hope, therefore, that the House will realise that something has been done of a very considerable nature., and that whatever Government were in power, they would be entitled to credit for their work.
Why are the waiting lists so large? It is true that all over the country the waiting lists are still very large, and even larger than ever. They are larger than ever because the Labour local authorities, having control of housing in their areas, have kept their lists open, whereas the Tory local authorities between the wars closed their lists, making believe that there was no housing problem and giving a completely false impression. Who are the people on the lists? I agree with the hon. Gentleman that a very large number are young married people who are looking for homes, many of them living with "in-laws," with all the family troubles which that brings for most young families. There are still many families overcrowded. No one with any knowledge of the housing problem would dispute that.
But there are very many people on the waiting lists who are there because they want something better than the house in which they are living now and not because they are overcrowder or living with "in-laws." [HON. MEMBERS: "Rubbish."]
626
Hon. Gentlemen opposite may not like that, but I meet my constituents once a week and I know what they tell me, and I also know what my experience has been in another connection. It is good that these people are on the lists. It is one of the by-products of full employment. People can afford to go to a better house and pay a little more in travelling expenses or a little more in rent. I hope that we shall not attempt to close the lists but will go on increasing the output of houses.
I will show some of the ways in which it can be done. I think that from what I have said the House will agree that I am very concerned that there should be a substantial increase in the number of houses built. How are we to do it? At the moment every operative in the building industry is employed. We cannot fill the gaps with men who are unemployed as we did between the wars, when 14 per cent. of the building trade operatives were often out of work. We must, therefore, come to some decision as to priorities. The hon. Member for Wallasey dodged the question entirely. We must decide whether we are to have fewer schools so that a few more men may build houses. Are we to have fewer power stations? The hon. Member did not suggest that we should not build power stations; he wanted them to be less artistic. I have looked at some of the power stations and I am afraid that I do not agree with his view that they are very artistic. However, that would not produce any more bricklayers.
We have to decide whether we wish to continue building factories which produce goods for export. Unless hon. Gentlemen who support the Amendment are prepared to deal with that point, they are not facing the issue, and unless they do that, the Amendment stands condemned as a piece of pure political camouflage which is an attempt to mislead the people of this country. It will, no doubt, be given further publicity in the Tory newspapers during the weekend.
In order to get an additional 100,000 houses, the Tory Party must find an additional 125,000 building trade operatives. Experience shows that if we are to build a house in between nine and 11 months, we need something like one and a quarter men per house. Are those men

627
to be taken from the building of schools, special schools, factories and health centres?
Mr. Alport: How many health centres are being built?
Mr. Gibson: I could tell the hon. Gentleman of one or two which are being built in London.
Mr. Iain MacLeod: They are the only ones in Britain.
Mr. Gibson: Are we to stop these operations in order to release the men to build a few more houses? If so, we must face the fact that the economic interests of the country are bound to suffer for a year or two. Unless hon. Members face that, they are not being honest with the electorate or with their own party. This is what "The Times" says. I do not suppose that hon. Members opposite love the editorial which "The Times" published on this subject, but it ought to be repeated. This is what was said in "The Times" on 17th October:
"So great an expansion of house building, to be sustained 'over a period of years,' would, indeed, be difficult to achieve. It was not attained after the 1914–18 war until 1933"—
When we argue about the period just after the First World War, we get sneers from the Opposition. Of course, they will not sneer at "The Times." It is "The Times" which says that it took 15 years after the First World War to build up to anything like the 300,000 mark. "The Times" goes on:
"and it is doubtful whether there is any early prospect of returning to the conditions which made possible the housing boom of the 1930s."
"The Times" wound up the editorial by saying:
"In short, the Opposition have not yet found a completely realistic alternative to the Labour policy of strict regulation, discouragement of private building, and disregard of the difficulties caused by rent control and subsidies. There can be no abrupt winding up of all controls, nor can there be any firm pledge that a much larger volume of house building, or a substantial reduction of costs, can be achieved, except gradually over a lengthy period and in favourable economic conditions."
That is exactly what some of us have been saying in this House for a long time. It is quite unreal for the Opposition to put down an Amendment of this kind asking for a target of 300,000 houses without at the same time telling us what other building work they would stop.
628
I agree with the hon. Member for Wallasey that there are at least two methods by which output can be increased. The last time I had the honour of speaking on this subject in the House I argued—I still believe I was right—that it would be possible to increase the number of houses being built without increased capital cost. I gave some facts to show how that was possible. But I am sure that unless the industry itself carries out the recommendations made by the Productivity Council, it will never reach anything like the degree of efficiency which the hon. Member said it ought to reach. I do not propose to quote all the recommendations of that Council, but one or two are so important that they ought to be mentioned briefly. On page 64, the Report reads:
"The attention of the general contractor, and of all others concerned, is drawn to the following recommendations, aimed at the improvement of contract organisation … constructional work should not be started until the organisation of the job has been worked out to the most advanced stage possible."
I know from experience how difficult it sometimes is to get contractors to do that.
Mr. W. J. Taylor Mr. W. J. Taylor (Bradford, North) rose——
Mr. Gibson: I am afraid that I cannot give way. The Report goes on:
"General and positive use should be made of simplified time and progress schedules, which should be circulated widely throughout the job."
The last few words are very important. The men on the job must know what are the time and progress schedules to which they are working. The Report also says:
"The encouragement of the maximum economic use of mechanical aids of all descriptions, and the wider spreading of information appraising the merits of machinery and plant available."
I believe that a wide extension of the use of these kinds of mechanical aids in the British building industry would substantially increase the output of all kinds of building—not only housing—and reduce the overall capital cost. Until the industry is prepared to adopt these recommendations in the widest sense, it will never reach the stage of efficiency it should.
I want also to plead for the operation of incentive bonus schemes. The hon. Gentleman referred to this, but was dubious about the possibilities. He suggested

629
that both sides of the industry were responsible for the fact that bonus schemes are not as widely operative as they might be. That is true in the part of England he comes from, but it is not true over the rest of the country. The unions have been ready and willing to apply bonus schemes, and in London in particular have done so with great success. The London County Council on its own building works has had an increase of output of over 40 per cent. since the end of 1947, while at the same time increasing the earnings of the operatives by between 20 per cent. and 30 per cent. In spite of the increased earnings, and because of the increased output, they are getting a reduction of £68 in the labour cost of every house built. I believe the widest possible extension of that would produce more houses at a cheaper rate.
It is being done in other parts of the country. In a recent issue of "Housing," there was an article by the building works manager of the Wolverhampton Corporation showing that the building of both houses and flats can be carried out at a cheaper overall cost by joint consultation with the men on the site while paying them more wages. I am sure the hon. Gentleman will agree that, if we can succeed in getting a successful bonus scheme going, we can reduce charges.
Mr. Marples Mr. Marples indicated assent.
Mr. Gibson: In the case of the Wolverhampton scheme, they have reduced their overhead charges from 27.25 to 25 per cent. Therefore, the industry must be encouraged to adopt the incentive bonus scheme as widely as possible. It is the laggards in the employers' organisation who have not taken it up. It requires some close attention and a little more staff in the office to set it going but, if they will do it, they will get a larger output, more satisfied building operatives, and the housing problem of this country will soon be solved, though I do not expect to see it solved during the next five or 10 years.
If the Opposition decide to force this Amendment to a Division, we ought to be told before we vote, which of these other building projects they propose to cut out in order to provide the necessary labour to do the job. The hon. Gentleman talked a good deal about material. The material can be found. If we cannot get
630
timber, there are alternatives, as some of us know from experience. But if we had all the material that the hon. Gentleman dreamed of, and did not get the extra labour force, we could not increase output. Therefore, we have to solve this key difficulty of providing labour, and in view of the present position we can only do so by stopping the building of other urgent projects.
It was interesting to note that recently the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Aldershot (Mr. Lyttelton) said:
"We cannot do everything at once. We may have to do with fewer technical colleges;"—
Is that the policy of the Opposition?—
"we may have to postpone the educational programme."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd November, 1950; Vol. 480, c. 327.]
Is that the policy of the Opposition?
Mr. Harmar Nicholls: Certainly.
Mr. Gibson: That is exactly what hon. Gentlemen opposite did with the Fisher Act; they passed a beautiful Act of Parliament and then refrained from implementing it. Fortunately, this time the Butler Act has got through and we are carrying it out. Unless we are prepared to spend money on building the necessary schools, particularly technical schools, this country will never be able completely to overcome its economic difficulties.
I believe that the output of the industry can be increased by the application of brains to it, by the adoption of new methods, by increasing the use of machinery. If we had half the horsepower on our sites that the Americans have, we would increase output tremendously. Output can be increased by efficient site organisation, by incentive schemes, and by bringing the operatives fully into joint consultation over all that goes on at the site. If that is done, we can secure the co-operation of all sides of the building industry, which will lead to an increase in the number of houses built, but it cannot be done by trickery and what I regard as deceitful slogans such as that which the Conservative Party have adopted.
5.7 p.m.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: The hon. Member for Clapham (Mr. Gibson) has spoken with intimate knowledge of the building industry. I should

631
like also to congratulate the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples) on what I think we would all agree was a distinguished Parliamentary performance. He, too, has an intimate knowledge of his subject, though not exactly from the same standpoint as that of the hon. Member for Clapham. He spoke with considerable moderation and made a plausible, although from my point of view not a convincing case.
There is not one of us who does not believe that broken homes, ill-health and misery, caused by the shortage of houses and the bad slum conditions in our cities and villages does not constitute today a challenge to all political parties and also to this House. The more desperate the housing situation becomes the more urgent is it that we should make housing a top priority in our social services, and the more vital does it become that we should use all methods, orthodox and unorthodox, to solve it at the earliest possible moment. But it also becomes equally important to see that we do not raise the hopes of the people who are waiting in the queues unless we are absolutely convinced that we have the resources and the materials available to provide the houses and to reach the target which we set ourselves.
What is this target which has been put before us today? In the Debate a year ago the right hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) said he would give us the Conservative policy on housing in a single sentence. The Conservative Conference at Blackpool this year went one better and gave it to us in a shout—from the floor. As a result we have today this Amendment in which the party above the Gangway gives a guarantee and a pledge to the country that it will build 300,000 houses a year. At least a minimum—I think that was the phrase—of 300,000 houses a year.
It may be good electioneering—I am not even sure of that—but I still remain unconvinced after the adroit and persuasive speech of the hon. Member for Wallasey that it is a target which it is not difficult, perhaps impossible, to achieve in present circumstances. The hon. Member made many constructive suggestions, but they do not add up to an additional 100,000 houses a year. The hon. and
632
gallant Member for Pollok (Commander Galbraith) said at the conference at Blackpool that what he wanted his party to do was to quote a figure which the electorate could grasp. What is really wanted, if I may say so, is a target figure we can reach in the circumstances of today.
I should like to look at this target of 300,000 houses and to measure it by the yardstick of what was actually achieved before the last war. The average number of houses produced in the 20 years before the war was 200,000 houses a year—that is, at the rate at which we are building today.
Mr. Bevan: It was less than the rate which is being built today, because the Girdwood Report has already said that the 200,000 houses we are building is equal to a pre-war rate of 240,000 houses a year.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I am obliged to the right hon. Gentleman; that strengthens my case. In fact, the average number of houses built before the war was less than the number which are being built today. Even in the peak year of building before the war—1937—only 347,000 houses were built.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: No. 367,000.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I am open to correction, but I think that if the right hon. and gallant Gentleman checks the figure he will find that in 1937 it was 347,000 houses.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: If the noble Lady is speaking of the peak figure she will find, I think, that she has omitted Scotland, and that the figure of 200,000 which has been given is the figure for England and Scotland.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: If I was omitting Scotland I quite agree that it was a serious omission and one which I could not possibly hope to get away with.
I accept, then, the figure which the right hon. and gallant Gentleman has given of 367,000. But those houses were built in circumstances very different from today. I will give the right hon. and gallant Member those extra 20,000 if only he will take into account the different circumstances. There was then no shortage of materials; there were over 100,000 building operatives out of work. We were

633
spending £197 million on armaments, instead of over £1,000 million as we are faced with spending today. In 1937 there were no restrictions and no licence system. The building industry was free to build to its heart's content as many jerry-built houses to the acre as it possibly could—and how it packed them in! In fact, there were all the conditions which the hon. Member for Wallasey and his party say, if they were restored today, would enable them to accelerate to an enormous extent the amount of building. Despite favourable conditions of those pre-war years, the Tory Party say that they could build to within 60,000 houses of that target in the conditions of today.
There was one thing which the hon. Member for Wallasey never mentioned, from the beginning to the end of his speech, and that was the international situation of today. [HON. MEMBERS: "Yes, he did."] He did not take into account the conflicting——
Mr. Marples: I said, "subject to the strategic requirements of today."
Hon. Members: Oh.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: The hon. Member certainly said "subject to defence," but I do not think he made any reference to the worsening international situation. I do not know whether in the face of all these conflicting claims of defence and of the export trade, and particularly in face of the international situation, which has become much more grim in the last 48 hours, the party above the Gangway still adhere to their pledge and guarantee of 300,000 new houses a year.
Sir Arnold Gridley: Yes.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: The hon. Member says, "Yes." His party are going to adhere to that target without regard to the new commitments to the number of new factories which may have to be built to meet the new defence commitments which may be imposed upon us in an increasing degree. I am very glad, however, to know their intentions.
How do the party above the Gangway propose to achieve this new target figure? The right hon. Member for Saffron Walden (Mr. R. A. Butler) explained the new Conservative policy to the delegates in Blackpool on the night before the target
634
was fixed. He said that the keynote of that policy was that, "We cannot do everything at once." That is a very admirable expression of opinion, and admirably suits the sanity of the right hon. Gentleman. But that is not what we have had today from the hon. Member for Wallasey.
We are told that there are to be no cuts. There was a time when we were told about cuts in capital expenditure—we were told that they were absolutely vital, and must be effected without delay. What we have now, however, is not a cut—it is an increase in capital expenditure. The economics of the policy have not yet been explained to us. I hope we shall hear more about that before the end of the Debate. Where is the additional expenditure to come from? From a cut in the schools or in the hospitals programmes? That is what the House is entitled to know if it is to be asked tonight to accept this target of an extra 100,000 houses.
But this is not only a matter of capital expenditure. As everyone knows, and as the hon. Member for Wallasey has already said, shortages apply an even greater limiting factor upon the housing programme than does expenditure. He spoke about timber. He said that there is plenty of timber, and sawn timber, in the world, but he did not tell us exactly from where we were to get the supplies. I am told, for instance, that France has stopped exports of softwoods and hardwoods and that Austria has practically shut down on exports. The new tax in Sweden, I am told, will, for the moment at any rate, stop shipments and supplies from Yugoslavia are coming through very slowly. Where are these additional supplies to come from?
Mr. Paget: Russia?
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I wonder. Hon. Gentlemen will no doubt say that we should get them from the dollar areas.
The hon. and gallant Member for Pollok said, I think, that this extra 100,000 houses would cost only £11 million more in terms of dollars. Are they still going to do everything at once? What about all those other little dollar accounts for additional newsprint and for more food supplies? Have they too been cut out of the policy of the Conservative Party? Have they abandoned those claims? Or do those small sums which

635
we need not bother about, but which will add up to a formidable total, which this country will have to face, still stand?
When I listen to some of these speeches of hon. and right hon. Members of the Opposition it seems to me that they are accusing the Government of failure in their housing programme on doctrinal grounds. There is the sort of suggestion that if they had been in power they would have adopted some very different policy from the outset. But I am not so sure. I do not think they can get away with that one either, because when in 1945 Mr. Willink, who was then Conservative Minister of Health, made the position of his party quite clear, what did he say? He said:
"The Government must control the private work—building and repair and decorative work done on private account—the Government must control the price of materials, standard components, and fittings for houses."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 22nd March, 1945; Vol. 409, c. 1020.]
There was not very much free enterprise about that.
Mr. Harmar Nicholls: That was six years ago.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I know it was six years ago, but that was the policy they were going to adopt in the post-war period——
Mr. Nicholls: The war was still on.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: That was in the days when the Conservative Party was responsible for the practical job of building houses, and not engaged in building sand castles in the heady air of Blackpool. I say that in fact the Minister of Health has been surprisingly orthodox in his housing policy—sometimes too orthodox for me. If he had been as revolutionary in his actions as he has been in his speeches I think that some of the criticisms from this side of the House might have been justified; and I am not sure that we might not have had more houses. But his bark has been worse than his bite.
The Conservative Party have made it quite clear that they have abandoned what I call the Willink policy, and they are now back to a free industry, subject only to the limitation that in future no house should exceed a maximum, I do not quite know
636
what the maximum is. I think it is a financial maximum, the limit that they may spend upon the house. That would mean a free for all. It would mean a preponderance of houses for sale; and it would mean a jolly poor look out for the workers who cannot afford to buy a house. We on these benches want to make it clear that, as far as we are concerned, the first priority is to provide houses for rent, for those whose need is by far the greatest, for those whose need is by far the most poignant, and for those whose needs were the least satisfied in the years between the wars.
There are one or two things which I should like to raise with the Minister. This fixed target cannot be accepted, but we nevertheless believe that the number of houses can be increased. We should like to see the first priority in civil building most definitely given to housing. I do not think we are assured of that today. Many cases have been raised to illustrate it. The hon. Member for Liverpool, Exchange (Mrs. Braddock) mentioned a £35,000 licence given for a dance hall. There are many Government buildings of a rather sumptuous character going up; I do not know whether such buildings are releasing additional accommodation. We have heard from the hon. Member for Wallasey about clubs being erected. I have been informed—I hope it is not true—that a licence has been granted for the renovation of the Carlton Club—if I may say so, a difficult task at any time——
Mr. Bossom Mr. Bossom (Maidstone) rose——
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I cannot give way just now.
Mr. Bossom: The hon. Lady said——
Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Colonel Sir Charles MacAndrew): If the hon. Lady does not give way the hon. Gentleman must resume his seat.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I am quite sure the Minister would agree with me that this is work of a non-essential character.
Mr. Bossom: On a point of order. Unfortunately, the hon. Lady has made a misstatement. It is entirely untrue to say that the Carlton Club has been granted such a licence.
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That is not a point of order.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: It is within the recollection of the House that I said I had been informed that such was the case. I have not stated it as a fact. The hon. Gentleman can see it in HANSARD tomorrow, if I am incorrectly informed, nothing could give me greater pleasure.
We believe that number of houses could be increased if there were an improvement in administration. We would like to see Ministry of Works and Building established. I think it would make for greater efficiency if those two functions could be under one roof, and we should welcome the adoption of such a proposal. After all, ever since the First World War it has become the practice, carried on by successive Governments, that whenever a matter is top priority in this country, it becomes the single function of one Department of State. I believe that housing has now most certainly reached that stage.
I hope that the Minister will examine the question of restrictive practices, from whatever quarter they come. I hope he will use his persuasive eloquence, of which he has an abundance, to put over incentive schemes in the building industry. Where they have been tried they have been extremely successful. Where they have been tried they have rarely, if ever, been abandoned. I hope he will look at that. In conclusion, I say that we on these benches are not satisfied with the present housing programme. Who is? We certainly believe that with incentive schemes, if licences are withheld for non-essential work, and—housing for the people becomes priority 1A, with greater co-ordination of administration, a greater number of houses could be built. But that is very different from accepting a firm target of 300,000 houses in present circumstances, which the party above the Gangway proposes to do.
The Amendment which has been moved today is not so much a vote of censure on the Government as a vote of confidence in the Conservative Party. But I should find that an insuperable difficulty anyway. Let us make no mistake about it; all those who vote for this Amendment tonight are pledging themselves to a target of 300,000 houses. All those who vote for
638
it are expressing their conviction that these 300,000 houses could be provided by a Conservative administration. That I cannot and will not do.
5.31 p.m.
The Minister of Health (Mr. Aneurin Bevan): I had hoped that the right hon. Gentleman the Leader of the Opposition would attach sufficient importance to the Amendment to move it himself, but the right hon. Gentleman undoubtedly felt himself under a slight disability because, as all the House knows, he knows little or nothing about the subject. Indeed, it is evident that the whole Opposition Front Bench, by their own admission, were incapable of opening this Debate. Indeed, in the last five years—there are hon. Members sitting opposite who have not had our experience—we have had a whole host of opening batsmen from the Opposition on housing, and they have now all abandoned the field. They have left it to the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), who is able at least to use the nomenclature of the building industry accurately, even if he is a little blurred about the principles.
Let me try, if I can, to trace the origin of this Amendment, because the curious thing about this Debate, both in the House of Commons and in the journals and newspapers outside, is that it is not the Government housing programme which is on trial but the Opposition's. "The Times," the "Economist," journal after journal, after hearing of this target, have been asking how the target is to be achieved, and we have all been listening very carefully to what has been said in order to learn.
Of course, it was not at first a target—oh, no! I have before me a very vivid description of the scene at Blackpool. I have been present at many party conferences, and have taken part in a few. I read this with considerable interest. I have extracted this report from a newspaper which I am quite certain would not he challenged by the Opposition as being friendly to the Labour Party. It is the "Daily Graphic." It states:
"After the speeches, the acting chairman, Mrs. Lorne Sayers, put the motion and an Amendment which did not include the figure of 300,000.
Immediately the 4,000 people in the hall began to chant 'We want 300,000.' The chant rose to a great swelling roar.

639
Then Lord Woolton stood up and raised his hands above his head. 'This is magnificent.' he said. 'You want the figure of 300,000 put in?' One lone voice piped up with 400,000.'
'Those of us on the platform,' said Lord Woolton, 'would be very glad to have such a figure as 300,000 put in.'
Then another lone voice shouted: 'A minimum of 300,000.'
Immediately they all shouted: 'A minimum.'"
A very obedient conference, I am bound to say. I hope that the Lord President of the Council will note how docile the conference was. They all said the same thing.
Then, of course, after this, the minimum figure of 300,000 was withdrawn. It has now become a target. Now, in the language of the Amendment, they are to work up towards it. It was 300,000, it then becomes a target, and now they are going to work up towards it. When the right hon. Gentleman comes to speak, as I understand he is to do, at the end of the Debate, will he tell us when the Opposition propose to reach the 300,000? Has he any idea of it, and if it is a target, how does he propose to aim at it, because if one selects something as a target then one tries to aim; otherwise, it is not a target? I wish to ask the right hon. Gentleman a number of questions because if he is to make this a target it is necessary that he should select the necessary instruments to be able to achieve it. Does the right hon. Gentleman intend that there should be any proportion as between the capital investment on, say, power stations, schools, factories, hospitals and on housing?
In other words, is the licensing system to be retained? It is a very important question because at Blackpool the Opposition asked for the abolition of licences. If one is not going to canalise, to take steps to focus, to deny certain activities building materials and labour, then one cannot take an aim. One can only take an aim if one is accepting the obligations of attempting to canalise labour and building materials. In other words, one cannot have an aim or a target unless one has a licence because if one does not have a licence it ceases to be a target. It is only a prophecy. It is very important indeed that when the right hon. Gentleman speaks he should tell us, so that his party
640
may not be covered with turpitude, because, so far, all that we have been told, all that we have heard from the right hon. Gentleman, is that the Conservative Party proposes to solve the housing programme by setting the building industry free.
One does not set them free with a licence. A licence is not only a permission; it is a prohibition. It is not only an assurance that one person can do one thing; it is a denial to somebody else to do something else. So the first thing we want to know from the right hon. Gentleman is, is this a genuine target? If it is a genuine target, are we to have licences? In other words, is there to be an overall gross licence? That is to say, will the Conservative Party—if ever the country has the misfortune of seeing them back in office—make a distinction between that part of the building and engineering force devoted to houses and the other forms of building activity? If not, how does the right hon. Gentleman ensure that labour and building materials will not follow the highest rate of profit?
As a matter of fact, we have it on the authority of the right hon. Member for Aldershot (Mr. Lyttelton). We had a very interesting speech from him last week, a speech which, in point of fact, is germane not only to this Debate today, but to the Debate tomorrow also, because this is only a special instance of a general case. The right hon. Gentleman said this, and I want to know from the right hon. Member for Saffron Walden (Mr. R. A. Butler) whether this represents the social policy of the Conservative Party:
"The only way to find out what industrial production is likely to be profitable is to find out if people are willing to pay the price for putting up the plants which make the products. If the industrialist thinks that a 5 per cent. interest rate for borrowing his money will still leave him with a profit, the plants will be built, but the marginal capital investments will be discarded."—OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd November, 1950; Vol. 480, c. 332.]
If there is no canalisation, if there is no plan, if there are no licences, if there are no controls, house building becomes a marginal capital investment. It has always been so. As my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Northampton (Mr. Paget) said, in a very able speech last week, it has always been the experience that capital has never flowed into

641
house building until it has failed to find profitable employment elsewhere—[HON. MEMBERS: "Nonsense!"] It is no use hon. Members merely shouting that. They should study the facts. I deny, and anyone who has any knowledge of prewar house building, either here or in other countries, would deny, that we have ever had a substantial period of small house building until we reached the end of a boom in other forms of construction.
The question that remains is: Is this the policy of the Conservative Party? Is the use of our capital resources to obey the rate of profit? Because that is what the right hon. Member for Aldershot said last week. He said that he believed it was not possible to have planning in a free society—[Interruption.] That is what he said. Is the right hon. Gentleman going to plan house building? Is he? If he is going to plan it, is he going to abandon freedom? Does he believe that he can plan the target and still be free?
The right hon. Member for Aldershot does not think so. He sees nothing between the jungle and the prison house. If, therefore, the right hon. Member for Woodford (Mr. Churchill) is to plan, is to aim at this target, he must overthrow his right hon. Friend the Member for Aldershot. I know very well that the right hon. Member for Saffron Walden has overthrown him. We all know there has been this curious schizophrenia among the Opposition in existence all the time, and that the right hon. Gentleman has had very great embarrassment in trying to decide between the two. But so far, during the last five or six days, we have had two mutually opposing statements from the Opposition.
We have heard from the right hon. Member for Aldershot who says, "You can plan nothing. If you do you at once surrender your freedom and, therefore, the only sort of impulse that the distribution of national resources should obey is the impulse of a higher rate of profit." I say at once that if the Conservatives adopt the policy of setting the builder free, and if they do not have a system of licences, it is not 300,000 houses that they will get—they will not get 200,000, they will not get 100,000. All they will get will be housing riots. That is all it will be.
642
I can tell the right hon. Gentleman this, that if the policy which he has been advocating for five years had been followed, if this nation had had the misfortune of having him as Prime Minister in 1945 and if he had followed the housing policy he has been advocating up and down the country ever since, his Government would have fallen with ignominy from office, with housing riots all over Great Britain. Because what would have happened would have been that people with long purses would have bought houses. In fact, it is very doubtful whether houses would have been built at all, because they have not been in other countries that followed—if I may be allowed to say so—the "Churchill policy." As a consequence of having prevented him from being Prime Minister, we have therefore saved his reputation for history—and given him time for his memoirs.
No one in any part of this House who has any experience of the working conditions of the people in this country will deny the seriousness of the housing problem. And we do not require to be told about this seriousness by hon. Members opposite. We know a lot more about it than they do. As a matter of fact, when the Conservative leader said at Blackpool that, had it not been for the war, the Conservative policy would have wiped out slumdom, I should like to know how many slum landlords are contributing to the Woolton million.
I am quite certain that the slum landlords are not afraid of the policy of the right hon. Gentleman and his party. Indeed, in the meantime they have been enjoying the rents that Hitler conferred upon them. They have not denied them. They have been keeping them all the time, and probably used some of those rents to support the finances of the Conservative Opposition. The Opposition can easily dispute what I am saying by publishing their acounts. So I say that we are fully aware of the fact that this housing stringency is a very great burden and a source of unhappiness for hundreds of thousands of people. But is it more so than it was? Can hon. and right hon. Members suggest that the housing problem in Great Britain today is worse than it was before the war? They know very well that there is not a single statistic that will support that contention.

643
There are far more houses per head of the population today than there were in 1938—far more. If this be not the case, then I should like to hear from hon. Members opposite what the figures are. All the figures I have got, not only from my own sources but from sources entirely objective and international in character, show that the houses per head of the population in London and in almost every city, town and village in Great Britain, exceed what they were before the war. So that before the war the housing question produced an even greater amount of human misery than now.
What did the Tories do about it? In 1928 the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Woodford was Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Bishop of London made a report on overcrowding. In the course of an address at St. Martin's Ludgate Hill, he said:
"We have had a census taken of such places as Shoreditch, Hackney, and Chelsea. At Hackney the figures are astounding. There are 24,859 people living more than two in a room; 3,559 more than three in a room; 521 more than four in a room; 110 more than five in a room; 45 more than six in a room; 17 more than seven in a room, and nine more than eight in a room."
The Bishop said he thought this state of affairs to be appalling. The natural cure for unemployment, he said, was emigration to the Colonies and he was sorry to say that the Church had not supported emigration as it ought to have done.
In that year, 1928, with those figures, with that sum of squalid misery, with the right hon. Gentleman as Chancellor of the Exchequer, there were more than 100,000 building workers out of work and 1,200,000 people out of work in the country as a whole. What did the right hon. Gentleman do? Did he set them to work building more houses? Are the techniques of building better than they were? The hon. Member for Wallasey reminded us this afternoon that they had hardly improved at all; so we had the same techniques then as we have now. But these hundreds of thousands of people overcrowded in slums could not make their demands known. They were too poor to make their demands known. They were unemployed and, because they could not clamour, because they were not insistent, because they did not have the
644
necessary political power at that time, the right hon. Gentleman was indifferent.
But now, by putting the people in work, by raising their standards, they are able to demand a home. The causes of the housing problem in Great Britain today are the higher social standards of the people. Therefore, it does not lie in the mouth of the right hon. Gentleman or of his hon. Friends to reproach us on this side of the House for the fact that there are still large numbers of people who are in need of a home of their own.
The hon. Member for Wallasey has had experience in the building industry. When he opened the Debate, he told us that he believed that the highest priority, next to defence, was housing. Why has he deserted housing, then? He is a builder. He reproached me for the fact that I had not given sufficient assistance to unorthodox prefabricated building, and that his firm had had to abandon it. He abandoned it because, unfortunately, the hon. Member has not got enough enterprise, enough industry or foresight.
As he was so anxious to reproach me, I will give the House the facts. These are not facts about his private life. I think that his private life and his private affairs should be left untouched: so should mine. In his speech he said, quite rightly, that one of the illustrations he was using was about a close blood relation, and he felt—and everybody agreed with him—that his relatives ought not to be dragged into politics. Neither should mine. But the scurrilous newspapers upon which that lot—those on the Opposition benches—depend have seen fit in the course of the last few months to persecute people who are not associated at all, either with me or with anyone else, in my public activities. They should be ashamed of themselves for some of the things that their rotten newspapers have been doing.
I want to come to the hon. Member, because no one has, in his public activities, so clearly shown that he does not attach the first priority to housing as the hon. Member. He was engaged in housing——
Mrs. Braddock: We know it on Merseyside.
Mr. Bevan: Yes, but I must give the facts to the House so that they will know the depths of hypocrisy to which the

645
Opposition descend. The hon. Member was director of a firm called Kirk and Kirk. They were interested in a house called the B.S.C. house—the British Steel Construction house, or Smith's system. This system is still operating satisfactorily at Wednesbury, Birmingham, and Cannock after the hon. Member has left them. He had so little confidence in the future of this house that he abandoned it and went into building power stations. In other words, he abandoned his priorities to follow his right hon. Friend the Member for Aldershot. He followed the higher rate of profit and abandoned house building, although we were in fact subsidising his house by £50 per house. What was his complaint today?—that we did not go on subsidising it. But, after he has left them, his colleagues are building the house satisfactorily in competition with traditional building, whereas he is building power stations. Those are the hon. Member's priorities.
The fact is that what he required from us was a guaranteed programme. Here is the one who fully believes in private enterprise. Here is the champion of speculative building. Here is the one who says, "Let's take a chance." This is the individual whom the Opposition put up to move their Amendment. This is the one. It was not sufficient for him to do what he is now recommending the whole building industry to do; that is, produce houses competitively and take a chance. No, he wanted from the Ministry of Health a guaranteed programme and subsidy, in addition to the ordinary subsidy, of £50 per house. This is the man who poses as an authority on house building. If the hon. Member wishes to deny any of these facts, I will sit down.
Mr. Marples: The firm of Kirk and Kirk never built a single house. They built a factory costing about £80,000 at Thurrock for producing prefabricated houses. Orders were to be given by the Ministry of Health, and, on the verbal assurance of one of the right hon. Gentleman's officials, we built that factory. When it came to orders, we were told that there was a cut in capital expenditure, and there would be no houses.
Mr. Bevan: The hon. Member is entirely inaccurate. It happens that the Ministry of Health do not put out contracts for building houses. That is the hon. Member's first major inaccuracy. The
646
Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Works sponsor certain systems of construction as being technically desirable, recommending them to local authorities, and the contracts are placed by the local authorities. Therefore, it was not possible for the Ministry of Health finally to have given any such guarantee. It was not done with the B.I.S.F. house. There were 35,000 houses built by the British Iron and Steel Federation and it was not done there. It was not done with the Airey houses, of which 20,000 have been built. The only guaranteed housing programme by a Government Department since the war was the temporary house programme. All the others had been put out to contract by the local authorities.
The hon. Member had such little faith in the future of the house which he was sponsoring that he deserted it, but now the houses have been built. So much for the hon. Member's reputation as a house-builder. Of course, the right hon. Gentleman the Leader of the Opposition laughs. There is no Tory who ever makes any correspondence between public and private morality. They always think they can privately abuse and distort what they publicly utter.
The hon. Member for Wallasey, in his speech, made a number of what he called constructive suggestions. What he succeeded in doing was to take up almost everything that we have been doing and state it from the benches opposite. For example, he spoke about the brick industry and said what we should do in 1950. This is the brainwave which he has had, this is the inspiration, this is the great built-up—that we should get Italians into the brickworks. We have had Baits, Italians, Poles, Lithuanians, Esthonians, Latvians—we have had practically every race under the sun since 1945—and that is the only contribution which the hon. Gentleman can make.
This is in order to mobilise the labour resources of a private enterprise industry, but we have had to do it—not hon. Gentlemen opposite, or the industry's profit-making, private enterprise people, who saw the whole of the building programme of Great Britain before them as a great opportunity and were too lethargic or unenterprising. We had to kick them into action, and mobilise the labour force for them. The same thing is true of other parts of the industry. In 1945, 1946 and

647
in 1947, we had to inject confidence into the building industry by placing stock orders and bulk orders of various kinds. Hon. Members opposite do not seem to realise that, if we had not placed these bulk orders, we would not have had the building materials.
The hon. Member opposite has now become an authority on softwood buying. He is going to do two things at one and the same time. He is going to step into the world softwood market competitively, and let them all loose on it—all these international buyers of timber are to be let loose on it—to do stockpiling and, at the same time, keep the prices of timber down. That is a remarkable operation. This is a business man. One of the causes of rising prices in the world at the present time is the stockpiling which is being done by the United States. But the hon. Member—and this is the pillar upon which the Opposition are going to rest their additional 100,000 houses—is going to step into the market, buy for stock, keeping up a stockpile, and for current building requirements, and the prices are going to fall. I have never heard a more absurd statement.
I want to ask a further question about stockpiling and softwood timber. I want to know from the Opposition whether they are going to limit the number of standards to be consumed in a house. Is that the hon. Gentleman's proposal? Is there to be any limitation by licences? Is the builder to be allowed to consume as much softwood as he likes. It is very necessary to have answers to these questions. It is no use asking the Leader of the Opposition, because he would not know enough about it, though I will admit that the hon. Member does know. Is there to be licensing for timber? I will sit down if the hon. Member wishes to interrupt. So, if there are to be no licences, it is to be free. Is the builder to be allowed to use what amount of softwood he likes? In that case, the 11 million dollars spoken of by the right hon. Gentleman is nonsense. It might be anything. It might be an additional 750,000 standards. In other words, it is not a target; it is not even a prophecy, it is necromancy.
As hon. Members know, we were only able to keep the housing programme going, in 1946 in particular, by reducing
648
the number of standards per house. It was because we had to reduce the number of standards of softwood timber in a house that the consumption of cement in a house went up. The reason was because we had to have hard floors. In those difficult years, if I had accepted the consequences of smaller softwood supplies and had not altered the design of houses all over the country, the housing programme would have been halved. We were able, before the war, to put 3.3 standards in a house; in 1945, I reduced that to 1.5 standards per dwelling by using hard floors and cutting out a good deal of timber in the roof trusses, and kept the housing programme at its old level.
These were technical changes and alterations in design, decisions that could only be carried out by rigid controls, because we could not make an anarchist industry behave itself. It is the most anarchist industry of all. It is the one industry that has all the qualities of unrestricted private enterprise and yet is the most anarchist and inefficient of them all. Anyone can enter the building industry when he likes or can leave it when he likes. There are no standards. The number of firms in the industry represents, I think, about one and a half men to a firm; no, I understand it is under one man per firm. It is only possible to carry out these great operations in the industry by having controls of the kind that I have described. Therefore, the hon. Member is repeating this afternoon, with an air almost of discovery, merely what we have been doing for five years.
For example, he went on to make another of his valuable, constructive suggestions. I like the modesty with which the hon. Member described his own speech. He suggested that we should have more piece rates and bonuses in the building industry. We have been saying it for three or four years, and we have had them in some cases. Let hon. Members opposite tell us how to get them. Do we make them? Hon. Members opposite have just been talking about a free society. How do they propose to make the building industry have a bonus system? [HON. MEMBERS: "You answer."] This is the plan; this is how they are going to get the 100,000 extra houses. We on this side have not

649
said we are going to build an additional 100,000 houses, and we have not said that because we are putting up real houses. We are building houses, not votes.
There was a further suggestion from the hon. Member, and here he was coming to the centre of his case. He said that, of course, we should lower our standards. If there is one thing that I am going to set my face against, it is the lowering of housing standards at the present time. We can always build more houses by building smaller houses. Anyone can do that. Anyone can build a house today which will be a slum tomorrow, but we insist upon building houses for people which they will want to live in today and which they will want to go on living in 10 years' hence, as otherwise we should have these houses on our hands. Therefore, I will not reduce building standards.
Then the hon. Member went on to make another of his concrete suggestions. The right hon. Member for Woodford may not be aware of the fact, but his voice has great carrying power, and I do not want to be embarrassed by hearing the confidential conversation which is going on, although I agree it is very difficult to avoid that happening on occasion. As I was saying, then the hon. Member went on to make his real suggestion, although it was blurred, which was that we should set the private builder, the speculative builder, free to build houses for sale to the local authorities. But we have done that. That suggestion has come up in debate after debate. [Interruption.] The Oxford Union at its best. Naughty boys of Form II. The fact is that years ago we arranged for small private builders to build houses to their own specifications for sale to local authorities. We have already bought 35,000 houses of that sort from them, and I am bound to tell the hon. Member that they were not built any more quickly, they were not any cheaper, and they were not as good. So, in point of fact, we have been doing all that.
We have also heard, over and over again, from hon. Members—and I am being as concrete and practical as I can because this is a very concrete and practical debate—that what we ought to have for our housing programme is continuity of building. That was the big thing. If only the builder knew and if only he could
650
see his way ahead, then he would go ahead. Well, we have a perfect illustration of where that happened. The right hon. Member for Saffron Walden, in his speech last week, spoke about the housing conditions of Birmingham. Well, unfortunately for the City of Birmingham, it carried out a Tory policy. It did exactly that thing; it concentrated its building contracts on six builders and said, "If only we get those six all together, those six big builders, and say to them, 'There you are boys, here is your programme year after year, no interruption, no re-tendering, only negotiation,'" everything will be all right.
But Birmingham housing programme is a great disappointment. They have built far fewer houses in the last four and a half years than I wanted them to build. Because they listened to the hon. Member for Wallasey, they got fewer houses. We implored them, over and over again, not to concentrate their building resources on six builders, but on large numbers of other builders, because it is a fact in the building industry that the operatives cluster around a contractor, and if one does not get the contractor on the job one does not get the operatives. I am glad to see that the Birmingham Corporation, by listening to our advice, have increased the rate of completion, and that it is very much better than it was last year. That is the other answer to the hon. Member. The fact of the matter is that by using technical language, hon. Members succeed in persuading other people that they know an awful lot about their profession. If they only used liberal English, we should all understand what they are saying, and how little they know what they are saying.
Then there was a very sinister suggestion which we have had from the party opposite over and over again, and here the hon. Member comes to the centre of his case. What he says is this. He has written it and he has said it. He says that it is a desirable social objective to build houses to rent, but, unfortunately, the speculative builder does not want to do that. Therefore, he says, our social objective should be adjusted to the technique of the building industry. That is his case. In other words, what the Opposition are suggesting is that we should abandon the local authority programme and let people with the longest

651
purses buy the houses. Obviously, if the licensing system is abandoned, and if there is to be no discrimination in favour of the rented house built by the local authority, then the house-building resources will go to building those houses on which the highest profits are going to be made.
Therefore, I really must ask, for the sake of the nation as a whole—[HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] I warn hon. Members opposite that they are handling dynamite here. They really must be frank with the country. Are they going to abandon the ratio of private houses to rented houses? Is it to be one in five? Is it to be four to one? I think we ought to have an answer, and if the right hon. Gentleman is not able to answer it this evening, then we will know that his policy is dishonest. He laughs, but I am bound to tell him that if the miners, the steel workers, and the factory workers up and down the country saw, as they would see if there were no ratios, local authority housing estates unmanned, and if they saw houses going up all over the country for spivs with plenty of money, then he would not hold those men in work. So be very careful.
Therefore, in addition to the other questions I have put, I want the right hon. Gentleman, when he replies, to tell us whether there is going to be any ratio between local authorities' rented houses and licensed houses; or is he going to allow the building industry to build for whosover is able to buy the house? That is what we had at Blackpool. They said, "To rent and to sell." How many are going to be rented and how many are going to be sold? If this policy had been carried out, the whole of South Wales, the whole of the distressed areas would have had hardly any houses at all. Houses would have gone to the southeast of England and some parts of the Midlands, where there are people rich enough to buy the houses.
We come, therefore, to this: that from the hon. Member's speech and from what we have heard from the Opposition so far, there has emerged no clear idea whatsoever as to how these additional 100,000 houses are to be obtained. I have been looking at the capital investment programme. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Aldershot told us how he would do it. He would abandon schools
652
and, most extraordinary, he would abandon the technical schools. We are informed by anthropologists that, when man settled down in agricultural communities, it was, at first, very difficult to persuade primitive people not to eat the seed. There were always a number of acquisitive and aggressive men in the tribe who wanted to eat the seed necessary for the next harvest. They were the Tories of the tribe. I cannot imagine a more topsy-turvy sense of priorities than to close the technical schools to build houses. It is most extraordinary, because upon those schools depend all the prospects of a rich industrial community.
Then, of course, we have had from the right hon. Gentleman, as we always have, a sneer at the Health Service.
Mr. Churchill: What?
Mr. Bevan: A sneer at the Health Service, which always shows how much he hates it—"Don't have wigs or false teeth, and make masons out of dentists."
Assuming that all the items of expenditure that are grouped together under education, including university education, welfare services, local authority miscellaneous services were added together, the result, if we stopped them, would be that we would still be 40,000 houses short of the 100,000. In other words, if we stopped all of them, what a situation that would be—no new schools on housing estates at all. Then we would have to carry the children in buses and build more buses to carry them there. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Woodford shakes his head——
Mr. Churchill: No, I could not hear.
Mr. Bevan: I beg pardon. I am saying we would have no new schools on housing estates; therefore, we would have to leave the children uneducated, which we know would be desirable to a Tory, or we would have to carry them in buses. The fact is the Government believe that the priorities are reasonably arranged at the moment. It was only last October that, when we suggested a capital cut of £250 million immediately after devaluation—and the country should remember these things—the Tory Opposition said. "That is nothing. That is not enough: we want £500 million."
It was in 1947 that Lord Woolton, this great auctioneer, suggested that we should

653
stop all capital investment. Now we were told last year that we should cut £500 million. One cannot have a cut of £500 million out of the capital investment programme of Great Britain without mutilating the housing programme completely. It would have been absolutely impossible. Now, when we have to rescue the country from the economic chaos which we inherited from them, the Tories feel strong enough to go on.
Let me remind right hon. and hon. Members that we made that year a cut of £35 million in the housing programme. They did not ask us to restore it. They did not say it was too little or too much. They wanted more than that. But when we discovered that, fortunately, our worst fears were not realised, and that productivity was higher than we had dared to hope and that the price level had not risen as much as we had feared, the first thing we did was to restore the £25 million. We made the housing programme the first beneficiary of increased productivity. And we think the 200,000 programme a year—and we have said it, as distinct from what the Opposition say—is a first priority.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer announced, in April this year, that the rest of the capital investment programme must adjust itself to a programme of 200,000 houses per year. I have already announced in another place, and I will do so here so that there shall be no doubt at all about it, that, despite the demands upon our national resources for re-armament, we propose to hold the housing programme at 200,000 houses a year. We propose to do that despite the fact that the re-armament programme this year will make another £35 million demand upon the building and civil engineering resources of the community, and it may be more next year.
The Opposition said that they would put re-armament first. One cannot put anything first like that. Things must bear a certain relationship to each other, and we have said that, having regard to the manner in which our national resources are mortgaged at the moment with various commitments, 200,000 houses per year—good houses—is a reasonable programme. But, of course, it is not fixed at that figure for all time.
The noble Lady the Member for Anglesey (Lady Megan Lloyd George)
654
was perfectly correct in italicising the seriousness of the international situation. I cannot imagine how hon. Members opposite can be so irresponsible. It demonstrates once more their unfitness for responsible office when, at this moment, when everybody realises that the international situation is so grave that we do not know to what extent our resources may be further committed, they should come along with this demagogic statement. We hope that the international situation will ease, that the demands it makes upon our resources will decline, that our productivity will increase, and then we shall look at the target of 200,000 houses again.
In the meantime, it represents what we consider it should be. It represents a better housing programme than that of any other nation in the world. [HON. MEMBERS: Nonsense."] The figures are there. Although it has been admitted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe that Great Britain has devoted more of its national income to capital development than any other nation in Europe, it is also true that inside that capital investment programme Great Britain has devoted more to house building, with the exception of three other nations in Europe—[HON. MEMBERS: "Ah!"] Yes, two of them Socialist nations—not France, nor Belgium, not Italy—[An HON. MEMBER: "Holland."] No, not Holland—it is much less in Holland.
The fact is that we have afforded since 1945 a very high priority indeed to investment in housing because we know what an important part it is of the capital equipment of the country and the contribution to the social well-being of our people. But we are not prepared to deceive people. We are not prepared to buy votes by playing on people's hopes. In fact, I agree with the noble Lady the Member for Anglesey: I do not believe that the people of Great Britain take the Tory policy seriously. They know rather more about the facts than the Tories give them credit for. Their programme, and the manner in which it has been conducted, justifies the description which one great man gave of the Tory Party some years ago—an organised hypocrisy.
I therefore ask the House to reject this Amendment and to support the Govern-

655
ment in the furtherance of their housing programme.
6.33 p.m.
Captain Soames: The right hon. Gentleman the Minister of Health, who had the ground most perfectly prepared for him by the noble Lady the Member for Anglesey (Lady Megan Lloyd George), made just the type of speech which this House and the country expected of him. Only one important fact has materialised from it, and that is that while the present Government remain in office they do not intend for who knows how many years to build at the rate of more than 200,000 houses a year. I do not wonder that they feel that way, for the right hon. Gentleman said that the building industry was the most inefficient of them all. If that is his opinion of the building industry, I do not wonder that he does not think they are capable of producing more houses.
The same old taunts came tumbling out; the Tory Party was irresponsible in even mentioning that they consider that the house building programme should be speeded up. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] Hon. Members opposite say "Hear, hear." They said "Hear, hear," when it was suggested that we were irresponsible over the petrol issue. The same old taunts came out, including the one about leaving the children uneducated, which would be desirable to the Tories. The right hon. Gentleman said that since the war in this country more houses had been built in relation to the population than in any other country in the world. In the Economic Survey for 1949 one finds that in Denmark there are 186 inhabitants per dwelling built; in Belgium 247 inhabitants per dwelling built; in Switzerland 252 per dwelling built; and in the United Kingdom 261 per dwelling built.
The right hon. Gentleman jeered and tried to make an electioneering point in a manner which I do not think is worthy of the issue on hand, by quibbling over the word "target" and "minimum." The figure of 300,000 houses a year is, of course, a target, but it is in no way a limit. Even building at that rate it will be many years before every family has a separate home. We on this side of the House will be delighted when the time comes and we can improve on that figure
656
and when more houses than 300,000 a year are built in the country. We are quite prepared in time to set our sights higher. I am sorry to see that the right hon. Gentleman has not had the courtesy to remain in his place. I have not been in this honourable House very long, but I did understand that there were certain customs and traditions which were followed by all Members. If it pleases the right hon. Gentleman and his hon. Friends, I would say that 300,000 a year is a minimum target at which we should aim if we on this side of the House had the power, and at which we think they should aim now they have the power.
The fact that we have tabled this Amendment is in itself a sign of the measure of the failure of the Government's economic policy over a wide sphere. It is no good the Chancellor of the Exchequer reiterating a series of figures and percentages in an attempt to prove that the country has benefited from five-and-a-half years of Socialism. Surely the real test of the success or failure of a Government is whether the people of the country are better or worse off as a result of its administration. There is no doubt that the trend in the country goes to show that people are beginning to rely more and more on the facts as they see them in their every day lives than on detailed statistics given to them from the Government Front Bench.
The two chief worries which are gnawing at the people today are undoubtedly that during the past two years the cost of living has been steadily rising and the rate of house building has been steadily declining. No amount of detailed statistics from the Chancellor of the Exchequer or glib oratory from the Minister of Health can possibly evade those two stark and highly unpleasant facts. Last Tuesday the Prime Minister informed us of the greatly improved economic position of the country. What we are really waiting to see is when the people of this country are going to reap some benefit, their just reward, from this improvement, if improvement there be.
For a long time now all sections of the community have been putting up with all sorts of unpleasant personal sacrifices. There has been the wage freeze, crippling taxation, and low priority for goods for the home market. What benefit have the

657
people gained from these sacrifices? Have they been all in vain? Are they to remain as a permanent feature of our life? Of course, everyone realises that all restrictions and all sacrifices could not be relaxed at once, but surely, now that, according to the Prime Minister, our finances are so much stronger, the Government have no right to resist the overwhelming demand of every family in the land to have a home of its own in which it can have a degree of privacy and in which it can bring up children in an atmosphere of happiness as good British citizens.
Hardly a day passes without my receiving a heartrending letter from a constituent painting a terrifying picture of personal suffering due to the lack of housing. I shall not weary the House with examples, for I know that every hon. Member, on both sides of the House, has the same experience, to a greater or lesser degree, and probably suffers the same feeling of utter frustration as that which I suffer. In the Borough of Bedford, which forms part of my constituency, the housing list has grown from 2,100 in 1945 to 2,300 today, and I know that there are many constituencies where conditions are worse than that.
In other words, far from making good the arrears of building from the past, and the arrears due to bombing and to the fact that there was no building during the war, the Government house building programme is barely even keeping pace with the inevitable annual increase in demand. While the present rate of building continues, lists will get longer each year and this horrible social evil, which carries with it illness, overcrowding, and juvenile delinquency, which prevents so many young couples from getting married, and which is the cause of so many broken marriages, will beset the people. These things will beset them for who knows how many years? Certainly the Minister sees no chance in the distant future of being able to increase the building rate from 200,000.
Even if we build at the rate of 300,000 houses, it will take a long time before the back of the problem is broken. Building at the rate of 200,000 houses the problem will become more unmanageable, more vicious and more powerful as the years go by. The Prime Minister told the House last Tuesday that he did not
658
consider it was possible to increase the rate of building. Surely it should not be within the realm of impossibility. I do not intend to go into detail with the figures which were so ably and cogently given by my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), but it is common knowledge that the building of another 100,000 houses would involve the restoration of brick production to the pre-war level, would consume one-seventh more of our present timber supply, would consume one-tenth more of our cement production and although the Prime Minister does not like us talking in terms of money on this issue would represent 6 per cent. of the total national investment programme. Surely these cannot be considered as impossible demands which would cripple the country economically.
Even if such a programme were to involve sacrifices in other spheres, what finer motive for sacrifice could possibly be found; what finer national investment could be made than to build more homes, so that the family circle, which is, after all, the very foundation of our society, might play its full and all-important part in our life?
Mr. Diamond: Would the hon. Gentleman be good enough to define the sacrifices which he says ought to be made in the rest of our economic life in order that these houses might be built?
Captain Soames: If the hon. Gentleman thinks I am going to be drawn on to such an issue, he is wrong. He expects me to be able to say, here and now, exactly what are the sacrifices which should be made.
Mr. Diamond: Not "exactly."
Captain Soames: It is not until one can see the whole broad picture as it stands that the question can be answered. The right hon. Gentleman talks about cutting the building of hospitals and health centres. How many health centres have been built? One health centre has been built. In such a programme as this, which would undoubtedly have the support of the whole country, no obstacle should be too great. I must say that I feel sorry for many hon. Members opposite today for, like myself and my hon. Friends, they must feel deeply

659
the human sorrow which they see in their constituencies, and they know as well as we do that 200,000 houses is not enough and that that figure could be increased to 300,000. They know as well as we do that any hardship which might be inflicted upon the nation by raising the number to 300,000 would be in no way comparable to the hardship caused at the present time to the nation as a whole by the shortage of houses. Yet they will march through the Lobby this evening, drilled and regimented by their party caucus, to vote against this Amendment.
It is not as though it were an unrealistic Amendment which was asking for the achievement of the impossible. It regrets
"that the Gracious Speech shows no resolve to ensure a steady increase in the rate of house building up to at least 300,000 houses a year."
It asks, in fact, for some earnest of appreciation by the Government of the importance of the problem. It asks for some earnest of a resolve by the Government to attempt to tackle the problem. Of course, hon. Members opposite realise how necessary is that resolve. I wonder that their consciences and their sense of responsibility towards their constituents permit them to walk through the Lobby to vote against this Amendment.
Finally, I venture to prophesy that the Minister of Health will go down to history as a man of undoubted ability who, by virtue of the high office and the responsibilities which were vested in him, had an overwhelming, an outstanding chance of doing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people; but he has failed to take that chance, he has let the people down, and, in so doing, he has forfeited the respect of the nation and, I should not be surprised, his own self-respect as well.
6.48 p.m.
Mr. Porter: I have just one thing to say to the hon. and gallant Member for Bedford (Captain Soames). It is that I, for one, will not be regimented, drilled and taken into the Lobby. The reason I shall vote against the Amendment is because, unlike the hon. and gallant Member, I know something about the building industry and about house building. It is because of his ignorance of the subject
660
that he will be drilled and regimented and taken into the Lobby opposite to that through which I shall pass.
I view this problem from the point of view of one who has devoted practically the whole of his industrial life to the building industry. If I were still working with the tools, I should be one of those who are the only people to produce houses in this country. No matter what may be said on this side of the House; no matter what may be said by hon. Members opposite about the possibilities of the ultimate total of houses which may or may not be built, the irrefutable fact remains that the only people who will build the houses are the workers in the industry concerned.
I want to consider for a moment the situation in which we found ourselves when the war finished. During the war, workers in the building industry were taken out of the building industry and put into various armament industries for the purpose of carrying out war-time jobs. When the war was over, we, like everybody else, hoped we were going to return to peacetime production. We hoped we should find ourselves in the environment in which we could make our greatest contribution to the economy and welfare of the State. But we found that those responsible for organising the work that we were going to do deemed it advisable that that work—namely, first-aid repairs to property blitzed in the war—should be carried out under the cost-plus system, and for two years or more the major portion of the craftsmen and of the semi-skilled people in the building trade were working under conditions whereby they were entitled, for the reasons of their employment, to take as much as they liked out of the kitty and to put as little into the kitty as was possible.
Free enterprise was responsible for organising that industry. The employers in the building industry were part and parcel of the organisation, and they were taking more out of the "kitty." I should like to quote what "The Times" said in regard to the actual situation in which the industry was at that particular time. I have quoted this before, I believe. It was at a time when we were coming back to the industry after the war—coming back as artisans, as members of the craft, to

661
endeavour to build up the economy of this country as far as we could. On 18th June, 1947, "The Times," in a leading article, said:
"The building industry stands out amongst the nation's leading trades today as the poorest in output and in general efficiency."
It went on to say:
"The industry as a whole still retains the position it has held for several generations as one of the least progressive and most wasteful of British industries."
That was the situation in which the individual workers in the building industry started to face the programme of building houses for the people of this nation. The two points that want emphasising are: the action of the employers immediately after the war in not having any desire to concentrate on efficient production, and the fact that, even if they had had it, the developments in the industry then, as they had been for years before the war, were such as militated against any increase in house building.
I have in my hand a pamphlet which was issued by the Conservative Party on housing and written by the hon. Member for Hertford (Mr. Walker-Smith). After discussing the situation immediately after the 1914–18 war he said:
"When Mr. Churchill's Government made its long and short term building plans it was facing a problem even greater in magnitude than that which existed in 1919."
In the same pamphlet there was reiterated what has been said so often here today, that the output, so far as this Government are concerned, in five years after the war, is considerably better than that which was produced under the Coalition Government in the period of five years after the 1914–18 war.
I wonder if anybody has taken notice of the position in which the majority of the workingclass people found themselves just before the war. We have had the Opposition priding themselves on what was achieved in house building between the wars, and on the fact that they were actually building over 300,000 houses a year. The fact remains that statistics, which are available to everybody who takes the trouble to go into them, show that, in spite of the fact that, at the time, they were actually building the biggest percentage of houses ever built in this country in any year, in London 32 per cent. of the people living in the houses that were then available were living more
662
than three families per house. That was in spite of the contribution being made to house building. At that time 4,000,000 of the houses out of the 12,000,000 in existence were over 80 years old. That was the situation we had to face when we started to rebuild. Nobody denies the irony of the situation which faces those in local government or in public life at all, that at the present moment, in spite of the number of houses being built, thousands and thousands more people appear to be going on the waiting lists for homes, and demanding individual houses for themselves.
A lot has been said by the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), in moving this Amendment, about what his party would do, if the Opposition were in power, to change the situation altogether. Let me, as one who has been viewing the building trade position for some considerable time, suggest to him what would be a rather better idea in regard to increasing the possibilities of house building. Let me call to his attention and to the attention of the House the fact that today what, in my opinion, are militating more than anything else against the possibility of increasing house building, are the price rings which are controlling the essential commodities for house building.
Price rings control, as everybody knows, metal windows, manufactured woodwork, asbestos goods, electrical goods, light castings and rain-water goods. All these things are controlled by price rings. As an instance to show the operations in regard to these things, let me take the case of tanks—ordinary tanks which are used for water storage in a house. No person can purchase tanks from 95 per cent. of those responsible for their production except by going through the ordinary trade channels of the builders' merchants. Whether the builders' merchant gets the order for tanks, or whether the order goes direct to the producer of tanks, the builders' merchant, because of his geographical situation in relation to the delivery of the tanks, will get the same rebates.
According to an agreement for tanks between manufacturers and builders' merchants, the price being fixed by the manufacturer, the price to the dealer is less 32½ per cent. trade discount, less 5 per cent. for payment within a month, less 5 per cent. because the builders'

663
merchant is a member of a price ring and agrees to buy from no other source, and less 5 per cent. because the builders' merchant is a member of the trade association. The trade rings operating in these commodities essential to house-building are, in my opinion, greatly retarding an increase in the number of houses built.
At the present time too many licences are going in the wrong direction. I have in my pocket now a letter sent to me only today. It is marked "Strictly Confidential"; it contained a photograph also marked "Strictly confidential," and I am in a quandary as to how to deal with it. A person apparently obtained a licence to put a new roof on a bungalow and the job has been done so as to add another storey. That sort of thing is going on everywhere. Reference has already been made to what Lord Woolton said about reducing capital expenditure, while at the same time Lewis's have been granted licences for £1¼ million to redevelop their shops in Liverpool. That is happening continuously.
The building carried out under these licences does not always mean the use of materials or labour which could be used in housebuilding, and I therefore disagree with those who say that everything but housebuilding should be stopped. That is a physical impossibility, because the building labour is not sufficiently mobile. There is engaged on that work, to which some object, a considerably larger percentage of unskilled and semi-skilled labour in proportion to craftsmen than is used on housing. If it were possible to take all the craftsmen off that work and put them on to housing, alternative employment would still have to be found for those who normally assist the craftsman on commercial building.
I hope that those men, of whose craftsmanship we are so proud, who built this Chamber in which I now speak, will not be directed to a type of labour which will mean the eventual loss for ever of their craftsmenship and skill. The Press have reported that the metal, wood and stone craftsmanship which went into the building of this new Chamber came only from old men. They were able to develop that skill because continuity in that work was
664
afforded to them. If those craftsmen are directed to other labour, not only will they lose their skill and craftsmanship, but the lads who are coming after them, and who should be trained to play their part in such development, will not have the opportunity.
I have made the point I started out to make, that those engaged in the building of houses are doing a fairly good job in the circumstances in which they are allowed to operate. No matter what may be determined as a target politically by either side of the House, it is an undisputed fact, in which we in the industry can take pride, that although conditions have been against them the artisans in the industry have progressively, year by year, brought about greater productivity. When the building target is set, whether in this House or elsewhere, those building craftsmen of the industry upon whom the stern responsibility will rest to build the houses, will be there to meet the nation's need.
7.7 p.m.
Dr. Hill: The hon. Member for Leeds, Central (Mr. G. Porter), who spoke with such an intimate knowledge of the practical side of the industry, will excuse me, I hope, if I do not follow him immediately or directly in the points he has made.
I want, if I may, to put three main points before the House. From all sides of the House today we have heard what is the daily and intimate experience of hon. Members in their constituency work, of the mass of human unhappiness and difficulty—elements which are difficult to measure. I should like to add one element, because it is capable of measurement. It is that overcrowding—as distinct from slum dwelling and insanitary dwellings—in houses of good and bad quality, has been demonstrated in terms of the mortality and sickness rates. I want to call the attention of the House to the fact that it has been established beyond all doubt that overcrowding, as such, increases substantially the death-rate of children between one and five, to a lesser extent of children up to the age of 15, and to some extent of people of all ages, particularly women between 20 and 65.
The calculation of the Government statisticians, reported in 1944, was that

665
if overcrowding were eliminated there would be in this country an annual saving of some 15,750 lives amongst children under five, and of 33,000 people of later ages. It has been authoritatively calculated that some 50,000 lives are lost because of this margin between the overcrowded accommodation which exists today and ideal conditions. I will not weary the House with the "breakdown" of the figure, but I wanted to draw attention to the fact that even over and above unhappiness, domestic discord, the appalling lack of privacy and all that overcrowding and bad housing mean, there is a mass of unnecessary deaths, and of course a much greater mass of unnecessary sickness arising from the single factor of overcrowding.
I want to refer particularly, as did the Minister, to the argument used by the hon. and learned Member for Northampton (Mr. Paget). In essence, the argument was—I hope I do him no injustice—that with a state of planned economy and full employment, a larger target than 200,000 houses is impossible. I have his actual words. He asked, having asserted that building was made possible before the war only by inflation and unemployment, if hon. Members opposite did not propose to revert to the economic circumstances which created three building booms, how did they propose to build 300,000 houses within the framework of planned economy and full employment. I think that we should know from the Government whether in fact it is their assertion that within a planned economy and full employment a larger accomplishment of house production is impossible.
The essence of the Debate today seems to me to be this: on the one side it is the Government's assertion that they cannot manage to produce more than 200,000 houses, and on the other side, the Government say quite properly to the Opposition: How do you propose to achieve the target which you have announced? The doubt in my mind is this: We accept the general conception that what men can do with materials represents the total production, which must be divided under the various headings. I am not referring to the question by what moral or other standards the allocation is made between the various objectives. I am referring to the lesser problem of the assertion that because
666
there are so many heads and so much material, we are incapable of building more than 200,000 houses a year.
The Minister of Health today referred back to the speech in which he replied to the Debate following the announcement of the restoration of the target to 200,000 houses. Quite properly, the Opposition, having had the poser put to it before, said to him: "What did you do to make this restoration of the programme possible?" He then replied, as he did today, that it was due to increased production. That is a perfectly fair answer, but in May he said something more. He said that we had decided not to import the petrol which the wicked Opposition wished us to import; we have decided to import the timber instead. That was a debating trick, no more and no less. A few days afterwards petrol went off the ration—[Interruption.] I repeat that it was a few days after that, petrol went off the ration—his speech was delivered on Monday, 22nd May, and on the Friday of that week the announcement was made——
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health (Mr. Blenkinsop): The whole point at issue was the spending of dollars, and the whole issue about the importation of petrol into this country was whether or not it was involving us in extra expenditure.
Dr. Hill: I readily accept that it was a question of dollars. The argument was about dollars, but the point that I am making is that under the influence of this mystical planning it is possible for the Minister to say one thing on Monday, arising out of dollar conservation, and for another to be done on Friday. That is sheer nonsense.
The second point, by which I will illustrate it, is this: It has become necessary, to the regret of all, and with the support of all, that there should be an enormous increase in our expenditure on armaments, a substantial part of which will be in terms of men and material of the same kind as those involved in the building industry. It is an odd situation that once we are faced with international danger from without, that once there is a whiff of powder in the air and a sense of real urgency, calculations go out of the window. That is the effect of what the Minister told us today.

667
I do not know what is going on behind closed doors, but he told us today that, whatever else happens, his present programme of 200,000 houses will remain undisturbed by further expenditure in terms of men and material as a result of rearmament. If that is the case, then there was a reserve for house building months ago. If men and material can now be produced without affecting the housing industry, then it could have been done before. But it was beyond the ken of those who advise as to the programme to accomplish the mathematical process of adding it up. We need to know from the Government whether this economic planning as they describe it, does limit the target. The hon. and learned Member for Northampton stated that it did quite clearly, and the right hon. Gentleman expressed his approval of the able speech of the hon. and learned Member. If that is the position, the country should know it; that within the imprisonment of overall planning which is imposed by the Socialist Government they cannot produce more than 200,000 houses a year.
I shall not deal at length with the subject of materials because, forgetting party differences for a moment, I think that we all agree that it was a very able and informed speech which opened this Debate; but I want to make one comment on the subject of materials. The brick situation seems to me to be more difficult than many people imagine. On the timber question, I confine myself to the comment that it is available in the world and we have not got it. The brick situation seems to be more serious. I understand from information given by those adjacent to my constituency that there has been a substantial closing down of brick plant. One of the difficulties of one of the larger brick works has been their desire to build tied houses for their workers—like 10, Downing Street—houses to go with the job. It has been their natural, but no doubt naughty, desire to provide the houses for their workers, so as to increase the output of bricks, but that has been denied then.
On the subject of men, we are faced with a human problem. If it is true, as stated in the second Girdwood Report, that today it is taking five men to do the work of four men before the war, this is a serious situation to which the minds of all
668
should be applied. I am not one of those who assume that human nature has changed, or that one man is worse than another. That is a human problem.
Mr. Shurmer: What about the doctors?
Dr. Hill: Doctors have their human problem in dealing with a number of difficult patients. Of course, I know that some doctors can be difficult—and I have my difficult moments, too. I am certain that there is great force in the argument used today for the encouragement of incentives and bonus schemes, a task which falls upon the industry and the operatives themselves. I am certain that there is great importance to be attached to the visible existence of materials on the site. Wherever I go among builders, I hear that men, being human, do not intend, seeing an inadequacy of supply of materials on the site, to work themselves out of a job.
Naturally, the right hon. Gentleman dealt with great vigour with the question of the fate of the licensing programme. Like other Members, I tried to think out the position for myself, and I shall speak for only myself on what I think the position should be. I believe that our objective should be to do away with the licensing system, if and when there is an amplitude of materials, but not before, and even then—[HON. MEMBERS: "Oh."] Please allow me to develop my argument and set out my case in my own way, whether Members opposite like it or not. At the outset, we need not only a limit on size, but on the number of houses in the private sector. We also need, which may be very much more difficult, the existence of local agreements between the builders and the local authorities, to the effect that local authority contracts will be tendered for and honoured.
We must secure what is a first priority in terms of numbers, that is an adequacy, of houses for rent. There is an immediate change that I should like to see, which was outlined by my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples); that is, instead of applying rigid formulas to the public and private sectors, we should scrutinise the waiting lists of local authorities to enable a proper local formula to be evolved, and for people locally to obtain their licences in an order of priority on the basis of a points assessment scheme.

669
On the subject of size, I heard the Minister say, with great dignity, that he was not going to be responsible for lowering the standard. But, he has done it. My own local authority got permission from the region a few weeks ago to build a house which is 150 square feet less in area than the houses they have been building. It is a house of between 900 and 950 feet. Why is this? It is because the rent of new council houses in my constituency is between £1 7s. 3d. and £1 8s. 6d., and the rent for a 900 super-foot house will cost some 3s. 4d. less.
The point I want to make is that it is no good the Government waxing indignant and righteous about this question of what they call sub-standard houses, because, I am glad to say, they have begun to permit experiments in houses of a smaller size to see if a good house can be devised, and whether the people like it. I support the view, whatever may be its political consequence, that we can wait a little for outbuildings, such as outside lavatories, bearing in mind that these can come later, provided it is established that it means an appreciable increase in the number of houses built.
The Minister then proceeded to deal with a target of 300,000 houses. I must remind him—I am sorry he is not in his place—of his own promise.
"I confidently expect that before the next Election every family in Great Britain will have a separate house."
That is what the Minister said on 24th May, 1946. That goes far beyond 300,000. It goes to the ideal, to the millions of houses that are needed, and I think that the Conservative Party is to be congratulated on bringing a breath of fresh air on the position—[HON. MEMBERS: "Oh."] Members opposite may not like it, but it has brought a new hope to the people of the country. Why should we not raise our sights, instead of accepting the inevitable?
Mr. Ivor Owen Thomas: How can we get a breath of fresh air from an organised hypocrisy?
Dr. Hill: I was just coming to the question of oratory, as distinct from house building. No one doubts the oratorical capacity of the right hon. Gentleman.
Mr. Emrys Hughes: "Organised hypocrisy" is what the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Woodford (Mr. Churchill) has said.
Dr. Hill: I thank the hon. Member, but it is completely irrelevant. Perhaps I shall now be allowed to complete my speech. No one doubts the capacity of the Minister for brilliant speeches, for a wealth of imagery and for a torrential flow of inventive and abuse which goes in all directions. Many of us have winced under the lash of his tongue, including myself on more than one occasion. However, I am in good company, because the Lord President of the Council has been described by the right hon. Gentleman not as a "first-class" Tammany boss, but as a "third-class" one. We have all had it, and sometimes, when the passion of the moment has led the right hon. Gentleman to select in description of his opponents a term which is taken from the language of zoology, it has induced dismay on the benches around him and behind him, but some satisfaction on the benches opposite.
The Prime Minister has advertised the fact that the right hon. Gentleman is to wipe the floor with the Leader of the Opposition in this Debate, but the people of the country are more interested in the building of houses than in the wiping of floors. Now that the cheers have died down and the voices on the Government benches have recovered from their unaccustomed exercise, let us ask ourselves whether any contribution has been made by the right hon. Gentleman to the housing problem. The people want houses and not histrionics. When the right hon. Gentleman reflects, I hope he will agree that he has made little or no contribution to the problem that confronts the country at the present moment.
Mr. Collick: What is the hon. Member's contribution?
Dr. Hill: I notice how touchy Members opposite get. The problem is the margin between the houses we have and the houses we need, and the human misery, ill health and mortality that result from bad housing. In my opinion, that problem confronting the Government is, next to rearmament, the biggest problem. The margin that now exists between the houses we have and those we could

671
build is in no small measure an indication of the failure of the Government and the right hon. Gentleman.
7.30 p.m.
Mr. Shurmer: Over the past five years, in this House and in the country, we have listened to many statements criticising the Government for actions taken for the benefit of the people as a whole. To listen with any attention to such statements would lead one to think that this Government was gradually bringing the country to chaos and ruin. We have been told on numerous occasions that next year we would have a reservoir of unemployed. That is but one of the many wild statements that have been made. None of them has caught on. It is cruel, diabolical, and low-down hypocrisy to play upon the people in the way the Tories are doing on the question of building more houses, particularly when the majority of Members opposite know full well that it cannot be done. [HON. MEMBERS: "It can."] All right, I should like to give an illustration of what I mean.
Some 30 years ago I left a decent district in Birmingham to live right in the slums, and I live there to this day. It is in the district which I represent in this House. I am my own M.P. I remember quite well that after the First World War—hon. Members opposite do not like to hear this—it was several years before we started at all on house building. In fact, ex-Service men were walking the streets idle and homeless. I was in the Civil Service at the time, and this state of affairs brought me into public life. There were thousands of working-class houses in that district of the great city of Birmingham which had only oil lamps and one lavatory to 20 houses, one common wash house, and one tap in the middle of the yard. That was in the great city of Birmingham after the First World War, the city where the Chamberlains lived. We have thrown them all out today, including Mr. Amery.
It was many years before there was much house-building. Let us be quite frank. I know the position in Birmingham, because for 28 years I sat on the City Council. The number of houses built pre-war by the local authority in that city was 50.000 in 25 years—2,000 per year—and that at a time when there was
672
plenty of material, labour and money, and much could have been done in sweeping away many of the slums. Despite the fact that this country was bombed heavily during the war, if, between the war, there had been slum clearance and the construction of houses when the men, material and money were available we should not be in the bad position we are in today.
I remember in the year 1922 inviting the Press to Birmingham. I got photographs shown in the national Press revealing that several families were living in one room, with a coffin in that room in which they lived, ate and slept. Bad as things may be now, I have not seen anything like it at the present time. One would think, after reading the statements in the Press and listening to hon. Gentlemen opposite, that this Government were not caring about housing and were not organising along the right lines. Let us have a look at the position for the moment.
I have already stated that no hon. Member on the other side of the House can deny that immediately after the First World War private enterprise exploited the position with its "rings," to prevent houses from being built when the workers required them, preferring instead to construct jerrybuilt houses for sale. Immediately after the Second World War thousands of workers and thousands of tons of material were sent from many of the great cities to London to deal with bomb damage, because London had been bombed from the commencement to the end of the war. Despite those and other difficulties, we have housed over one and a half million families. Hon. Members opposite forget that. We cannot count in the new houses such things as reconditioned dwellings, bomb damage repair work and so on. If we had been in the position to start from scratch, as was the position after the First World War, the number of houses would be far in excess of what it is today.
Let us be quite honest. Many hon. Members opposite do not speak for themselves but for those behind them. They know full well that after the 1914–18 war the position was exploited in the interests of the building "rings." Then came the Second World War, when the whole of the energies of the nation were thrown into the fight for our lives. After that

673
war this Government got in and stopped what happened after the First World War happening again. That is what many hon. Members opposite think is wrong. This Government refused to allow the private person with the purse to get the houses that were available.
In Birmingham we have something like 60,000 people on the register of the estates department. I remember that my colleagues and I, in the group of Birmingham M.Ps. interviewed my right hon. Friend the Minister of Health on the question of housing for our city. He pointed out that houses started in Birmingham in 1945 were not completed in 1948. They were being built by private enterprise. A year ago the Birmingham City Council, which two years ago at the elections turned over from a Labour majority to a Tory majority, decided to issue an advertisement asking how many of the 60,000 on the waiting lists would like to buy their houses. They wanted some information to put before the Minister to prove that private enterprise could build the houses.
I am making a statement which will appear in the Birmingham Press tomorrow, and if I am not speaking the truth, the facts will soon be revealed. [Interruption.] Hon. Members opposite should not bother. I live in my constituency. Let them bring down anybody they like to fight me. I shall be back the next time. I doubled my majority the last time. As I said, the Birmingham Press will correct this statement if I am wrong. Out of the 60,000, only 6,000 sent in their names, and half of them, or 3,000, were living in houses, while half of the remaining 3,000 were young unmarried couples. Every Member of this House holds a "surgery" once a week or once a month. Mine is held once a week, each Friday evening, and the experience of all of us at these interviews with our constituents is that the majority of the homeless people would clutch at anything.
Dr. Hill: The hon. Gentleman mentioned 6,000 people who were prepared to buy their own houses, and he said that of that number 3,000 were already in houses.
Mr. Shurmer: Yes.
Dr. Hill: Might we be told whether the 3,000 were well housed or badly housed?
674
I do not understand the significance of the remark that these people are housed.
Mr. Shurmer: I do not know the houses they were in. In all probability they were the type of people who are already living in a house, and who could afford to buy one. I am pointing out that the number of people who could afford to buy houses, out of the 60,000, were those I have stated. We know that people will clutch at any straw if they are drowning. People living in rooms would be prepared to say, "Get private enterprise to build houses for sale and we will have them," because they want to get homes. It proves that if we allow the building industry in this country to get hold of this matter, then the people with the biggest purses will get the houses, and the other people will not get a chance.
We are told that the Labour Government have aggravated the shortage of houses. Between the two wars a young man and a girl who were courting would consider marriage. Perhaps the man would say: "I am not getting married. I am out of work." The young girl would say: "I have got a cheap job. We cannot afford to get married." Today, in the city of Birmingham, there are more than 100 marriages taking place every week in the register office alone. Could hon. Members cope with that position? That is what is aggravating the situation. If there is any possibility of more houses being built, I am confident that my right hon. Friend and the Government will build them. If it were possible for any party or any "ism" to build houses, I would be only too pleased to support that party, but I think it is hypocrisy that right hon. Gentlemen opposite and their party are putting forward.
Major Hicks-Beach: What about some of the hon. Member's party?
Mr. Shurmer: The majority of the Members of my party know far better than do hon. Gentlemen opposite the conditions of the people who live in the slums and of people who are living in rooms.
I want to ask the Minister now whether it is not possible to put into force the rigid requisitioning of every house that is empty. Every night, in the "Birmingham Mail" as in probably every other town and city newspaper, there are columns of houses for sale.

675
There is a gang of people in this country exploiting the position and getting as much money as they can. Let me tell my right hon. Friend a story. In my "surgery" for the last four or five weeks it has been made clear to me that there is a gang in Birmingham—I repeat there is a gang in Birmingham, and I hope that the Press will get that—who are going around buying up property and then going along to the tenant and spreading the rumour that if they do not buy the houses, those houses will be sold to somebody else who will turn them out. They are actually not collecting the rents. Some of the tenants are having a very difficult time. Old couples are being told: "You can't stay here any longer. People with larger families want your house and unless you buy it, we will turn you out."
What else is happening in the city of Birmingham? The Minister must look into the position. There are far too many evictions in Birmingham. There are hundreds of evictions taking place every month in that city. They are aggravating the position, too. I seriously suggest to the Minister that he should put into operation again requisitioning powers to allow the local authority to go forward and take over every possible house. We talk about requisitioning and converting large houses into flats. I am not a builder or in the building industry, but I think that in spending money upon converting large, dilapidated houses with large rooms into flats we are wasting money and material which would build houses. I very often tell people: "Wait a little longer and have something that will be worth while."
On the question of building materials and men, there is one thing I forgot. In Birmingham we have five re-development areas. Some of those areas should have been taken over before the war when there was plenty of unemployed labour and material. The area which I have the honour to represent, and for part of which I was a councillor for many years, is in the hands of the city council. More than 160 men are working hard every day to repair property that private landlords have refused to repair. The houses have got into a terrible state of disrepair. If those houses had been properly looked after, the material could be used for building new houses. Not only are we building new houses, but in every great town and
676
city we are doing repairs that have not been done for many years.
It is often said that this is not a party matter. We want to do what we can to rehouse our people, but let us not bung them into the slums again, into back-to-back houses, or terrace houses. Let them have houses that will be a credit to the Government and to the nation in years to come. I have lived in back-to-back houses during the last 30 years. We grumble at the people who built those shacks. Let us now build decent houses for the people. I would rather see people wait a bit longer and get all the amenities that the better-class people have, than put up with something inferior. Never mind about voting against the Government. We know that if the present Government were defeated and if the Opposition were back in power, it would be "God help the people." The houses would not be built for them. I hope that the Minister will take note of what I have said about requisitioning, evictions and the sale of houses. I feel confident that we shall go on from success to success in rehousing the people for the benefit of the children yet to come.
7.47 p.m.
Mr. Harmar Nicholls: I do not think that it would be expected that I should follow the line of argument taken by the hon. Member for Spark-brook (Mr. Shurmer). He made it clear that he was not talking to Members of this House but was talking to the "Birmingham Gazette." Quite apart from that, his was a contribution quite unique, and I think it should be left untouched in its virgin state.
I think it would be also generally agreed that the Minister's contribution earlier this evening was a disgusting performance. If it is not agreed that it was disgusting, it would be generally agreed that it was a performance. It was certainly not an attempt to deal with the vital problem which is the subject of this Debate. Following the detailed speech made by my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), the hon. Member for Clapham (Mr. Gibson) said that he did not gather how we were to achieve our target. I should not have thought there could be doubt in any part of the House, after a speech as detailed and clear as that of my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey, how we would achieve

677
the figure of 300,000. I should like to follow on the same lines as those of my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey, in replying to that question. If our minds are directed along those channels again, it will be for the good of the people who want houses.
There is no need to labour the urgency of the housing problem. We all know about frustration and hardship, and how they are undermining Christian civilisation because normal families cannot carry on. We ought to concentrate tonight upon deciding which political point of view represented in the House is most likely to produce the goods so that we may face up to that dismal situation. I believe that we must face it along these lines. First of all, we must have a short-term policy to meet the accumulation of arrears over the last 10 years. It is quite clear that in framing this emergency policy we must face the necessity of either spending more dollars or of asking other services—schools, industry, and so on—to make their contribution for the time being. Running alongside that, there must be a longer-term policy designed to increase the supplies of materials and increase productivity in the building industry so that these sacrifices may be of only short duration.
The Amendment states categorically that at least 300,000 new houses must be provided if any new inroad at all is to be made into the tragic queue of homeless.
Mr. Manuel: When, and how?
Mr. Nicholls: I should have thought that, in view of the rate of obsolescence, there would have been no doubt in any part of the House that we dare not risk one house less than that. I should have thought that we would agree that we are not really winning the battle for the homeless unless we are producing more than 300,000 houses. How can this be accomplished?
For the short-term policy, three methods are open to us. The first is to revise the priorities of all building materials and labour so that first call on the general reservoir of materials and labour is given to 300,000 houses. The second one is to agree upon a smaller house—not necessarily a poorer quality house—and to allow farmers and industrialists throughout the country to help the
678
capital expenditure programme by building these for their work-people. The third method would be to expend more dollars on vital housing materials.
As to the revising of priorities, can this do done, and is it reasonable? As to timber, last year we imported softwood at the rate of 1,080,000 standards, and only one-third of that was used for new houses. So from the remaining two-thirds all we want is an extra one-sixth from the total import in order to achieve the extra 100,000 houses. If, as the Government suggest, the import of softwood next year will not be as good as it was in 1949, it is an indictment of their own bulk-buying policy, because before the war we imported nearer two million standards than the amount I mentioned. There is a precisely similar argument in the case of cement. The expected production of cement for this year is 9,750,000 tons. Of that no more than two million tons is being allocated for new houses. So all the extra cement we want for housing is one-tenth of the total production, and then we shall reach our target.
It is much the same with bricks. The annual production is between 6,000 million and 7,000 million bricks. Only 165,000 of the present 200,000 houses a year are the traditional brick-built houses, 35,000 being non-traditional types of prefab. Only about half the present brick production goes to the new housing programme. As regards the other component parts of a house, such as the sanitary fittings, the kitchen fittings and the metal window frames, the manufacturers have made it clear that within a very few months of having notice that Government sanction would be behind the suggestions that I am making they could produce the extra quantities which are required.
As a first emergency plan, we ought to revise these priorities and in the first stringent stage the new allocations should be provided by the other social departments which are making claims on the various materials. They would have to bear their share. I emphasise that it would only be a share because I know full well that one of the propaganda arguments that hon. Members opposite will be taking back to their angry constituents will be that the Tories want to cut down all school and hospital building, stop all industrial development, and have no regard

679
for any of the defence problems. What I am asking for is a share in an amount of one-sixth of the timber which they would otherwise have to share amongst themselves, or one-tenth of the cement, or a few more of the bricks. I am suggesting that the other services, the schools, hospitals or defence services, should have 600,000 standards of timber instead of 750,000, 7,000 tons of cement instead of 8,000. That is the contribution which we are asking them to make.
Mr. Ross: Before the hon. Member goes on——
Mr. Nicholls: If the hon. Member does not mind, I shall not give way. Even at this emergency stage, the schools and industries might not need to make a contribution if we could spend more dollars, and even if they do have to make it—because houses should come first—it is not wasteful expenditure even looking at it through the eyes of those departments because we know that in spite of the terrific expenditure on education today the real effects of education are nullified by the horrible home conditions of the children. We can ask any school teacher about that.
Mr. Manuel: How long has that been going on?
Mr. Nicholls: I cannot think of a more appropriate moment than the present at which to ask education to make that contribution. The Burnham Committee has, quite rightly, just recommended that school teachers should have a rise which will amount to about £20 million a year, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer has told us that we are to have no more increases in capital expenditure. If £20 million is to be spent on higher wages for the teachers, it is an appropriate time to economise on brick-built permanent schools in favour of houses. That is not to say that there should not at the same time be a vigorous programme of prefabricated schools. It would not be wrong, looking at it through their eyes, for the educationists to make that contribution during this period.
What about industry? Every employer of labour will say that his greatest difficulty in maintaining or increasing production is finding houses for his workers. Hon. Members should go to industrialists
680
in their constituencies who have plans for extending their factories and ask them which they would prefer, the extension of their factories or the provision of 20 houses for their workers. Every time the answer will be "Give us the houses." Let me produce my evidence. In my own constituency of Peterborough only last week 40 representatives of local firms examining this problem said that the development of industry in that city had outstretched the ability of the city to man the machines, and that to obtain maximum results from existing plants more houses should be allowed. I have no doubt that is the position also in most of the industrial towns throughout this country.
Indeed, for the last 10 years factories have had their extensions when no houses have been built. So if for two years they make some contribution towards the essential housing need, I am certain that by more efficient internal arrangement of their existing space they would not miss such a contribution in terms of their output. For instance, they could fetch some of their bags out of storage spaces and put machines in there. We know that as far as industry is concerned, for the last 10 years it has been a matter of taking the line of least resistance, of putting in plans to get an extension to meet a particular need. So for two years, or perhaps more, efficient re-arrangement should provide ample room without interruption of output. Today an extra 1,000 houses allocated to productive workers in the factories would so improve the psychology of disgruntled and frustrated workers that their capacity to produce would improve and we should all benefit.
If the right hon. Gentleman wants to suggest that defence needs and rearmament could not make any contribution, then I would ask him to think again. For if the result of such a contribution is more houses, I believe this would be one of the best contributions that could be made for the better defence of this country. We cannot expect worthwhile soldiers unless they have a reasonable stake in the country which only a home of their own can provide. I say to hon. Members in all seriousness that it an international crisis occurred which warranted an extended call-up, the despair and bitterness arising from the existing housing conditions possesses the

681
seeds of mutiny. I do not believe that is any exaggeration. In the event of such a call-up of the 22-year olds, 23's and 24's who are married, we ought to face up to the bitterness and the despair that has arisen from the failure of the right hon. Gentleman on housing.
So the first emergency measure that could be taken is to revise priorities, and it need not be a bad thing for the departments making the contribution. But that is not the only, nor is it necessarily the best, way of meeting this first emergency problem. We have said on this side of the House, and we shall repeat it because we believe it to be true, that greater freedom ought to be given to builders to carry out their private contracts in addition to the local authority programme. Of course we know that the local authority must still be one of the instruments, but it should not be the only one, and I do not think it is the best one. I speak as one who has been a councillor for 12 years and the head of a local authority for 12 months as recently as last year.
But even as far as the local councils are concerned the Government do not make the best use of the machine. Let me give an example of the alternative I would suggest. If, instead of saying to a local council, "Your allocation for next year is 200 houses"—which at the present cost of £1,500 each is an expenditure of £300,000—the Government said, "Your allocation for next year is £300,000," and let the local authority, knowing the local needs, spend this in a way which would meet its housing list, it would be incumbent upon the authority because of the size of its list to get the best possible quality and the highest possible number.
I can see the Minister of Health smiling a little at that suggestion. As an ex-local councillor perhaps he is disdainful of the outlook and ability of the local councillor to do this important job. But it should not be forgotten that the local councillor has to go back every three years, which is more frequently than some hon. Members, and his majority is sometimes not as big as those of the right hon. Gentleman and of hon. Members, so he is much more sensitive to injustice in housing allocations or quality. I have been connected with the building of houses for the last 20 years and I estimate that if £300,000 is spent in the way I have sug-
682
gested, local authorities could build a two-bedroom type of house which would meet their local need and they would get not 200,000 as under the present system but 225,000 or 230,000 houses. And as the hon. Member for Luton (Dr. Hill) said, we should get a cheaper house for rent as well.
Mr. Harrison: Nonsense.
Mr. Nicholls: Hon. Members opposite say "Nonsense." It is borne out by the Girdwood Committee Report on housing costs.
Mr. Harrison: On a point of order——
Mr. Nicholls: It will not be a point of order.
Mr. Harrison: The hon. Member accused me of saying "Nonsense" but he seems to have forgotten completely——
Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Major Milner): Order! No point of order arises there.
Mr. Nicholls: I knew it would not be a point of order when I heard the interruption, Mr. Deputy-Speaker. The Gird-wood Committee on housing costs made this point quite clearly when it said that on the size of the prewar house of 800 square feet as compared with 1,000 square feet now, there would he a saving of £200 a house which, on the present capital expenditure figure, would be a saving of £40 million. If we translate £40 million back again at the same £1,300 figure for 800 square feet house, they say that there could be an increase of 30,000 houses for the same outlay. I should have thought that would have commended itself to the Minister of Health, particularly when the main saving involved in this smaller house affects the bricks, the tiles, the plaster and the wall boards, the very things that are in short supply.
I was sorry that the Minister had to produce his old bogy that we would encourage poorer standards. From a Government who have made the slogan "Fair shares for all" one of their main props, it comes rather oddly that they want certain people to have two W.Cs. while so many have not got even a house. If the right hon. Gentleman will remember that for every 24 W.Cs. he can save, he is giving somebody else an extra house, it might be a line of thought worth pursuing.
Mr. Harrison: You should know.
Mr. Nicholls: I am arguing seriously—[HON. MEMBERS: "Central Office brief!"] This is one of the occasions when I am hoping that I can persuade Central Office to work to one of my briefs, because I believe that if they will follow this line, they would produce what is wanted, that is the extra houses. It is for the local authorities knowing the local need, to decide how they can make this vital contribution towards the essential houses. If the Minister wants to suggest that we cannot make these special emergency allocations because they would affect the unemployment figures, I would take that as a sign of weakness. If their full employment boast about which we hear so much is held together by such fragile cord that the expenditure of £9 million worth of timber would break it, then it is time that the country knew about it so that people could see this boast on its real foundation.
These, then, are the practical means which I suggest we ought to adopt to obtain these extra houses, and I hope that the hon. Member for Clapham will understand now, the line of thought which my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey was submitting in his excellent opening speech. We should revise priorities, build slightly smaller houses, or expend more dollars; and it depends on the success of the long-term policy how long these contributions will have to be made. It may be that we would not take from any of those ways, or that we might take a little of all three, so that the contributions made by other Departments would be almost negligible.
Running parallel must be a long-term policy which ends bulk buying and frees cement and other industries from the perpetual political threat of interference. We must make brick-making a more attractive job by giving it the attention that other hon. Members want to give only to miners and to dockers. As far as the building industry is concerned, we must encourage incentive schemes and payment by results, and we ought to deal immediately and without any hesitation with interference of any sort which stops voluntary overtime or restricts or slows down the rate of building, because this sort of interference is an act of sabotage against the happiness of honest people.
684
We still have the best building operatives in the world. Before the war they showed every other country how to get on and do the job. It was not without significance that 20 years ago teams of men came from America to see how we did the work, and now we have to send committees back to America to relearn the very methods that we taught to them. If building operatives are left alone and relieved from the present stringencies and restrictions, I am convinced that they could redeem that great reputation for the benefit of everybody.
The noble lady the Member for Anglesey (Lady Megan Lloyd George) said that whoever voted for the Amendment would be voting for 300,000 houses and virtually saying that the Conservative Party should give effect to that proposal. The inverse of that is true: those who vote against the Amendment are voting against 300,000 houses; they will be admitting by their vote that they are satisfied with today's figure of 200,000. We saw the long faces of hon. Members opposite when the Minister of Health sat down. Those on the benches behind him had come here today with panting breath and hanging tongues for some good excuses to take to their angry constituents, and all they have had once again is the old froth and splutter that produces nothing. Those who recognise the urgency of the housing problem will be playing with language if they merely show sympathy and vote against a practical Amendment such as we have put down on the Order Paper.
8.14 p.m.
Mr. Diamond: The hon. Member for Peterborough (Mr. H. Nicholls) really misunderstands what is to happen in the Division this evening, if he thinks that those of us who vote against the Amendment—of which he has some right to call himself the father, if I understand aright what happened at a recent particular conference—if he thinks that we who vote against the Amendment are doing so because we believe that a practical proposition for building 300,000 houses has been put forward. Nothing could be further from the truth. We shall vote against the Amendment because we are satisfied as to the motives of those who put it forward—I speak as plainly as I can—and secondly, I shall vote against it because I am satisfied of the complete

685
impracticability of the plan put forward by the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), with which I shall attempt to deal.
The hon. Member for Peterborough urged us all to pay attention to the practical suggestions and to the speech of the hon. Member for Wallasey. I wish that he had listened to it himself. He missed the entire point of what his hon. Friend said. His hon. Friend was making a speech endeavouring to show that the extra 100,000 houses could be created without any sacrifices anywhere else, and without forgoing anything in the short term. His proposition was that they could be created out of the air. But the hon. Member for Peterborough said nothing except that there should be a long-term plan for improving the rate of building houses. Is there anybody on this side of the House who would not accept that?
The hon. Member for Peterborough said, of the short-term plan, that we should forgo all sorts of other things in order to get the houses now. That is a matter of opinion, but it is not what we are concerned with on this Amendment, and it is not what we are concerned with according to the speeches of right hon. Gentlemen on the Front Bench opposite and the speech of the hon. Member who moved the Amendment. What we are concerned with is the possibility, without endangering our defence programme, without upsetting completely all the other vital social building which is going on, of making it possible in the very near future for an extra 100,000 houses to be built.
I am delighted that there is this common platform from which we can all start, that we are all concerned with the housing problem. I am delighted to have heard the Leader of the Opposition refer to this freedom from slumdom which he is so anxious that we should all have. I took the opportunity of finding out from my constituency—or, rather, from the City of Manchester—what was their particular problem. At the end of the late war, Manchester made a plan. They worked out the number of houses required for, in their own words, "normal housing needs." They estimated that they would need 7,000 houses to meet normal demand. Then they gave the figure of houses that were needed "to replace those which were unfit for human habitation";
686
that figure is 70,000. They needed, therefore, 7,000 to meet normal demand and another 70,000 to replace those which were unfit for human habitation.
In Manchester we have long since passed the 7,000 rebuilding figure, but we are still short of houses. I am sure I shall be told that it is very bad form to refer to the bad old days when those houses were built; yet we are getting pressure from hon. Members opposite—the hon. Member for Peterborough, who was the last to speak, repeated it—for a reduction in standards.
Mr. Nicholls: In size.
Mr. Diamond: Either that is a reduction in standards or it is nonsense. In talking about housing people, either they are given accommodation——
Mr. Arthur Lewis Mr. Arthur Lewis (West Ham, North) rose——
Mr. Diamond: Just a moment. If we reduce the amount of accommodation—the area per person—we reduce the standard. If we do not reduce the area per person, we are not achieving anything; and as I gather that the second of these points is what the hon. Member wanted to make clear, I am quite happy, for his suggestion achieved nothing.
Mr. Lewis: Is my hon. Friend aware that the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples) in moving the Amendment, went further than did the hon. Member for Peterborough (Mr. H. Nicholls), in suggesting that there should be a cut in the sanitary arrangements of the houses?
Mr. Diamond: I have already made the point. The hon. Member for Peterborough made a speech which was quite the opposite to that of his hon. Friend, and both of them made speeches opposite to the views expressed by the hon. and gallant Member for Pollak (Commander Galbraith), who at the Conservative Party conference took responsibility from the platform for accepting this resolution. The hon. and gallant Gentleman said something quite different, and made it perfectly clear that the builder would be set free. If I am challenged about what he said, let me read it:
"Commander Galbraith detailed the policy of the party. This was to abolish licensing, subject only to the limitations that he had mentioned;"—

687
That is the limitation on maximum, which is indefinite—
"to free the private builder and allow him to build houses in number and not piecemeal, to sell and not to let."
That is the report in a weekly circular prepared by the National Council of Building Material Producers and issued to all those interested in the building industry. I want to make the simple point that this was a complete abolishing of licensing, but the hon. Member now says we should have more priorities. I think he will be in a little difficulty with his own Central Office.
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: Probably the hon. Member is not aware that the report he is quoting was a misprint—[HON. MEMBERS: "Oh."]—which has since been corrected, and my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Pollok (Commander Galbraith) did in fact say "houses to sell and to rent."
Mr. Diamond: The hon. and gallant Member for Pollok had second thoughts and wrote a letter to "The Times" saying what he thought he had said at the conference, but as "The Times" and many newspaper reports, all said he said "to sell and not to let," I can only assume that the recollection of the hon. and gallant Gentlemen was at fault. [HON. MEMBERS: "NO."] I do not wish to complicate the matter with further figures, but I, am as interested in housing as anybody in this Chamber; I have spent a number of years in carrying out responsibilities in a firm of contractors, and I have already given the matter very serious thought. I have a target. I have a target of 301,000 houses. That is my target and I propose to go through the possibilities of achieving the target of 301,000 houses.
I must first decide on the type of houses and I decide in favour of the existing standards, because I am as anxious as the Leader of the Opposition is to be "free of slumdom." I remember how quickly the sub-standard house becomes a slum and I am anxious to maintain the standard of housing. In order to give a correct comparison, therefore, the 301,000 houses I propose to build are equivalent in pre-war terms to 360,000 houses. That is a considerable target, slightly more than
688
the best ever achieved in the peak year before the war when there were between 200,000 and 400,000 unemployed building workers and enormous stocks of bricks and other materials. This is a very considerable target I have set myself, but I shall examine the possibility of achieving it.
The first thing I have to decide is the date when I can put my target into effect. There is no point in giving a vague and indeterminate date in the future. Any fool can get up and do that, and it would not be doing myself any justice to say that we shall have to build up to 301,000 houses sometime or other. I have to say it in terms people can understand, the immediate future. I make that my "immediate aim," just as the Leader of the Opposition is quoted as having said it was his "immediate aim." It would be a shocking deception if that "immediate aim" did not mean at the most a year's time from now. Anything from four or five years ahead will not be of any help to any of us.
How am I to achieve my target of 301,000 houses? I can either do it from the existing resources in the industry or, as the hon. Member for Peterborough thought, from resources outside the industry. First, I consider the resources within the industry, and I think we ought to get this straight. Without going into too many technical details, there are two things without which we cannot build houses. The first is bricklayers and the second is bricks. There is no need to go into any more technical detail than that. First as to bricklayers; anyone engaged in building knows there is a drastic shortage of bricklayers and there is great difficulty in building even what is at present under programme satisfactorily because of the falling numbers of bricklayers. It takes five years to train a bricklayer, and if we adopted the suggestion of the hon. Member for Wallasey the most we could bring it down to would be four years. Therefore, we would have a minimum of four years from now until we could create a force of bricklayers capable of improving the present rate of house-building if we are to rely on resources within the industry.
As to bricks, in spite of what the hon. Member said, the figures are available in the Digest of Statistics and we are run-

689
ning on the lowest stock of bricks this country has ever experienced. [An HON. MEMBER: "Why?"] Because we are using a lot of bricks to build houses. We are carrying 10 times fewer bricks than before the war. As everyone knows, the first essential for efficient and speedy building is large stocks. That argument is accepted on both sides of the House. We cannot possibly increase the number of houses unless we increase the number of bricklayers and bricks, and we cannot do either of those things in the short term.
We know the very great difficulty there has been in encouraging men into brick-making as it is, and to a very large extent we have to rely on men from the Continent. It has not been possible, in view of pre-war experience, to get anything like an adequate number of men into the industry. If we cannot get the necessary increase out of existing resources, what one is compelled to do, as the hon. Member for Peterborough pointed out, is to go to outside resources. There are only two ways of doing that, as the hon. Member indicated. The first is the most stringent form of licensing—the re-introduction of the most stringent form of licensing to prevent resources from going elsewhere.
I want to make clear once more that the Conservative policy has been clearly pointed out in regard to this position. It is to abolish licensing, subject only to the one limitation of a maximum on each house. What that maximum is, one does not know.
Mr. Iain MacLeod: May I point out that this tremendous discovery that the hon. Member has made about the restrictive licensing system and the limitation on the size of the house, was indicated in "This is the Road" in February of this year?
Mr. Diamond: I do not dispute that for a second. I was only asking hon. Members opposite whether they adhere to that statement, which is "freeing the builder," or to imposing a system of licensing so as to channel all building resources other than housing into the housing field. We have had both statements from the party opposite, both in this Chamber and at the Conservative Conference, and it is really getting a little difficult to know which is the policy hon. Members opposite are putting forward. If they are merely saying that they are contradicting themselves
690
and that we should not pay great attention to what they say, that is something I can well understand.
Therefore, if we are to get resources from outside the industry, the first thing would be a tremendous increase in licensing. The other thing, as far as I can see, would be that quite one-half of every other type of building at present going on would have to stop, because it is perfectly clear that approximately half the bricklayers in the industry are engaged on housing. If we are to increase that output by one-half, we must accordingly stop one-half of all building at present going on outside housing. It is no use the hon. Member for Wallasey or any other hon. Member opposite suggesting that we can carry out our defence programme and even attempt to carry on a reduced programme of social services if this accent is to be placed on house-building in the immediate present. That would be quite impossible.
I feel, therefore, that we are bound to come to the conclusion that the Conservative Party have not given this matter the slightest thought. They have not attempted to consider in any practical detail how this is going to be done. They have not solved the first problem as to whether the additional houses are to come out of the house-building industry or out of other building operations, and they have not given any attention to the problem of whether we are to have freedom from licensing or increased licensing. In fact, they have only considered what, in short, is going to be the best system of getting more votes for the next General Election.
I think it is a great pity that so early in our deliberations in this new Chamber, representing as it does so much of the true meaning of democracy, we should be forced into a debate which has been merely produced by the other side in order to carry out some very cheap vote-catching practices. The Amendment is really suggesting that if people vote for the Conservatives, those who are without a house at the present time will all get one in the very near future. But from what has been said by hon. Members opposite this afternoon, it is clear that they have paid very little attention to the matter, and, in any case, it could not be done. I do not call that an Amendment, but a McCarthyism, and I call it that because I recently read

691
in the "New York Times" a definition of McCarthyism. It said that McCarthyism is defined as
"the use of lies or partial truth to score a political point regardless of the consequences to personal reputation or to the public trust."
8.34 p.m.
Mr. Churchill: The hon. Member for Blackley (Mr. Diamond) seemed, so far as I was able to follow his argument, to be somewhat diverging from the party lead in addressing himself to the merits of the subject. I am bound to say that it seemed to me that he raised many interesting points in the course of his speech. Of course, one quite realised the strength of feeling behind his condemnation of vote-catching in any form. That is certainly greatly to be deplored. On the other hand, we must not forget what votes are. Votes are the means by which the poorest people in the country and all people in the country can make sure that they get their vital needs attended to. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."]
I am very glad to begin upon a note which receives such universal approbation because I had, after all, been led to expect that I was to undergo very unpleasant ordeals on this day. The Prime Minister—he is not here at the moment—expressed his confidence that the Minister of Health would "wipe the floor" with me. As I have only just taken the floor and he has already exhausted his right of speaking, I naturally feel a sensation of liberation and relief. But I cannot feel that this prospect, or the language of the Prime Minister, did justice to the grave issue open between the two parties and still less to the housing problem.
The suffering caused to millions of people by the want of houses throughout the island is a tragedy, and this is on quite a different level to any clashes that may occur across the Table, or across the Floor, between individual Members of the House. I think this Debate should end, as it has largely been maintained, upon a serious note, and I was very glad that my hon. Friends on this side of the House did not allow themselves to be provoked by taunts or abuse from an embarrassed party or a guilty Minister.
During the whole of the last Parliament the need for houses and the failure to supply them was constantly debated, and the outlines of the controversy are familiar
692
to us all. It is necessary, however, to restate the salient points on the verge of an important Division. They may be summed up as follows: First, the expectations aroused by the Government's assurances and pledges in 1945; secondly, the extraordinary shortfall in their fulfilment; thirdly, the gravity of the position and prospects now before us; and, finally, the need and the hope of a new constructive effort. It is on these points I shall venture to dwell tonight.
The House knows only too well the catalogue of pledges and promises which were made to the people by the Socialist Party during the Election of 1945. All were renewed on many occasions by the responsible Ministers after they had obtained power and were fully acquainted with official facts and figures. A few examples will suffice—I do not wish to burden the House with them. The former Minister, Mr. Charles Key, said on 12th October, 1946:
"Six million houses are needed in the next 10 years. To get that figure we shall have to build 600,000 a year, but I believe that by temporary prefabs and things of that sort we shall be able to do it."
The present Minister Health said on 24th May, 1946:
"I confidently expect that before the next election every family in Great Britain will have a separate house."
Again, two years later, on 24th April, 1948, he said:
"By the next General Election the back of the housing programme will have been broken."
Contrast all this—and it could be multiplied to any extent; whole budgets of quotations are available—with the actual performances of the Socialist Government. In 1948 they had reached a total of 227,000 permanent houses. Since then, instead of getting better, things have got worse, and in 1949 the total of permanent houses was only 198,000. These results are indeed deplorable when we consider the crying need, the vehement demand and the immense subsidies now being paid, and when we compare the results with what was being done with hardly any subsidies, on a very small scale, before the late war broke upon us.
The Prime Minister said in the Debate last week:
"We consider that the 200,000 houses a year is an actual programme, a programme which is being carried out, and it is as nearly

693
as possible the number of good houses which can be built with the available resources of labour and materials …"—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 31st October, 1950; Vol. 480, c. 41.]
I must say that I think that statement cast a chill on the party opposite. On the other hand, it has certainly been endorsed today by the Minister of Health. He has confirmed it and in every way associated himself with it. That is his duty, and any exhibition of loyalty on his part to his chief might well excite approbation even beyond the limits of the Government Bench.
What a strange position we find ourselves in tonight. The Conservative Party ask for the house building to be raised to a rate of 300,000 a year at the earliest moment. The Prime Minister, the head of the Labour Party, supported by his most ardent champion, declares that 200,000 is the most that can be done. Our demand, which represents the wish and the will of the nation, is dismissed in contemptuous terms and brushed aside with all sorts of aspersions on our motives. One would have thought it would have been welcome, and it might even have afforded a basis for common action.
The prime basic fact which stares us in the face tonight is that building at the rate of 200,000 a year in no way solves the problem. We do not make any progress with rehousing the people. We only keep level with houses which are already falling or have fallen into decay. The social evils affecting every aspect of our life, which are connected with the present housing shortage, are now presented to us by the Government as bound to continue, so far as can be seen, indefinitely. Sir, that situation is obviously intolerable.
Take the argument about comparing what was done in the five years after the First World War. There is this great difference between them. The first is that after the First World War there was no American aid. [HON MEMBERS: "Cheap."] On the contrary, a hard demand was pressed upon us for the repayment of war debts. The second is that there was practically no destruction by bombing in the First World War. Thirdly, the local authorities were virtually without experience of building in 1918. This time they had all the practical experience gained by the prewar slum clearance and other municipal
694
housing schemes. And finally, far more preparations were made by the war-time Government on this at the end of this war than were ever thought of in 1917 or 1918—[Interruption.] I am talking of the National Coalition Government and, on this occasion, there are still one or two representatives of it on the Front Bench.
What stood out dramatically at the end of this war was the need to rehouse the people after the devastation of the bombing. We all recognised it in the National Coalition. I will read to the House what I wrote at the time to some of my colleagues—on 5th April, 1944:
"The whole of this emergency housing scheme must be viewed in relation to a 10years' plan for the steady, full-time employment of a considerably enlarged building trade for permanent houses instead of a fever for three or four years and then a falling off. The building trade should have a broad and steady flow giving all its members a good assurance of employment and thus encouraging piece work."
Everyone realizes, of course, that what is given for one purpose may, to some extent, have to be taken from others. The Government supporters naturally seek to obtain from us a list of reductions or economies which we would make in order to use these for electioneering purposes. That is quite natural in the unhappy conditions in which we have lived for a year and which seem likely to continue. I have no intention of making any piece-meal propositions. [Laughter.] I have a feeling, listening to the debates and watching hon. Members opposite, that their anxious consciences find relief in laughter. No one would grudge them any solace they can get from giggling.
Naturally, I have no intention of making piecemeal propositions. There is no obligation on a party in opposition, without access to Government machinery, to produce a detailed scheme. That can only be done where they have the power to act. But it is on such a definite, general design alone that changes of a large character of this kind can be judged. It may well be that a general design for an increase in housing would contain some features unpopular in themselves, but when presented in its entirety and harmony it would be greatly in the interests of the nation and would be generally welcomed.

695
In this matter of housing there are two questions: first to get the houses, and second to allot them. Do not let us quarrel too much about the second point. Do not let us quarrel so much about it as to prevent us from achieving the first, without which the second would not arise. Mrs. Beeton and, I believe, her predecessors in the cookery book, begins the recipe for jugged hare, "First catch your hare." One of the reasons for the Minister of Health's failure is that he mixes up these two processes. In order to make sure that nobody who was well-to-do could get a house, he has in fact prevented large numbers of houses being built for the ordinary wage-earners.
I listened to the speech of the right hon. Gentleman tonight with sorrow, because—here I make an admission—I do not believe he is as bad as he makes himself out to be. But I will say this to him. Hate is a bad guide. [Interruption.] I have never considered myself at all a good hater—though I recognise that from moment to moment it has added stimulus to pugnacity. People who have been denied an opportunity in life are deeply embittered, but the Minister of Health does not belong to that class. No man's services in the war were accorded such a wonderful reward as he received.
With the mood, and the need, and the ruins in the country glaring at us all from day to day, and with the piling up of arrears of house building, could there have been a task so plain and so inspiring as that which was offered to him? It was one which any man of vitality and vigour, in the prime of life, and gifted with abilities of a high order and Parliamentary gifts, would have embraced with joy, and gratitude to the land in which he lived. With the immense powers at his disposal under war-time regulations and with the long five years which have been granted to him, he might have left a mark upon the social life of the British people, and rendered them a service which would have made his name at once famous and beloved. I cannot understand how this did not appeal to him, and how it did not drive out all hampering passions and prejudices, the indulgence of which have led to the present unhappy plight that he is in.
696
It is not only a question of building houses, not only a question of numbers but the cost has risen to a point which, despite subsidies on an enormous scale, involves rents which many of those in most need of houses cannot afford. The rents charged to the tenants have risen remorselessly. Before the war the average rent of a local council house was 7s. a week. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] In many places now £1 a week rent is charged. In some cases, 25s. is charged by councils.
Mr. Bevan Mr. Bevan rose——
Mr. Churchill: No, I really cannot give way. [HON. MEMBERS: "Give way."] I do not want to be—[HON. MEMBERS: "Give way."] We can always shout each other down. I do not want to be involved in a personal altercation.
Mr. Shurmer: Tell the truth.
Mr. Churchill: We gave the right hon. Gentleman a patient and courteous hearing. There is no use in having a state of rowdiness, as if rowdiness paid any party. I do not want to be involved in an altercation with the right hon. Gentleman. However, if there is a point on which I am in error and upon which I am open to correction, I will gladly give way.
Mr. Bevan: I am very much obliged to the right hon. Gentleman for giving way. I am not anxious to engage in a personal altercation. I only want to get the facts correct. The right hon. Gentleman has compared the net rent of a prewar house with the gross rent of a postwar house.
Mr. Churchill: No.
Mr. Bevan: Yes. As representatives of local authorities who saw me the other day will confirm—and there are hon. Members now sitting on both sides of the House who were present with the deputation—the average rentals in Great Britain upon which the subsidies are based are rents of between 14s. and 15s., including the repair allowances, as against the net—[Interruption.] Perhaps hon. Members will just listen. The rents upon which subsidies are paid are net rents, and the 7s. compares with the 14s. to 15s. post-war rents.
Mr. Churchill: The other day the Chancellor of the Exchequer showed us how all the rise in the cost of living was a delusion. The Minister of Health now proceeds to show us that there is no appreciable rise in rents. I am told that in some cases they have gone up to 25s. and 27s. a week, and that is clearly a level which ordinary working people cannot pay out of their wages. So much for the cost, which has certainly greatly increased in housing.
When we complain that houses have not been supplied in the necessary quantities it is said: "Half a loaf is better than no bread." But half a house is not a good plan. We could usefully use more two-bedroomed houses, and more small flats for old people enabling them to move out of their large houses to make room for families. Any habitable house is better than no house at all, or a house so dear that the poorest class, for which it is built, cannot afford to pay the rent which the local authority is bound to charge. There are many cases of that of which we know, and the richer class of people take the houses because those for whose needs they were specially designed and intended are unable to reach the level of rent. It is no service to the lower income group to offer them prizes which are beyond their reach; indeed it is a mockery.
Before the war, the size of a house was 800 square feet. The Government raised it to 1,050 square feet. That is more than the figure that rules in the United States, whose economic position is vastly more powerful than our own, and from whom we have received such immense assistance. The amount of space is less important than how it is used. I am assured that there may well be scope for improved design within the existing compass of housing.
It is necessary also, I think, for the Government to understand the peculiar position of house-building labour. I said some time ago how a bricklayer and his mates engaged in building a house were like people living on a raft of which they had every day to burn a plank or two to cook their dinner. That is the feeling which is in their minds. They ask themselves what is going to happen to them when it is finished. In the present circumstances there is a field of employment for the house builders unlimited for many
698
years except by Government decision. As I said earlier, I thought that we should give them an assurance of a 10-years' guaranteed programme. Free from the anxiety that their work may end with the job, they could go ahead with piece work without fear or stint and all the incentives, including the bonus system, could apply.
Here alone might be a 20 or 25 per cent. increase in the building effort. There is really no reason why the output per man in the building trade should be lower than pre-war or so much lower than in the United States. Make them a fair and attractive proposition and we will get surprising results, but this policy of the Prime Minister that 200,000 is the limit, endorsed by the Minister of Health—I dare say to his regret—is bad for the rate of output—even within that limit.
There is no trade in the country which can more readily adapt itself to a static condition than the building trade. They would like a progressive condition but they are quite ready, after the rough time which they have had in the last generation—I have seen it: the first to be called up for mobilisation and so on and the first to be turned off when building slackens and so on—[Interruption.] I am the author of the labour exchanges and the first Unemployment Insurance Act. I was in these matters years before many hon. Gentlemen opposite were able to take an adult interest in them. I say that the building workers are quite ready, after their experiences, to settle down into a static condition.
The Government limit of 200,000 houses—it was only 175,000, as the Minister reminded us, until this new Parliament forced the restoration of the cut—undoubtedly has most evil and discouraging effects. How long it is to last, we cannot tell. The late Chancellor of the Exchequer, whose absence from our councils we deeply regret and still more the reason for it, told us in the Budget that this limit would last for three years. Such a limit, or anything like it, must reproduce the deterrence of efforts, enterprise and piece work which ruled in the days when the building trade had always an unabsorbed tail of unemployment.
Therefore, when I endorsed as a resolute aim of the Conservative Party the raising of the rate of building to 300,000 a year, I did not mean that to be the static limit. We shall thrust towards it

699
with all our life, strength and wit, but once this figure gleams upon our horizon—"forward again" must be the policy and the order. So much for the Government's policy and the Prime Minister's statement. I am sure that the Prime Minister's statement represents the rigid attitude of planners who understand only about half of what is really going on.
Now I come to the question whether the proposal we make is possible and practicable, or whether it is all moonshine. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] I am glad to carry Members opposite with me. I said that 100,000 houses would cost £150 million a year from an annual income of over £10,000 million. The Prime Minister's reply is that houses are not built with money. Money, of course, is only a fairly well known method of expressing effort and resources. I am surprised it has not occurred to the Prime Minister, because it has been known in quite a lot of countries for quite a long time.
Let us look at the additional effort and resources required. Judgment on this kind of enterprise depends on two conditions: are they so big that they are beyond our power, and, secondly, if they are within our scope, are there bottlenecks which prevent them? Several constructive speeches have been made today. We have also made, in our own research department, a considerable examination. My personal experience of Government machinery is considerable, and I must say that I have never seen a major task which I was more sure of as being within practical limits. I would not fear to take responsibility for this achievement. I offer my assurance that it is a reasonable objective, and that, should we be called upon to exercise power, it would receive the highest priority and the most vehement effort jointly with national defence.
That is what I have to say on the proportion, but let us now look at the bottlenecks. My hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), in his admirable speech today, dealt with these details. I was very glad that with his technical knowledge he was able to put this subject before the House as a practical matter of detail and on its merits, instead of trying to reduce it to the ordinary bang and slam on one side and the other of party
700
politics. I was sorry that my hon. Friend, a private Member speaking from a back bench, should have been made the victim for so prolonged a personal attack by the Minister of Health. I really thought that the Minister would have done himself much more good—though he is the judge of that—if he had devoted himself to the merits of the question, and tried to give the House the feeling that his heart was burning to conquer in this struggle to find homes for the British people. I shall not attempt to go into details. [HON. MEMBERS: "Go on."] If I did so, I would trespass on the reply to this Debate.
The Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. McNeil): If another five minutes would furnish the House with any details, I should be delighted to give up that time.
Mr. Churchill: Eight billion bricks were made before the war, but we are now making a little over six billion. Of this six billion a little more than three billion are used for the construction of the traditional brick dwelling house. Out of them are built about 160,000 houses. To build another 100,000 houses would need about two billion more bricks. That is well within the range of the pre-war brick fields. If these had not been restricted and jogged about by changes of policy, there would be plenty of bricks. But the brickfields are already running at 80 per cent. of their pre-war capacity, and there should be no great difficulty or delay in restoring them to their pre-war normal output. So much for bricks.
More cement will also be needed to achieve our target, but this need present no great problem. An extra 900,000 tons would produce 100,000 houses. The industry already produces 10 million tons, and it would be producing more if it had been allowed to go ahead with the expansion plans it had in 1945. Next year this industry plans to produce 10½ million tons. As a temporary measure, we could, if necessary, reduce for a time the exports, which are running at a rate of 1,600,000 tons. Certainly by the end of next year the cement industry if not nationalised, will have caught up with all our demands, including rearmament.
Then there is timber. We have been told that if no timber can be got from sterling area countries like Norway, it will affect the dollar position. But here again

701
I am sure that the quantities and proportion would have their say. I am assured that about £9¾ million worth of dollars or less than half of our last year's tobacco bill, would give all the dollars necessary to buy from Canada the extra timber. I do not believe it would be necessary to go so far, because I am sure a good deal can be got within the sterling area. Far greater elasticity will come from the abolition of bulk buying by officials. Anyhow, the whole timber transaction is one well within our compass. The improvement in the dollar exchange would more than justify such a step. We lose at home by the higher prices for raw materials, but in the exchange we gain, especially by the sale of tin and rubber. It may well be that we could find a partial compensation for Britain at home in using our improved dollar position to buy more timber, and thus help to solve the housing question.
I am asked, "Are you for or against controls?" But what a crude and absurd way to state the issue. Government speakers talk as if there were no middle course between the universal regulation of a Socialist State administering all the means of production, distribution and exchange, and what they call the anarchy of the jungle. But the vast majority of the human race dwell in the temporate zones which lie between the burning heat of the Equator and the freezing cold of the Polar regions. Our belief is that the fewer the controls the better; that the more freedom and enterprise can play their part the more chance there is of a fertile, prosperous and progressive community.
We also think that private management is far more economical and resourceful than management by State officials. We are sure that the completion of the Socialist aim of substituting State industry for every form of private industry would reduce our standard of life and would reduce the present number of our population. In the United States, where a capitalist competitive system prevails and where war-time regulations were practically swept away until recently—[HON. MEMBERS: "Ah."] Well, there is a war in Korea. What about that "Ah" now? The United States have three times our population, so, according to Government standards, they ought to be building 600,000 houses a year. They are actually building more than a million.
702
Now, when rearmament casts its shadow upon the world and upon our country, there must evidently be a maintenance or even a renewal of some war-time regulations. We have agreed that the Supplies and Services Act should be renewed on an annual basis, but our hope of establishing full freedom under the well-known and long-established laws of our country remains our goal. The difference between the two sides of the House is that the Socialists aim at the maximum of controls and the Conservatives aim at the minimum. Both seek to progress in those opposite directions for different reasons as fast as they possibly can. Can we now accept that as a summary of the differences between us?
If we apply that mood of thought to the position of the building industry at the present time it means that we should, of course, use the local authorities as well as the private builders, and that we should only alter the system of licences steps by step. The Minister of Health has suggested that under a Conservative Government a great number of houses would be built for sale to the well-to-do, by speculative builders and that few houses would be built to let for the ordinary man. It is our intention that, under a Conservative Government, the priority given to houses built by local authorities will be maintained. This obligation will be scrupulously honoured in our housebuilding programme.
Mr. Bevan: In what proportion?
Mr. Churchill: We want the local authorities to be able to reduce their waiting lists and to resume the process of slum clearance which was interrupted by the war.
Mr. Bevan: The right hon. Gentleman has made a very important statement. In what proportion would the right hon. Gentleman maintain local authority housebuilding?
Mr. Churchill: I said that I had no intention of stating exact details. Give me the power and I will give you the figures. We have to indicate our principles, and I am indicating some very clear principles. Over and above that commitment, to which we are all pledged, we should expand output so as to make it possible for free enterprise and renewed impulse to build large numbers of additional houses, both for sale and to let. So

703
long as the housing shortage continues, the Government must restrict the ceiling on price or size of houses built for sale, and this must be dependent upon the prevailing, and sometimes upon the local, conditions. We shall take steps to prevent the diversion to any kind of luxury building, whether public or private, of the resources of men and materials—[Interruption]—a great deal is being taken for public building—which could be devoted to the housing of the people.
I listened to the speech of the noble Lady the Member for Anglesey (Lady Megan Lloyd George. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] I hope that the applause from the other side of the House will assure her of any immunities which she may be seeking. I need not say that I speak as a life-long friend of her father and her family, but I feel that she should have verified the facts before making the statement about the Carlton Club claiming a licence to rebuild the bomb-damaged premises. We have given up all hope of ever rebuilding the Carlton Club and no application for a licence has ever been made. The site is being disposed of. Speaking as one who lived in her father's generation, I do not consider that prefixing the words "I am informed that" relieves one of all responsibility.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I am sorry to interrupt the right hon. Gentleman, but when I was informed that that was not the case, I withdrew the statement. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Certainly I did so.
Mr. Churchill: I was here at the time but I suffer a little from deafness and did not realise that the charge had been withdrawn.
Lady Megan Lloyd George: I said that I was very glad that it was so and that no licence had been granted.
Mr. Churchill: Honour is completely satisfied on both sides.
We say that the emphasis should be placed upon new houses. In 1935 new housing absorbed 48 per cent. of the building industry's output. In 1947 the figure was only 34 per cent., and in 1948 31 per cent. We have no later figures, but I am informed—[Laughter]—I must be careful—that it might well be only 30 per cent. today.
704
I think that the Government have been at once ambitious and ineffectual in their building plans. They have dispersed, instead of concentrating, their resources. They have been very loose in their application of principles of selection in regard to their objectives. The need above all is to establish in this sphere, as in many others, the right priorities. They ask, for instance, whether we would cut the new power stations. The answer is "No." Without power we cannot build houses, carry out our defence programme or expand our industrial output. But the question of whether the necessary electrical supply could not be obtained with fewer bricks subtracted from the housing programme is still open, and my hon. Friend the Member for Wallasey drew our attention to American practice on this subject, which certainly seems to deserve study.
I am grateful for the five minutes extra which the right hon. Gentleman has granted me, and I shall draw to a conclusion the remarks I have ventured to offer to the House.
We must not let this "wiping the floor" mood of the Prime Minister and the Minister of Health blot out from our minds the pathos and the tragedy of the shortage of houses. The life of the nation and the happiness and virtue of the human race are founded upon the family and upon the home. Empire, ideologies, party struggles, class warfare, all present their attractive temptations to the active mind, but the foundations of all our health and honour lie in the home and the family.
It was John Bright who spoke of his supreme pleasure in seeing little children playing upon the hearth. I cannot understand why this result should not be won. Let us have less chatter and planning and scheming for future Utopias. Let us get on with this imperative job of housing the millions who ask so little and get so little for all their efforts. The family requires a home and the home requires a house or, if you like it, an "accommodation unit"—something, at any rate, where a man has his own front door.
Outside is the great. bewildering, tumultuous world; inside, the family can plan what is best for themselves, what it is best to aim for, what it is wisest to give up. And in so deciding they create

705
at once the foundation and the motive power without which all the super planners are only chasing shadows. Where does the family start? It starts with a young man falling in love with a girl—[Interruption.] No superior alternative has yet been found! Look at the number of couples who, as the statistics show, either cannot get married because they cannot get a house to live in, or have to live with their parents, or jam up in the sort of collectivist squalor of Communist lands. I see that a judge in Plymouth said the housing shortage was the principal cause of divorces. Then what of health? There is no doubt that tuberculosis thrives on bad housing conditions. In Scotland it has actually gone up since the war. Then comes the sharp issue of children not having a home they love, or a family circle which commands their loyalty, and of the many forms of consequential juvenile misconduct of which we read.
The Minister of Health cannot brush all this aside and escape from this Debate without incurring blame and condemnation outside for not having offered us a constructive statement and words of encouragement. All his critics will not be on one side of the House. I have a number of quotations, some very moving, from speeches made last week from the Benches opposite, one particularly from the hon. Member for Kirkdale (Mr. Keenan) who said:
"What is the good of having fine schools or even fine hospitals if there is no home in which the children can rest? … I believe in bedrooms before schoolrooms. … It is certainly a fact that not all building trade workers who are capable of house-building are engaged on house-building.—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 1st November, 1950: Vol. 480. c. 200 and 201.]
It astounds me that the House has not rallied to this proposal which we make and resolved that it shall be carried into effect by every priority to other issues except self-preservation.
But, Sir, you may be sure that the nation will not endure this mismanagement and misdirection much longer. They will not agree to a system of British life and society which means that no progress is being made to overtake the housing arrears, that as many houses are falling into decay every year as are being built, that slum clearance is static like all the rest of it, that all the personal stresses
706
now endured by hard-working couples are to continue, and that even to raise these issues in the House of Commons is to incur the insulting charge of vote-catching and partisanship.
Early last week there came cross my mind some lines about our island life which Charles Masterman used to repeat to me. Oddly enough, while I was seeking to verify the quotation it was used in the House by the hon Member for Oldham, West (Mr. Leslie Hale). The poet and the teacher, as he was—William Watson—speaking of the hard social conditions of the life of the people, asked:
"Is there no room for victories here,
No fields for deeds of fame?"
But I have found another verse of William Watson, which I remembered at the same time:
"The England of my heart is she,
Long hoped, and long deferred,
That ever promises to be,
And ever breaks her word."
Why should she always break her word to those who love her so well and defend her safety and honour with their lives? Now is the time, here is the occasion, and this housing issue is the deed to sweep that hard reproach away.
9.32 p.m.
The Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. McNeil): The right hon. Member for Woodford (Mr. Churchill) never need feel that he is under any debt to me if I offer him five minutes of my time, but I know him normally to be an honourable man and I am sorry that he has not kept his bargain tonight. There was a price to the five minutes. The price was that I hoped we might have more facts offered by the right hon. Member than the other side had so far found. Indeed, it would be very rash of me to offer much advice to the right hon. Gentleman, but occasionally the simple things are obvious, and if I did not get more reward from my research department than the right hon. Gentleman has done this afternoon, I would sack it.
I do not intend to attempt to follow the right hon. Gentleman in the potted history of this subject which he has offered us. It is quite true that all of us can have figures brought against us. I remember a White Paper—which, let me confess, impressed me—issued by the Coalition Government, of which the right hon. Gentleman was the head, when he,

707
with many others, pledged themselves on a programme of 750,000 houses. We are a long way past that. We have had provided since that Government departed about 1,200,000 dwellings. [HON. MEMBERS: "Accommodation units."] If hon. Members opposite had listened, they would have heard even their leader commending accommodation units in the speech which he has just completed. In that time we have provided 1,200,000 dwellings for the people, and still they demand more——
Mr. McAdden: If the right hon. Gentleman would come with me, I could show him some of the dwellings.
Mr. McNeil: We know how poor they may be, but they represent almost twice the figure to which the right hon. Gentleman with other distinguished Members of this House committed themselves in 1945. All of us should be very careful about offering predictions upon this involved and important question. Whenever I am the least bit tempted, I look at the right hon. Gentleman and console myself with one of his vivid phrases which he uses so frequently and which came back to my mind tonight when, at the height of his passion, he said, "If I see the glimmer on the horizon of these 300,000 …" I remember he stirred us all by saying in relation to a certain project:
"They will grow all over England like mushrooms in a damp meadow."
The right hon. Gentleman was then displaying his expert knowledge about housing and was talking about the Portal house! There would be no reward to any of us in going over this old story, where we have all made mistakes but where we have constantly and continuously put forward a passionate desire and co-ordinated effort to meet the needs of the people. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Yes, and do not let any hon. Member opposite think he can tell the people on these benches, or those who send us here, anything about the passion of their hopes in the miseries they endure.
These are curious crocodile tears from a party which had power unchallenged for 25 years and which permitted and encouraged the building industry of this country fully to occupy itself, not for those most inadequately housed, but for those
708
who could pay most for them. [An HON. MEMBER: "The houses were there."] The houses were there for those who could pay for them. No one denies they could have 300,000 but what we are considering is to whom were those houses made available.
I hope that there is ample evidence that there is no reward in going over this old history, and I plead with the right hon. Gentleman, when he is canvassing and publicising his case still further, that he will resist that temptation. If I might offer further advice; however noble and dearly loved the right hon. Gentleman may be—and he is—he will scarcely permit himself to be disentangled from the suspicion which reaches from Land's End to John O'Groats in relation to the Tory Party's housing programme, and today our suspicions have not been allayed.
The hon. and gallant Member for Bedford (Captain Soames), when one of my hon. Friends asked him to indicate some details about the Opposition's proposal, brushed my hon. Friend angrily aside saying, "This is not the time for detail; detail comes later." Tonight the right hon. Member for Woodford (Mr. Churchill) pursued the same line. He said that it would be unreasonable to expect an Opposition to publish the details of its scheme. Is it unreasonable to expect that His Majesty's Opposition, which moves a motion of no confidence in the Government, should substantiate their case with some facts? Is it unreasonable for the people of the country, who are led to believe that His Majesty's Opposition have a detailed plan worked out, to want to know how they propose to fit it into the capital investment programme? The truth is, as everyone in this House knows, that it is not a carefully weighed and formulated programme. It is a gust of understandable anger from the floor of the Tory Party conference which swept the platform away. Of course it is, and no one here dare say otherwise——
Major Guy Lloyd: What about the anger in Scotland?
Mr. McNeil: —and no one opposite has offered any evidence to the contrary. I listened carefully to the speech of the hon. Member for Wallasey (Mr. Marples), and I shall be putting some points to the hon. Gentleman.
Hon. Members: Hear, hear.
Mr. Speaker: I do object to this running commentary. I want to hear, if no one else wants to hear.
Mr. McNeil: I shall put some points to the hon. Gentleman, and I shall make some comments on his curious statements. Any Government is naturally grateful for constructive criticism, and I say, on behalf of my right hon. Friend and myself, that the few points that were offered today will be most carefully studied. But it is really a little exasperating to be treated by the Opposition as a pack of fools when they have not even taken the trouble to examine what is happening.
The hon. Member for Wallasey said in his modest way that he had a valuable suggestion to offer. He told us the story of his relative, and I have every sympathy with his relative. I am not criticising that. [HON. MEMBERS: "Oh."] Hon. Members must wait for a second. He then went on to advise us, with a great surge of insight and wisdom, that we should build a proportion of one- and two-apartment houses. What a discovery!
The hon. and gallant Member for Renfrew, East (Major Lloyd) wanted to talk about the surge of anger in Scotland a second ago. There is a surge of anger that derives from the fact that when private enterprise was last let loose in Scotland, 50 per cent. of our dwellings were one- and two-apartment houses. There is, of course, a place for the one- and two-apartment house in our new building programmes, but there is no great place for it. The essence of our difficulty arises from the high proportion of these one- and two-apartment houses. But my right hon. Friends and myself, in our recent programmes and in our next programmes, have asked local authorities to build a proportion of these houses precisely for the specific purpose of housing aged people and aged couples so that, in turn, accommodation may be freed.
The issue in this Debate turns on the fact that there are at least three essential questions which not only have not been answered but at least one of which the Opposition, including the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Woodford, have taken great care to avoid answering. The right hon. Gentleman waved aside the question of labour in, I think, one sentence. The hon. Member for Wallasey
710
would not address himself to it either. [HON. MEMBERS: "Oh."] Yes, when he was challenged he said he would adopt the same method as had been adopted in other circumstances of offering higher wages; but he did not tell us what that would mean in the cost of the house, and the cost concerns the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Woodford greatly, as he has already confessed.
If the present proportion of operatives to houses completed is to be maintained in this programme of an additional 100,000 houses, then about 115,000 more operatives will be needed. [HON. MEMBERS: "Oh."] I cannot shut my eyes to existing facts. These facts are derivable by anyone who looks at the figures published. In the 115,000, about 30,000 would have to be bricklayers and about 7,000 plasterers. I go further. If right hon. and hon. Gentlemen opposite fancy that they have some strange ingenuity in this business of providing additional labour, they can start now, because there are at present 9,000 unfilled vacancies for bricklayers and about 1,000 vacancies for plasterers.
I do not want to suggest that anyone on these benches is satisfied with our present productivity rates—not for a second. Nor am I suggesting that we have no obligation to keep constantly on top of this problem. Where we have got employers as well as operatives and their organisations to accept incentive schemes, we have got results. In some parts of Scotland I have seen recently most encouraging results, where we get about 1,000 bricks per man per day. That kind of figure is always possible where one has a smooth-running, well-applied scheme. But however well the scheme may run, it does not make a substantial difference to this figure of the missing 30,000 bricklayers and 7,000 plasterers; and to this question no one has addressed himself with any thoroughness.
There are other allied questions. The hon. Gentleman told us about timber. I must say that I am really distressed to hear such a cavalier dismissal of this subject. If the hon. Member for Wallasey means that there is now a greater overall availability of all kinds of woods sawn, then he may be right. I do not know. I never thought it one of my jobs to try and visualise how I should build houses with mahogany walls and

711
walnut roofs. [An HON. MEMBER: "Softwood"]. An hon. Gentleman says "Softwoods." I do not think the hon. Member for Wallasey did. If he did say it, he is not aware of the figures, because the availability of world softwoods is far down. The figures are available to anyone who cares to look at them.
Softwood exports from all sources before the war varied between four million and five million standards. Since the war in only one year has the amount of three million standards been exceeded. The hon. Gentleman may have more knowledge about availabilities in Soviet Russia than I have, but I heard one hon. Member on the benches opposite who seemed to suggest that we should pursue something very like an economic boycott of that country. We are pursuing the matter of softwoods in hard currency areas. I must ask the right hon. Gentleman to accept my word when I say that we are giving special dollar treatment in this respect, but there is already great competition and a comparative scarcity of softwood even in the dollar areas. I saw in the publication of housing statistics reference to an unfilled order for four and a half million softwood standards in the United States in May of this year. There is great competition, primarily for the reason to which my right hon. Friend has already referred, that so many nations are at this time pursuing a policy of stockpiling.
We propose to increase our cement production next year. That, of course, must be related to our defence requirements, but we cannot hope to produce out of a bag the extra cement which would be needed for an additional 100,000 houses, and, of course, if we are going to get down to the measure of 1.6 standards per house to which the hon. Member for Wallasey referred, then our cement needs will be proportionately higher. I do not say lightly that these are examples of gross irresponsibility on the part of the Opposition. They cannot expect the country to take their claims at all seriously if they will not inform this House how they propose to tackle the problem.
My right hon. Friend asked "Where will you cut into the capital programme?" The right hon. Gentleman referred to the speech of my hon. Friend the Member for Kirkdale (Mr. Keenan). I understand
712
his argument, even if I do not accept it. I understand that he means that he would rather see school building come to a standstill if that were a necessary condition for increasing house-building. But none of the hon. Members opposite tell us that. We are offered this one idea, which is again taken up by the right hon. Gentleman, that we should create valuable power houses which are essential, and leave them open to the four winds of heaven—[HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Well, I misunderstood the right hon. Gentleman. I must apologise if I did. I understood him to say that in the United States he had seen power houses left open. I must say that I never have; nor has the hon. Member for Wallasey, I imagine. What is possible in building in the southern part of the United States is not at all relevant. That was the only idea offered by the Opposition in relation to the capital programme during the course of the day's Debate. If hon. Members opposite wish to be taken as earnest and responsible, they must face up to this problem boldly and meticulously, and they must tell us where they intend to cut, if indeed they are going to cut.
There is a third question which was not answered and which I do not expect will be answered. How far is the licensing system to be continued? No answer—a series of evasions, but no answer. An evasion upon another point, twice put to the Opposition—what proportion is to be built for sale and what proportion for letting? If the right hon. Gentleman hopes to attract those people up and down the country who figure most largely in these housing lists, he must bear in mind that they will want to know, because they have lived through the period when houses were being built—but not for them. At any rate, it is very easy to answer the query. It is the easiest matter in the world to meet the anxieties of these people. The Opposition merely need to say what proportion—and they have not done so. My guess is that they will not.
Nobody on this side of the House thinks there is anything sacrosanct in this figure of 200,000. My right hon. Friend has already assured the House why we used that figure and in what circumstances we can improve upon it. If I may say so with great respect, the most honest and in many ways the most moving speech of the day was that of the noble Lady the Member for Anglesey (Lady Megan Lloyd

713
George). It was persuasive, because everyone in this House knows that in relation to such a subject as this those would be the warm and instinctive reactions of the noble Lady. She might have told the House that if we were going to fix a figure according to the dictates of our hearts, we should not confine ourselves to 300,000.
I can understand people at a conference shouting such a figure, but I cannot understand how responsible, experienced, skilled and informed men could ever commit themselves, their party or the public to such a figure without examination.
That is what the noble Lady demanded of them. Anyone with any experience of public life, who walks into the Lobby in support of the Amendment, whatever they say with their lips, and whatever they say in public, we shall know that in the depth of their minds and perhaps in their hearts they have not squared their claim with the facts of the situation as they know it exists.
Question put, "That those words be there added."
The House divided: Ayes, 288; Noes, 300.

Division No. 1.]

AYES

[10.0 p.m.

Aitken, W. T.

Davidson, Viscountess

Hudson, Sir Austin (Lewisham, N.)

Alport, C. J. M

Davies, Nigel (Epping)

Hudson, Rt. Hon. R. S. (Southport)

Amery, J. (Preston, N.)

de Chair, S.

Hudson, W. R. A (Hull, N.)

Amory, D Heathcoat (Tiverton)

De la Bère, R.

Hulbert, Wing-Cdr N J

Arbuthnot, John

Deedes, W. F.

Hutchinson, Geoffrey (Ilford, N.)

Ashton, H. (Chelmsford)

Digby, S. Wingfield

Hutchison, Lt -Com. Clark (E'b'rgh)

Assheton, Rt. Hon. R. (Blackburn, W.)

Dodds-Parker, A. D

Hutchison, Col. J. R. H. (Scotstoun)

Astor, Hon. M.

Donner, P. W.

Hyde, H. M.

Baker, P.

Douglas-Hamilton, Lord M

Hylton-Foster, H. B

Baldock, J. M.

Drayson, G. B.

Jeffreys, General Sir G

Baldwin, A. E.

Dugdale, Maj. Sir T (Richmond)

Jennings, R.

Banks, Col. C.

Duncan, Capt. J. A. L

Johnson, Howard S. (Kemptown)

Baxter, A. B.

Dunglass, Lord

Jones, A. (Hall Green)

Beamish, Maj. T V H

Duthie W. S.

Joynson-Hicks, Hon L W

Bell, R. M.

Eccles, D. M.

Kaberry, D

Bennett, Sir P. (Edgbaston)

Elliot, Lieut.-Col. Rt. Hon. Walter

Keeling, E H.

Bennett, R. F. B (Gosport)

Erroll, F. J.

Kerr, H. W. (Cambridge)

Bennett, W. G. (Woodside)

Fisher, Nigel

Kingsmill, Lt.-Col W. H

Bevins, J R. (Liverpool, Toxteth)

Fletcher, W (Bury)

Lambert, Hon. G

Birch, Nigel

Fort, R.

Lancaster, Col. C. G

Bishop, F. P

Foster, J. G.

Langford-Holt, J.

Black, C. W

Fraser, Hon. H, C. P. (Stone)

Law, Rt. Hon. R. K

Boles, Lt.-Col. D C (Wells)

Fraser, Sir I. (Lonsdale)

Leather, E. H. C.

Boothby, R.

Fyle, Rt. Hon. Sir D. P M

Legge-Bourke, Maj. E. A. H

Bossom, A. C

Gage, C. H

Lennox-Boyd, A. T

Bowen, R.

Galbraith, Cmdr. T. D. (Pollok)

Lindsay, Martin

Bower, N.

Galbraith, T. G D. (Hillhead)

Linstead, H N

Boyd-Carpenter, J. A.

Gammans, L. D.

Llewellyn, D

Bracken, Rt. Hon. Brendan

Garner-Evans, E. H. (Denbigh)

Lloyd, Rt. Hon G. (King's Norton)

Braine, B.

Gates, Maj. E E

Lloyd, Maj. Guy (Renfrew, E.)

Braithwaite, Lt.-Comdr J. G.

Glyn, Sir R

Lloyd, Selwyn (Wirral)

Bromley-Davenport, Lt.-Col W

Gridley, Sir A

Lockwood, Lt -Col. J. C

Brooke, H. (Hampstead)

Grimond, J.

Longden, G. J. M. (Herts, S.W.)

Browne, J. N. (Govan)

Grimston, Hon. J (St. Albans)

Low, A. R W.

Buchan-Hepburn, P. G. T

Grimston, R. V (Westbury)

Lucas, Major Sir J (Portsmouth, S)

Bullock, Capt. M.

Harden, J. R. E.

Lucas, P B. (Brentford)

Bullus, Wing-Commander E. E

Hare, Hon. J. H. (Woodbridge)

Lucas-Tooth, Sir H.

Burden, Squadron-Leader F. A.

Harris, F. W. (Croydon, N.)

Lyttelton, Rt. Hon. O.

Butcher, H. W.

Harris, R. R. (Heston)

McAdden, S. J

Butler, Rt. Hon. R A. (S'ffr'n W'ld'n)

Harvey, Air-Codre A V. (Macclesfield)

McCallum Maj. D

Carr, L. R (Mitcham)

Harvey, Ian (Harrow, E.)

McCorquodale, Rt. Hon. M. S.

Carson, Hon. E.

Hay, John

Macdonald, A. J. F. (Roxburgh)

Channon, H.

Head, Brig A. H.

Macdonald, Sir P (I of Wight)

Churchill, Rt. Hon. W. S.

Headlam, Lieut.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir C.

McKibbin, A.

Clarke, Col. R. S. (East Grinstead)

Heald, L. F.

McKie, J. H (Galloway)

Clarke, Brig. T. H. (Portsmouth, W.)

Heath, Edward

Maclay, Hon. J. S

Clyde, J. L

Henderson, John (Cathcart)

Maclean, F. H. R.

Colegate, A

Hicks-Beach, Maj. W. W

MacLeod, lain (Enfield, W.)

Conant, Maj. R. J. E.

Higgs, J. M. C.

Macmillan, John (Ross and Cromarty)

Cooper, A. E. (Ilford, S.)

Hill, Mrs. E. (Wythenshawe)

Macmillan, Rt. Hon Harold (Bromley)

Cooper-Key, E. M.

Macpherson, N. (Dumfries)

Corbett, Lieut.-Col. U. (Ludlow)

Hill, Dr. C. (Luton)

Maitland, Comdr J. W.

Craddock, G. B. (Spelthorne)

Hinchingbrooke, Viscount

Manningham-Buller, R. E

Cranborne, Viscount

Hirst, Geoffrey

Marlowe, A. A. H

Crookshank, Capt. Rt. Hon. H F. C

Hollis, M. C.

Marples, A. E.

Cross, Rt. Hon. Sir R.

Holmes, Sir J. Stanley (Harwich)

Marshall, D. (Bodmin)

Crosthwaite-Eyre, Col. O. E

Hope, Lord J.

Marshall, S. H. (Sutton)

Crouch, R. F.

Hopkinson, H. L. D'A.

Maude, A. E. U. (Ealing, S.)

Crowder, F. P. (Ruislip—Northwood)

Hornsby-Smith, Miss P.

Maude, J. C. (Exeter)

Cundiff, F. W.

Horsbrugh, Miss F.

Maudling, R.

bert, W. N.

Howard, G. R. (St. Ives)

Medlicott, Brigadier F

Darling, Sir W. Y (Edinburgh, S.)

Howard, Gerald (Cambridgeshire)

Mellor, Sir J.

Molson, A. H. E.

Robinson, J. Roland (Blackpool, S.)

Thomas, J. P. L. (Hereford)

Moore, Lt.-Col Sir T.

Robson-Brown, W (Esher)

Thompson, K P (Wa ton)

Morrison, Maj. J. G. (Salisbury)

Rodgers, John (Sevenoaks)

Thompson, R. H. M (Croydon, W.)

Mott-Radclyffe, C. E.

Roper, Sir H.

Thorneycroft, G. E. P (Monmouth)

Nabarro, G

Ropner, Col. L.

Thornton-Kemsley, C. N.

Nicholls, H

Ross, Sir R D. (Londonderry)

Thorp, Brigadier R. A. F.

Nicholson, G

Russell, R. S.

Tilney, John

Nield, B (Chester)

Ryder, Capt. R. E. D.

Touche, G. C.

Noble, Comdr. A. H P

Sandys, Rt. Hon. D

Turner, H. F. L

Nugent, G. R. H.

Savory, Prof. D. L.

Turton, R H

Nutting, Anthony

Scott, Donald

Tweedsmuir, Lady

Oakshott, H. D.

Shepherd, W. S (Cheadle)

Vane, W. M. F.

Odey, G. W.

Smiles, Lt.-Col. Sir W

Vaughan-Morgan, J K

O'Neill, Rt. Hon. Sir H

Smith, E. Martin (Grantham)

Vosper, D. F.

Ormsby-Gore, Hon. W. D.

Smithers, Peter H B. (Winchester)

Wade, D. W.

Orr, Capt. L. P. S.

Smithers, Sir W (Orpington)

Wakefield, E B (Derbyshire, W.)

Orr-Ewing, Charles Ian (Hendon, N.)

Smyth, Brig. J. G (Norwood)

Wakefield, Sir W. W. St (Marylebone)

Walker-Smith, D. C

Orr-Ewing, Ian L. (Weston-super-Mare)

Snadden, W. McN

Ward, Hon G. R. (Worcester)

Osborne, C.

Soames, Capt. C.

Ward, Miss I. (Tynemouth)

Peake, Rt. Hon. O.

Spearman, A. C. M.

Waterhouse, Capt. C.

Perkins, W. R. D.

Spence, H. R. (Aberdeenshire, W.)

Watkinson, H.

Peto, Brig. C. H. M

Spens, Sir P. (Kensington, S.)

Webbe, Sir H. (London)

Pickthorn, K.

Stanley, Capt, Hon R (N Fylde)

Wheatley, Major M. J. (Poole)

Pitman, I. J.

Stevens, G. P.

White, J Baker (Canterbury)

Powell, J. Enoch

Steward, W. A (Woolwich, W.)

Williams, C. (Torquay)

Prescott, Stanley

Stewart, J. Henderson (Fife, E.)

Williams, Gerald (Tonbridge)

Price, H. A. (Lewisham, W)

Stoddart-Scott, Col. M.

Williams, Sir H G (Croydon, E.)

Profumo, J. D.

Strauss, Henry (Norwich, S.)

Wills, G.

Raikes, H. V

Stuart, Rt. Hon. J (Moray)

Wilson, Geoffrey (Truro)

Rayner, Brig. R

Studholme, H. G

Winterton, Rt. Hon Earl

Redmayne, M.

Summers, G. S.

Wood, Hon. R

Remnant, Hon. P

Sutcliffe, H.

York, C

Renton, D. L. M.

Taylor, C. S. (Eastbourne)

Roberts, P. G. (Heeley)

Taylor, W. J. (Bradford, N.)

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Robertson, Sir D. (Caithness)

Teeling, William

Mr. Drewe and

Brigadier Mackeson.

NOES

Acland, Sir Richard

Collick, P

Freeman, Peter (Newport)

Adams, Richard

Collindridge, F

Gaitskell, Rt. Hon H. T. N.

Albu, A. H.

Cooper, J (Deptford)

Ganley, Mrs. C. S

Allen, A C (Bosworth)

Corbet, Mrs F. K. (Peckham)

George, Lady M. Lloyd

Allen, Scholefield (Crewe)

Cove, W. G.

Gibson, C. W.

Anderson, A (Motherwell)

Craddock, George (Bradford, S.)

Gilzean, A.

Anderson, F. (Whitehaven)

Crawley, A

Glanville, J. E. (Consett)

Attlee, Rt. Hon. C. R

Crosland, C. A. R.

Gooch, E. G.

Awbery, S. S.

Crossman, R. H. S.

Gordon-Walker, Rt. Hon. P. C

Ayles, W. H.

Cullen, Mrs. A

Granville, E (Eye)

Bacon, Miss A

Uaines, P.

Greenwood, Anthony W J (Rossendale)

Baird, J.

Dalton, Rt. Hon. H.

Greenwood, Rt. Hon Arthur (Wakefield)

Balfour, A.

Darling, G. (Hillsboro')

Grenfell, D. R.

Barnes, Rt. Hon A J

Davies, A Edward (Stoke, N.)

Grey, C. F.

Bartley, P.

Davies, Ernest (Enfield, E.)

Griffiths, D. (Rother Valley)

Bellenger, Rt Hon F J

Davies, Harold (Leek)

Griffiths, Rt. Hon. J (Llanelly)

Benson, G.

Davies, R J (Westhoughton)

Griffiths, W. D. (Exchange)

Beswick, F

Davies, S O (Merthyr)

Gunter, R. J.

Bevan, Rt. Hon. A. (Ebbw Vale)

de Freitas, Geoffrey

Haire, John E. (Wycombe)

Bins, G. H. C.

Deer, G.

Hale, J. (Rochdale)

Blackburn, A. R

Delargy, H. J.

Hale, Leslie (Oldham, W.)

Blenkinsop, A

Diamond, J.

Hall, J. (Gateshead, W.)

Blyton, W R.

Dodds, N. N.

Hall, Rt Hn. W Glenvil (Colne V'll'y)

Boardman, H

Donnelly, D.

Hamilton, W W

Booth, A.

Dugdale, Rt. Hon J. (W Bromwich)

Hannan, W.

Bottomley, A. G.

Dye, S

Hardman, D. R.

Bowden, H. W.

Ede, Rt Hon. J C

Hardy, E. A.

Bowles, F. G. (Nuneaton)

Edelman, M

Hargreaves, A

Braddock, Mrs. E. M

Edwards, John (Brighouse)

Harrison, J.

Brockway, A. Fenner

Edwards, Rt Hon N (Caerphilly)

Hastings, Dr. Somerville

Brook, D. (Halifax)

Brooks, T. J. (Normanton)

Edwards, W J (Stepney)

Hayman, F. H.

Broughton, Dr A D D

Evans, Albert (Islington, S.W.)

Henderson, Rt. Hon A (Rowley Regis)

Brown, George (Belper)

Evans, E. (Lowestoft)

Herbison, Miss M.

Brown, T J (Ince)

Evans, S. N. (Wednesbury)

Hewitson, Capt. M

Burke, W A

Ewart, R

Hobson, C R.

Burton, Miss E.

Fairhurst, F.

Holman, P.

Butler, H W (Hackney, S.)

Fernyhough, E.

Holmes, H E (Hemsworth)

Callaghan, James

Field, Capt. W. J.

Houghton, Douglas

Carmichael, James

Finch, H. J.

Hoy, J

Castle, Mrs. B. A

Fletcher, E. G M. (Islington, E.)

Hubbard, T

Champion, A. J.

Follick, M.

Hudson, J. H. (Ealing, N.)

Chetwynd, G. R.

Foot, M. M.

Hughes, Emrys (S Ayr)

Clunie, J

Forman, J C.

Hughes, Hector (Aberdeen, N.)

Cocks, F S

Fraser, T (Hamilton)

Hynd, H. (Accrington)

Coldrick, W.

Freeman, J (Watford)

Hynd, J. B. (Attercliffe)

716

717

Irvine, A. J. (Edge Hill)

Morgan, Dr. H. B.

Smith, H. N. (Nottingham, S.)

Irving, W. J. (Wood Green)

Morley, R.

Snow, J. W.

Isaacs, Rt. Hon G A

Morris, P. (Swansea, W.)

Sorensen, R. W.

Janner, B.

Morrison, Rt. Hon. H. (Lewisham, S.)

Sparks, J. A.

Jay, D. P. T.

Mort, D. L.

Stewart, Michael (Fulham, E.)

Jeger, G. (Goole)

Moyle, A.

Stokes, Rt. Hon. R. R.

Jeger, Dr. S. W (St Pancras S.)

Mulley, F. W.

Strachey, Rt. Hon. J.

Jenkins, R. H.

Murray, J. D.

Strauss, Rt. Hon. G. R. (Vauxhall)

Johnson, James (Rugby)

Nally, W

Stross, Dr. B

Johnston, Douglas (Paisley)

Neal, H.

Summerskill, Rt. Hon. Edith

Jones, Frederick Elwyn (West Ham. S)

Noel-Baker, Rt. Hon P J

Sylvester, G O.

Jones, Jack (Rotherham)

O'Brien, T.

Taylor, H B (Mansfield)

Jones, William Elwyn (Conway)

Oldfield, W. H.

Thomas, D. E (Aberdare)

Keenan, W.

Oliver, G. H.

Thomas, George (Cardiff)

Kenyon, C.

Orbach, M.

Thomas, I. O (Wrekin)

Key, Rt. Hon. C. W

Padley, W. E

Thomas, I. R. (Rhondda, W.)

King, H. M.

Paget, R. T.

Thorneycroft, Harry (Clayton)

Kinghorn, Sqn -Ldr E

Paling, Rt. Hon. Wilfred (Dearne V'lly)

Thurtle, Ernest

Kinley, J.

Paling, Will T. (Dewsbury)

Timmons, J.

Kirkwood, Rt. Hon D

Panned, T. C.

Tomlinson, Rt. Hon. G

Lang, Rev. G

Pargiter, G. A

Tomney, F.

Lee, F. (Newton)

Parker, J.

Turner-Samuels, M

Lee, Miss J. (Cannock)

Paton J

Ungoed-Thomas, A L

Lever, L. M (Ardwick)

Pearson, A.

Usborne, Henry

Lever, N. H. (Cheetham)

Peart, T F.

Vernon, Maj. W F

Lewis, A. W. J. (West Ham, N.)

Poole, Cecil

Viant, S P.

Lewis, J, (Bolton, W.)

Popplewell, E

Wallace, H. W

Lindgren, G. S.

Porter, G

Watkins, T. E.

Upton, Lt.-Col. M.

Price, M Philips (Gloucestershire, W)

Webb, Rt. Hon. M (Bradford, C.)

Logan, D. G.

Proctor, W. T.

Weitzman, D.

Longden, F. (Small Heath)

Pryde, D. J.

Wells, P. L. (Faversham)

MacColl, J. E.

Pursey, Comdr. H

Wells, W T. (Walsall)

McGhee, H. G.

Rankin, J.

West, D. G

McGovern, J.

Rees, Mrs. D

Wheatley, Rt. Hn. John (Edinb'gn, E.)

McInnes, J

Reeves, J.

White, Mrs E. (E Flint)

Mack, J. D.

Reid. T (Swindon)

White, H (Derbyshire, N.E.)

McKay, J (Wallsend)

Reid, W (Camlachie)

Wigg, George

Mackay, R. W. G. (Reading, N.)

Rhodes, H

Wilcock, Group-Capt. C. A. B.

McLeavy, F.

Richards, R

Wilkes, L.

MacMillan, M. K. (Western Isles)

Wilkins, W A

McNeil, Rt. Hon H

Robens, A.

Willey, F. T (Sunderland)

MacPherson, Malcolm (Stirling)

Roberts, Emrys (Merioneth)

Willey, O. G. (Cleveland)

Mallalieu, E. L. (Brigg)

Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvonshire)

Williams, D. J. (Neath)

Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Huddersfield, E.)

Robertson, J. J (Berwick)

Williams, Ronald (Wigan)

Mann, Mrs. J.

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Williams, Rt. Hon. T. (Don Valley)

Manuel, A. C.

Rogers, G. H. R. (Kensington, N.)

Williams, W. T. (Hammersmith, S.)

Marquand, Rt. Hon. H. A

Ross, William (Kilmarnock)

Wilson, Rt. Hon J H (Huyton)

Mathers, Rt. Hon. George

Royle, C.

Winterbottom, I (Nottingham, C.)

Mellish, R J

Shackleton, E. A. A.

Winterbottom, R. E. (Brightside)

Messer, F

Shawcross, Rt. Hon. Sir H

Woodburn, Rt. Hon. A.

Middleton, Mrs. L

Shurmer, P. L. E.

Woods, Rev. G. S.

Mikardo, Ian

Silverman, J (Erdington)

Wyatt, W. L

Mitchison, G. R.

Silverman, S. S. (Nelson)

Yates, V F

Moeran, E. W

Simmons, C. J.

Monslow, W.

Slater, J.

TELLERS FOR THE NOES:

Moody, A S

Smith, Ellis (Stoke, S.)

Mr. William Whiteley and

Mr. R. J. Taylor.

Question put, and agreed to.

Main Question again proposed.
It being after Ten o'Clock, the Debate stood adjourned.
To be resumed tomorrow.

PRIVILEGES
Committee of Privileges to consist of Ten Members: Mr. Assheton, the Attorney-General, Mr. Cocks, Captain Crookshank, Mr. Clement Davies, Mr. Edward Davies, Mr. Grenfell, Mr. Herbert Morrison, Mr. William Morrison and Earl Winterton.
Committee to have power to send for persons, papers and records:
Five to be the Quorum.—[Mr. R. J. Taylor.]

STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS
Select Committee appointed to consider every Statutory Instrument laid or laid in draft before the House, being an Instrument or Draft of an Instrument upon which proceedings may be or might have been taken in either House in pursuance of any Act of Parliament, with a view to determining whether the special attention of the House should be drawn to it on any of the following grounds:

(i) that it imposes a charge on the public revenues or contains provisions requiring payments to be made to the Exchequer or any Government Department or to any local or public authority in consideration of any licence or consent, or of any services to be rendered,

719
or prescribes the amount of any such charge or payments;

(ii) that it is made in pursuance of an enactment containing specific provisions excluding it from challenge in the courts, either at all times or after the expiration of a specified period;

(iii) that it appears to make some unusual or unexpected use of the powers conferred by the Statute under which it is made;

(iv) that it purports to have retrospective effect where the parent Statute confers no express authority so to provide;

(v) that there appears to have been unjustifiable delay in the publication or in the laying of it before Parliament;

(vi) that there appears to have been unjustifiable delay in sending a notification to Mr. Speaker under the proviso to subsection (1) of section four of the Statutory Instruments Act, 1946, where an Instrument has come into operation before it has been laid before Parliament;

(vii) that for any special reason its form or purport calls for elucidation:

and if they so determine, to report to that effect:
Lieut.-Colonel Boles, Mr. Harold Davies, Mr. Eric Fletcher, Mr. Anthony Greenwood, Mr. John Hay, Mr. Hector Hughes, Mr. Murray, Mr. Nicholson, Mr. Renton, Mr. Sydney Silverman and Brigadier Thorp to be Members of the Committee:
Committee to have the assistance of the Counsel to Mr. Speaker:
Committee to have power to sit notwithstanding any Adjournment of the House, to report from time to time, and to report the Minutes of their Proceedings from time to time:
Committee to have power to require any Government Department concerned to submit a memorandum explaining any Instrument or Draft which may be under their consideration or to depute a representative to appear before them as a Witness for the purpose of explaining any such Instrument or Draft:
Three to be the Quorum:
Instruction to the Committee that before reporting that the special attention of the House be drawn to any Instrument or
720
Draft the Committee do afford to any Government Department concerned therewith an opportunity of furnishing orally or in writing such explanations as the Department think fit:
Committee to have power to report to the House from time to time any Memoanda submitted or other evidence given to the Committee by any Government Department in explanation of any Instrument or Draft:
Committee to have power to take evidence, written or oral, from His Majesty's Stationery Office, relating to the printing and publication of any Instrument.—[Mr. R. J. Taylor.]

HOUSING (RATE OF INTEREST)
10.12 p.m.
Sir John Mellor: I beg to move,
That an humble Address be presented to His Majesty, praying that the Regulations, dated 3rd August, 1950, entitled the Housing (Rate of Interest) Regulations, 1950 (S.I., 1950, No. 1318), a copy of which was laid before this House on 4th August, be annulled.
It is my contention that these Regulations are invalid by reason of the provisions of the Statutory Instruments Act and of the history of certain previous Regulations which were identical in substance, although slightly different in language, and which were considered in this House on 25th July. On that day a Prayer was carried against the previous Regulations. Upon the 27th July, the Vice-Chamberlain of the Household reported His Majesty's answer to the Address. He said:
"I shall give directions in accordance with your Address."
That message was implemented on 9th October by means of an Order in Council entitled the Housing (Rate of Interest) Regulations (Revocation). That was Statutory Instrument No. 1648. The previous Regulations embodied in Statutory Instrument No. 1008 were, I repeat, revoked by Order in Council under Statutory Instrument No. 1648 on the 9th October. Meanwhile, the Minister of Health and made new Regulations without waiting for the former Regulations to be revoked.
In Statutory Instrument 1318 he made fresh regulations with exactly the same title and substance, and these Regulations

721
were made on 3rd August. In my contention, these Regulations are invalid because they were made before the previous Regulations, which were identical in sub-Lance, had been revoked. For that argument I rely upon the provisions of the Statutory Instrument Act 1946, Section 5 (1) provides that if either House resolves that an Address be presented to His Majesty praying:
"that the instrument be annulled, no further proceedings shall be taken thereunder after the date of the resolution, and His Majesty may by Order in Council revoke the instrument, so, however, that any such resolution and revocation shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under the instrument or to the making of a new statutory instrument."
I remind the House that the new Statutory Instrument, made in place of the Regulations which were subject to a negative resolution of this House, was made after that resolution, but before revocation by Order in Council. In my submission, it does not, therefore, come within the protective provisions of this Section. I would again point out that the Section provides that:
"His Majesty may by Order in Council revoke the instrument, so, however, that any such resolution and revocation shall be without prejudice … to the making of a new statutory instrument."
It refers to resolution "and" revocation, and not to resolution "or" revocation. Therefore, in my submission the making of a new instrument could only be valid after the process of revocation was completed. That, I suggest, is the plain language of the Statute. Here, "and" has been used deliberately. If it had been intended that it should be competent for the Minister to make a new valid statutory instrument after a negative resolution but before revocation, then, surely, the word "or" would have been used and would have done perfectly well for any other purpose. The word "and" was selected, and I have looked up the precedents. I find that Lord Justice Scrutton in the Court of Appeal said:
"You do sometimes read 'or' as 'and' in a Statute … but you do not do it unless you are obliged, because 'or' does not generally mean 'and' and 'and' does not generally mean 'or'."
That is in Green versus the Premier Glynrhonwy Slate Company in 1928.
We have, here, a clear case where the Minister has gone wrong in being over precipitate in making new Regulations, of
722
precisely the same purport, in place of Regulations which have been subject to a negative resolution of the House. I repeat that the negative resolution was on 25th July, and that the Minister made the new Regulations on 3rd August without waiting until after 9th October when His Majesty might by Order in Council conveniently dispose of the old Regulations which had been subject to a Prayer.
I have given full notice of this point to the Minister of Health, and also to the Attorney-General. I am sorry he is not here.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health (Mr. Blenkinsop): My right hon. and learned Friend asked me to express his apologies for not being here.
Sir Herbert Williams: Why is he not here?
Sir J. Mellor: I make no complaint of any lack of courtesy from the Attorney-General, because he wrote to me to say he would be here if possible, but the fact remains he is not here. I complain of his absence and also of the absence of the Minister of Health, who made both these Regulations. I think he should have been here.
Mr. Brendan Bracken: He is no doubt recovering from his wounds.
Sir J. Mellor: As my right hon. Friend says, no doubt he is recovering from his wounds and drowning his sorrows. For the reasons I have given I submit that the Order is invalid, and I hope the Parliamentary Secretary has been supplied by the Law Officers of the Crown with a few points upon this matter, which is of some constitutional importance.
10.22 p.m.
Sir Herbert Williams: I beg to second the Motion.
We all remember the Debate which we had in July, when, after the Ministry of Health had muddled about with this Order for weeks and weeks between the Ministry and the Treasury—the thing got lost for two or three weeks, so far as we can make out—some hon. Members who are supporters of the Government thought that they would appoint Tellers when the Order was debated in the House. We did not appoint any,

723
and the Government Whip was so fast asleep that he did not appoint any either. The result was that the Government supporters defeated the Government's own proposals. That was one of the occasions when they were much too clever.
The irregularity of making the Order and the delay were all reported on by a Select Committee on which both sides of the House are adequately represented. It is absolutely monstrous that the Attorney-General is not here. We know that his colleague is in the United States, which is where Ministers go nowadays when they want a change of air. He is at Lake "Failure," or Flushing Meadows, or one of those strange places where His Majesty's Ministers go. The Attorney-General ought to be here. He was here a few minutes ago, and the issue is one of constitutional importance. It is not the merits of this Order, but what we regard as a gross breach of constitutional procedure that is at issue. The Parliamentary Secretary, competent as he is in some directions in explaining away the impossible, is not the right person to deal with this constitutional issue.
To the Order in itself probably nobody objects; but if what has happened on this occasion is allowed to go through then, on something of major importance, we might well find ourselves in very great difficulties. In 1946 the Statutory Instruments Act was passed into law. I was not privileged to be a Member at that time, but it brought up to date the Rules Publication Act of 1893, which laid down the specific procedure to be followed if a Prayer was carried asking for an Order to be annulled. Then the Statutory Instrument became inoperative and later His Majesty in Council would annul the Order. Anyone reading the Statutory Instruments Act would conclude that there could not be a new Order in the same terms or in modified terms until the old one was constitutionally annulled.
This Order does not matter very much, but the constitutional issue is one of very great importance. I am not quite sure what would be the judicial process whereby it could be challenged in the courts, but I think it could be challenged if any aggrieved ratepayer felt that he had suffered some loss as a result of this Order or of its enforcement, and I believe he could apply for an injunction
724
against the local authority. I am not a legal expert and I am not quite certain of the position, but I imagine that some such procedure could be taken. But if there is no procedure operative, then this House must be operative, because it is vitally important as long as we have delegated legislation that we should have the right to check these powers and examine with the utmost care any abuse of them.
The Parliamentary Secretary is to reply, in the absence of any Law Officer of the Crown. There are four of them and only one of them is in America. Two are Scotsmen, competent to deal with this issue, the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor-General for Scotland. I presume that they must be competent, otherwise the Prime Minister would not have recommended their appointment. At least one of the four ought to be here to deal with a point of constitutional importance, even though the particular Order is not very important. The absence of the Scottish Law Officers may be due to financial reasons. I think I am right in saying that under this Order the rate of interest is 4 per cent. and that the corresponding rate in Scotland is only 3½ per cent. We ought to have had the attendance tonight of the Attorney-General.
10.26 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health (Mr. Blenkinsop): I am sorry that this matter should come before the House for a second time, after the over-enthusiastic efforts of my hon. Friends behind me succeeded in annulling the previous Order, in which fact the hon. Member for Sutton Coldfield (Sir J. Mellor) may take some pride.
The point, as I understand it, is purely the legal and abstruse one whether the new Order is invalid because it was made before the previous Order was revoked by Order in Council. Naturally as this is a legal matter, the Department had legal advice before they went forward to lay a new Order before the House. We received full legal advice upon the matter which made it clear that the laying of a new Order was not in any way impeded by the fact that the revocation by Order in Council had not yet taken place. In, the Statutory Instruments Act, 1946, under Section 5 (1), it is laid down that His Majesty's Government may, by Order in Council, revoke an instrument,

725
"so, however, that any such resolution and revocation shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under the instrument"—
I ask the hon. Baronet to note these words—
"or to the making of a new statutory instrument."
It is clear that if the hon. Baronet's interpretation of the wording were to apply, it would apply not merely to the making of a new Statutory Instrument but to the validity of anything previously done under that Instrument, which would be an impossible position. I think there is no need for the House to argue the legal point in any detail. It is a matter which might well have been answered outside the House. I am not in any way objecting to the matter being raised on the Floor of the House, but this is a personal matter which should be discussed outside the House.
Mr. Brendan Bracken: I congratulate the Parliamentary Secretary upon being a Ministerial Casabianca especially as the Attorney-General is now here. I am glad to see the right hon. and learned Gentleman. If I may say so, the Minister has not the legal qualifications to explain these matters, while the right hon. and learned Gentleman has those qualifications manifold, and I hope the hon. Gentleman will encourage his colleague to explain to us clearly the legal point involved.
Mr. Blenkinsop: We have taken legal advice on this matter, as I say, and it is perfectly clear that this Order is valid. I can assure the House it is valid and no question, in fact, arises. Naturally, if anyone wishes to challenge this Order in the courts, he is at liberty to do so.
Sir H. Williams: It is rather expensive.
Mr. Blenkinsop: At this point nobody wishes to do so, because this is an Order, as the hon. Baronet has said, to which no objection is taken so far as the matters contained in it are concerned. No question has been raised today about the matter of the Order, but merely about the legal question, upon which we have taken legal advice, as a result of which we are satisfied that the Order is valid.
10.32 p.m.
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I do not entirely accept the Parliamentary Secretary's argument that
726
this is a matter which could better be discussed outside this House or in the courts, because that argument seems entirely to overlook the very purpose for which this Instrument, and so many others, are laid upon the Table of the House. That purpose is to permit the House to make quite sure that the powers delegated to Ministers of the Crown are exercised in a proper and legal manner. I think the Parliamentary Secretary is quite wrong in adopting the attitude that because a point of law may or may not arise as to the validity of this Order, hon. Members of this House are wrong to raise this issue here.
Mr. Blenkinsop: I did not say it was wrong to raise it. I said it was the sort of issue that might well have been discussed outside the House. Clearly we should not have to spend the time of the House on it.
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I think the Parliamentary Secretary is still maintaining that this is not the proper way to raise this matter. I entirely dissent. I think it is the duty of this House, if they think a Minister has abused the powers delegated to him, to raise that in the only manner possible.
The only other point I desire to raise is this: the Parliamentary Secretary was at a natural disadvantage in dealing with a point of law which the hon. baronet raised, and, of course, all he could do was to say that he had been advised in a contrary way. Obviously, he has been advised in a contrary way or he would not have brought forward an Order in this form. That does not take us very far. What we require to know is whose advice did he receive that this was in order? Was it the advice of his own Ministry or of the Law Officers of the Crown? I hope I shall be acquitted of any attempt to endear myself to the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Attorney-General when I say that if it was the latter it would carry a great deal more weight than if it were the former.
In any event, it is a terribly unsatisfactory way of dealing with this matter for a Minister of the Crown to get up at the Box and say, "I am advised this is so," and not attempt to go into the question of whether or not that advice is accurate.
The Attorney-General (Sir Hartley Shawcross)The Attorney-General (Sir Hartley Shawcross) rose——
Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I was about to make the suggestion that the whole difficulty could be resolved by the right hon. and learned Gentleman intervening. As he has now been good enough to indicate that he is ready and the purpose of my intervention therefore has been achieved, I will resume my seat.
10.34 p.m.
The Attorney-General: I am much obliged to the hon. Gentleman. If he had consulted with the hon. Baronet the Member for Sutton Coldfield (Sir J. Mellor), he would have found that I had undertaken to the hon. Baronet that either I would be here myself, which I could not guarantee, or that the advice which was given to the House by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary would be based on my view.
Mr. Bracken: The hon. Gentleman did not tell us that.
The Attorney-General: The hon. Baronet might have confided in the right hon. Gentleman. He knew that if I were not here myself, the advice which the Parliamentary Secretary gave would be by my advice upon this matter. I came in towards the end of his speech and found him giving the advice which I would have given in far more admirable language than I would have used myself.
Mr. Bracken: The Parliamentary Secretary has never been in Opposition. But he will be soon. He must remember it is not for the Opposition to do the duty of the Parliamentary Secretary.
Sir J. Mellor: The Attorney-General was not here, but no complaint was made in regard to his courtesy. We were complaining of his absence. I mentioned that I had received a letter from him. But I am afraid he has not added anything to what the Parliamentary Secretary has said. The Parliamentary Secretary has merely said that they were advised that this Order is valid. I thought we might have had a little further light thrown on the use of the word "and." I am sorry that the Attorney-General should not enlighten us. The word "and" is used where the right word obviously is "or," if it were the desire to put upon the Section the interpretation which the Ministry of Health put upon it.
Mr. James Hudson: On a point of order Is the hon. Baronet in order in speaking at this length in a second speech?
Mr. Speaker: The hon. Baronet is entitled to speak again, but nobody else.
Sir J. Mellor: I hope the Attorney-General will assist us on this point because, as he tells us he has given the benefit of his advice to the Ministry of Health, it will not cause him additional effort to give that advice also to the House, with some explanation of it.
I argued that the use of the word "and" implied that the process of revocation must be complete before a new instrument could be validly made. If the House had intended anything else, if it had intended that a Minister should be competent to make a new instrument after a negative resolution but before that negative resolution had been finally implemented by a revoking Order in Council, then surely the word "or" would have been used. Neither the Parliamentary Secretary nor the Attorney-General has made any comment on that. They have merely said that they take the view that the Order is valid. I think we ought to have some comment from the Attorney-General on why in his view the word "and" was used in the Statutory Instruments Act if this interpretation is put on it, instead of the word "or." Surely by leave of the House the Attorney-General is going to speak again.
Question put, and negatived.

ALCESTER HOUSE, SHAFTESBURY
Motion made, and Question proposed. "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. Popplewell.]
10.40 p.m.
Mr. Crouch: I wish to draw the attention of the House to Alcester House, Shaftesbury, which is situated under the ridge on the south-west of the borough of Shaftesbury, overlooking the Blackmoor Vale which is, without question, one of the finest views in this country and which has been immortalised by Thomas Hardy.
The question of Alcester House was brought to light by information I received in the summer of 1949. Not until 9th

729
August, 1949, was a protest made by Shaftesbury Borough Council to Dorset County Council. Without doubt the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health has certain information of which I have copies and I expect he has a letter addressed by the Mayor of Shaftesbury to Dorset County Council on 3rd November, 1949, and also some notes on Alcester House sent at the same time. If he refers to the mayor's letter, he will see that the Dorset County Council said they had received no protest at all about the removal of patients from this hospital to other parts of the county or adjoining counties, the reasons being that they knew nothing about this until some months had elapsed and a large number of these patients had been removed. In October the matter moved quickly. Alcester House became known in the national Press and on 7th October, 1949, it was featured in the "Week in the West" B.B.C. programme.
The people who have been using this home are officially termed "class 3" patients, but what we understand better is "chronic cases." Some are bad cases and some are able to walk around and are not in need of actual hospital treatment. They are old men and old women. Latterly the home has been occupied by old men who, on account of advancing age, were not considered fit to live alone in their houses.
Alcester House has room for about 90 beds, and during the last year that it was open there were 40 bed cases and 40 walking cases. There is no record of any trouble with the staff at any time. In addition to Alcester House, Shaftesbury has the Westminster Memorial Hospital and the Westminster Annexe Maternity Home.
I am disturbed by the attitude of the Minister of Health and certain sections of his staff in dealing with this matter. No doubt the Parliamentary Secretary has a copy, as I have, of a note of 4th October, 1949, in which the town clerk of Shaftesbury states that he came to London and called on the hospital board headquarters and saw Dr. Stevens and offered him details of the position of Alcester House. The reply he had was that the memorandum would be unnecessary and would not help the position in any way.
730
I will read an extract from a letter received from the right hon. Gentleman on 14th November last year, in which he referred to the county council's decision with regard to Alcester House and the patients remaining in the house, and said the position was unchanged. The council did not intend to take any further steps for the time being to move out these patients. The right hon. Gentleman continued that it had been known for a long time that the main block of the front of the building was structurally unsound owing to subsidence, although he did not apprehend that there was any danger to the residents there. He believed that accommodation in that part of the building was quite safe and the main reason for the county council's decision to discontinue the use of these premises, namely, to render the building structurally sound and to improve its bad arrangements, would be quite uneconomic. On 31st December last year, in a further letter the right hon. Gentleman said:
"I am quite prepared to grant that Alcester House is no worse than many other antiquated public assistance institutions but, as you will know, it is our hope to replace in time these old-fashioned institutions by a system of smaller homes. The county council is hoping to open one such home at Blandford in six months' time, and I do not feel that I should be justified in intervening by asking the county council to reconsider their policy."
We appreciate the desire to have newer and smaller homes for these people, but it is, I think, another case of the Minister doing away with the existing premises even before he has a site. That is the position here; they have not yet acquired a site for new accommodation. I know that we shall probably be told by the Parliamentary Secretary tonight that Castle man House, Blandford may be used.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health (Mr. Blenkinsop): It will ease matters if I explain that, after all, the decision was that of the county council and not of the Minister.
Mr. Crouch: Yes, but the county council is guided by the directions of the Minister, and later on I will come to the question I put to the Minister on the subject.
The result is that they are not yet ready to take patients in. Old men and women in the rural district of Shaftesbury, or in the borough, have to leave

731
friends and relatives and are sent to Shaftesbury, 20 miles away, or Fording-bridge 31 miles away, or Sturminster Newton, 26 miles away, or in some cases they are sent to Beaminster 40 miles away. Yet we have Alcester House lying empty and not used throughout this year. The Parliamentary Secretary says this is the decision of the Dorset County Council, but I would refer to the Question I put to the Minister on 29th June last, asking whether, in view of the shortage of hospital beds for chronic cases, he would re-open Alcester House. In reply to my supplementary question the Minister of Health said:
"This building is not suitable for the purpose. It is old and would cost £50,000 to repair. We do not propose to waste money on that building."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 29th June, 1950; Vol. 476, c. 2434.]
As a result of this, I have had a qualified architect in to look over this building and give me an estimate for putting this building into a fit and proper state of repair. I have the plans of the two floors of the building, and I will hand them to the Parliamentary Secretary after this Debate. It is an estimate from Messrs. Houchin, Harrison and Stevens, of 9, Great James Street, Bedford Square, W.C.1, and set out in detail there are the necessary repairs required and, in contrast to the cost stated by the Minister on 29th June, a figure of £50,000, the figure here is given as £5,000. Quite a considerable difference!
Only a fortnight ago, on Saturday, I went over the whole of this building, the second visit I have paid to it. I entered by the nurses' quarters—quarters built since the end of the war—and in this connection I can only repeat the expression of the former medical officer of health at the time, when he said the whole place smelt very new, and the nurses' quarters were ready for immediate occupation, as well as the whole of the building. The architect speaks of the condition of the decorations of this home, and it will be found that the bulk of this is in the area coloured red on the plan.
One of the things that has been worrying not only the right hon. Gentleman, but the Dorset County Council and other people concerned, is the settlement that runs through the building. There is
732
ample evidence that the condition of this settlement is the same today as it was 25 years or more ago and that the bulk of the work that is necessary to put Alcester House in a fit state to receive patients throughout the whole of this accommodation is the ordinary repairs necessary in any house that one may have to keep up.
I ask the hon. Gentleman to bear in mind that in Shaftesbury, and in the surrounding areas, we have many old men and old women who, on account of advancing age, are unable to care for themselves and it is unwise to leave them alone. They do not want hospital care or treatment but they want somewhere where they can go and be cared for, and there is no better place to which they can go than this home that we have at Shaftesbury at the present time. Their friends and their relatives can call upon them at any time and they are living amongst the surroundings in which they have been brought up. One welcomes the Minister's ideal of building homes at some time in the future, but instead of embarking upon these new homes, it would be much wiser to spend some £5,000 to put Alcester House in such condition that these old people can be taken in.
I believe that my hon. Friend the Member for Salisbury (Mr. J. Morrison) will be saying a few words, but I should like to read an extract from a letter which I received on Saturday last and which, I think, may help the hon. Gentleman in appreciating the fairness of this case that I am presenting. I do not propose to read the whole letter, but I would say that it is from someone who lives in Shaftesbury and who is blind and always has been blind. He has got his living by going around the area tuning pianos. This man writes:
"What are the facts? I know of old folk who have waited six months to find a corner in such a home. Old folk not wanted by anybody. Old folk who can rot in unattended loneliness for all the rest of the world cares. I know of such things. Therefore what use is it for Mr. Bevan or even an angel from heaven talking to me about the misery which they say the housing shortage causes. That sort of misery, real as it is, is chicken-feed to the miserable misery uncared-for old folk endure all over the land. This is not a party political stunt. It is just a piece of simple humanitarianism. Just a desire to care for old people. It does not matter to me whether

733
a man calls himself Tory, Liberal, or Socialist. I measure him by what he does. If Mr. Bevan ever dares to talk about misery, and at the same time refuses a few miserable thousands to make Alcester House once more a happy place for the aged, then I for one must regard him as a miserable hypocrite."
I have had several letters during the last week on this matter when it was known I was to raise it on the Motion for the Adjournment. I ask the Minister, for the sake of these old people living in our area, again to look at the position of Alcester House and go through most carefully these plans and this estimate which I have on the bench with me at present.
10.55 p.m.
Mr. John Morrison: I wish very briefly to support my hon. Friend and neighbour the Member for Dorset, North (Mr. Crouch). I know Alcester House and it is in a most lovely situation. There is a very considerable difference between an estimate of £50,000 and the figure of £5,000 which the Parliamentary Secretary has just heard. There is no doubt that the moving of old people far from their homes has caused considerable upset, for naturally people in their old age like to be nearer their own people. Some patients have been moved into my own constituency of Salisbury. Salisbury is happy to have them, but it is a long way off and it is no secret that, as far as accommodation is concerned, there are too few beds in the area hospitals, and so further hospital accommodation will have to be found sooner or later. I hope the Minister will reconsider the whole question, even if he cannot give a full reply this evening.
10.56 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health (Mr. Blenkinsop): I am grateful to the hon. Members for Dorset, North (Mr. Crouch), and Salisbury (Mr. J. Morrison) for raising this matter, because I think it is the common desire of all of us to try to secure the best possible accommodation and treatment for old people. I do not think there is any difference between us on that: it is merely that there are differences of opinion as to the way to go about it.
In this particular case—from the reports I have had—it is perfectly clear that
734
Alcester House is in very attractive surroundings. It has a very attractive exterior, but for some years its interior had been reported on very adversely by all those responsible for its running. The decisions taken both by the Dorset County Council and quite openly by the regional hospital board were unanimous—that Alcester House should cease to be used. The Minister clearly could not disregard the views of those two responsible bodies in any lighthearted manner.
What was the actual position? I gather that at the time the decision was reached by the county council, there were 70 county council and hospital patients actually in the house, only two of whom were actually Shaftesbury residents. When the hon. Member mentioned the difficulty of taking people away from their homes to places where they could not be visited so easily by their friends and relatives, I would like to emphasise the unhappy fact that 33 out of 39 county council cases in Alcester House had no visitors for over a year. I should like to take this opportunity of stressing that, because this loneliness is something we do want to combat. In April, 1949, all the county council cases were moved to Sturminster Newton, Wareham, and Beaminster. There was no complaint at that time.
Mr. Crouch: There was no complaint because the people were unaware of the fact that they were being moved away permanently. Also, with regard to people coming from Shaftesbury itself to Alcester House, they came not only from the borough but from the rural districts of Shaftesbury and Gillingham, which is only four miles away. There were lots of people who were moved.
Mr. Blenkinsop: I can well understand the feelings of old people who are moved. It is quite natural. We understand that old people who have been settled into certain conditions for a long period of time, even if they are not very satisfactory conditions, will naturally fear a move. But in fact they are very happy in the new accommodation which has been found for them, although we know perfectly well the difficulty there was with some of those who moved and about whom there was a certain amount of agitation at the time. We know that some of the patients protested when 11 of the chronic sick cases were moved to Salisbury, and at that time

735
a small number were allowed to stay on a little longer until the beginning of this year.
So far as the chronic sick patients are concerned, we do want to provide accommodation for them in Shaftesbury. The regional hospital board agrees that there should be a small annexe near Shaftesbury and proposes to put it up in the grounds of the Westminster Memorial Hospital, which will be much more satisfactory than the provision available at Alcester House or that available now. But we have to make these quite difficult decisions from time to time—or the county council and hospital board have to do so—on what is best for these people. It was clear to both the county council and to the regional hospital board that the accommodation could not be brought up to anything like the standards we require for these old people without an expenditure of money which would be quite outside reasonable bounds—quite beyond, in fact, the modest new provision they were hoping to make available for the chronic sick that I have already mentioned.
Mr. Crouch: The figure was £5,000.
Mr. Blenkinsop: The estimate that was made by the regional hospital board—given in all honesty—was about £50,000. It was their view that if they were going to deal with the dangers to that property that they believed existed—as did the county council—then it would involve an expenditure of round about that figure. The £5,000 mentioned by the hon. Member could provide no more than a very temporary kind of repair, which would be completely wasted money from our point of view.
I insist that we are anxious here to do our best to make provision for old people, both the chronic sick and those who are ablebodied, that they will be able to enjoy. We are burdened with large numbers of these old institution buildings and in many cases it is almost impossible to make them fit for present-day needs. In most cases it is quite impossible, in fact, to ensure that there is the right atmosphere to make these people feel that they are part of the community in which they are living, instead of being isolated in the institutional surroundings and
736
atmosphere which in some of these old buildings cannot be avoided.
I want hon. Members to assist us in pressing forward as rapidly as possible with the new provision for the chronic sick we are anxious to make and to encourage the able-bodied who have been moved to settle down in their new surroundings. I would ask them to do what they can to encourage individuals—relatives, friends and others—on a voluntary basis to do what they can to visit these old people. Many of them, alas! have not been visited for a very long time. Clearly nothing can be worse for old people than the feeling that they are left on the shelf, whether in Alcester House or elsewhere.
Mr. Harmar Nicholls: While the Parliamentary Secretary was most courteous in his reply, I am sorry he was so negative. The hon. Member who initiated the Debate made a very reasoned argument, and the Parliamentary Secretary replied that the Ministry had had their reports from the regional hospital board and from the county council. But other evidence has been brought forward. The Parliamentary Secretary said that the figure of £5,000 would not be adequate. I feel it would have been very helpful indeed if the hon. Gentleman could have said that the Ministry would have another look at the matter.
The hon. Member for Dorset, North (Mr. Crouch) has not raised this matter in a flippant manner. With his special knowledge, he feels that another decision should have been arrived at. I hope that, in addition to the great courtesy the Parliamentary Secretary has shown tonight, he will recognise the importance of a special Debate in this House, and that before shutting the door the Ministry will have another look at the matter and go into the figures submitted by the hon. Gentleman as well as examining the special report of the architect. If it is felt that the decision which has been taken is not a right one and that we can get only a negative reply in this House, then the importance of a Member of Parliament is undermined. I hope no one will be flippant in this Debate.
I therefore ask the Parliamentary Secretary to give the hon. Gentleman the satisfaction of knowing that this matter will be looked at again and the architect's

737
report examined, weighing it all up with the reports of the regional hospital board and the county council. The Ministry will be doing the right thing if they reexamine this matter, in view of the local feeling on it.
Mr. Blenkinsop: I am afraid that I cannot give the promise that has been asked from me. The reason is that this has been carefully examined on several occasions without prejudice. On neither side are we anxious for anything but the best treatment and accommodation of these old people, and after a careful and full-re-examination by the Ministry, the
738
regional hospital board, and the Dorset County Council, it would be quite misleading for me to undertake to re-examine it still further.
Mr. Crouch: May I ask, in view of the present housing situation and the necessity of devoting our available resources——
Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Colonel Sir Charles MacAndrew): Order.
Adjourned accordingly at Eight Minutes past Eleven o'Clock.

  MOTOR CAR INDUSTRY (ZINC)
  MOTOR CAR INDUSTRY (ZINC)
  Electricity Load Shedding
  Electricity Load Shedding
FUEL AND POWER
  Coal Exports (Statistics)
  Coal Exports (Statistics)
  Gas Council and Boards
  Gas Council and Boards
GERMANY
  Dismantling
  Dismantling
  British Personnel
  British Personnel
CHINA
  Chargé d'Affaires, Peking
  Chargé d'Affaires, Peking
  Diplomatic Relations
  Diplomatic Relations
KOREA
  Prisoners of War (Treatment)
  Prisoners of War (Treatment)
  Chinese Forces
  Chinese Forces
  SCHUMAN PLAN NEGOTIATIONS
  SCHUMAN PLAN NEGOTIATIONS
  FOREIGN SERVICE VEHICLES
  FOREIGN SERVICE VEHICLES
  REFUGEES (DRAFT CONVENTION)
  REFUGEES (DRAFT CONVENTION)
  SPAIN (DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS)
  SPAIN (DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS)
FOOD SUPPLIES
  Tubercular Persons (Rations)
  Tubercular Persons (Rations)
  Sugar
  Sugar
  Slaughterhouses
  Slaughterhouses
  Argentine Meat
  Argentine Meat
  Christmas Bonuses
  Christmas Bonuses
  Cider Manufacture (Sugar)
  Cider Manufacture (Sugar)
  Cattle Slaughter
  Cattle Slaughter
  Bananas
  Bananas
  Russian Crab Meat
  Russian Crab Meat
  Potatoes (Stock-feeding)
  Potatoes (Stock-feeding)
  Onions
  Onions
  Fruit and Vegetable Canning
  Fruit and Vegetable Canning
  Turkey Imports
  Turkey Imports
  Storage, Leiston Aerodrome
  Storage, Leiston Aerodrome
  SOAP SUPPLIES
  SOAP SUPPLIES
TRANSPORT
  Road Building
  Road Building
  Uncompleted Road Schemes
  Uncompleted Road Schemes
  Oil Pollution, Pembrokeshire Coast
  Oil Pollution, Pembrokeshire Coast
  Commission, Glasgow (Report)
  Commission, Glasgow (Report)
  Motor Vehicle Duties
  Motor Vehicle Duties
  Commission's Accounts
  Commission's Accounts
  Transferred Staff (Superannuation)
  Transferred Staff (Superannuation)
  Passenger Road Services, West Midlands
  Passenger Road Services, West Midlands
  Commercial Vehicles (Licences)
  Commercial Vehicles (Licences)
  King's Worthy—Alresford Road
  King's Worthy—Alresford Road
  Mining Companies, Gold Coast (Taxation)
  Mining Companies, Gold Coast (Taxation)
NATIONAL FINANCE
  Festival of Britain (Entertainments Duty)
  Festival of Britain (Entertainments Duty)
  Foreign Currency (Tuberculosis Treatment)
  Foreign Currency (Tuberculosis Treatment)
TRADE AND COMMERCE
  Agricultural Vehicles (Tyres)
  Agricultural Vehicles (Tyres)
  Fruit Packing Materials
  Fruit Packing Materials
  POTATO MARKETING BOARD
  POTATO MARKETING BOARD
MINISTRY OF WORKS
  Building Licences (Clubs)
  Building Licences (Clubs)
  Castle, Eye
  Castle, Eye
  Westminster Hall (Lighting)
  Westminster Hall (Lighting)
  VIVISECTION (CANCER RESEARCH)
  VIVISECTION (CANCER RESEARCH)
  TELEPHONE SERVICE (RURAL KIOSKS)
  TELEPHONE SERVICE (RURAL KIOSKS)
  NATIONAL INSURANCE (INDUSTRIAL INJURIES)
  NATIONAL INSURANCE (INDUSTRIAL INJURIES)
  DISABLED PERSONS (MOTOR TRICYCLES)
  DISABLED PERSONS (MOTOR TRICYCLES)
  NIGERIA (NEW CONSTITUTION)
  NIGERIA (NEW CONSTITUTION)