Sitting of 3 February 1943

Preamble
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
NEW WRIT
For the County of Hertford (Watford Division), in the room of the Right Honourable Sir Dennis Henry Herbert, K.B.E., now Baron Hemingford of Watford, called up to the House of Peers.—[Mr. James Stuart.]
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  ETHIOPIA

    Enemy Subjects (Property Claims)
    Mr. Ammonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether it is the intention that the recent declaration of the United Nations that property, stolen by force, intimidation, or by compulsion to sell at prices and under conditions that amount to robbery, will be restored to the former owners, applies equally to properties obtained in Ethiopia by the Italians?
    The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Eden): Yes, Sir. For the position generally I would refer my hon. Friend to the answer which my right hon. Friend gave to the hon. Member for Consett (Mr. David Adams) on 28th January.

    Access to Sea
    Mr. Ammonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether it is the intention of the United Nations to insist that the territories in Ethiopia giving access to the sea and taken by aggressive action by the Italians are to be restored to Ethiopia?
    Mr. Eden: I am not certain exactly to what territories my hon. Friend refers, but in any case I cannot speak for the United Nations on this matter, and I regret that I am not in a position to forecast at the present stage what decisions may be taken at the appropriate time.
    Mr. Ammon: Will that come within the purview of the United Nations as such and not within our purview absolutely?
    Mr. Eden: I think my hon. Friend must be referring to Abyssinia as it was in 1935 or earlier. That is why I did not feel like commenting on it.
    Mr. Hannah: When did Ethiopia last have a sea coast?
    Mr. Eden: That was why I was a little puzzled as to what the Question meant, I think it was about 1890.

    Medical Services
    Captain C. S. Taylorasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether any arrangements are being made by His Majesty's Government to assist in the provision of adequate medical services in Ethiopia.
    Mr. Eden: Yes, Sir. At the request of the Emperor of Ethiopia a senior member of the Colonial Medical Service was seconded on 1st February, 1942, for service under the Emperor, who appointed him Director-General of the Ethiopian Medical Services. At the request of the Ethiopian Government the names of four senior non-British medical practitioners have been proposed to them for medical appointments. Every effort has been made and will be made, within the limits imposed by the man-power situation in this country, to meet the Ethiopian Government's further requirements. In addition, the British Red Cross maintains a hospital in Addis Ababa, and the Friends Ambulance Unit has recently despatched an important unit of doctors and medical assistants to undertake medical work in the capital and in the Provinces; they have also supplied considerable quantities of urgently needed drugs.
    Captain Taylor: Is it not true to say that we are doing very much more in Ethiopia in this respect than the Italians did?
    Mr. Eden: I think the fundamental distinction is that the Ethiopians can now live the life they want to lead, whereas they could not before.

  JEWISH REFUGEES

    Children (France)
    Mrs. Cazalet Keirasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he can make a statement on the 2,000 Jewish children in France who were refused visas for this country and were, in consequence, deported to Germany?
    Mr. Eden: I have no knowledge of any Jewish children in France having been refused visas for this country, and having in consequence been deported to Germany. It is, in my opinion, much to be deplored that any story to this effect should be in circulation, as it has no basis in fact, and is likely to encourage misrepresentations as to this country's attitude towards the refugee problem.
    The facts are that the Vichy authorities had declined to allow any Jewish children to leave France. They subsequently modified this decision to the extent of sanctioning exit permits for 500 of the children whom the United States authorities were willing to accept, but they would not agree to advantage being taken of thousands of other visas made available for the United Kingdom, the British Dominions, Palestine and other countries. It may be added that on the German entry into what had been Unoccupied France, the embarkation of even the 500 children for whom exit permits had been granted was stopped. I would emphasise that at the time at which application was made to His Majesty's Government for visas for refugee children to come to the United Kingdom from France there were in fact more visas available for other countries than there were children who were permitted to leave.
    Miss Rathbone: Is it not probable that the rather loosely worded statement refers to the refusal of His Majesty's Government at that period when there was still an Unoccupied France to grant visas for children who had near relatives in this country able individually to guarantee their maintenance?
    Mr. Eden: I am dealing with the report concerning these children, and I have pointed out that far more visas were available for several countries than there were children able to come out.
    Mr. Gallacher: Is the Minister aware that Members were circulated to-day with an anti-Semitic leaflet? Will he draw the
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    attention of the Home Secretary to the fact that it is directed against these children and their relatives in this country?

    Palestine (Immigration)
    Mr. Gallacherasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he has considered the resolution of the Cowdenbeath Co-operative Society, sent to him by the hon. Member for West Fife, requesting that Palestine be opened to Jewish refugees from enemy-occupied Europe and shelter given them in the British Empire; and what statement he has to make?
    Mr. Eden: I have considered the resolution of the Cowdenbeath Co-operative Society to which my hon. Friend has drawn my attention. The general policy of His Majesty's Government was explained to the House by the Deputy Prime Minister on 19th January. As regards Palestine, I would, however, ask the hon. Member to await a statement which my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for the Colonies is, I understand, to make at I the end of Questions.
    Mr. Gallacher: Will the right hon. Gentleman consider conferring with the Home Secretary and getting the alien Regulations modified in order to allow these people to come to this country?
    Mr. Eden: This Question deals, among other things, with British Empire and Colonial territory. I thought the hon. Gentleman had Palestine in mind, and I suggest that he should wait to hear what my right hon. Friend has to say at the end of Questions.
    Mr. Arthur Greenwood (by Private Notice)asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has any statement to make regarding the admission to Palestine of Jewish refugees from enemy and enemy-occupied territories.
    The Secretary of State for the Colonies (Colonel Oliver Stanley): Yes, Sir. As stated by the Deputy Prime Minister in his answer to Questions regarding the relief of Jewish refugees on 19th January, His Majesty's Government have been working out certain practical proposals. Some weeks ago the Government of Palestine agreed to admit from Bulgaria 4,000 Jewish children, with 500 adults to accompany them on the journey. Since then the necessary negotiations have been taking place, through the Protecting

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    Power, with Bulgaria to secure permission for exit. I am glad to tell the House that these negotiations have now been successful. Steps are being taken immediately to organise the necessary transport, but I must point out that the practical difficulties involved are likely to be considerable. Arrangements had previously been made to admit some 270 Jewish children from Rumania and Hungary, and some of these are now in transit to Palestine. It has now been decided to admit further children from these countries up to a total of 500.
    His Majesty's Government will be prepared, provided the necessary transport facilities can be made available, to continue to admit into Palestine Jewish children, with a proportion of adults, up to the limits of immigration permissible for the five-year immigration period ending 31st March, 1944. The numbers involved are approximately 29,000, still available under the White Paper. The usual conditions governing immigration would have to be fulfilled. My right hon. Friend will realise that the very considerable difficulties involved in making the necessary arrangements for transport and for the accommodation and sustenance in Palestine of such large parties of refugees may limit the numbers that can be handled under this procedure.
    Mr. Greenwood: While thanking my right hon. and gallant Friend for that contribution to the solution of the problem, which the whole House feels to be one of the greatest tragedies of the war, may I ask whether he will continue to pursue investigations with a view to the emigration of Jewish refugees, particularly children, to other mandated territories and to suitable British Colonies?
    Colonel Stanley: The Question applies only to Palestine. My right hon. Friend knows that in many other Colonies there are not only grave difficulties in providing food, but those Colonies have also contributed very largely to the relief of refugees from other places.
    Mr. Silverman: Would the right hon. and gallant Gentleman tell the House, if he can, what steps have been taken to induce our new Ally, Iraq, to permit the transmigration of those refugees who have visas, and whom the Palestine Government are prepared to admit, so as to reduce the very heavy burden on transport to which he has referred?
    Colonel Stanley: I think that satisfactory arrangements have now been made.
    Commander Locker-Lampson: Will the right hon. and gallant Gentleman also approach Turkey?
    Colonel Stanley: The hon. and gallant Gentleman will realise that when I speak of transport facilities and negotiations that have to be undertaken, I must be referring to Turkey.
    Mr. Sorensen: Is there any necessity still to preserve the numerical limit laid down in the White Paper, and could arrangements be made for any number of Jews temporarily to reside in Palestine?
    Colonel Stanley: No, Sir. I think, although this goes far beyond the limits of this Question, that it is essential, from the point of view of stability in the Middle East at the present time, that that arrangement should be strictly adhered to.
    Sir Richard Acland: Do not the claims of humanity come before your quota restrictions? Why not take all you can get under all conditions?
    Colonel Stanley: Winning the war is the most important thing of all.
    Miss Rathbone: In view of the great difficulty of getting children in large numbers out of the enemy-occupied countries, would the right hon. and gallant Gentleman consider whether a larger proportion of adults could not be taken in Palestine and elsewhere, even if it is necessary on security grounds to intern them until they can be vetted?
    Colonel Stanley: I do not agree that it is any- more difficult to get children out than adults, and the Jewish Agency in their conversations with me have stressed the point that the Jewish community as a whole desire to save the children first. I am prepared to accept that and act upon it.
    Mr. Frankel: Would not saving the lives of many thousands of Jews also help to win the war?
    Colonel Stanley: The hon. Member will realise, I hope, that I am proposing, in this, measures to save the lives of many Jews.
    Mr. Silverman: In view of the trend of some of the Supplementary Questions, would the right hon. and gallant Gentleman make it clear that, in announcing this

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    policy of the Palestine Government, he is not intending to limit the efforts made by the Government to that one, and that the Government are continuing their efforts, in consultation with the other United Powers, to see what further measures of practical constructive relief may be carried out?
    Colonel Stanley: That is certainly so. This Question' and answer refer only to the part Palestine can play.

    FRENCH NORTH AFRICA (ADMINISTRATION)
    Mr. Parkerasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1) what steps are now being taken to purge the North African administration of Fascist and pro-Fascist elements;
    (2) what steps have so far been taken to release De Gaullists and other anti-Fascist prisoners in North Africa; and what estimated number of such prisoners are still detained?
    Mr. Bowlesasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he has considered the resolutions passed by the Dunlop Rim and Wheel Company, Limited, shop stewards and the Coventry East Branch of the Association of Engineering and Shipbuilding Draughtsmen, copies of which have been sent to him, asking for the removal of M. Peyrouton and all other pro-Vichy elements from the Government of French North Africa, and for the establishment, at the earliest possible moment, of a government capable of winning the support of the French people; and what action he proposes to take?
    Mr. Eden: I apologise for the length of the answer. I have seen the resolution to which my hon. Friend the Member for Nuneaton (Mr. Bowles) refers. I would point out to my hon. Friends that these are French territories and that General Giraud's administration is a French administration. It is not a French Government properly so-called, nor aprovisional, nor even a prospective Government, but it is for the time being responsible for the administration of certain parts of the French Empire. The prime responsibility in these matters rests, therefore, upon Frenchmen, and the first
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    interest of the United States Government and of His Majesty's Government is to see that everything possible is done by this French administration to promote the Allied war effort in these territories. I am glad to say that the Allied Commander-in-Chief is receiving full collaboration in every sense from the French administration and that the troops under General Giraud's command are playing their full part in the fighting in Tunisia.
    The problem of administering a territory like North Africa, with its mixed population, is not an easy one, particularly at a time when military operations are still going on in the territory. Nor is it easy to adapt for purposes of war the administration of a territory which has been out of the war for two and a half years. Nor can we expect that the deep cleavages between Frenchmen can be easily bridged.
    But already important progress has been made. The House will have seen the joint communique issued by General de Gaulle and General Giraud after their meeting at Casablanca and the official statements issued by them on their return to London and Algiers. General de Gaulle and General Giraud are to exchange liaison missions to carry still further the contacts established between them at Casablanca. His Majesty's Government welcome this development.
    So far as the release of political prisoners is concerned I have nothing to add to the reply which I gave on 20th January, when I announced the setting up of the mixed Commission. But hon. Members will have seen the public statement about his policy in internal matters recently made to the Press by General Giraud at Algiers. General Giraud as made it clear that in his view there is only one political test to be applied in North Africa. It is that, whoever the individual may be, and whatever his political views may have been, he should be prepared to fight and to work against the common enemy. I do not think that hon. Members would ask for a better test than this. In this same interview General Giraud is reported to have said:
    "The British are right to support De Gaulle. He is the only Frenchman who has spoken for two years with the voice of France."
    Despite the many difficulties, it is true to say that a start has been made both for the reconciliation between Frenchmen and

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    for the readjustment of internal conditions in North Africa. Much yet remains to be done, and in neither respect is the situation as we should wish to see it. But we must realise that these are problems which can best be solved by Frenchmen.
    In these matters there is no difference of policy between His Majesty's Government and the United States Government. Both Governments wish to see the maximum effort put into the military campaign, and for this purpose wish to see unity in all ranks of Frenchmen who are willing to fight the Axis. Both Governments wish to see the traditional freedom that has flourished on French soil once more re-established both in North Africa and in France itself. For this very reason they are agreed that nothing must be allowed to distract them from the first and imperative duty of developing the maximum military effort upon which all else depends.
    Mr. Parker: In view of the fact that the men who were previously in command of the military forces in Syria fighting us are now in charge of military affairs in North Africa, how does the right hon. Gentleman expect to get full co-operation from them in the fight against Hitler?
    Mr. Eden: I invite the hon. Member to look fully at the statement which General Giraud made and which was reported in the "News Chronicle" on 1st February. I think he will see there what is being done, and for my part I can only repeat that I think we should give these arrangements the best chance to work out, and we should give to Frenchmen the best chance to come together.
    Mr. BowlesDo the Government agree that the people are not fighting this war in order to make the world safe for Girauds to live in?
    Mr. Eden: General Giraud is an extremely gallant French soldier. I should feel very proud if I had his record in fighting Germany.
    Mr. Ammon: Does not the right hon. Gentleman's answer really indicate that we are trying to be on two sides at the same time and are fighting Fascism with Fascism?
    Mr. Eden: What it indicates is that we are doing our utmost to bring about the unity of Frenchmen who want to fight the Germans.
    Mr. Shinwell: Does my right hon. Friend realise that there is a very strong division of opinion in this country and in the United States of America on this matter, and that many of us will not be enthusiastic about events in North Africa until we are satisfied that the pro-Vichy elements are eliminated in the first instance, and that political prisoners who are in prison because they opposed the Vichy Government are released? Does the right hon. Gentleman understand that?
    Mr. Eden: Of course, I understand that there are divisions of opinion in this country and in the United States of America, and we are perfectly entitled to hold our different points of view. All I ask the House to-day is to give these arrangements the best chance to work out.

    ROYAL AIR FORCE

      Group-Captain C. H. Keith
      Mr. Dribergasked the Secretary of State for Air the reason for the posting from Canada to England of Group-Captain C. H. Keith; and why this officer has been, or is shortly to be, retired?
      The Secretary of State for Air (Sir Archibald Sinclair): The officer referred to was posted from Canada on 20th March, 1942, to the command of the Central Gunnery School in this country as it was considered that his services could be better utilised in England than in Canada. He is now being retired in accordance with the policy of the Air Council, promulgated in the summer of 1941, under which senior officers must give way to younger men when circumstances so require. It is inevitable that officers of wide experience and with good records of service will from time to time be affected, but the policy ensures a healthy flow of promotion and the infusion of new blood and fresh ideas into the higher ranks, which is essential to efficiency.
      Mr. Driberg: Is it not a fact that this officer was brought back from Canada after serving eight months, although it had been laid down that he should serve not less than 18 months, and that he was given the highest tributes, officially and unofficially, for his efficiency?
      Sir A. Sinclair: That goes outside the Question which the hon. Member has asked and I have answered, but I must

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      say I think it is deplorable if the names of officers are to be dragged into discussion in this way. It is bound to be hurtful to and resented by them.
      Mr. Driberg: Is it not more deplorable that they should be treated unjustly?
      Mr. Maxton: Why should it be wrong in the House to raise a grievance about an officer who, after satisfactory service, is being scrapped? There is nothing deplorable about it.
      Sir A. Sinclair: I doubt whether this is a grievance of this officer. I think it is hurtful to an officer and resented by him if his name is brought in in this way.
      Mr. Shinwell: Does the right hon. Gentleman think hon. Members are going to take instructions from him as to the Questions they ask in the House? Does he think he is a dictator? If he were trying to do his job efficiently, that would satisfy us.
      Sir A. Sinclair: Obviously hon. Members are not going to take instructions from me, and I did not suggest they would. I am suggesting that it may be unfair to officers to use their names in this way.

      Requisitioned Building (Conversion Cost)
      Mr. McKinlayasked the Secretary of State for Air whether he will state the amount spent by his Ministry on converting a building, of which he has been informed, to their requirements?
      Sir A. Sinclair: £11,000 has been spent on the conversion of this building and £39,000 on the erection of other essential buildings on the site and on ancillary services.
      Mr. McKinlay: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that six months previously the War Office spent £31,000 on the same building and that a sum of £10,000 would have completed the building for hospital purposes, for which it was erected, and can the right hon. Gentleman say that they are prepared to vacate those premises and use this hospital as a hospital?
      Sir A. Sinclair: I can only say that I must have accommodation for this Signals Depot. The building is giving good accommodation for that depot now, and
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      we could not move unless equally good accommodation were made available.
      Mr. McKinlay: In view of the unsatisfactory nature of the Reply, I beg to give notice that I shall raise this matter on the Adjournment.

      Dive-Bombing
      Mr. Purbrickasked the Secretary of State for Air in what way the addition of brakes to fighter-bombers, in order to enable them to dive-bomb on suitable occasions, would impair their performance as fighters?
      Sir A. Sinclair: The addition of brakes to a fighter-bomber, by adding weight, is bound to detract from the performance of the aircraft as a fighter. I heed hardly remind my hon. Friend that relative performance is vital in air fighting and that even small additions of weight assume great importance in the maintenance of superiority.
      Mr. Purbrick: Is it not a fact that the small addition of weight, which is really infinitesimal, would be more than offset by the manoeuvrability which the brakes would give to fighter-bombers?
      Mr. Austin Hopkinson: Does the right hon. Gentleman consider it reasonable, suitable and safe to discuss these matters in public?
      Sir A. Sinclair: I do not think there is any harm in answering my hon. Friend who put the Question and saying quite definitely that the pilots who fly these aircraft want aircraft of the highest performance they can get, and that is what we are supplying them with and they are using so well at the present time.
      Mr. Purbrick: Do not the gallant pilots who want to achieve the highest performance want fighter-bombers which will also dive-bomb?
      Sir A. Sinclair: They do not want fighter-bombers made into dive-bombers. They want them to have the highest performance they can get, and that is what we are supplying to them.
      Mr. Purbrickasked the Secretary of State for Air whether, in view of the fact that a fighter aeroplane was equipped to enable it also to dive-bomb, and was tested and confirmed by the Air Ministry over 18 months ago to the effect that such equipment did not interfere with

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      its performance as a fighter, he will now further investigate the matter with the object of enabling our fighter-bombers also to dive-bomb under favourable circumstances?
      Sir A. Sinclair: From the particulars given neither my right hon. Friend the Minister of Aircraft Production nor I can trace the tests to which my hon. Friend refers. It is, however, clear that the introduction of dive-bombing characteristics into a first-line fighter is bound to involve some sacrifice in the performance of the aircraft in its primary role.
      Mr. Purbrick: If I supply my right hon. Friend with particulars, will he look into the matter?
      Sir A. Sinclair

      Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia
      Captain Cunningham-Reidasked the Secretary of State for Air (1) why Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia has been accepted for training as a pilot in the Royal Air Force when his father, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, is a political prisoner;
      (2) of whom were careful inquiries made before the son of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was accepted for training as a Royal Air Force pilot; and whether the Yugoslavian Government is in agreement with the British Government's action in this matter?
      Sir A. Sinclair: Prince Alexander volunteered for air crew duties in the Royal Air Force, and after normal appearance before selection and medical boards was accepted for pilot training with the full knowledge of the Yugoslav Government. The inquiries that were made showed no reason why this young man's application should not proceed in the usual manner. It would not, however, be in the public interest to state of whom inquiries were made.
      Captain Cunningham-Reid: Surely, as this man's father has during the war collaborated with the Axis in a blatant manner that is well known to this House, the father must be an enemy of this country, and, that being so, is it not a fact that, according to our Regulations, if they mean anything at all, the son is not eligible to be a member of the Royal Air Force?
      Sir A. Sinclair: I think that this young man of 18 should be treated on his merits.
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      He should have his choice to prove his loyalty to his country and the cause of the United Nations.
      Mr. Astor: Should not the action of this young man in volunteering for the Air Force be received with approbation instead of with carping criticism?

      Troop Mail, Middle East and North Africa
      Mr. Hoggasked the Secretary of State for Air the number of aircraft allotted to the Army postal authorities for the transmission of the different categories of personal air-mail to the Middle East and North Africa; and whether he is prepared to authorise a small increase in the number of aircraft so allotted?
      Sir A. Sinclair: Aircraft are not specially allocated for the carriage of troop mail to the Middle East, but capacity on the air services is regularly earmarked for the carriage of mails. In view of the heavy military loads requiring urgent conveyance by air, I cannot at present undertake to increase the space available for air mail traffic. For similar reasons, it has not yet been practicable to arrange for the carriage of troop mail by air to and from North Africa. There has, however, been and there will continue to be a growth in the capacity of our transport services to Africa, and the importance of carrying more mail to the troops is fully realised.
      Mr. Bellenger: Has the right hon. Gentleman any transport planes suitable for carrying mails?
      Sir A. Sinclair: Yes, Sir.

      Royal Air Force Regiment
      Sir Leonard Lyleasked the Secretary of State for Air whether members of the Royal Air Force Regiment are authorised in all cases to fire on low-flying enemy aeroplanes or whether, to avoid drawing return fire, they leave such firing to units of the Regular Army posted away from the airfields?
      Sir A. Sinclair: The Royal Air Force Regiment fires on all aircraft identified as hostile.

      Operational Training, Middle East
      Captain C. S. Taylorasked the Secretary of State for Air whether there is an operational training centre for Royal Air Force pilots in the Middle East?
      Sir A. Sinclair: Yes, Sir. Facilities for the operational training of Royal Air Force pilots have been provided in the Middle East Command.
      Captain Taylor: At what date was this operational training centre established?
      Sir A. Sinclair: It has been established for some time, but I cannot give the date without notice.
      Captain Taylor: Is it not the case that a number of pilots are brought back from the Middle East for this training, and is not that a waste of shipping?
      Sir A. Sinclair: The shipping difficulty is very much in our minds.

    CIVIL AVIATION

      Shipping Companies
      Sir Robert Rankinasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport whether he is aware that two leading British shipping companies have made a beginning with civil aviation; and whether it is the intention of the Ministry, with a view to assisting post-war aviation in the face of foreign competition, to grant powers and, when necessary, assistance, to shipping companies to operate air services?
      The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport (Mr. Noel-Baker): Like my hon. Friend, I have, of course, noted the declaration made recently by the chairmen of British shipping companies about civil aviation and its relation to the shipping industry. But, as my hon. Friend will appreciate, the second part of his Question involves important issues of general policy. These issues are now under consideration by His Majesty's Government, and I cannot, therefore, usefully make any statement about the action which it may be right or possible to take.
      Mr. Rhys Davies: Are the Government alive to the enormous possibilities of civil aviation after the war?
      Mr. Noel-Baker: The Government are alive to all the possibilities.
      Mr. A. Edwards: Will my hon. Friend keep in mind that this should not be left in the hands of private enterprise? It is a bad policy to put millions of pounds
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      into the pockets of people who have done their job badly and still leave them in charge.
      Mr. Noel-Baker: All relevant considerations will be taken into account.

      Colonial Empire
      Mr. Perkinsasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what steps have been taken to prepare plans for the development of civil aviation in the Colonial Empire; and the name of the division in his Ministry responsible?
      Colonel Stanley: All Colonial Governments have been requested to furnish their views on the question of post-war civil aviation developments in their territories. When these have been received I shall be able to prepare more detailed schemes both for civil aviation services and ground facilities. I am fully aware of the importance of this Question and am considering what further steps can usefully be taken at this stage. As regards the last part of the Question, civil aviation matters are, in the present war conditions, the concern of the Defence Department of the Colonial Office in conjunction with the various Geographical Departments.
      Captain Sir William Brass: Can the right hon. and gallant Gentleman say when he expects to get replies from the various Colonies?
      Colonel Stanley: I am afraid that I cannot forecast the actual date. The difficulties of communication are, of course, great, and all Governments are working under great pressure, but I hope to get the replies soon.
      Sir W. Brass: Will the right hon. and gallant Gentleman press them to send the replies soon?

    FRAUDS, LIVERPOOL (INVESTIGATIONS)
    Mr. A. Edwardsasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport what action has been taken against officials of his Department for negligence in connection with the Liverpool frauds; and whether he has consulted with the Admiralty with a view to removing the officials responsible?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: My Noble Friend is in consultation with the Admiralty in connection

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    with the investigations into this difficult matter, but these investigations are not yet complete. For this reason, I cannot yet make any statement, but I hope to be able to do so in the early future.
    Mr. Edwards: Is my hon. Friend aware that these investigations have been going on for a very long time and that, unless considerations have been changed recently, the only man who could have detected these frauds is a man earning £4 10s. a week? Will he look into that matter?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I will look into all aspects of the matter. There were appeals in this case, and the last of the appeals was only decided last week, so that there has been no great loss of time.
    Mr. Logan: As the appeal has been settled, will my hon. Friend look into the question of the accountancy system and see if these cases cannot be avoided by proper supervision?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Yes, I will have that aspect of the matter examined.

    RAILWAY TRAINS (LIGHTING)
    Mr. Woodburnasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport how long it will be before the improved lighting in railway trains, recently announced, will be installed on trains in the Glasgow, West of Scotland and Edinburgh areas, respectively?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: The lighting of trains in the areas to which my hon. Friend refers will be improved as rapidly as the supply of materials and labour allows. I regret, however, that in the Glasgow area some delay will be inevitable, for the reason that the limited supply of labour available to the railway companies is fully engaged in repairing malicious damage to passenger rolling-stock. I am grateful to my hon. Friend for this opportunity of explaining that vandalism in railway trains, especially in the Glasgow area, has become a most serious problem. During the last three months more than 2,000 carriage windows have been broken, 1,500 window straps torn or cut, 1,000 war-time lampshades broken or torn off, and the upholstery in 320 compartments cut, in addition to other considerable damage to the carriages. During
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    1942 more than 43,000 electric bulbs were broken or stolen from trains in Scotland. As I have already said, these mischievous acts by irresponsible travellers will seriously delay the introduction of improved lighting since the necessary repairs must absorb the labour and materials required.
    Mr. Woodburn: Has my hon. Friend made any investigation into the reasons for this?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: The public authorities have made every endeavour to find out why it is going on. It seems to be pure vandalism of the most reprehensible kind.
    Mr. McKinlay: It is only recently that the railways put glass in. Workers' trains have been notoriously ill-fitted.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Perhaps my hon. Friend will furnish me with details.
    Mr. Maxton: Who supplied the hon. Gentleman with these facts, because in 3½ years' travelling in the West of Scotland I have only seen two cases of a broken window and destroyed upholstery?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: The facts are supplied by the railway company, but photographs have been published, and there is no doubt about the matter.
    Sir L. Lyleasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport whether, as his Department officially informed the Press on 23rd January that batteries for providing improved lighting on the main railways would be available almost immediately to enable passengers to read newspapers in comfort, and that all trains and public vehicles, with certain exceptions, would have uniform lighting, he will now say on what dates he anticipates each of these improvements will be achieved?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I regret that inaccuracies in the newspaper report to which my hon. Friend refers have caused misunderstanding. The facts are as follow: An officer of my Department spoke to a reporter of the changes and improvements in lighting which we are hoping to introduce. He said that, among other things, we are arranging that the lights in trains shall no longer be swiched off while the trains are standing at station platforms. He said that this could be done almost immediately in electric trains to which current is served direct, but that it could

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    only be done in trains in which the lighting is done by batteries when there is a through switch control. My hon. Friend will observe that none of this referred to improvements in the lighting itself, nor to the provision of batteries. No mention was made by my officer of uniformity of lighting or of public service vehicles. I regret that I cannot yet say at what dates the other improvements in lighting can be introduced, since this must depend on the labour and materials which can be obtained. I have, however, asked the companies to inform me at frequent intervals of the progress they have made. My hon. Friend will understand that there are such great differences in the rolling-stock, and in the lighting systems adopted by various companies, that uniformity of lighting is impracticable.

    GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS (INFORMATION TO PRESS)
    Mr. Broadasked the Minister of Information whether his attention has been drawn to the dissatisfaction felt at the misleading statements published in the Press regarding the availability of foodstuffs; and whether he will take steps to ensure that information supplied to newspapers by the Ministry of Food and other Government Departments is reproduced with strict accuracy?
    The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Information (Mr. Thurtle): No, Sir. I have not heard of any dissatisfaction. With regard to the second part of the Question, my hon. Friend will appreciate that the manner in which information coming from Government Departments is presented in the newspapers is a matter for the editors themselves.

    REQUISITIONED MOTOR VEHICLES (COMPENSATION)
    Sir William Waylandasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport whether he will consider amending the compensation for requisitioned motor-lorries and trailers, as at present a requisitioned vehicle is valued at an official low figure and a heavy outlay for a new vehicle is incurred by the original owner; and whether he will take the value of the replacement vehicle and
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    discount from that figure the period of use which the old vehicle has served?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: The payment to be made in compensation for a vehicle acquired under the Defence (General) Regulations is governed by the provisions of section 4 (7) of the Compensation (Defence) Act, 1939. I am advised that to pay compensation on the basis suggested by my hon. Friend would not be in accordance with these provisions.
    Sir W. Wayland: Does the hon. Gentleman consider it better to retain an injustice than to try to remedy it?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I must apply the law. If the hon. Gentleman is suggesting an amendment of the law, that raises broad issues which would have to be dealt with by the Treasury.

    POST OFFICE EMPLOYEES (CYCLES)
    Sir Percy Harrisasked the Postmaster-General whether, in view of the shortage of cycles and the desirability of everybody avoiding unnecessary travel by motorbus or train, he will issue instructions that safe accommodation be given Post Office employees for the storage of their cycles, and where enclosed accommodation cannot be found a responsible individual be placed in charge of the parking place to prevent theft?
    The Postmaster-General (Mr. W. S. Morrison): Accommodation is normally provided by the Post Office at the risk of the user for the private cycles of members of the manipulative staff who live more than one mile away and use cycles in going to and from work. This accommodation is generally on Post Office premises, where the arrangements for safeguarding are satisfactory, but exigencies of space at a few offices preclude the provision of special accommodation on Post Office premises. I could not undertake to arrange for special staff to look after the machines. As regards the administrative offices, the practice adopted is that in force throughout the Civil Service, and accommodation is only provided in cases where the office is difficult of access by ordinary means of communication.
    Sir P. Harris: In view of the war conditions, could not my right hon. Friend see whether he can do something to make

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    it safer for Post Office employees to travel by bicycle, which is much to be encouraged in view of the idea that everybody should not use trains and buses as far as possible?
    Mr. Morrison: I agree with my right hon. Friend. Postmasters do as much as they can, but sometimes they cannot do as much as they would like because there is not enough room.

    HOUSE OF COMMONS CHAMBER (LIGHTING)
    Viscount Hinchingbrookeasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works and Planning whether he will consider introducing into the present Commons Chamber lighting with a higher ultra-violet content, preferably daylight?
    The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works and Planning (Mr. Hicks): I assume that the lighting which the hon. Member has in mind is the fluorescent tube lamp. The adaptation of the Chamber to lighting by this method would involve extensive alterations to the present lighting system, including the changing from the present direct current system to alternating current. If it is the wish of the House, I am of course prepared to look further into the question, but I hope that in view of the shortage of labour and materials the proposal will not be pressed at the present time.
    Viscount Hinchingbrooke: Would the Minister consider occasionally opening the windows so that at least we could have normal daylight on our proceedings?
    Mr. Messer: Does the Minister realise that if he does open the windows we shall not get ultra-violet rays?
    Major Markham: Would the Minister also look into the question of the lighting of the Library and other parts of the House which are in a state of inspissated gloom?
    Sir Alfred Beit: Is there any reason why we should not have plain glass in the windows?

    ROYAL NAVY

      Enemy Submarines
      Mr. Shinwellasked the First Lord of the Admiralty whether he has any estimate of the number of underwater craft
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      in the possession of the Germans and Italians; whether he has any estimate of the numbers under construction; and whether we are sinking enemy submarines faster than they are being built?
      The First Lord of the Admiralty (Mr. A. V. Alexander): The Admiralty, of course, has estimates of enemy building capacity and operational strength. No doubt the enemy would like to know what our actual estimates are. It is not possible to answer the last part of the hon. Member's Question because of the difficulty in proving the results of all the numerous attacks on enemy U-boats. Whilst, however, I can say we have had periods of most heartening success, it would not be wise at this stage to add anything to the general conclusions contained in the Prime Minister's Statement to the House of Commons on 8th September.
      Mr. Shinwell: Why does the Minister give that answer when he himself said in one of his speeches recently that the enemy had over 500 submarines? Why does he now say that the enemy would give a lot to know what our estimate was?
      Mr. Alexander: I did not necessarily give any exact estimate, and I am not now giving any exact figures. I have given from time to time figures which would not be exact estimates for the information of the enemy, and I did not do so on that occasion.
      Mr. Shinwell: When the Minister said to the public that the enemy had in his opinion 500 or more submarines, what was his purpose in saying that, and how did he get the information? If he said it then; why cannot he say it now and tell us whether it was exact?
      Mr. Alexander: I have nothing to add to my answer.
      Mr. Shinwell: Are we to assume from that that the Minister refuses to answer or that he has been discovered in having made a mistake?
      Mr. Alexander: Neither assumption is right.
      Commander Sir Archibald Southby: Does the right hon. Gentleman still adhere to the statement which he made a little while ago that for every submarine we claim probably two have been sunk?
      Mr. Shinwell: Would it not be better if the Minister stopped talking outside for a change?

      Boys and Apprentices (War Bonus)
      Sir A. Southbyasked the First Lord of the Admiralty whether, in view of the fact that it is a war bonus, the increase in pay to boys in the Royal Navy, which was announced on Wednesday, 27th January, will be made retrospective to the date of the commencement of the war?
      Mr. Alexander: No, Sir.
      Sir A. Southby: Will the right hon. Gentleman bear in mind that the pitiful increase which has been given to these boys compares badly with the emoluments which boys are able to obtain in other walks of life, and will he take some steps to remedy the matter?
      Mr. Alexander: The position has been agreed with all the Departments concerned and has reference, of course, to all the other advantages of the emoluments and training of the boys.
      Sir A. Southby: Will the right hon. Gentleman take steps to compare the emoluments of boys in the Royal Navy with the emoluments of boys of the same age employed in the coalmines, to which they are allowed to opt?

      Fleet Air Arm. (Equipment)
      Commander Bowerasked the First Lord of the Admiralty why the Fleet Air Arm have often to use old, slow, though sound aircraft; and, as every effort should be made to see that they are supplied with the most modern machines and equipment, what steps he has taken to supply such equipment?
      Mr. Alexander: I am aware that my hon. Friend's Question is prompted by certain remarks of mine in a speech on 13th January which were published in some cases shorn of their, context. In fact they came at the end of a sincere tribute which I was privileged to pay to the Fleet Air Arm. This led me to make the comment that some of the naval aircraft in use were of old types, and to make a general appeal for the utmost effort to replace these older aircraft by more modem types.
      In order that the House may appreciate the full position, I should explain that the Fleet Air Arm as a whole is now much
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      better equipped than it was two years ago. This is particularly true of its Fighter aircraft which now include three up-to-date types, the "Hurricane," the "Seafire" and the American "Martlet." The numbers of these modern naval fighters are steadily increasing and will continue to do so.
      It is in the torpedo-bomber category that the shortage of modern aircraft has been most felt. As I told the House some time ago, the development and production of a torpedo-bomber of modern design has been in hand for a long time. The disappointments which we have suffered with regard to this aircraft have been largely due to two causes. First the temporary postponement of work on it during 1940, at the period of the Battle of Britain, and secondly the development of unforeseeable technical difficulties, during a later period. However, owing to the co-operation of the Ministry of Aircraft Production, which has been and is being given in full measure, these difficulties have been dealt with, and regular delivery of production models of the aircraft has started. The Navy is also about to receive modern torpedo-bombers ordered scone time ago from America, of a type which has proved successful in operations in the Pacific. We also expect to get delivery shortly of a number of American dive-bombers.
      I should add that there remain certain important tasks for which the "Sword-fish" bomber will still be valuable.
      Commander Bower: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware of the grave public concern that after two and a half years in his present appointment he has to appeal to the nation to do the task for which under the terms of his patent he is solely responsible to Crown and Parliament?
      Mr. Alexander: The position with regard to these torpedo-bombers is one of a much longer history than that of the last two and a half years. I have explained two main causes why there has been delay. The most considerable delay has been in the later period, owing-to the development of unforeseen technical difficulties, which have caused a great deal of trouble and taken a great deal of clearing up. I have given the House the assurance that with the help of the Ministry of Aircraft Production that has been dealt with and that a regular delivery has started.
      Mr. Purbrick: Hear, hear.
      Mr. Granville: Is my right hon. Friend satisfied that there is no hold-up of vital material for the torpedo-bomber and that the Admiralty has a proper priority in regard to the supply of those materials from the Ministry of Aircraft Production?
      Mr. Alexander: I have no reason to be dissatisfied with the present arrangement for the priorities we need.
      Sir A. Southby: Will my right hon. Friend take steps to insist that the Ministry of Aircraft Production provides the Fleet Air Arm with the proper planes to enable it to do its work; and in view of the appeal he made to the public, will he realise that the responsibility rests upon him and his fellow members of the Board and not with the British people?
      Mr. Alexander: I think that the Board of Admiralty, when the story comes to be told, can say that they have done their very best to secure the improvements required in the Fleet Air Arm. The House must remember that the whole situation has been affected by the general claims and demands of all the war requirements and of the other Services. That must be taken into consideration.
      Mr. Ammon: Does my right hon. Friend see that his former speeches in the country and the answer he has given indicate the necessity for a broader discussion in this House to settle the unrest that has been caused?
      Mr. Alexander: That is a matter for the Leader of the House.
      Mr. Ammon: May I ask the Leader of the House to consider that?

    JAMAICA (SOAP MANUFACTURE)
    Mr. David Adamsasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he is aware that the Caribbean Products Company, Limited, Jamaica, is awaiting a reply to their application made some two years ago for permission to manufacture toilet soap in the island; and whether, as the establishment of this new business would assist the coconut industry, relieve unemployment and aid in the economic development of the Colony, he will have the application promptly examined and reported upon?
    Colonel Stanley: I understand that my hon. Friend is referring not to an application
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    for permission to manufacture toilet soap, but for permission to import the necessary machinery. I have no information regarding this application, but I am making inquiries and will communicate with my hon. Friend.
    Mr. Adams: Is the Minister taking steps to deal with the delay in giving a reply to these people in Jamaica?
    Colonel Stanley: I am not prepared to accept the view that there has been delay until I have been able to find out the facts in the case.

    MAURITIUS AND CEYLON (LABOUR CONDITIONS)
    Mr. Edmund Harveyasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether the report of Major Orde-Browne on labour conditions in Mauritius is to be published, and, if so, when it will be available?
    Colonel Stanley: Yes, Sir. The publication, which will include also a report on Ceylon, has now gone to press, and will be released as soon as copies have been received in the Colonies concerned.

    BRAZILIAN AND COLONIAL COCOA
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he is aware of the American technical mission visiting Brazil to study alternative uses for surplus cocoa; and whether he will seek information as to these investigations in order to adopt any of its conclusions or proposals in respect of surplus British Colonial cocoa?
    Colonel Stanley: I understand that the technical mission which visited Brazil several months ago had general terms of reference to investigate the whole of the raw materials and industrial production of Brazil. The investigation covered, amongst other things, the position of the Brazilian cocoa industry. No formal findings of this part of the Mission's report are available, but I am making inquiries about it.
    Mr. Sorensen: Will the right hon. and gallant Gentleman say when these inquiries are likely to result in information which he might be able to give to the House?
    Colonel Stanley: I could not possibly say.

    EAST AFRICA (POLICY)
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether, in view of recent official statements regarding immigration, settlement and land policy in East African Colonies, he will announce a comprehensive policy at an early date, to include Tanganyika European settlement, and in particular, the safeguarding of native rights and effective treatment of the African land problem?
    Colonel Stanley: I am not aware what are the precise official statements which my hon. Friend has in mind. The question of general development and the possibilities of settlement in East Africa are continuously receiving attention, but I do not think that an announcement of a comprehensive policy could usefully be made at this juncture. My hon. Friend may be assured, however, that African interests, with regard to both present and future needs and opportunities, will be most carefully borne in mind.

    CYPRUS (INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS)
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has any information respecting industrial disputes in Cyprus; what steps have been taken to meet the 175 per cent. rise in the cost of living; how many have been arrested and sentenced in connection with strikes; and what action is proposed to meet Cypriot economic needs and growing political demands?
    Mr. Mathersasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he will make a statement regarding the present crisis in Cyprus caused by the increased cost of living and the suppression of trade union activity designed to secure a remedy; and whether he will order the release of imprisoned trade unionists and arrange for the ban against anti-Fascist clubs and centres to be lifted?
    Colonel Stanley: I apologise to the House that the answer is necessarily a long one.
    Hon. Members: Read it at the end of Questions.
    Colonel Stanley: With permission, I will circulate the answer in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Mr. Mathers: In view of the importance of this matter, might it not be more convenient for the right hon. and gallant Gentleman to answer this Question at the end of Questions?
    Mr. Speaker: Perhaps it would be more convenient to allow us to get through a few more Questions.
    Mr. Sorensen: On a point of Order. May I ask, Mr. Speaker, whether you are aware that through these Questions not being answered now some of those who are interested in this very important matter will not be able to elicit further information from the Secretary of State, and should not that be possible, seeing that other Members have opportunities to do so?
    Mr. Speaker: There are a large number of Questions remaining, and the Minister has said that this is a very long answer.
    At the end of Questions:
    Mr. Mathers: On a point of Order. The Questions which were addressed to the Colonial Secretary were put off in deference to the convenience of the House and because of the large number of Questions. Might we not ask for those Questions to be dealt with now? [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] I think the House would be willing to give time.
    Mr. Speaker: It appears to be the wish of hon. Members that they should be circulated by means of the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Mr. Sorensen: On that point of Order. May I respectfully point out that the answers circulated in the OFFICIAL REPORT as a rule are statistical in character, whereas those with which we are concerned are of a different character, and that if the course now proposed is taken as a precedent, many answers of a most valuable kind may not be given by Ministers upon the Floor of the House at all?
    Mr. Speaker: That is a hypothetical question.
    Following is the answer:
    Twenty-five industrial disputes were reported to the Labour Department in Cyprus between January and October, 1942. In December workmen employed by the Government on defence and other work at Nicosia struck for higher wages. The strike lasted 10 days.
    I am not aware that there is a crisis in Cyprus caused by the increased cost of living nor that the legitimate activities of trade unions are being suppressed. The cost of living index figure in Cyprus has risen from 100 in August, 1939, to 246 on 1st January, 1943. To meet this increase wages have been raised; bread is subsidised; the Government have assumed complete control over all essential imports as regards both price and distribution, and similar control is being extended to local produce. Active measures are being taken against profiteering and the black market. A Committee has been appointed to advise on measures for stabilising the cost of living. The economic needs of Cyprus are being met by increased local production and by a planned programme of imports which is operated in consultation with the Minister of State. But owing to the general shipping and supply situation shortages in certain commodities are from time to time unavoidable.
    With regard to the seven trade unionists convicted in the courts of offences, I should like, in view of the misleading reports which have reached here, to give the correct facts. They were prosecuted in the courts under the criminal law as the result of information laid by a private individual. The complainant was a man who had declined to strike, and the case against the accused was that they visited his house, some of them carrying sticks. He hid from them, and when they did not find him they threatened his wife and daughter that if he persisted in working they would assault and kill him. They were convicted on two counts and sentenced to imprisonment for 18 months on each, the sentences to run concurrently. They appealed. The appeals were on one count allowed, on a technicality, but on the other count they were dismissed.
    I have no information regarding a ban against anti-Fascists' clubs and centres in Cyprus.

    SEYCHELLES (COMPULSORY SERVICE)
    Mr. David Adamsasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he is aware that, in spite of considerable unemployment in Seychelles Colony, the Government have amended the Compulsory Service Ordinance to apply to males between the ages of 14 and 55 for compulsory labour upon Government and
    890
    private estates; whether he can state the wages, hours and conditions imposed; and why no representative of labour was appointed to the Agricultural Board concerned?
    Colonel Stanley: I am not aware of the existence of considerable unemployment in the Seychelles. The Compulsory Service Ordinance was made applicable to persons between the ages of 18–45 to enable the necessary labour to be obtained for food planting and other essential services. It is not intended that the Order shall be applied to compel persons to work on private estates. As regards the second part of the Question, detailed information as to wages, hours and conditions of work are not at present available, but the law provides that persons required to work shall receive the ordinary rates of pay current locally for such work. The Governor is sending a report by mail which will, no doubt, contain full particulars. As regards the last part of the Question, I am asking the Governor for information as to the constitution of the present Agricultural Board.
    Mr. Adams: Does the Minister not consider that it is a reactionary policy to compel people to work when they are willing to work if they have decent conditions?
    Colonel Stanley: These people are compelled to work in their own interests, because the food situation there is extremely difficult, and steps have got to be taken to increase production.

    PANAMA CANAL AREA (RECRUITED LABOUR)
    Mr. David Adamsasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he can now say whether the liaison officer has been appointed in the Panama Canal area where labourers recruited by the United States Government from Jamaica are employed, who complained of bad food, housing and ill-usage; whether he is aware of recent complaints that the wages of these labourers contracted for were not being paid; and what steps he is taking to remedy these matters?
    Colonel Stanley: Yes, Sir. An officer has been appointed as Labour Representative of the Jamaica Government in this area: and it will be for him to investigate any complaints made by Jamaican labourers there.

    KENYA (LABOUR DISPUTES)
    Mr. Harveyasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether his attention has been called to recent labour unrest in Kenya; whether this affects both conscripted and non-conscripted workers; how far it is connected with low wages, rising prices and food shortage; what action is being taken to deal with the situation; and whether the Kenya Legislative Council has, or is about to, consider a measure of labour legislation?
    Colonel Stanley: The disputes primarily concerned Railway and Public Works Department employees in Mombasa and to a lesser extent in Nairobi, and in no case did the stoppage last more than three days. A tribunal appointed to settle the disputes found that the unrest was due to the rise in cost of living, and awarded increased allowances in lieu of rations, fuel and housing to employees on the lower scales of pay, and in addition, in Mombasa, a cost of living bonus. Where-ever possible rations, fuel and clothing are to be issued in kind. I have no information as to whether or not any of the workers concerned were conscripted. So far as it known, the Kenya Government are not at present' contemplating the introduction of any additions to their present labour legislation.
    Mr. Harvey: Was not a measure rejected by the Council recently?
    Colonel Stanley: I am not aware of that, but if the hon. Member asks for information on that specific point, I will find out.

    UTILITY FURNITURE
    Mr. Higgsasked the President of the Board of Trade whether he is aware of the unsatisfactory position with regard to the production of utility furniture; and what steps he intends to take in order to accelerate supplies to satisfy the demand?
    The Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (Captain Waterhouse): Substantial quantities of utility furniture are now being made. My right hon. Friend is taking all possible steps to expedite production, but for some time at least the demand is bound to exceed the supply.
    Mr. Higgs: Is the Minister aware that at the end of January there was no designated firm in the Midlands zone for the
    892
    manufacture of utility kitchen furniture, and does he consider that progress is being made when that is the state of affairs?
    Captain Waterhouse: The whole of this procedure has been drawn up with the idea of providing for an adequate quantity of furniture to be made in all the districts in so far as materials are available.
    Mr. Holdsworth: May I ask whether arrangements can be made so that a customer can see what it is he is actually buying, rather than having to buy from a catalogue, which is very unsatisfactory?
    Captain Waterhouse: That may eventually be possible, but for the moment stocks are so short that we want to get all the furniture we can into the hands of the people who need it.

    COUPONS (PROSECUTION, BRIGHTON)
    Mr. Thorneasked the President of the Board of Trade whether he can give any information in connection with the charge made on 26th January against Mrs. A. S. Ascough, Buckingham Road, Brighton, of stealing 80,000 coupons; whether he is aware that Inspector Collyer gave evidence that 11,000 coupons are not accounted for; and how the woman in question obtained these coupons?
    Captain Waterhouse: This case is still sub judice.

    COALMINES (MECHANICAL LOADERS)
    Mr. Tom Brownasked the Minister of Fuel and Power the number of mechanical loaders now in commission in the mines of Great Britain; the increase in the number since 3rd September, 1939, and the effect of these machines upon safety and output where they have been put in commission?
    The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power (Mr. Tom Smith): The development of power loading in the coalmines of this country is still in the experimental stage. About 20 such machines are now at work, but no accurate information is available as to the number working at 3rd September, 1939.

    893
    The results so far achieved are encouraging. The Ministry is studying closely the safety issues involved.
    Mr. Brown: While thanking the Parliamentary Secretary for the answer given, may I ask whether he is aware that the men in the pits in Lancashire view with grave apprehension the question of the safety factor in connection with the introduction of these machines, and will he make a note to warn inspectors of mines that special attention should be given to the safety question in connection with the introduction of these mechanical loaders?
    Mr. Smith: In addition to making a note of it I can assure my hon. Friend that I have called the inspectorate into consultation in regard to the safety conditions involved in the introduction of this type of machinery generally, and he may take it that we are watching this question very carefully.
    Mr. James Griffiths: Have these machines been introduced without the prior consent of the Department and the inspectorate?
    Mr. Smith: No, I do not think so.

    FOREIGN SECRETARY (DUTIES)
    Mr. George Griffithsasked the Prime Minister whether, when the Foreign Secretary was appointed to the War Cabinet and Leader of the House, he was relieved of some of his duties at the Foreign Office, as it is impossible for him to carry out all those duties efficiently?
    The Deputy Prime Minister (Mr. Attlee): The Foreign Secretary of the day has always been a member of the War Cabinet. My hon. Friend can rest assured that my right hon. Friend the Foreign Secretary would not have undertaken these extra duties if he had not been satisfied that he could discharge them.
    Mr. Griffiths: Has not the Foreign Secretary been appointed Leader of the House since then? He is Leader of the House, a member of the War Cabinet and Foreign Secretary, and anybody who has heard his answers to-day will understand that his duties as Foreign Secretary are tremendous. May I further ask whether the Home Secretary fulfils his duties equal to the Foreign Secretary?

    POST-WAR AIR TRANSPORT
    Major Lloydasked the Prime Minister whether he will consider approaching the United States Government immediately with a view to obtaining agreement as to the post-war conduct of world air transport, such agreement to include a pooling of transport aircraft supplies?
    Mr. Attlee: This is doubtless one of the many subjects which will call for consideration with the United States Government and other Governments, including those of the Dominions and India. I am not at present in a position to say when such discussion will begin.
    Major Lloyd: Is the Minister aware that there is growing concern in the country in regard to the importance of this matter and that the concern is now being increasingly shared by our airmen, who desire to have some prospect of carrying on their skill after the war?
    Mr. Stokes: Can the Minister assure the House that no secret arrangement has been come to between this country and the United States in regard to civil aviation?
    Mr. Attlee: No such arrangement has been come to.

    UNITED NATIONS (CONSULTATIONS)
    Mr. Priceasked the Prime Minister whether any steps are contemplated for improving the machinery for joint consultation with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the preparation of the war plans of the United Nations?
    Mr. Attlee: I would refer the hon. Member to the reply given by my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister to the hon. Member for Eye (Mr. Granville) on 8th December, when he said that he was satisfied that everything possible was being done to make consultation between this country and the Soviet Union as intimate and as constant as possible.
    Mr. Price: Is it not a fact that there was no representative of the U.S.S.R. at Casablanca?
    Mr. Attlee: I think my hon. Friend will realise that that matter was very fully explained.
    Rear-Admiral Beamish: Are not British officers now serving in the Russian Armies and Russian officers in British Armies?
    Mr. Attlee: There is liaison, but I do not know what my hon. and gallant Friend means by "serving."

    WAR FACTORIES, NORTHERN IRELAND
    Dr. Littleasked the Minister of Production (1) how many war factories have been erected in Northern Ireland since the opening of the war; how many workers have been employed therein; and whether he will have additional factories erected in the near future as the labour is available to supply them;
    (2) whether he will so rearrange war work in the United Kingdom that all Northern Ireland workers will have facilities to do this work at home and not be asked to go elsewhere in the Kingdom, as this would not only add to their comfort but result in greater production?
    The Minister of Production (Mr. Lyttelton): While I regret that I cannot publish the information for which my hon. Friend asks, I shall be happy to let him have certain of the facts for his private information. With regard to the other points which he raises, I can assure my hon. Friend that the considerations which he advances are fully understood. It is the constant endeavour of the Supply Ministries to locate additional work in Northern Ireland so far as is practicable, having regard to the industrial and strategic factors involved.
    Dr. Little: Does not my right hon. Friend recognise that the number of factories in operation in Northern Ireland is inadequate to absorb the labour force? Will he press forward at once to provide additional factories and recognise that men can do much better work when they have home comforts than when they are away from home? I press that point upon the Minister.
    Mr. Lyttelton: I am aware that there is still labour force unused in Northern Ireland, but we are doing all we can to take work to them.

    TANKS
    Mr. Stokesasked the Minister of Production whether the- approval of the
    896
    Tank Board, as a body, was obtained before the A22 was put into production, in June, 1940; and what was the name of the person on the Board at that time with experience of design and production of tanks prior to his appointment to the Board?
    Mr. Lyttelton: With regard to the first part of the Question, I would refer the hon. Member to the Prime Minister's very full statement to the House on 15th December last. So far as the second part of the Question is concerned, Major-General Crawford and Mr. Moyses, who were members of the Tank Board in June, 1940, had had experience of design and production of tanks respectively before their appointment to the Board.
    Mr. Stokes: Is not the Minister aware that the statement of the Prime Minister was thoroughly unsatisfactory? Can he give the date on which this matter was referred to the Board, or will he do so if I put a Question down?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I cannot admit that the Prime Minister's statement was unsatisfactory.
    Sir A. Southby: Of course, you cannot. You would get the sack if you did.
    Mr. Lyttelton: The point which the hon. Member raises is most specifically answered in two different senses in the Prime Minister's statement.
    Mr. Stokes: Will the Minister give the information if I put a Question down?
    Mr. Stokesasked the Minister of Production what British tank with firepower equal to the German Mk. IV, equipped with a 76 mm, gun firing a 14 lb. shell with effective- range of 3,000 yards, was coming off the production line in June, 1942?
    Mr. Lyttelton: It would not be in the public interest to give the information for which the hon. Member asks. I may add that there is no evidence that the-German tank which he mentions was in action against us at the time to which he refers.
    Mr. Stokes: Does the Minister consider that a six-pounder gun with an effective range of 300 yards is equivalent to the gun I describe in the Question?
    Mr. Lyttelton: That is quite a different question.

    MINISTRY OF PRODUCTION (DEPUTY ADVISER ON INDUSTRIAL PUBLICITY)
    Mr. William Brownasked the Minister of Production (1) what post Mr. John D. Rodgers now holds in his Department; and whether it is the same post as that to which he was originally appointed;
    (2) why, when Mr. John D. Rodgers was considered for, and appointed to, the post of Deputy Adviser on Industrial Publicity, his Department refrained from considering any other candidate, including those available outside the call-up age and, in particular, older persons with qualifications for Press and publicity work, who have not yet been given appointments, but have been registered for employment by the Ministry of Labour and National Service?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The original appointment of Mr. John D. Rodgers in my Department was to the post of Deputy Adviser on Industrial Publicity, which post he continues to fill. As I have already informed the hon. Member, Mr. Rodgers was appointed after consultation with my right hon. Friend the Minister of Information. Mr. Rodgers was already in Government service, and as he was thought to be well qualified to undertake the duties required of him and was free to be transferred to my Department, there was no point in searching for and considering other candidates.
    Mr. Brown: Is this temporary civil servant to be accommodated somewhere else when his job comes to an end?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The hon. Gentleman appears to be going into the general, while I was dealing with the particular.
    Mr. Brown: Is not the Minister aware that there is usually some connection between the general and the particular?
    Mr. Henderson Stewart: Is it not a fact that Mr. Rodgers is a great expert in this particular line of business and has performed his duties to the Department's great satisfaction?
    Mr. Lyttelton: Yes, Sir, I think that that is so.

    CENTRAL BRISTOL BY-ELECTION (POLLING DATE)
    Mr. Clement Davies (by Private Notice)asked the Secretary of State for
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    the Home Department whether he is aware that yesterday, 2nd February, the Writ for the return of a Member for Central Bristol was moved, and on hearing of this a prospective candidate for this Division called on the returning officer to inquire the date of the poll and was told that no date could be fixed until he received notice of the Writ, which he presumed he would receive to-day, and he refused any information until he received the Writ; that there was issued on behalf of the Conservative prospective candidate yesterday a printed notice informing the electorate that the polling date had been fixed for 17th February, that on these facts it is apparent that a communication was made by the returning officer to the Conservative candidate and refused to another candidate; and what steps does he propose to take in the matter?
    The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mr. Herbert Morrison): I have made inquiries in the short time at my disposal and am informed that no date has yet been fixed for the poll for this by-election.
    Mr. Davies: While I appreciate the very short time which has been available for the right hon. Gentleman, and equally for me, has he made any inquiries as to whether this poster or printed notice was issued; but, what is much more important, will he agree to make a public statement that a returning officer occupies a position of great trust, and that no information should be issued by such an officer to one candidate and denied to another?
    Mr. Morrison: I entirely agree with that doctrine, and would certainly encourage that view, but I am quite categorically assured that no date has been fixed. In so far as anybody has announced the date, that is his responsibility. I deal with the returning officers, and I do not think I had better start dealing with individual political parties.
    Mr. Ivor Thomas: In order to put the matter beyond doubt, will the right hon. Gentleman guarantee that the poll shall not take place on the date mentioned in the Question?
    Mr. A. Bevan: Is it not obvious from the facts as disclosed that what has really happened is that the Conservative agent has prematurely disclosed private information?
    Mr. Morrison: That does not follow at all. It may be that someone might have been guessing. [Interruption.] Believe me, anyone can guess. I can only say I am definitely assured by the Town Clerk, whom I regard as a competent and an honourable person, that no date has been fixed. As a matter of fact, he has now received the Writ, and there is to be an unofficial meeting with all the agents to-day in order to discuss with them unofficially what the date should be.
    Mr. Bevan: Is it not perfectly clear that the whole matter of issuing Writs for by-elections has now become entirely unsatisfactory, because we have had instances quite recently where constituencies have been disfranchised for many months in order that certain political parties may fix up arrangements, and that this has happened in this case?
    Mr. Thomas: May I have a reply to my question?
    Mr. Maxton: Would it not be the normal procedure that the candidate of the party that previously held the seat would have advance knowledge of the date when the Writ would be moved in this House?
    Mr. Morrison: Yes, Sir; presumably, when the Whips move a Writ they are the first people to know that they will move it. Even so, under the law there still remains uncertainty as between certain dates as to when the poll will take place. On the point put to me as to whether I would take steps to see that the date mentioned was not made the polling day, I think it would be quite improper for me to interfere.
    Mr. Thorne: Is it not a fact that so many days must elapse after the Writ has been issued in this House before the polling date can be fixed?
    Mr. Morrison: Yes, Sir, so many days within certain limits. There does remain a discretion with the returning officer, or acting returning officer, whose official responsibility it is to fix the date.

BALLOT FOR NOTICES OF MOTIONS

  B.B.C. PROPAGANDA
  Mr. McGovern: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Civil Estimates, I shall call attention to
  900
  the nature of the propaganda of the B.B.C. and its propagandists, and move a Resolution.

  CIVIL AVIATION
  Mr. Burke: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Air Estimates, I shall call attention to the future of Civil Aviation, and move a Resolution.
  WOMEN'S ROYAL NAVAL SERVICE
  Mr. Holmes: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Navy Estimates, I shall call attention to the Women's Royal Naval Service, and move a Resolution.
  HOUSING
  Mr. Lipson: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Civil Estimates, I shall call attention to the problem of Housing, and move a Resolution.
  ARMY (WELFARE, EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING)
  Mr. Grenfell: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Army Estimates, I shall call attention to the Welfare, Education and Vocational Training of the troops, and move a Resolution.
  COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
  Mr. Sorensen: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Civil Estimates, I shall call attention to Colonial Administration, and move a Resolution.
  RURAL HOUSING
  Wing-Commander James: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Civil Estimates, I shall call attention to the question of Rural Housing, and move a Resolution.
  ARMY WELFARE
  Dr. Edith Summerskill: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Army Estimates, I shall call attention to the Welfare of the Personnel of the Army, and move a Resolution.

  ROYAL AIR FORCE (WELFARE, EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING)
  Mr. Mathers (for Mr. Ridley): I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Air Estimates, my hon.

  901
  Friend will call attention to the Welfare, Education and Vocational Training of Royal Air Force personnel, and move a Resolution.

  SUBMARINE WARFARE
  Captain Cunningham-Reid: I beg to give notice that, on going into Committee of Supply on the Navy Estimates, I shall call attention to Submarine Warfare, and move a Resolution.

MESSAGE FROM THE LORDS
That they have agreed to—
Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Bill,
Minister of Town and County Planning Bill,
Workmen's Compensation Bill, and Crown Lands Bill, without Amendment.
That they have passed a Bill, intituled "An Act to amend the law relating to the nationality of children born abroad of British fathers; to make special provision for the naturalization of persons rendering service in connection with the present war; to restrict the making of declarations of alienage in time of war; and to extend the power to make regulations under section nineteen of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1914." [British Nationality and Status of Aliens Bill [Lords.]

BRITISH NATIONALITY AND STATUS OF ALIENS BILL [Lords]
Read the First time; to be read a Second time upon the next Sitting Day.
Amendments made by the Lords to the Bill as circulated to the House to be printed. (Bill 14.)

ORDERS OF THE DAY

  ECONOMIC POLICY
  Order read for resuming Adjourned Debate on Question [2nd February]:
  "That this House urges upon the Government the essential need so to direct their economic and financial policy as to ensure that employment, industry and commerce may be increased and developed after the war to the greatest possible extent, and for that purpose to co-operate to the full with other members of the United Nations."—[Earl Winterton.]
  Question again proposed.
  Sir Percy Harris: The wording of this Motion will, I believe, meet with general acceptance, and there is no particular significance to be attached to the combination of names appearing on the Paper in support of it. As was rightly said during the opening stage of the Debate yesterday, there is common agreement among hon. Members as to the ends which we wish to achieve, while we preserve our freedom to differ

  917
  on the question of the means to be adopted for securing those ends. One of my main purposes in supporting this Motion is to try to induce the Government to expose their plans for economic reconstruction after the war. My right hon. Friend who opened the Debate yesterday did his best to secure an expression of opinion from the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The right hon. Gentleman, in his reply, made, as usual, a very attractive speech, beautifully worded and sweet and charming in manner, but he was extremely successful in giving the House very little information about reconstruction after the war. He stated the problems, but he did not indicate what were his proposed remedies.
  After all, it is not the responsibility of private Members to put forward plans for dealing with post-war problems any more than it is their responsibility to work out the strategy of the war. The Government surely have a sufficient number of Departments to deal with this problem. In fact during the last few months Departments have been springing up like mushrooms. What is wanted, however, is an economic general staff to analyse the industrial organisation of the country and to see how it can be adapted to post-war conditions—to prepare, in other words, the blue prints in readiness for the time when the armistice is reached. The Government have more or less bought up all the economists of the country. There is a galaxy of talent available. There are many distinguished men and women from the universities—Oxford, Cambridge, London University, the London School of Economics and others—who are experts in various phases of the problem. They are all now in various Government Departments, and I think it might be a good thing to bring them all together
  Mr. MacLaren: And blow them up.
  Sir P. Harris: —and get them to study these post-war problems. The Minister without Portfolio is obviously the Minister responsible, but he has no Department behind him and must inevitably depend on the work of other Ministers. I do not know why he should have the title of "Minister without Portfolio." At the end of the last war we had a Minister of Reconstruction, and it might be a good thing if we were to call the Minister in this case the "Minister of
  918
  Industry" or by some such appropriate title. I am not very much in love with the title, which some people advocate, of Minister of Planning. We have a Minister of Planning, but I do think that the title of "Minister without Portfolio" is a rather unfortunate description, because it suggests that the Minister has no definite problem to deal with.
  The economic problems created by the war are very serious, and they are going to be ten times worse at the end of the war. It was difficult enough after the last war. But in 1918 France had retained its independence and was a victorious Power, Italy was on our side and Japan was our Ally. The difficulties of the problem in present conditions will, as I say, be ten times worse, and, besides that consideration, we have, as was pointed out yesterday, to face the fact that this will be a debtor and not a creditor country, that the volume of our international trade is dwindling and that the whole situation after the war will be far more complex and difficult than that which existed in 1918.
  How long Lend-Lease will go on after the war we do not know, but, as the very title suggests, there will come a time when indefinite credit from the United States will cease and some form of payment will be demanded. But in the main the United States Executive show a desire to treat not only this country but all the United Nations generously. Not only President Roosevelt, but Vice-President Wallace, Cordell Hull, Harry Hopkins, Sumner Welles, and various other members of the Executive have been making speeches showing comprehension of the European situation, I am not going to bother the House with quotations, but I would like to quote one passage from a speech by Cordell Hull, who is probably as great an influence in the United States as anybody. In May, 1940, he said:
  "The far-reaching objectives of the Atlantic Charter cannot be obtained by wishful thinking."
  That might well be noted by the Chancellor, to be turned over in his mind.
  "We in this country must realise that their achievement will be impossible if we follow a policy of narrow economic nationalism, such as our extreme and disastrous tariff policy after the last war. We must realise that our own prosperity depends fully on prosperous conditions in other countries as their prosperity depends on us. We must show now by our positive acts of collaboration with other

  919
  nations of like mind that we are prepared to shoulder our full share of responsibility for building a better world. The fourth point of the Atlantic Charter involves the rehabilitation on a sound basis not only of trade but also of monetary, financial and other economic relations."
  That was a gesture which should have received an immediate response from this country. I know that the Chancellor's heart is all right, but it is unfortunate that he does not give a more definite response to such a generous gesture from Cordell Hull, which obviously represents the mind of the Executive in Washington. They have to face their critics and opponents. The Executive in Washington have a far more difficult task than the Government has here. They have very severe critics, not only among members of the Republican Party, but among some of their own party. The Isolationists are inclined, in recent months, to grow in strength. The Government in this country, therefore, should respond, not only by speeches but by showing willingness to make concessions to meet the American point of view. Cordell Hull makes the important admission that their extreme tariff policy is disastrous.
  I am going to make a suggestion. I am afraid it will not meet with general approval. A response showing our readiness to reconsider the Ottawa Agreement would be a tangible evidence of our readiness to reconsider the whole economic situation. We have, I agree, obligations to the Dominions. I endorse what the right hon. Gentleman said: that Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand came to our aid in this war without hesitation. Therefore, we could not go back on Ottawa without consulting them. But I believe that, in the light of the present trend of world events, the Dominions would be equally willing to depart from the Ottawa principle if, as a result, we could get understanding on economic problems with the United States and their collaboration in reconditioning world trade after the war. If the English-speaking peoples set an example, there would, I am convinced, be no difficulty. The other members of the United Nations, especially the Northern states—Denmark, Norway, Holland, and Belgium—would come in. That would not prevent an understanding with Russia, China, and others of our Allies.
  920
  Cordell Hull laid emphasis on the importance of a change in our financial system. The right hon. Gentleman yesterday spoke of the need for constructing again the international exchange system. I think there will be general agreement with this aim, but I trust that that does not mean re-imposing gold. Yesterday a former distinguished Member of this House buttonholed me and began criticising the failure of the right hon. Gentleman to make any reference to the golden calf. I read into the right hon. Gentleman's remarks that he does not visualise the reinstatement of gold. The United States now have the greater part of the gold stored in their cellars. Here again the right hon. Gentleman was vague. We do not want our international monetary policy to be left undecided until the war is over and chaos prevails. The time has come for the right hon. Gentleman to Hake his courage in his hands, or at any rate to open up discussion with all the other countries concerned, so that when peace comes trade will not be paralysed by the inevitable disorganisation of the international monetary system. There is at present no considered policy for dealing with this vital problem. I do not think the time of the right hon. Gentleman would be wasted if he visited the United States and if his visit resulted in agreement being reached between Washington and ourselves as to the form and shape of the international monetary system.
  The time has come, too, when we should consider the internal monetary system. I do not think it is so bad as some people say, but there is a suspicion that all is not well with our internal monetary and banking system. The Minister without Portfolio, in his speech on the Address, said that money should be the servant and not the master; but he did not tell us how the servant should operate. I do not want to see after this war employees and employers kept apart by the tyranny of finance. One or two experts opposite no doubt will go into the problem of the money system, and I shall not attempt to say in a speech of this kind what form it should take, but perhaps it might be a good thing for the Chancellor of the Exchequer to consider whether the time has not come for the appointment, not of a Royal Commission, which works slowly, but of a Committee, perhaps a Departmental Committee,

  921
  to report on the banking system, on the working of the Bank of England and its relation to the Treasury and also on the operations of our dozen or so of joint stock banks.
  We do not want what happened after the last war to occur again. In 1919 there was a boom, and in 1921 there was a slump. Some people regard these trade cycles as inevitable, as acts of God, and believe that we cannot do anything to meet them and that it is not within the power of man to prevent them. The aim of sound finance is to try and iron out slumps and booms, but in future the Government will have to take greater and more open responsibility instead of hiding themselves always behind the Bank of England. Everybody knows the close relation of the Treasury and the Bank of England. If the Government would take the responsibility and make clear that they have an important part to play in manipulating finances, it would do much to create confidence. Certainly they have succeeded largely during the war, and if they can succeed in war, they could, with much greater intensity, meet with greater success under peace conditions.
  Mr. Maxton: I have heard these phrases two or three times in this Debate. I know only the "slumps and booms." It seems to me to be a nice analogy, but does the right hon. Gentleman recollect that when we were at the top of a boom in the period between the two wars we had still over 1,000,000 unemployed? How do you iron that out?
  Sir P. Harris: I am suggesting that finance, to use the phrase of the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Minister without Portfolio, should be the servant and not the master. We do not want to allow finance always to be charged with the responsibility for every slump and for the mass of unemployment. It is up to the wit of man to see whether something can be done to improve the machinery. Finance has operated efficiently and well under war conditions. If world trade is opened up and we get all the machinery of imports and exports that is vital to us going again—because we are dependent for our economic existence more than any other country on being able to draw our supplies from every part of the world, supplies of wool, cotton, rubber and food—if everything
  922
  goes well, and trade operates and the finance system is efficient, we shall still have a very difficult problem to switch over from war to peace. It is not going to be easy. Total war has thrown the whole of our economy out of gear. The Minister of Labour has dragged away, with the approval of Parliament, the bulk of the men and women of this country from their ordinary vocations and put them either into the Services or into munitions or into any other industry than the one in which they are accustomed to work. It will not be a simple thing to get them back. It was difficult enough after the last war, but that was a comparatively small problem to what it is likely to be after this war.
  There are many things we might think out. There again the Government ought to be prepared not only to have remedies in their minds—no doubt they are full of wisdom which is locked up in their own breasts—but to take the nation into their confidence. Anyone knows, in the light of our experience of the last war, that once peace comes there will be complete paralysis and mass unemployment again a year or two afterwards. I believe that a very great deal could be done by organising ahead large-scale training. Camps have been built and laid out all over the country for the purpose of training men and making them into soldiers, sailors and airmen. Within a few months they turn a clerk or a worker from a bank into a skilled soldier, sailor or airman. We ought to make plans now and collect evidence of the kind of craftsmen that will be required, and get the necessary instructors and plant, and make them available, so that when the war is over, instead of men and women going into camps to become members of the Fighting Services, they could be trained and reconditioned and become good civilians. But it would be necessary to think out the details. Here is where an economic staff would come in useful. We ought to be informed of the kind of craftsmen of which we are likely to be short and the kind of skill required. There will be, as there was after the last war, a superfluity of engineers, but there will, be a shortage in 101 other trades—in textiles and many of our staple industries, just as in this war we have wanted miners to go down the mines.
  It is not only to the workers that the Government have an obligation; they have

  923
  a direct obligation to employers. Factories have been closed or converted, industries concentrated and shops closed and men have been taken away from their factories and put into all kinds of occupations, but it has always been understood that, when the war is over, the Government will help them to get going again. That will mean that finances will be required. The Government have a responsibility to these men who have had their factories converted to war purposes, to help them to get going. When they get back to their old factories they will often only find a lot of broken machinery. Men will want assistance to get their ordinary channels of trade. They have lost their clientèle. They will find their goodwill gone and their employees scattered all over the country. I want to see—and I believe the House wants to see—every encouragement given to private enterprise to re-open, to start again and to expand, and, if necessary, capital should be made available. We want to encourage in every way the spirit of adventure, new ideas, new factories and workshops and new markets, and the State cannot stand by as a mere spectator.
  The President of the Board of Trade has a great responsibility in the matter. I give credit to him. He has tried to understand many of the problems of industry during the war. They have been difficult enough. He knows about the cabinet makers. They find their factories closed, and they cannot get timber. They have to make utility furniture, and he has to come along to help to organise and assist them. Their problem is comparatively simple. After the war it will be far more difficult. It would be a good thing—and perhaps he will be able to do it to-day—to let these unfortunate manufacturers who have lost the work of years and who have had their factories closed down, and have willingly agreed to it in the national interest, know that they have a friend looking after their interests and that they will be helped to get going again. Though I am very much in favour of private enterprise, because it is that spirit of adventure that we want to encourage to get back the markets of the world, we must at the same time see that industry is not held up to ransom by monopolies or cartels. One of the most sinister and significant things between the
  924
  two wars was the growth of monopolies and cartels. When those monopolies and cartels Are not necessary in the public interest, they should be rooted out, but if, as is very often the case, they are required for efficient production, I think the House will agree with me, they should be brought under public control. That does not necessarily mean that they should be nationalised or run by a Government Department, but they should be brought under control through the machinery of public utility companies or something where there are safeguards against exploitation by private interests of the smaller industries or manufacturers.
  There are two or three commodities which lend themselves to such treatment. First, there are coal and power; secondly, there is transport; and, thirdly, there is probably steel. One of the most serious handicaps in engineering in many of our basic industries has been the international steel cartel which has always been something of a mystery. The steel industry was to have been brought, in return for protection, up to date and be modernised with new plant, but the industry failed to do so. We cannot allow that after the war. It may be necessary to see that steel is put into a special position and perhaps a public utility company formed in return for financial assistance or capital equipment.
  The governing problem of our post-war policy must be to secure steady employment. The Chancellor in his speech yesterday coined a new phrase when he referred to "active employment." I do not know whether that phrase has any significance, but I suppose he means steady and regular employment. Most of us have accepted the principles of the Beveridge Report, but it will work only if unemployment is reduced to a reasonable level. Now we shall not stop unemployment by merely talking about it, or even by using the word "finance." Many schemes have been put forward by various organisations, including the Federation of British Industries, chambers of commerce and now Unilevers. I have my letter-box filled with proposals worked out in detail for solving the unemployment problem. We have to wait for the Government's remedies. I did not discover them in the speech of the Chancellor yesterday. In the past it has been the custom to meet depressions by contracting credit and raising the Bank Rate. Now a strong case has been put forward

  925
  that that process should be reversed; that when trade is bad enterprise should be encouraged by cheap money or, as the President of the United States has said, by pump priming. A National Investment Board might be set up. This was put forward by my right hon. Friend the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George), but his recommendations received scant sympathy in certain quarters. But it should not only help public works but in times of depression, recondition industry by improving plant and stimulating capital expenditure. One of the problems after the war will be the change-over from the kind of industry that has been vital to our war effort to the varying complex economic structures upon which our peace time industry is built.
  Industry is not static. As the Chancellor pointed out, there are likely to be revolutionary changes in demand and in the methods of production. The trade unions have been rightly jealous of their privileges. During the war they surrendered them, and they are anxious to know that they will be restored when the war is over. The experience after the last war of dilutees was not fortunate. We do not want to see an over-crowded labour market in one particular industry while there is a shortage of skilled labour in other directions. One of the most vital needs in post-war reconstruction is to insist on a national minimum both for wages and nutrition and, I might add, the principle of family allowances. Once people were reassured of decent conditions in whatever occupation they might be working, and decent wages, the difficulty of mobility might be overcome. Once there are enough houses to go round, the reluctance of the ordinary man to leave his home will more or less disappear. I find that men do not move from one part of the country to another largely because if they give up their homes they will not be able to get others, and the break-up of their homes is a serious matter. That provides us with one of the most immediate remedies for our post-war problems. England will have to be rebuilt; the devastated areas will have to be repaired; there will be a terrific shortage of houses. Thanks to the Minister of Health, I understand that the number of houses that will be required in the immediate post-war years will be between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000. Half a million will be required for the accumulated
  926
  arrears of slum clearance, 600,000 to abate overcrowding and 250,000 to replace bombed houses, while the ordinary rebuilding programme will make up the balance of those figures. That will give employment to an additional 1,000,000 men in the building trade far 10 years.
  I had some experience after the last war of the London problem. There was a great willingness to go ahead with a large building programme, but it was held up because of a shortage of bricklayers, plasterers, and skilled craftsmen. They had left the industry for other trades, and the ordinary wastage had not been made up. There was a shortage, too, of materials of every kind, timber, tiles, bricks and light castings, and there was no organisation to make them good. If the Government could work out a programme in detail and use the new Ministry of Town and Country Planning with the Ministry of Health and get the good will of local authorities to train the necessary craftsmen, for whom there must be security and regular work for a period of years, that would be a substantial contribution to active employment in the post-war years. A real contribution will help towards the mobility of labour once there are enough houses to go round and at the same time will give employment to 1,000,000 men and add to the wealth of the nation.
  Another matter I want to refer to is agriculture. It is a most curious thing that in this Debate nothing has been said about agriculture, and I should have thought some reference would have been made to it. After all, more men are employed in agriculture than in any one other trade. It has proved what it can do under war conditions.
  Earl Winterton: I think my right hon. Friend is doing me and others rather an injustice in stating that no reference has been made in the Debate to agriculture. I said yesterday that we should increase our agricultural production, but that it was impossible to do so beyond a certain point.
  Sir P. Harris: Then perhaps I ought to have said there was not sufficient emphasis laid upon agriculture. As the Member for South-West Bethnal Green, I do not intend to put forward an agricultural policy but I will say that it must

  927
  play its part in reconstruction after the war and in absorbing surplus labour. I remember Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman once saying in his pawky way that land should be less a pleasure house for the few and more a treasure house for the people. Agriculture must be put on sound lines. The Government have a Minister of Agriculture who goes about the country making speeches and vague promises. The Government have a responsibility to detail what their policy will be under peace conditions, because you cannot divorce agriculture from world trade. After the war agriculture must never become bankrupt again and be treated as a pauperised industry. It will mean a revolution in our land system if our farmers are to have a fair deal under conditions which will put them in at least as good a position as the farmers in Australia, New Zealand and the United States.
  In conclusion, I will say that the nation is convinced that the Government can deal with mass unemployment if they have the will to do it. During the war it has been reduced by something like one per cent. The argument has been put forward that that has become possible because so many are in the Services. Those men and women, from an economic point of view, have been employed in unproductive work. I do not believe it is impossible, if the Government and the nation are prepared to face up to it, to prevent a reoccurrence of the scandals between 1918 and 1939, when there was queueing up at Employment Exchanges of willing men who were prepared to work but who were not able to find it. After all, during this war, with channels of trade closed and submarines infesting the sea, we have been able to keep going the economic life of the country without seriously injuring the health of the people. If we can reinstate trade on a different basis than before the last war, prevent economic nationalism, get co-operation between the States and at the same time recondition our own country we may yet be able to produce a state of affairs after this war that will satisfy the people that they have not fought in vain and that we have had the prescience and wisdom to work out plans to make society a decent place for all alike.
  Sir George Schuster: I think we all owe a debt of gratitude to the
  928
  noble Lord the Member for Horsham (Earl Winterton) for taking the initiative in putting this Motion on the Order Paper. I am certainly not one of those who think that the war is all over bar the shouting, but none the less it is not too early to start our Debates on the topics covered by the Motion. I think we are also very grateful—I am, at any rate—to my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer for his speech yesterday. I thought it was an admirable statement, and I am exceedingly glad that he had the opportunity to make such a statement. But I would like to add—and I am sure my right hon. Friend will not take it amiss—that his speech represented "the last word" in the type of speech which I would describe as a Second Reading Debate speech. We have got, after this Debate, to get on to the next stage, and what we have to consider is how we can get down to the consideration of the problems in more concrete form and get much closer to grips with the actual tasks that have to be carried out. It is indeed a very serious matter for the consideration of hon. Members and of the Government how we are to continue the realistic discussion of these wide economic problems. I venture to recall to the attention of the House a passage from an earlier address by my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister on this very matter—the Romanes lecture at Oxford in 1930—which I have quoted before in the House, but which I think bears repetition. My right hon. Friend said:
  "It must be observed that economic problems, unlike political issues, cannot be solved by any expression, however vehement, of the national will, but only by taking the right action. Yon cannot cure cancer by a majority. What is wanted is a remedy."
  He went on to say:
  "It would seem, therefore, that if new light is to be thrown on this grave and clamant problem—
  he was talking about the economic crisis at that time—
  "it must, in the first instance, receive examination through a non-political body free altogether from party exigencies and composed of persons possessing special qualifications in economic matters. Parliament, therefore, would be well advised to create such a body subordinate to itself and assist its deliberations to the utmost."
  I do not know exactly how effect can be given to that general idea, but before I close my remarks, I shall venture to

  929
  make a suggestion. The question of machinery, of how we are to consider these matters, is of very great importance.
  There is one feature in this Debate which has certainly given me satisfaction. In one of the leading Sunday journals this week, I read an appreciation of the position in Parliament which said that a division was growing up in the House with reference to the Beveridge scheme and other generous social policies between the Mr. Cans and the Mr. Can'ts. I had intended to say I range myself unhesitatingly on the side of the Mr. Cans; but such a declaration of faith is hardly necessary, since I do not think any hon, Member who has spoken in the Debate so far has taken up the position of Mr. Can't. I think the general tone of the Debate has been, as I think it is right it should have been, that what we have to do is not to consider whether we are to have generous social policies, but by what means we are to make it possible for us to give effect to these ideas.
  I will pass from these general observations to the main topic of the Motion. As the hon. Member for Chesterfield (Mr. Benson) said, it is impossible to cover the whole subject in a single speech. I must leave out much that I should like to say. I do not, for example, intend to follow up what my right hon. Friend the Member for South-West Bethnal Green (Sir Percy Harris) said in his challenge to the banking system. All I will say is that it is my humble belief that if the matter is inquired into it will be found that, in the relations between the Treasury and the Bank of England and through the Bank of England with the big banks, the Government have been able to devise in this imperfect world about as perfect a system for working this part of our financial machinery as could be found—a system in fact by which the Government make the best of both worlds, since they can get their own policy carried out whenever they want to, while, if they want to put the responsibility on to somebody else, they are perfectly free to do so. I do not want to talk about monetary policy, except to utter one word of warning. My right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in a recent speech prior to this Debate, used an expression to the effect that we have kept away the disease of inflation. I would like to put it to my right hon. Friend in another
  930
  way. He has been able to suppress the symptoms of the disease but he has, in the present situation, all the make-up for a very dangerous inflationary movement unless the Government are very wise after the war. I think that what my right hon. Friend said yesterday showed that he appreciates that danger.
  But, in spite of dangers and great difficulties ahead, I feel that we can face the future with courage, and I would like to quote the well-known remark of Adam Smith when, in answer to a gloomy friend in the City, who foresaw national ruin, as men in the City very often have done during the last 150 years, he said, "Sir, there is an awful lot of ruin in a nation." That is right, provided it is one nation, and not two nations, as Disraeli saw them, or not a nation, as my right hon. Friend the Member for East Edinburgh (Mr. Pethick-Lawrence) said yesterday, in which there are two halves, one rich and one poor. It must be a united nation and it must be a nation which is working hard.
  The keynote of all that I want to say to-day is that really we have two main tasks. The first is to make the people of this country understand the truth about the economic situation and convince them that everything depends on achieving the right kind of production, and the second is to make it clear to them beyond a shadow of doubt that the total product of the country's labour will be divided fairly and in the national interest. Looking back to the past, I think one may have reason for optimism. If any prophet in 1913 had ventured to prophesy what the state of this country would be 20 years hence, he would have been told that we could not survive it. Just take a few of the things which he would have had to forecast—the National Debt rising from £700,000,000 to £8,000,000,000, and the service on that debt increasing from £24,500,000 to a peak of £378,000,000; our expenditure on social services going up from about £62,000,000 to something like £500,000,000; our export trade being reduced in total from about one-third of the net industrial output to something not much more than one-seventh; our cotton piece-good exports reduced from over 7,000,000,000 yards to 3,000,000,000 yards; our coal exports from 73,000,000 tons to 39,000,000 tons, and so on. If anyone had painted that picture to the

  931
  public, I have no doubt we should all have said, "We cannot survive it." And yet, 20 years later, what did we find? The national credit of the country higher than ever before and, according to all the standards—health, housing, food consumption, small savers' investments, expenditure on amenities and amusements—the nation was far more prosperous than 20 years before, and the process was going on.
  But there were two great blots: first, the misery of mass unemployment, and secondly, the friction and disequilibrium in international trade that had the effect of preventing all countries from realising the full benefit of the technical advances in production that had been achieved and also undoubtedly was one of the contributory causes that led to the present war. We have much to learn from the past in encouragement, but also much to learn in warnings. We were very lucky in some ways in those years between the wars in the relatively high prices we were able to obtain for our exports compared with the very cheap prices at which we were able to buy imports, and whether we were wise in letting that relative price level remain, in the interests of the world, is a question that deserves consideration. But the two lessons which we must chiefly learn are the value of international co-operation and the absolute necessity for taking measures to prevent mass unemployment. It is quite clear, in general terms, what we need. We need maximum production of the right kind. That means producing the kind of goods that we want for ourselves, and that we can sell abroad, and—this is of vital importance—keeping the right balance between goods produced for consumption and capital goods for investment. We need to achieve that measure of production, and for that it is also quite clear what are the main requisites—good work by the rank and file, good management, true co-operation between management and workers based on a fair share of the product to the workers; full use of scientific research; wise directive control from the Government; and lastly, international co-operation.
  The Motion concerns itself chiefly with things which the Government should do, and therefore, in what I have to say I propose to concentrate on that, much as I should like to talk of some of the other
  932
  things. I would say that the main tasks of the Government are to exercise regulative control so as to avoid mass unemployment, to see that the country takes its place in international economic co-operation, and to handle what I would describe as the strategy of international trade. I want to know that the Government appreciate those main tasks. As regards mass unemployment, we have had a good deal of discussion about that, and several hon. Members have referred to what I regard as a very excellent study on the subject which was recently published in a pamphlet issued by Lever Bros. I think we ought to welcome that warmly as a serious and most valuable attempt to get to close grips with the actual problem Most of what has been said in this Debate and the general approach in that pamphlet has dealt with mass unemployment created by cyclical trade fluctuations. But that is only one of the causes. If the Government concentrate on that alone, I think they will be missing some of the main things that have to be attended to.
  In the years between the two wars, of course this country and other countries experienced the booms and slumps of trade cycles, but underneath all that there were two other very important factors. There were, first, the terrific dislocations caused by the war to the British industries chiefly dependent on export trade. No treatment of the kind advocated for cyclical trade fluctuations, which I might describe as medical treatment, will cure the evil from which this country mainly suffered between the two wars—the complete loss of some of our main export markets. That required surgical handling. If hon. Members look back over the figures of employment—and they deserve serious study—they will find that if one takes coalmining, textiles, general engineering and shipbuilding, between the years 1923 and 1934—taking the last year before rearmament came into effect—something like 1,200,000 men were deprived of their expectation of employment in those industries and had either to hang about as unemployed or find employment elsewhere. That was a terrific factor in our situation. We may have dislocations of that kind to deal with after this war, and although they will be of a different nature, we must be prepared to deal with them.
  Another very important thing to be taken into account is that it so happened that the beginning of the last war coincided

  933
  with a period which I might describe as a change in the economic life of the world. The easy period of expansive development, based on the growth of the population in industrial countries and territorial expansion, had come to an end, and we had reached a period when, if we were to go on progressing in production for human needs, we had to turn over to the more difficult task of what might be described as intensive development. I would commend to the attention of the House a very interesting article on that subject which appeared in "The Times" on 27th November, 1942, by Sir Harold Hartley and also to the League of Nations publications to which he makes reference, particularly the Report on the Problem of Raw Materials published in 1937. I cannot cover that subject fully now, but I do want to emphasise that we must not be satisfied only with considering measures for dealing with cyclical trade fluctuations. We have to think much more deeply than that. If I might take a medical analogy, I would say that if we think only of cyclical trade fluctuations, it would be rather like dealing with a patient who suffers from rheumatic affections and treating him for the effects of these and forgetting that at the same time the poor fellow has a broken leg and is also undergoing one of the major changes of life which is seriously affecting his general constitution. These last two factors have to be taken into account. I should like to know from the Government that they have these two things in mind.
  Now I want to turn to another point closely connected with what I have been saying. We have heard in many recent Debates what I imagine to be really the common view of the House now, which is that financial considerations must take a second place and that we must look rather for a broad economic policy; that a narrow annual budget outlook and the argument of the "empty till" are all out of date. Lord Keynes has written of the "humbug of finance." I accept the implications of these phrases; but they must not be swallowed blindly. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South-West Bethnal Green (Sir P. Harris) quoted with approval the doctrine that finance is now a servant. That is right too, but it has also been well said that if finance is a servant, we have to see that we treat that servant properly. There are in fact some fundamental truths underlying the
  934
  old rules of thumb about "making both ends meet," and we must not forget them. What I am leading up to is this: If we are going to forsake the narrow path of financial orthodoxy or the tenets of Gladstonian finance, and range at will over the wide spaces of "economic" policy, it is of the most vital importance that we should have good guides to lead us, and that those guides should either have a reliable map of the economic territory or at least a knowledge of its landmarks, skill to recognise its dangerous bogs and courage to call a halt and keep the nation out of them. There are indeed many temptations and dangers if you depart from that narrow way. Therefore I was particularly glad to hear what my right hon. Friend said about the Government's statistical records. Many of us have pleaded often in the past for a fuller and more enlightening statistical recording system. I need not, in view of the Chancellor's pledge, repeat that plea. But there are two things to add. First, we need not only good statistical records but interpretation of those records—the development of a technique which will make the public understand the truth that underlies them. Secondly, it is not enough only for us to improve our British system. I want to have some uniform system devised which can be adopted by other countries, so that all countries may keep their statistical records on the same basis. That would open the way to a great increase in the value of all the excellent work that has been done by the League of Nations and the Bank for International Settlements in compiling pictures of the economic structure of the world. I do hope, therefore, that the Government will take that up.
  But all these things will take some time to develop and I want to urge something more concrete and immediate. There is enough material available, both in our own records, and especially in the United States, where they have recently devoted a great deal of attention to getting together full data on their economic structure, and also in the reports compiled by the League of Nations, to make it possible to prepare a fairly reliable picture of the world's economic structure. I want to urge then as a preliminary to settling both national and international economic policy that the Government should now arrange for the preparation and publication

  935
  of a factual, study of the British economic structure and of the significance of its various parts. That will have to cover not only our internal system, but the ramifications of our connections with the rest of the world. It must be a strictly objective study, but it must be complete, showing the various parts in their right proportion, so that you can look at the picture and say, "If we want this, we cannot have that," or "It will have that effect." To have a complete picture is all-important since the controversies that arise on economic subjects either within a country and between one country and another, arise largely because particular groups of people see only one part of the picture. I am convinced that, if the public in each country were to see the picture as a whole, we should have a much better chance not only of agreement on our economic policy at home but also of international economic co-operation. I fully recognise that to prepare such a report is an extremely difficult task. The difficulty of selection, cutting out baffling detail and yet showing the true picture can only be overcome by a man of real genius. I want therefore to suggest to the Government that they should appoint Lord Keynes as a rapporteur to the nation or to Parliament on the economic structure of the country.
  I want to impress the House with the need for having the picture put before us clearly. We are all so woolly about these things when we discuss them. Let me give two illustrations. How many members who speak as experts, and talk of the importance of our export trade, could say what proportion of our net industrial output is represented by our exports?
  Mr. Maxton: Twenty per cent.
  Sir George Schuster: The hon. Member is wrong. I do not claim to be an expert, and I have not studied the matter carefully for two or three years, but, when I last went into it, the most reliable statement on the matter was a bulletin published by the London and Cambridge Economic Service in August, 1935, and, according to that, by 1934 the net industrial output required for exports had been reduced to 16 per cent. of the country's total effort. That is a much smaller figure than most people realise. [Interruption.] That figure, I believe, represents
  936
  in effect the amount of labour that goes into goods required for export.
  There is another point on which we are all extremely woolly. We hear a great deal of the importance of small business enterprise. How many people can tell us what is the significance in the national economic structure, of small manufacturing businesses, say, those employing 250 hands or less? All our discussions on industrial development proceed on terms which imply that we are working towards monopoly, that the whole industry of the country is carried on by concerns like I.C.I., Vickers, and Unilevers, but in truth a very vast proportion of it is carried on by smaller undertakings, and we must not forget them when considering our policy for the future, and we should be fortified by accurate knowledge when we agree about these issues. To return to the proposal which I have put forward, I think it would as a national report be of great value to the House and the nation; but it would be of infinitely more value if what we do on those lines in this country were to be balanced and paralleled by similar action in the United States and among all the United Nations. A good deal of our study would, as I have said, have to cover not only our own domestic set-up but our relations with other countries and our place in the world. The same would apply to the United States. They could help us greatly. They have been doing an immense amount of pioneer research work lately. It is not for me to suggest the exact methods of collaboration. Possibly there might be a straightforward tie up between our side and their Committee for Economic Development. The great point is that there should be some joint major study of the basic economic position. I should like a message to that effect to go across to the United States. Will they join us in this so that we may discuss this matter with full information before the public in each country?
  I realise that the idea which I have only roughly sketched, is full of difficulties, but it rests on the belief that the people in all countries should as far as possible apprehend the truth and the whole truth of these economic matters, and not be left to be got at by the advocates of sectional interests. It rests on the further belief, for which we have had convincing justification recently, that the public is hungry for concrete, accurate

  937
  knowledge—not vague phrases and pious expressions of principle, even the fine expressions of the Atlantic Charter, and certainly not sectional propaganda. It rests, further, on the belief that we shall never get international co-operation unless all nations are ready to recognise squarely each other's fundamental needs and unless Governments do their best to work out plans, designed not as a bargained compromise between conflicting sectional interests in one field or another but as a broad, generous measure for the prosperity and happiness of the common man in all. I believe something on the lines that I have sketched is possible and should be tackled immediately as a preliminary to framing national and international policy.
  There are many other matters that I wished to cover, but I must conclude as briefly as possible. If we are to have this economic policy, if we are to get away from the narrow guidance of budgetary restrictions, we need a single unified direction of our economic policy. I ask myself where, in the Government as it exists to-day, does that direction rest. We have a Minister without Portfolio as co-ordinator for post-war reconstruction. We have had unhappy experience of co-ordinators, and none of us can feel very happy about that position. Apart from that, you cannot separate into watertight compartments post-war reconstruction and our long-range economic policy. I understand that under the Lord President now all these things are satisfactorily discussed together. That may be working very well, but it depends largely on the personality of the Lord President. That is not a satisfactory feature on which to rely permanently. I put it to the Government that this is an essential piece of machinery that must be considered. There are two alternatives—either to continue the work with informal consultations and committees under a member of the War Cabinet like the Lord President, or possibly to broaden the scope of the Treasury and let the Treasury be responsible for watching not only the financial implications of every Department's action but its economic implications. I have ventured to put that view before the House before. It is not a popular view, because some hon. Members fear what they call the "dead hand" of the Treasury. I do not share that view, for it is my firm belief that the
  938
  Treasury can fairly claim Jo be the best Government Department in the world and that if we give it a job it will do it extremely well. If we give it the broader job of looking after the economic policy of the Government, it will rise to the responsibility. In any case this is a problem of the greatest possible importance to the country.
  I have not left myself any time to deal with international economic collaboration, but much that I have said has reference to that. I only want to plead shortly that it should be taken seriously and interpreted widely. I want to see as early as possible an "economic Casablanca" working on data and reports such as I have already described. I want to press that these questions be faced in the heat of our common emergency when we may be able to forge together the framework of a policy in a way which will not be possible when we cool down to our domestic problems of peace. I want to press, above all, for publicity in these matters. We ought to be told what is happening; for example, what is happening in the negotiations and studies which are being handled by Sir Frederick Leith Ross's Committee. I am frightened of two great dangers: secretiveness and sectionalism. I want to let in the fresh air of public interest, and thus prevent conflicting sectional interests spoiling all our international arrangements. I am frightened too at these problems being discussed piecemeal. We cannot, for example, discuss the wheat problem by itself. It is part of the whole economic set-up. Therefore, I plead for publicity on these matters and a broad, generous approach to the whole problem.
  My final word is this: We have been talking about economic matters and of material development, but these are not the only things that matter. Men need, it is true, a certain material standard, but our real aim must be to create a society in this country in which all will have the chance of a good life in the truest sense. Let us aim at that and face our task with courage. And if, after the war, we are a poorer nation, none the less, if we can work with a better spirit of comradeship and more equality, and if we are a busier nation, we shall be a very much happier nation.
  Mr. Maxton: I noticed that the hon. Member for Walsall

  939
  (Sir G. Schuster) occupied half the time that was taken by the right hon. Baronet the Member for South-West Bethnal Green (Sir P. Harris), to the advantage, I think, of the quality of what he had to say. I will try to carry on the geometrical progression so far as time is concerned and to occupy half the time taken by the hon. Gentleman. I hope that whoever follows me will be able to say that my quality has also been improved in consequence or, at least, if it has not, that the House has not had to suffer me for so long. I am sorry that the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer is not in his place. I am not blaming him, for he has to attend to some of the grosser material things of life, and we know that the right hon. Gentleman spends so much of his time in the upper ether that we cannot object to his having to meet the same calls of hunger that the rest of us do. I have one or two things to say to him particularly. May I endorse what he said about the noble Lord's House of Commons patriotism in bringing this matter before us? It is right that we should face the scope of the Motion that he has moved. I take it that the House will only regard it as a preliminary general survey of the problem and that later on we shall get down to greater precision. We shall have to be quite sure that we know what the problem is.
  A big number of the speeches that have been made, and particularly that of the Chancellor, made the assumption that the war will finish at a not too distant day—I hope that he is right—and that it will finish with the financial and economic position not substantially different from what it is to-day; that the outlook of the House of Commons and the composition of the House will be much the same as it is to-day; and that the political spirit ruling in the world will be very similar. That is a tremendous lot of assumptions. I hope that the composition of this House will not remain for an indefinite period in its present form. Remember that Conservative political thought dominated the House of Commons from one war to the other. Never once did another type of political thought get on top, and what an awful mess they made of all the problems with which we are dealing to-day. Never once did they formulate them aright. I remember one Conservative
  940
  Minister of Labour, a respected Member of the House and a Scotsman, Sir Arthur Steel-Maitland, saying to us that really what was needed was a greater mobility of men in industry. I remember that the right hon. Gentleman the Minister of Health was then one of the critics on the back benches, no one then visualising the dizzy heights that he would reach. The Minister of Labour solemnly told us about a Welsh miner who had been retrained and who had been transferred by the Ministry, lock, stock and barrel at their expense, somewhere in Scotland to be a handyman on a gentleman's estate. That was how the Conservative Party were handling the unemployment problem.
  Can hon. Members remember how Mr. Baldwin came in and told us one day with great pride that our West of England vegetable growers had got broccoli into the French market before the French growers themselves? I was pleased to hear it, because it enabled me to learn for the first time what a broccoli was. That announcement was received with admiration by Conservative Members. Young fellows who knocked about my place used language when I was a boy which I would hesitate to repeat, but there was one word which they used very frequently—"hooey." That was what the Conservative Party's attitude towards the unemployment problem was in the period between the two wars. "Hooey" was the one word that described it. The country will not stand another 25 years of that kind of nonsense. When the present Prime Minister took office he said that all he could offer the country was blood, sweat and tears. I listened to the Chancellor yesterday, and the only change in the programme which he visualised at the end of the war was that the blood was coming out and that, what would be left to the mass of the people was sweat and tears. If the Government think that the fellows who have gone 1,500 miles across the Libyan desert or sailed on submarines or flown in Spitfires will be willing to accept that as their future, they are making a great mistake.
  Coming from the Clyde, I can say that we are very ship and shipbuilding conscious and that we watch with great interest the shipbuilding developments of the United States of America, of Canada and even of New Zealand and other parts of the world. We see that the shipbuilding

  941
  potentialities of the world, counting only the countries on the Allied side, are sufficient to build in 12 months a merchant fleet bigger than what sailed the seven seas before the war. In those days immediately pre-war we did not have enough international carrying trade to keep more than a fraction of that fleet sailing. We had lochs on the Clyde which were used as parking places for unused merchant shipping that could not find freights. One year's labour and material on the present scale can reproduce the whole of the merchant fleet of the world. A ship once in the water can reasonably be given a 25 years' life. The shipbuilders of the world can replace the fleet of the world in 12 months. When they have supplied the world with all that it needs of this commodity for 25 years, what are my shipyard workers on the Clyde and the steel men who stand behind them going to do for the other 24 years? The right hon. Gentleman and others have said that we must look for export markets. That is one of the essential viciousnesses of the whole business. I always feel that as soon as you look for export trade you are thinking of cutting prices, thinking of a better show in the world market. As soon as you start to think about cheap prices you are thinking about low wages and long hours. Working for the world market represents only 1s6 per cent. of our total activities. We lived as a nation when our export market was only 16 per cent.
  We ought to start to look at the home market, which represents 84 per cent. Let us supply that with food and clothes and housing and entertainment, the means of health and all other requisites. Let us look to the satisfaction of the home market first. In that I include the necessity of importing a lot of the things which it is necessary to import because we do not produce them ourselves and certain things which we could do without but which nevertheless add to the enjoyment of life. Having done that, then think of what we are going to export. That is the point at which to begin to examine the export market. In starting from the export market end and arriving at the home market one is going the wrong way round. In war we start to consider the home market and that is the essential reason why in war time we keep all right in the matter of booms or slumps. We say, "We have an Army, a Navy and an Air Force and we have to clothe and feed them
  942
  as a first charge." That is the home market, and we make attending to that market the primary duty of the nation, and that is why we do not have in war time the same problem of unemployment that we have in peace time. Apart from looking ahead and examining this problem in an academic way I should be happier if I saw more Conservative Members of this House showing signs of getting rid of what I can only describe as their mean-spirited attitude towards the working class. I have pointed this out before, but no Conservative believes it. I know Conservatives in this House. In their personal relations they are kindly, generous and decent, but in their political thinking mean-spirited and niggardly, hating, one would think, the working class of their own country, frightened lest they should get half an inch. Consider all this racket about the catering business.
  Mr. George Griffiths: Good shot, that.
  Mr. Maxton: The employees there are men and women who have attended to them as they have attended to me—sweated, working all hours underpaid, over-wrought, badly housed, dependent on my mood and on the state of my pocket for what their income is likely to be at the end of the week.
  Mr. Colegate: May I ask the hon. Member whether he objects to an inquiry into whether it is true that they are sweated and whether conditions are so bad?
  Mr. Maxton: One of my resolves after 20 years' experience of this House is that if I can get the decent thing done to any section of the community without an inquiry, I will have it that way, because the overwhelming proportion of the inquiries that I have seen have been devices for doing deserving people out of something. I am glad for once to see a Minister who seems to be going ahead. Surely some of the men associated with this campaign against these poor little waitresses—
  Hon. Members: What campaign?
  Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Colonel Clifton-Brown): I would remind the hon. Member that we have a Bill on this subject coming before the House.
  Mr. Maxton: I only brought in that reference to the catering trade to illustrate a mood which I have repeatedly seen—

  943
  this grudging spirit. The Socialist is often said to be a man who grudges the position of those who are wealthier than himself. I never did it in my life. I never grudged any man any material superiority. Throughout my life I have hated to see people poorer than myself, and every decent Conservative would hate it too. But look at their attitude towards the question of compensation to civilians for war injury, look at their attitude towards old age pensions, to every little thing that comes up. It is an attitude of grudging meanness. Why not start now in the middle of the war and say, "We will wipe out now all the obvious unfairnesses and injustices that there are"? I am sorry, I had not meant to be so long, and I will conclude by saying that I hope that the next time this House comes to debate this general topic, as I hope it will be debated, it will be put in a more definite and concrete way.
  Mr. Loftus: Any discussion on the Catering Bill has been ruled out of Order, and therefore I cannot follow the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) in his remarks, but I would refer to his attack on the Tory Party and on the attitude of the British working man. I am proud of the record of the Tory Party in their relations to the British working man and in their defence of his rights. It was the earliest Tories of 100 years ago, Sadler and Taylor, who started the agitation for the first Factory Act.
  Mr. Maxton: I will make them a present of Shaftesbury, Sadler, Taylor and Disraeli, but you cannot live for more than 100 years.
  Mr. Loftus: The inspiration of Disraeli and the tradition of Disraeli live to-day in the Tory Party and guide their attitude towards the whole nation, including the working classes. Disraeli was the first man in this country who drew attention to the deplorable condition of the working classes and who pointed out that England was divided into two nations, the rich and the poor. But I want to turn to the main object of this Debate, the Motion on the subject of trade and employment. For the first few years after the war there will be, I think, ample employment, and while in some respects there has been national appreciation in the sources of production and in the new factories there has also
  944
  been very heavy national depreciation. Property of all kinds has been neglected for years, houses, factories and roads have deteriorated, machinery will want renewing and so on. The first point I put to my right hon. Friend is that we shall want to keep a very careful balance immediately after the war between those employed on capital outlay and on doing repairs to overcome the depreciation and those employed on the production of consumable goods, because if we employ too many to overcome the leeway in repairs we shall not have enough people producing consumable goods. That will be a difficult problem to face.
  I am sure that we shall never get a permanent solution of our unemployment problem unless we decide to restore a prosperous agricultural industry. It was pointed out yesterday by an hon. Member that we have lost a great deal of our foreign investments, equal to some £200,000,000 a year. He pointed out, also, that new countries like the Argentine are more and more switching over to industry. During the war these new countries, South and Central America, as well as Australia, New Zealand and India, have built and are building great industries, manufacturing what they used to get from us. It is no use having pious aspirations about this matter. It is no use denouncing economic nationalism in those other countries; no nation, once it has built up those secondary industries and established a more varied and higher standard of life for its people, will sacrifice it in order to save or encourage British exports. We have to face that fact.
  The great days of the 19th century, when we were the great exporters of the world and supplied, all over the world, markets eager for our goods, have gone and gone for ever, and we have to face that fact. Assume that we have lost £200,000,000 or thereabouts of interest on foreign investments that came to us each year. We were told in yesterday's Debate that, because of that loss, we had to export £200,000,000 worth a year more than we did before the war. I do not accept that opinion. Why not produce £200,000,000 worth more food in our own country than we did before the war? We could easily do it. Instead of sending our manufactured goods abroad to pay for our food, let us pay our own agricultural population with the manufactured

  945
  goods we produce here, for the extra supply of food that that population will produce I am certain that the solution of lost markets for our exports is to develop new markets in our own country and in our agricultural countryside so that our manufacturers will there have new markets which can easily produce £200,000,000 or £300,000,000 a year more food than before the war. If we tackled the problem on those lines, we might incidentally find that we had solved other problems as well. We might find that we had solved the unemployment problem and, in very large part, the problem of improved national health. We might find also that we had solved the problem of stopping or decreasing the centralisation of population in great cities. Therefore I plead for consideration of that aspect of the matter.
  I turn to our export markets. I recognise that we must have exports and imports, but the only object of exporting goods should be to import goods which we desire and cannot readily produce for ourselves. We have, of course, to import raw materials for our industries. We have to import rubber and such luxuries as tea and coffee, and we therefore have to export to pay for them. Many speakers yesterday expressed apprehension about difficulty in paying for those necessary or desirable imports by our exports, but I do not share those apprehensions. We certainly have a problem of exports, but let us realise that the countries producing the goods which we want to import have an equally grave problem in finding markets for their goods. The one overwhelming interest of the countries producing coffee, wheat, rubber and so on has been to find markets and not to destroy their goods because of inability to sell.
  On any reasonable and sensible method of international exchange I foresee no difficulty. I think we shall have to make modifications in our financial system and in international exchange, and I would suggest that the basis of the new system must be to make a reality of the theory that exports are paid for by imports. We have so to organise our international system of money exchange that the exporting country is paid in the currency of the importing country, which it must use directly or indirectly to purchase the goods of that country. The hon. Member
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  for Bridgeton pointed out—I agree greatly with much that he said—that the obsession on our export market may lead in the future as it has led in the past to a demand to reduce the prices of our goods in world markets and that the way to reduce those costs would be by reduction of wages in order that we might sell our goods in the markets of the world. That was his argument.
  I remember some 12 years ago, at the worst time of world slump, being engaged in controversy on that particular point. A friend of mine had written to me using the argument that we had to reduce wages in order to sell our goods abroad. I pointed out to him that it would be just as reasonable and logical to go to the people of Brazil who were burning coffee because it was unsaleable and tell them to reduce wages in order to sell coffee in England, or to go to the rubber planters of Malaya and tell them to reduce their wages to vanishing point, saying, "Your rubber is now 1½d. a pound and is obviously too dear because people are not buying it. You have to reduce the wages." It is an utterly illogical argument. It is also extremely immoral and cruel. I have always condemned it and always shall condemn it. Under a proper system of international trade I hope that we would cease to hear those arguments used and that the dilemma would not arise.
  While on the subject of the export trade, we ought to recognise that there is a fixed limit to our exports formed by the amount of goods we import and subject, of course, to allowances for interest received on foreign loans. We can only sell goods for which we have received imported goods and gold. We can lend abroad by means of foreign investments, but the limit of exports is the three things added together: the amount of goods we import, the amount of gold we import and the amount of our services—chiefly foreign loans, insurance services and so on. If we accept that statement, we must also accept that if owing to changes in the home trade, you export more of one commodity, you must export less of other commodities. If, for instance, a new industry arises, say motor cars, in this country, and we export motors on a great scale, we should have to export less of cottons or coal, unless we increased our imports considerably to pay for our increased exports. That is the position.

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  There is a fixed limit of exports. As we expand one branch of exports, others diminish, unless we import more, or lend more.
  Sir Frank Sanderson: Will my hon. Friend allow me to interrupt him? He will no doubt be aware that, taking the average of the three years preceding the war, we imported approximately £900,000,000 worth of goods and exported £500,000,000.
  Mr. Loftus: Yes, Sir, and the balance of £400,000,000 was made up, in round figures, of about £250,000,000 interest on foreign investments and £150,000,000 in services of various kinds. I shall deal with the subject of foreign investments in one moment. There is another point we should bear in mind, and it is that if we increased our-agricultural production by £200,000,000 or £300,000,000 a year after the war, compared with before the war, we should either have to import, and therefore export less or raise the standard of living of our people so that they could consume £200,000,000 or £300,000,000 a year more goods.
  Mr. Moutague: If that is the real essence of the problem, what is the hon. Member's reaction to the suggestion that we should set up a nutritional standard in this country and see that the people got it by making the supply of elementary foodstuffs a social service? Is not that the way out of our agricultural problem?
  Mr. Loftus: That question opens too wide a subject, and I cannot deal with it now. I was referring to foreign investments. At least two speakers in the Debate argued that after the war our policy should be to build up again our overseas investments. I sincerely hope that we shall do nothing of the kind. I am one of those who criticise the whole policy of investments overseas on a great scale. I want to put to the House to-day certain objections to that policy. I believe that if we attempt to revive that policy after the war, we shall involve ourselves in perpetual trouble, perpetual slumps and booms and international ill will. The first thing to remember is that the great slumps of the past have always followed a period of very heavy overseas investment. The great slump of 1873 was immediately after the great period of foreign lending when we exported
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  capital to North and South America. Then came the slump of the 'nineties which is attributed by Sir George Paish to excessive loans overseas. In that slump he points out that the price of food fell to a level which reduced the farmers of all nations to poverty. Those were two bad slumps. The worst slump the world has ever seen was, of course, the last great world slump of 1929–30–31 and so on. Let us look at what happened immediately before that slump. Between 1919 and 1929, the U.S.A. and Great Britain lent overseas nearly £4,000,000,000. I knew and I prophesied that that period would be followed by a world slump, from past precedents, and it happened. Therefore that is one reason why I criticise the policy; but there is another reason.
  The late Lord Mancroft, who as Sir Arthur Michael Samuel was for some time Financial Secretary to the Treasury in this House, estimated that in the 60 years before 1914 we had exported on foreign investments goods to the value of about £6,000,000,000 and that we had lost £2,000,000,000 of those capital investments at least, and probably £3,000,000,000. I want the House to realise what that means. That was wealth created by the people of this country and shipped on loan overseas. It consisted of goods created by our people and sold for credit overseas, and it was lost without any return of any kind. I may get the answer that capital losses are inevitable; yes, but if you have a non-paying business such as a harbour it may be a valuable national asset though it is of no value to the shareholders. In the world to-day there are many such capital assets outside this country created by our people but a dead loss of national wealth. Indeed "The Times" Trade Supplement, commenting on Sir Arthur Samuel's statement, said that for all the use they were to this country these goods might just as well have been sunk in the Atlantic—this £2,000,000,000 or £3,000,000,000 worth of goods.
  There is another criticism of the policy. I would give it from the words of the famous economist, Professor Pigou. Foreign investment or favourable balance of trade means a lower standard of life for the nation as a whole than its production would allow them to have. The words he uses are as follow:

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  "A favourable balance of trade means refraining from the import of goods to which we have a claim."
  He goes on:
  "It follows that Labour must be less well off in terms of things in general."
  In other words, if you lent overseas, say, £100,000,000 in one year, you could have used this amount to import goods and you have not done so. You have exported these goods and refrained from importing in exchange. When I think that 100 years ago the standard of life in our big cities was deplorable, the conditions of the working classes in those cities were deplorable, and that even then we were struggling for a favourable balance and achieving it and exporting goods on credit and refraining from importing goods in exchange. I confess that is a strong argument to me against resuming large-scale foreign lending.
  A very grave argument against foreign loans is this: Debtor nations must erect tariffs against our goods. The debtor nation must export far more than she imports. I will give proof of that statement. In 1932, when he was Prime Minister of Canada, Lord Bennett raised the Canadian tariff enormously. He was criticised in the Canadian House of Commons but defended himself in these words: He said that every day of the year Canada had to find a non-trading export of 1,000,000 dollars a day. In other words, Canada had to export in payment and interest to overseas investors, or outside investors in the United States and Great Britain 1,000,000 dollars worth of goods a day as a tribute before she could commence paying for imported goods. I give another case. When Austria was in a very bad condition after the last war the League of Nations issued a loan to Austria. The condition of the people in Vienna was deplorable. They were actually fishing up fats from the drains to eat. Ac that time the League of Nations sent a financial commission to Vienna to report on the financial situation, and they instructed Austria to restrict imports in order to find an excess of exports wherewith to meet the loan obligation. There again is an instance where a debtor nation must restrict imports in order to obtain as great a favourable balance as possible of exports to meet loan obligations.
  Mr. Benson: May I put a question? The hon. Member has drawn
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  a very strong and wide indictment against the export of capital as impoverishing the exporting country. Does he suggest that if wealthier nations had not irrigated the undeveloped parts of the world by the export of capital, we should have been better off?
  Mr. Loftus: I would answer that by saying it has led to unhealthy development. The new nations, such as Canada, go in for monoculture of one crop year after year for export, thereby causing soil erosion, which is a menace to humanity; it has led to the over-development of one industry for export, as, for instance, Brazil concentrating everything on the coffee industry; it has led in Peru, as "The Times" Trade Supplement pointed out some years ago, to the unhealthy development of copper export and the entire neglect of agriculture. In Australia it has led to the concentration of huge populations in cities. In that vast country over half the population is in five or six cities. In Sydney there is a bridge between the city and the suburbs. It costs Australia an export of £1,000 a day in goods to have that amenity, and this when her countryside is largely undeveloped. The proper export of capital was originally that of people going overseas to settle down and develop the country by a proper system of intensive cultivation for home trade, not huge farming for export in order to meet interests on loans. Another thing in the search for overseas investments is that it leads to high interest rates at home. After the last war we exported £200,000,000 capital to Germany at a high rate of interest. That meant high rates of interest for home borrowers.
  I would like to develop the argument still further, but the final thing is this: If we and the United States and other great countries start searching the world for new territories to develop, for new countries to exploit, it will only lead to international ill will and friction, and incidentally you will be forced, in your search for the profitable export of capital, to build factories in the new countries to destroy the export trade of your own factories in this country.
  I would say a final word about what was mentioned yesterday and to-day with regard to private enterprise. I think the hon. Member for Walsall (Sir G. Schuster) alluded to small industries in this

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  country. I sincerely hope that we shall so direct our economic policy after the war as to encourage the small man. At present I am afraid that by our taxation, by our legislation, by our administration we are encouraging huge monopolies and are discouraging, even to the point of extinction, the small independent man. I feel we must alter that to get a healthy economic order after the war. I would appeal to the Labour Benches, not by a quotation from a Tory or a Tory newspaper, but from a Socialist writer, G. D. H. Cole, in the "New Statemen" of 1941, where he wrote as follows:
  "It is a clear lesson of recent history that democracy cannot be real unless it rests on small groups as its basic unit, on groups small enough to be competently administered and led by men of normal stature and make up. This should make even Socialists wary of tearing up by the roots any small man's refuge that is left in a world so ridden by hugeness. It should make them regard the farmer, the shop keeper, the small manufacturer, not as obstacles in the way of universal centralisation but as valuable checks upon a dangerous agglomerative tendency."
  I agree with that statement by that eminent Socialist. I feel to-day that we want to encourage the small man for many reasons. I will mention only two. He is the safeguard of liberty. The small man of property, and property which is well distributed, is a valuable defence of liberty against any totalitarian tendencies of the State. I feel further the small man of property is the typical English citizen and will preserve the national character and that national initiative which have made us the great nation we are. Therefore in this world after the war, with totalitarian tendencies arising in every country, including our own, do let us seek to use our economic policy to establish the small independent man, to establish well distributed property so as to maintain the old individual liberty which has always been held in such high honour by our country.
  Mr. A. Edwards: May I ask the hon. Gentleman a question? Surely there is a very serious fallacy in his statement that when a man goes abroad with his capital that is very different from the export of capital? Surely it does not make any difference from the point of view of the nation?
  Mr. Loftus: Surely there is this difference. A country like Australia, with great
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  debts owing to this country, means that this country is rather in the position of an absentee landlord drawing investments in the same way as the Irish absentee landlords of earlier days lived here and drew rents from Ireland.
  Mr. Leslie: The hon. Member for Lowestoft (Mr. Loftus) made reference to the position of agriculture in this country. With much of what he said one can agree. The commodity boards would bring both the producer and consumer into touch. The real cause of the trouble in agriculture has been that the farmers have been far too individualistic. They have failed to co-operate as they did in Denmark and New Zealand, and both these countries certainly offer an object lesson to the Government of this country. The Noble Lord who opened this Debate yesterday expressed certain views with which we can all agree. I was particularly struck with one statement that he made:
  "It should be realised to a greater extent than it is in this House that the country is interested at the present time in questions concerning a fairer distribution of internal wealth, far greater equalisation of opportunity and a social plan of value, like the Beveridge Report. Those things should be effected not on political grounds, but on both practical and ethical grounds."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 1st February, 1943; col. 771, Vol. 386.]
  The speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer was somewhat like the curate's egg, good in parts and bad in parts. At one period he was quite progressive, but subsequently he qualified his statements. The future, in his estimation, is not altogether rosy; but I think there is no need for us to be pessimistic. Let us hope for the best, and strive for the best. We are in duty bound to carry into effect the Atlantic Charter, to which the Prime Minister has set his seal. The United States and Russia are equally bound. Points four and five of the Charter are of particular importance. Surely those points mean the elimination of discrimination in international commerce: the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers, in order to expand production and employment, and the exchange of goods, to secure and improve labour standards, economic advancement, and social security. In this connection the economic and financial section of the League of Nations Secretariat should play a part, and there is work for the International

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  Labour Office. Let me remind the House of what the Foreign Secretary said on reconstruction, on 2nd December:
  "The I.L.O. has struggled manfully, and with considerable success, to remove certain of the evils which are among the root causes of war: low standards of living, insecurity, and unemployment. Unless we can cure those evils, no peace structure can be enduring. The I.L.O. must be strengthened and developed. I should like it to become the main instrument giving effect to Article 5 of the Atlantic Charter."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd December, 1942; col. 1259, Vol. 385.]
  That was endorsed by the Paymaster-General and the Deputy Prime Minister. On two occasions I have asked the Foreign Secretary what steps the Government are taking to procure any programme of post-war economic collaboration with the United States and Russia in order to carry into effect the objects of the Atlantic Charter, the Lend-Lease Agreement and the Anglo-Russian Agreement. The sooner that is done, the better for the world in general. It would give hope of brighter days to the people now groaning under Nazi domination. Other speakers have agreed that after the war most of our foreign investments will have gone and the Empire will have changed in ways that will make a return to a system of preferences almost impossible. Our international needs and our international commitments will be such as to make it vitally necessary for us to take joint action with the United States and Russia. I cannot do better than to quote a far-seeing, very wise, authority on international relationships, who said recently:
  "When war is done the drive for tanks must be a drive for houses…the drive for physical fitness in the Forces must become a drive for bringing death and sickness rates in the whole population down to the lowest possible level.…We have to make freedom from want a reality. The drive for an all-out war effort by the United Nations must become a drive for an all-out peace effort based on the same co-operation and willingness to sacrifice.…Just as the people of democracy are united in a common objective to-day, so are we committed to a common objective to-morrow. We are committed to the establishment of a real democracy."
  Those are the words of a representative of the United States. They ought to go down with emphasis, not only in this country but in the United States and Russia.
  Major Conant: The Chancellor of the Exchequer reminded us yesterday that the war is not yet won. I
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  feel it is always wise when we are discussing post-war trade, as we shall frequently do, to remember that the conditions of the world and the conditions of this country may be very different indeed when the time comes to put into effect any plans which we may make and any proposals which we may advance. We are discussing problems of which we can at present see only the bare outline. We can see many of the difficulties, and how very great they will be: we can devise means of circumventing those difficulties; but we cannot do more than plan in outline. I cannot agree with the right hon. Baronet the Member for South-West Bethnal Green (Sir P. Harris), who criticised the Chancellor of the Exchequer for not going into details. To take one example, let us consider the position of our Far Eastern trade, upon which the standard of living in this country has depended to so great an extent in the past. All we know is that ultimately the territories we have lost will be reconquered. We cannot tell the extent to which they will be damaged by the enemy, to what plantations will be broken down, or how long it will be before trade in the Far East will be redeveloped. We should be very wise to consider post-war trade before we consider the suggestions of Sir William Beveridge for redistributing national income. It is upon the success of our efforts to restore trade after the war that those plans must depend. It is most unfair to the country either to pretend that trade restoration can take second place or to attempt to put a date to the Beveridge proposals, regardless of whether we consider them sound in principle or not.
  If we consider that the post-war period we are discussing commences when fighting stops, and that we are not considering the period following the official termination of the war, we can, for purposes of discussion, divide that period into two stages, which will obviously overlap but which will have very distinctive features. The first is the stage of reconstruction, when we shall be working in the closest co-operation with the United Nations. We shall pass gradually from that into the stage of international trade, when we and other nations will have to pay our own way. When we enter the stage of reconstruction, the state of Europe will be chaotic, the extent of the chaos depending on how long the war lasts. In "The Times" yesterday an interesting article

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  referred to the problems of reconstruction in Europe, and pointed out that it was to our own commercial interests, apart from our moral duty, to play our full share in reconstruction. It is obvious that we might attain a certain advantage by the removal of competition from the lower labour standards of Europe, but in the long run we can attain permanent improvement in our standards of living only by improving the standards of others. During that period we shall presumably be maintaining an army of occupation in Europe, to keep order and to ensure the carrying out of the peace treaty. One cannot foresee the extent of demobilisation, but probably we shall have to maintain for many years considerably larger Fighting Services than we have been accustomed to maintain in times of peace.
  This will place a great strain upon the industry of this country. We must bear that in mind when considering the organisation of future trade. It will be necessary that Government control over industry, over labour, management, and capital, should be continued; and control then will be infinitely more difficult than it is to-day. So many people will say, "We have been fighting for freedom; we have fought for the right to work where we wish; we have fought for private enterprise; and you have given us a type of Socialism far more drastic than that proposed by any political party before the war." There is a need for educating the country on the necessity for continuing control of industry in the immediate post-war period. Gradually we shall pass to a stage of normal trade, when we shall have to pay our way. It is to that stage that most of the speeches in this Debate have been directed. Our ultimate objective must be freedom from want. Our first objective can be said to be the provision of regular work, at good wages, without war-time restrictions upon industry. I stress the fact that restrictions must be removed. It is easy, of course, to abolish unemployment, to provide regular work, if you maintain control. Germany and Russia did so before the war, but only by the greatest restrictions upon the liberties of the subject, which no Englishman would wish to see cantinued.
  We pass to the final stage, the provision of freedom from want, which means added
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  social security and the expansion of our social services to provide for all the varied wants of the nation. That can come only as our foreign trade develops. I do not agree with the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) that foreign trade does not matter. Our present standard of living depends to a great extent on the way we have developed foreign trade in the past. For many countries foreign trade is not a necessity but a luxury. To us it is a necessity, and, as far as one can see, it always will be.
  Many hon. Members have referred to the considerable difficulties facing our foreign trade after the war. It will be far more difficult to revive our export trade than it will be to revive trade at home. We ourselves can decide the steps necessary to revive trade in this country, but we shall have to agree with other nations in deciding how to revive international trade. We should start our considerations within the Empire, not for the purpose of cutting out any State—the United States of America, or the U.S.S.R. or China—but in order that the family may speak with one voice. Clearly the problems of Dominion and Colonial trade after the war are going to be far more difficult than they were before war broke out. The interests within the Empire are not how complementary, but that is all the more reason why we should settle our own internal trade problems. Before, we get down to international discussions we should work out these plans within the Empire itself. Our aim should be, as hon. Members have said, the removal of trade barriers and, above all, the improvement in standards of living throughout the world. I cannot believe that by seeking to improve our own standards regardless of the interests of others we shall secure any permanent results. We must work towards the improvement of standards throughout the world.
  What is to be the position of agriculture after the war? Hon. Members have touched upon it. We have at last obtained conditions in the farming industry which are comparable to those in other industries. Those conditions cannot be allowed to revert to the conditions which existed up to the time of the war. Sooner or later some policy will have to be devised. It is not of urgent necessity, because obviously for many years after the war agriculture will remain in a comparatively

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  prosperous condition. Are we going to allow ploughed lands which have served us so well in times of trial to fall back to grass? Are we going to compel the people of this country to buy their food at home? We have to decide upon a definite policy. Unless we do so, there is a real risk of the industry meeting the same fate as befell it after the last war. The war has disorganised our internal and our export trade to an infinitely greater extent than ever before. The trade of the whole world has been disorganised to a similar degree, but there is this consolation, that the world will have an opportunity to take stock of its resources. It will have the chance of re-organising the distribution of its resources, and upon the success attending these efforts will depend the future happiness and comfort of mankind.
  Mr. Shinwell: My Noble Friend the Member for Horsham (Earl Winterton) deserves our appreciation for having raised this interesting and vital Debate. Undoubtedly, after the organisation of what we hope will prove to be a successful war effort, the subject of post-war economic policy is the most formidable of all our problems. If we fail to solve internal and international economic relations, we shall, in spite of our war successes, be deprived of complete and lasting victory. Let us not approach this matter in any spirit of pessimism. We are all conscious of the pre-war position, of the vast unemployment, of the social distresses of that period, of the insecurity, of which we have every reason to feel ashamed. Nevertheless, we are a nation possessed of huge resources. We have great technical skill at our command. Our workers possess remarkable craftsmanship; indeed it is second to none throughout the world. We are in fact, in spite of all that has been said, still a nation of high qualities. It is necessary to face the future realistically and to avoid all fantasy and what the Chancellor of the Exchequer described as wishful thinking. It is moreover, of the greatest importance to show a readiness to shake off orthodox and outworn methods. We have tried everything in war largely as a result of improvisation, for there was little planning and little foresight, as we well know. We have devised expedients of all kinds. Many have proved successful; they dovetailed into the war effort, and what we
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  have attempted and succeeded in accomplishing in war, we can equally achieve in the days of peace. A nation capable of this huge war effort, starting almost from scratch, capable of organising almost the whole of our resources, our national manpower, and capable of expending thousands of millions of pounds, fabulous sums, in that effort, is capable of applying itself assiduously and successfully to the reconstructive arts of peace. There is no task, however formidable, we will not attempt, and, in my judgment, there is no task so formidable that it is beyond our successful efforts.
  Therefore, I do not approach this subject of post-war economic policy, of exports and imports and the maintenance of a standard of life such as we desire, in any spirit of pessimism, nor do I seek to paint the picture of the future in sombre colours. Everything depends not so much on the statement of our objective, for upon that objective we are almost all agreed. I detect in the speeches common agreement. From the excellent opening speech of my Noble Friend, who spoke with such forthrightness and sincerity, right up till we heard the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, I detected common agreement on the objective which we desire to reach. But that is not our problem. The problem is to devise the machinery, the method, and the manner of approach. It is because of this, which is the essential ingredient in the problem, that I found the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer somewhat disappointing. It seemed to me that the Chancellor was aware of our needs, of what was required, but was clearly unable to visualise the kind of machinery necessary in order to reach the objective. Moreover, as it seemed to me, he took the miscellaneous assortment and threw them higgledy-piggledy into the shop window, so much so that I find it exceedingly difficult to detect the necessaries of life.
  It is easy enough to throw phrases about—and that is the easiest thing in the world for most of us—and to indulge in clichés, many of which have served their turn in the past, but we must look beneath those assertions, those highfalutin' utterances, those clichés, in order to ascertain the real substance of the case presented. First of all, may I venture to indulge in an interrogation, not an uncommon practice in the

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  course of our Debates? I would like to know—and I would not be at all surprised to learn that other hon. Members are in the same position—whether the speech made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer was a Government pronouncement. Let me explain. Naturally the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a member of the Government. I do not mean anything offensive by saying "naturally." In so far as the statement emanated from the Government, I want to probe a little beneath the surface. Was that speech, in all its arguments and contentions and its manner of approach to a solution of the problem, its references to the financial difficulties and liabilities for the future, and its suggestions about possible devices and machinery to be used in the execution of certain schemes and plans, a Government pronouncement? In other words, does that represent fully, completely, wholeheartedly and without qualification and reserve the opinion of every member of the Government? That is an important question, although I say so myself. We cannot have the Government speaking on post-war issues with two voices or, it may be, many voices. We want to know where we stand.
  Let me furnish an example, a very modest one, but one which will suffice for the purpose. The Chancellor, in the course of his observations yesterday, said, "We must allow free enterprise its place in the post-war world," He seemed to emphasise the need for it and, indeed, we have just had a speech from the hon. and gallant Gentleman opposite which endorsed what the Chancellor said. In fact, there have been several speeches of a like character. However, I am not concerned with the hon. Members; I mean no disrespect, but they are back benchers. I am concerned with the Government. When the Chancellor said what he did say about free enterprise, did that represent the Government's view, and does it represent the view of my right hon. Friend the President of the Board of Trade? It is very important, and I shall tell him why it is important. Because a return to free enterprise means a return to a policy of scarcity. It means a return to the policy of restrictions. It means a return to those days, not so far away, those dark, gloomy, depressing days of industrial dislocation and devastation when the winds of unemployment
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  swept across the face of the derelict areas of this country, when certain people in high places decided to close down shipyards and suspend the production of iron, steel, coal and even agricultural produce. I commend that to my hon. Friends opposite. All that was done in the name of the policy of scarcity. At that time it was the accepted policy of capitalism, which is represented in the main by many of my hon. Friends opposite.
  I ask the Government to say frankly, categorically and not obliquely or evasively whether they intend to return to the policy of free enterprise, to place power, industrial and economic power, which represents social power, in the hands of a comparatively small section of the community however able, intelligent and enlightened they may be, so that the destiny of millions shall be placed in the hands of the few? That is a fair question, and I ask for an answer. I see that the Secretary for the Department of Overseas Trade is present and is making comments which have not reached my ears; but have reached the ears of the Minister of Production. I hope they are intelligent and favourable comments. Obviously, if they are not favourable, they are not intelligent. However, we are very glad to see him here occasionally, although we sometimes wonder what he is doing. The question applies to him just as much as to my right hon. Friend the President of the Board of Trade. We are concerned with overseas trade, as I shall show in a moment. If the Chancellor's observations on this important matter represented the views of the Government, the errors of the past would be repeated. I shall expect a reply from my right hon. Friend.
  I want to direct the attention of Members to the real substance of this Debate. I have heard some interesting speeches, some muddled speeches, speeches which were just a hotch-potch of past economic policies, a mongrel mixture which will lead us nowhere. Let us face up to the problem. What is our common objective? First, it is full employment, to secure for every able-bodied person the opportunity of engaging in employment that is well-paid, consistent with modern living and producing things that are worth while. I take it that there is common agreement on that objective. What is the second and equally important objective? It is the maximisation of production—a term

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  often used by economists and well understood. It means using the whole of your resources and developing them in so far as is physically practicable having regard to circumstances, internal and international. Full employment is essential, as I shall show. There is no question of not wanting it; it is imperative. We want, first of all, to increase the national income, because unless there is increased national income, it is clear that you cannot pay out large sums without incurring grave responsibility, and not only financial responsibility. You must have full employment in order to increase output of the goods that are worth while, thus increasing the national income, but there is a still more important reason which I am sure will commend itself to hon. Members. We have to meet the challenge of the future in spite of all that has been said about international co-operation. Let us be realistic. There are nations which possess huge productive forces greater than ours and which have greater populations. Comparatively speaking, we are a small nation. Apart from the Commonwealth, we are 45,000,000 souls, whereas America has a population of 130,000,000 and Russia 160,000,000 and there may be a reorganised Europe on a federal basis—who can tell?—with a population of 80,000,000 to 120,000,000, organised not merely politically but economically.
  Economic organisation on federal lines already exists in Europe. To a large extent it has been established by the Nazis. Dislike their politics as you will, the economic Germans are there, and we must take cognizance of them. A small nation such as ours, comparatively speaking—a nation possessing high qualities, great skill and technique and great traditions, but having, comparatively speaking, a small population and small resources alongside the huge resources of other nations—must meet that challenge, and, therefore, we must maximise production to the limit. There must be no waste of any kind.
  Let me for a moment deal with the question of full employment. I said there was common agreement about that. But what kind of employment? Hon. Members opposite may say that, of course, we must have full employment in order to produce for export, but as many of them have remarked, and as was implied in the Chancellor's speech, we must so regulate wages as not to impose too heavy
  962
  financial burdens on entrepreneurs and manufacturers because otherwise we shall be faced with unfavourable competition from abroad and our goods will not enter the markets of the world. That is the old argument which we have heard over and over again.
  But the situation has changed. How has it changed? Everything we are saying is based on the assumption of victory. That is obvious. But a victory for whom? A victory for the United Nations. Who are the United Nations? The United States of America, the Commonwealth, to begin with and in particular. Are we likely to face competition from the United States of America? Perhaps, in the absence of effective international co-operation. Are we likely to face competition from the Dominions in the absence of effective economic arrangements? Let us remember the creation of secondary industries in the Dominions. But if that is the competition that will be forthcoming, those countries are countries having high wage rates and high living standards. Certainly we shall not need to reduce the wages of our workers in order to meet that kind of competition. Therefore, the argument disappears. It may be that we shall have to face a regenerated Europe after a period of years and competition from Czechoslovakia, if it still exists, and from other countries in Europe. But the real element in competition is not so much wages costs as efficiency. Something has emerged, as is well known to the President of the Board of Trade, during this war. It is this. Many refugees have come to this country—Czechs, ex-Germans, and many others—and they have created industries. It is a remarkable fact—I speak knowing the facts, and I know my right hon. Friend will agree—that as a result of industrial efficiency such as they have been able to promote they are able to produce much more cheaply than many British manufacturers. They can pay high wages quite readily because the methods and technique they employ have more than made up for the additional wages costs. That is the lesson that must be learned by British manufacturers.
  There is another reason why wages must not be reduced. We simply cannot afford it, and least of all hon. Members who represent agricultural constituencies. I have often been interested to hear what

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  has been said about agriculture in the. House, knowing nothing about the subject myself; but I do know that if every worker in this country, every craftsman, every skilled and unskilled labourer, with their families, could reach the standard of living of the average Member of Parliament, it would solve the problem of agriculture. Let them eat as much as we can eat because we can afford it. I am lumping together all Members of Parliament; I could make distinctions, but I shall not do so. That is the way out of the difficulty. We must not seek to reduce wages and reduce standards of living, which were always too low in normal times. We ought to be ashamed of the wage rates that were current in the inter-war years in the mining industry, in agriculture, in textiles, and elsewhere.
  Mr. Gallacher: And in engineering.
  Mr. Shinwell: And in engineering. There were few exceptions. We must raise the standard of living in order to absorb production. There is the solution of the problem, stripped of all the verbiage, all the nonsense, and all the fine sentiments. Synchronise production with consumption; that is how to deal with the problem.
  Sir Cyril Entwistle: It is not so easy to do.
  Mr. Shinwell: I agree. It depends on the manner of your approach. I want to say a word or two about maximum production. Of course, we must maximise production, but everything depends upon the nature and character of the product. If it is left to free enterprise, as some hon. Members, but not all hon. Members, opposite intend; or as the Chancellor of the Exchequer intends, what will they produce?
  Mr. Colegate: What the consumer wants.
  Mr. Shinwell: What they want the consumer to want; what will produce for them a high profit.
  Mr. Colegate: Nonsense.
  Mr. Shinwell: It is clear that there is a difference of opinion about this. What I say to hon. Members opposite is that unless we prepare to exercise Government
  964
  direction in relation to the character of our production, we cannot reach a solution. I want to know whether this can be left to private enterprise.
  Mr. Colegate: It can be left to the consumer to decide what he wants.
  Mr. Shinwell: The hon. Member says it can be left to the consumer, but which consumer—the consumer with £2 10s. a week or the consumer with £2,000 a year? What is the use of talking on those lines? Unless in the post-war period the Government are prepared to present plans laying it down quite definitely and without reservation that no private person is allowed to do this, that or the other thing which may be detrimental to the public interest, I am afraid our victory in war will turn to ashes in the mouth. We shall be back again in the old devastation of the inter-war years. There is something more. We have to make up our minds on certain fundamental issues. When I hear hon. Members talk about capitalisation of industry and how we should use our finance, investments and the like, I remind myself that there is something even more potent and more important. It is this. Can we make up our minds whether we wish to be an agricultural nation or an industrial nation?
  Mr. Colegate: Why not both?
  Mr. Shinwell: Some people want the best of both worlds. I will tell the House why it cannot be so. You can promote agriculture up to a certain limit in this country beyond which it is dangerous to go because you will adversely affect the industrial position. Is not that obvious? I am trying to get down to brass tacks. Take, for example, what is called self-sufficiency. People say we must produce all we possibly can from our own soil. I entirely agree with them, if we produce the right kind of things, consistent with the right kind of economy we should employ in relation to our manufacturing prospects and the like. But suppose we were able to produce all the food we want. I am putting the supposition so that hon. Members will see the absurdity of their arguments. If we could produce 100 per cent. of the foodstuffs that we require, does anyone suppose that we could build up a great Mercantile Marine after the war, that we should find work for the men who live in the constituency of the hon.

  965
  Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) who work in the Clyde shipyards? You cannot have it both ways. Therefore what the Government must do is to tell the House and the country how to make up their minds on this very fundamental issue. What is it that we want to produce? Do we want to produce wheat in abundance, which we can get from other countries cheaply? Do we want to produce butter in abundance, which New Zealand wishes to sell us, and must sell us if she is to buy any of our exports? Are we going to produce more meat? There, I agree, the people of this country have never consumed as much meat as they ought to. They do not consume anything like the amount consumed by the citizens of the United States. We ought to be producing more meat, more eggs and more milk. There is a great field of possibilities lying open to us in the consumption of more liquid milk. That is the way to help agriculture. But do not, whatever you do, help agriculture at the expense of the industrial and manufacturing interests of the country. You have to make up your minds what you want. Moreover, when I hear Members talking about the need for international co-operation, I ask them, Is it possible to promote anything in the nature of self-sufficiency and still maintain the desire for international co-operation? International co-operation depends for its very being on the readiness of Governments and nations to renounce their economic sovereignty. They must be prepared to fit in to the economic needs of all the other countries, and, of course, it must be mutual. It cannot be exclusive.
  May I say a word about the subject of exports, which has obsessed many Members? I am going to treat it in perhaps an unusual fashion. We need trouble very little about our exports, for the simple reason that, unless other countries are prepared to buy our goods, they will discover that it is impossible for us to buy theirs. I agree that trade does not take on a bilateral character. It is multilateral. It is true that in Canada they are developing secondary industries. The question they have to consider is whether they can afford to develop secondary industries, which means not taking manufactured goods from us, if we say, "We are sorry, but we cannot take your butter and your cheese." They have to make up their minds equally with us. The problems are not ours alone. They are the problems of
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  every country in the world. Even the great United States, with their almost illimitable resources, their great stocks of gold and their great industrial capacity, upon which even the war has hardly made an impact, have their troubles. Their problem is to know how to dispose of their surplus.
  That brings me to something which is perhaps of primary importance. I have read the terms of the Atlantic Charter, and I applaud its fine sentiments. Equally I have read the speeches of Henry Wallace, Sumner Welles and John Winant, all estimable gentlemen, portraying high ideals. I equally recognise the fine idealistic spirit of President Roosevelt. But he is not America, neither is Mr. Winant, nor are the other gentlemen to whom I have referred. They have their ideals, but they do not represent the economic views of the people in control. If international co-operation depended on President Roosevelt and Mr. Winant—I hope I may be forgiven for mentioning the name of the Ambassador—and Mr. Sumner Welles, it would be successful. But it depends on the denizens of Wall Street, on the farmers of the Middle West, on the motor manufacturers of Detroit and the steel manufacturers of Pittsburg. There are a great many considerations. I detect, in my reading of the American Press, and in information conveyed to me, certain economic trends which appear to me to indicate that, unless something is done to arrest it, the United States will proceed along the path followed by financial and industrial interests in this country in years gone by. They will seek to make their investments in every part of the world, and for a time there will be advantage to themselves and to their country, but in the long run disaster will come, as indeed it came to us in the loss of exports and in the diminution of our invisible exports, because you cannot live at the expense of your neighbours. You can only live and be comfortable if your neighbour is living comfortably and decently also. The basis of international co-operation is a high standard of living, the highest possible, for the people not only of this country but of the United States, China, Russia, India, our Colonies, backward countries and devastated Europe. I did not agree at all with the hon. Member who spoke about a possible return to Ottawa. I think Ottawa

  967
  was fatal. You cannot build a ring fence round the Empire.
  I want to make a suggestion. The Government might very well create an economic council independent of them-selves. I agree that the Government must study and investigate, but, after all, they are limited by the fact that they are the Government. I should prefer to see them setting up an independent economic authority—industrialists, trade union representatives, Members of this House, economists, technicians and scientists—and let them examine every aspect of the problem that we are discussing to-day. They ought to get to work now. There ought to be no delay. I hope the Government will examine that proposal and see whether it is possible to put it into operation. We have to make a firm declaration that we are ready to enter into arrangements with other nations throughout, the world in order to reach the primary objective, namely, the raising of the standard of life of the people. Moreover, we must agree at the end of this war to take the power of investment out of private hands. We must agree that something will be done to bring the key industries and services under public control. We must also agree to develop scientific research in every direction. Let us reflect on the past. Let us consider what happened in the inter-war years. Let us consider the sacrifices of our gallant men on the high seas, in the air, and in the various theatres of war, and as we reflect on those sacrifices and the errors of the past let us say, "Never again."
  Major Thorneycroft: I feel that the chief quality which the House will demand of any speech of mine at this stage of the Debate will be brevity, and I shall seek to satisfy the House at least on that point. It is a privilege to follow the hon. Member for Seaham (Mr. Shinwell). I shall not attempt to reply in full to his speech because, after all, my right hon. Friend the President of the Board of Trade is on the Front Bench for that purpose. I listened to it with mixed feelings. I admired, as I always do admire, the hon. Member's great eloquence. I admired the conviction with which he spoke and his debating skill, but at the end of his speech, while he had convinced me that something was seriously wrong with the present state of our affairs, he did not leave me much clearer as to what should
  968
  be done to put it right. He persuaded me, although I needed no persuasion, that the standard of living of our people had to be raised, but he did not bring to my mind constructive proposals for bringing about that happy state of affairs. I am not sure that at this stage in our history—and I say this with some hesitation because the hon. Member is a much more experienced Member of the House than I am—it helps matters very much to make the debating point which he made, that the political background of the Chancellor of the Exchequer is different from that of my right hon. Friend who is to reply. The one thing which will prevent us from solving the great problems with which we, are faced will be to enter into party strife across the Floor of the House.
  The House is grateful to the Noble Lord the Member for Horsham (Earl Winterton) for initiating this Debate. We should be grateful to him also for the manner in which he did so. If the Noble Lord has any faults—and I do not think any of us would admit that he has—it is that he sometimes makes needlessly provocative utterances. He introduced this discussion, however, in such a manner that we can consider the problems with which we are faced, calmly, without party arguments and without reopening old political sores. My hon. Friend the Member for East Wolverhampton (Mr. Mander), who is a neighbour of mine, tried to divide the Tory Party into those who were over a certain age and those who were under it. I can assure him that no division of that kind really exists. The problem which we are discussing is an important one because, on our ability to solve it hangs the future of the next 20 years and possibly at the end of that time the question whether we shall indulge in war or peace.
  I will try to indicate the lines along which we should seek to solve that problem. The promoters of this Motion and other hon. Members have emphasised the need for co-operation with the other United Nations. It is obvious, and everybody agrees about it, that if we are to go back to the old system of scrambling for the markets of the world and of bitter trade rivalries we shall be faced with exactly the same difficulties and problems that we experienced in the 20 years between the last war and the present one, and that therefore we must develop some system of international co-operation. If we are to say to the Government, "Go

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  to the other United Nations, agree with them, make arrangements with them about where we are going to trade," we must also say to the Government, "We will give you some power over the production policy of this country." Let me illustrate what I mean by a practical example. If the Government agree, say with the United States of America, that Great Britain could export motor cars to the Argentine but not to Brazil, we must also give the Government power to see that the motor cars are produced and are in fact exported to the Argentine and not to Brazil. The Noble Lord who moved the Motion suggested that this state of affairs might be brought about by our economic and financial policies. These are wide terms and may include a multitude of different methods. I am bound to say that I agree with other hon. Members that the old financial methods, the old political palliatives that we have tried in the past have undoubtedly failed. If the history of the 20 years between the last war and this one has taught us nothing else, it has taught us that lesson. If we learn that lesson we may avoid the same sad sequence of events—a world immediately after the war in which everybody is clamouring for goods, industrialists are rushing into the easiest markets trying to get the quickest turnover and the largest profit, and at the end of those three years in which there was a kind of financiers' paradise, the same slump, the same misery, squalor, wretchedness and eventually war.
  That is the picture we must avoid this time. That was first brought home to us in the slump of 1929, and since that period there have been three schools of thought. There have been the totalitarians who believe in outright compulsion; the new dealers and the planners who believe in self discipline; and the school of laissez faire about which I will not say too much as I do not want to enter into needless controversy. Let us frankly admit that before the war the totalitarians met with a great measure of success, at least in reducing and indeed eliminating unemployment in their own countries. So successful were they that they even went to war in order to impose their system upon the rest of the world, with the result that the planners have had to plan as never before. How far are we going to keep control of the plans and schemes after the present conflict is over? I do
  970
  not want to enter into a discussion as to whether Socialism is a feasible solution or not. I cannot do it in the time available. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South-West-Bethnal Green (Sir P. Harris) suggested some great economic staff. I only want to utter this one word of warning. Do not let us try to do things too big and fail. General Smuts, when addressing the House some time ago, said something which was very wise. After the last war, he said, we failed mainly because we tried to make our schemes too grandiose. Let us this time be modest and practical.
  There are two steps I would suggest that the Government might take. One, as a matter of principle, is that they should take a much more active part in promoting the selling of British goods abroad because that is a matter in which the totalitarian States excel. The other is that at this moment they should give a lead to some of those industries which have to start up immediately after the war, such as the knitted goods industry, which has contracted during the war. Let the Government say, "Here is a likely market that we hope to give you: get your designs out now so that they will be ready as soon as the war is over, and you can jump into full production." Those are practical methods which I feel could be adopted forthwith.
  Other hon. Members have dealt with this matter on a somewhat wider field, but all of them have made, and probably everyone who speaks is entitled to make, some reference to the Beveridge Report. I want to say only this about it, that people are asking "Can we afford schemes of this kind?" We spent 20 years asking whether we could afford reforms or not. That type of argument relates to a situation which has disappeared, to a world in which high taxation of a very few men, was used to provide inadequate benefits for a very great number of people. We have passed that stage. The contributions which we are asking from people now are not to be made in pounds, shillings and pence, but are to be contributions of labour, endeavour and effort. We cannot sell schemes like that on the basis of three-pence for a shilling. We have to go to the men and say "You must make sacrifices," and to the employers and say that they must accept a greater control over production, must allow the workers to have a bigger part, not merely as regards

  971
  the wages paid but as regards the quality of the goods produced. We must tell the workmen that no longer can they sit in some remote Welsh valley, starving mentally and physically, because they cannot accept a proposal to be separated from their homes, removed to another part of England and taught another trade. These are hard things to ask of any man, yet these are the things we must do, and these are the sacrifices the people must accept, if we are to succeed in providing social security in the future.
  Major Sir Edward Cadogan: I hope that the President of the Board of Trade will be more indiscreet than was the Chancellor of the Exchequer. I put my name to this Motion with the object not so much of making a speech or of listening to speeches on world economics, as of discovering whether those admirable principles which the Chancellor of the Exchequer enunciated in his speech were going to be translated into practice. It is one of the most urgent subjects which can come before the House, yet we have had no reply from the Government. The hon. Member for Seaham (Mr. Shinwell) evidently extracted rather more from that speech than I did. I confess that at the end of it I felt just as ignorant as I did when it began. I had hoped that the Chancellor would, at least, have had some interesting announcement to make on what was the Government's policy, possibly that he would inform us that yet another Ministry had been set up to inquire into this all-important subject. That is not very fantastic, because only last week Parliamentary sanction was given to the establishment of a new Ministry whose rather anomalous function will be to explore the possibilities of every conceivable plan for the rehabilitation of this country except the one plan upon which success can be based. I feel that before the Government set about planning the superstructure at least they should lay the foundations. It is just because I am as solicitous as any other hon. Member that the plans for the transfiguration of the old world shall, materialise as soon as possible that I am insisting that the plan upon which all other plans depend should have precedence. Unless that is conceded our investigations in other directions will be a mere waste of our time, our resources and our opportunities.
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  We have been told that we cannot expect the Government to apprise us of their proposals for the conduct of business and industry and trade because the post-war circumstances are much too conjectural to allow them to do more than touch the fringe of the subject. If we are to be told that it is premature to approach our Allies and our Dominions with the object of concerting a policy of post-war trade, all I can say is that surely it is infinitely more speculative to concern ourselves with plans, the merits of which we cannot possibly appraise unless we know where we stand. I would ask the Government to take us into their confidence. There never was a more golden opportunity for resolving these problems internationally. Never before in history have the minds of Americans and Englishmen been in so close and so mutual an understanding, arising from their common efforts and their common sacrifices. Never has there been a more favourable opportunity for an interchange of views with the Soviet Republics, whose people, by their heroic achievements, have evoked the admiration of every shade of political prejudice in this country. Who knows what reactions may be created after the war? Who knows what jealousies and animosities may not be engendered to cut right across a favourable and satisfactory settlement unless, while our mutual attachments remain unimpaired, we are ready with a broad-based plan which will inure to the prosperity of our peoples?
  One of the questions I want to ask the President of the Board of Trade is whether there are trade delegations operating in the United States of America, in the South American Republics, in China, in the Soviet Union and in our Dominions? Only a day or two ago we were told there was a Pact between Canada and the United States. Are we concerned it that? Have we any representatives working on that? Hitherto we seem to have devoted our attention to one side of post-war planning and one only, devising specifics for curing the illnesses of States without curing the effects of disease in the body politic. There has been no attempt to discover the causes of our infirmities.
  I do not want to allude to the Beveridge Report, but I will say this, that Sir William Beveridge has protested, and I think with every justification, against a particular form of criticism which has

  973
  been brought against his scheme. It has been said that he makes no provision whatever for employment, that his scheme does not provide one individual with one day's work. Work is one of the assumptions—assumption C, I think it is—on which the success of the scheme depends, but the scheme does not claim to give anybody a day's work, except a large number of administrative officials. Hon. Members who have been industrious enough to read the Report from cover to cover—and that is more than a day's work—will no doubt agree with that statement. The function of Sir William Beveridge is that of a doctor who provides the specific to cure the invalid, and not that of the scientist who institutes research into the causes of disease in order to find a remedy. The scientists sit on the Government Front Bench and they are looking much more complacent than the circumstances warrant. I agree that in this imperfect world it will be impossible to eradicate illness altogether, and we cannot dispense with the services of the doctor, but at least we can, by wise planning hope to be able to reduce illness to a very low point indeed.
  I would now say a word about security. In recent years we have heard a great deal about it, but State assistance cannot provide assistance for anyone. Therefore, to make State assistance the cornerstone of your new structure is surely a confession of weakness and a revelation of impoverishment of ideas. We are becoming, as a nation, too assistance-minded. I am hoping that when the war is over, our merchant vessels, again, heavily laden, will ply the seven seas and that we shall become commercial-minded again and a nation of shopkeepers—I am not afraid of the expression—inspired and invigorated by the profit motive. I am not scandalised by the profit motive. Nor were the leaders of the Soviet Republic. They quickly discovered, in their great experiment, that the profit motive has the essential concomitants of efficient work and punctual result.
  Security can only be attained, as far as it can be attained in human affairs, by the fulfilment of two conditions. The first is that finance, industry and commerce should be planned upon a rational basis. That is the permanent condition upon which our prosperity depends. There is a second condition. I must not go into it at length or I shall be out of
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  Order. It will probably be inevitable that, for a time at least, the United Nations will be called upon to maintain a powerful military force, to which we shall have to make a considerable contribution, until we have devised some more effective expedient against wars of aggression than any hitherto suggested. There has been no conspicuous mention of that form of security by the planners, although it was just the neglect of it in pre-war years that landed us into the second great world calamity. Its and a similar neglect will land us into yet another.
  It is common practice in these Debates on post-war plans to adduce statements about what the men at the front are supposed to be saying. In this regard, what the soldier says is evidence of the trend of popular feeling among the people to whom we owe most. I receive a number of letters from all sorts and conditions and types of the younger generation who are serving in the front line, and I find that the kind of security about which they are anxious is not that which the State provides. It is not mentioned. They are anxious about the security which work alone can give. The man serving at the Front no more wants the bounty of the State than he wants the charity of the individual. He wants to assist himself. We shall, therefore, betray him if we do not make it our first consideration to plan for him appropriate and remunerative employment, and the only way in which we can be successful in that quest, is for the Government to apply themselves without delay to the inter-related problems of finance, industry and trade. I feel some diffidence in speaking about finance, but it is the duty of every Member to insist that the Government should give their best attention to a matter of such urgent importance. The problems that claim the attention of the Government are those of wages, exchange and the methods by which the war in all its implications—war damage and everything else—is to be financed now and hereafter.
  As to wages, I am willing to concede to the hon. Member for Seaham (Mr. Shinwell) that if we can establish an equilibrium between world production and world consumption, if wages are paid, on whatever scale, which will keep consuming power in step with producing power, we need not fear that there will

  975
  be any tendency towards inflation. Are the Government addressing themselves to this all-important problem in any other way than by patching up dispute after dispute, on no coherent or consistent principle except that of postponing the day of reckoning? Have the Government hitherto displayed the smallest indication that they have a wages policy, other than one of drift from one predicament to another still worse? I leave the problems of exchange to the experts, although, as the Noble Lord said yesterday in opening the Debate, the experts differ fundamentally on the matter. No doubt the dispute on the respective merits of a single international currency at agreed rates of exchange, subject to revision at stated periods, will go on merrily until the Government take a hand.
  I would say a word on our vast commitments, present and prospective, which all lead back to the problem of taxation. The Chancellor of the Exchequer alluded to this matter. There is a new problem in direct taxation. In 1913, on the eve of the last war we spent on the Social Services, including education, £93,000,000. On the eve of this war we were spending on the same services the fabulous figure of £544,000,000. On the question of whether we can afford it or not, I would draw the attention of the House to a new aspect of taxation, which is that the phrase "Exchequer contribution" has hoodwinked the public. The Exchequer contributes not one farthing except what, at great cost in administration, it extracts from the pockets of the people. It is egregious nonsense to say that there are three parties to State assistance, the Exchequer, the employer and the employed. Individuals or corporations of individuals pay it all. The Exchequer contribution is paid for by the taxpayers, who are becoming more and more identical with the beneficiaries of assistance as more and more of the lower-grade incomes come within the ambit of the Income Tax. Gone are the days when wealthy corporations and individuals paid the whole bill. That have certainly not profited considerably by State assistance from those days.
  I put down a Question recently to the Chancellor of the Exchequer asking the total number of individuals whose Income Tax had risen above the Income
  976
  Tax exemption figure. The answer I received was not up to date. It was that the figure was something in the nature of 10,000,000. It has risen since that time. As you redistribute income, so you redistribute Income Tax and the more ridiculous becomes the anomaly of the State taking away with one hand the benefit it gives with the other, at immense administrative cost, for which the taxpayer also pays. Surely the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South-West Bethnal Green (Sir P. Harris), whose name is associated with the Motion, is still a sufficiently devout Gladstonian to agree with me that it would be better than this sleight of hand performance if the money were left to fructify in the pockets of the people. I do not know in what year Mr. Gladstone said that, but I only know that he did say it, and I hand that maxim about taxation on to the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
  I represent an industrial town in the North where the staple industry in normal times is one of the most considerable of our export trades. The cotton industry has had its future jeopardised by the exigencies of war. The managers and operatives in that industry will, I am convinced, give me their sanction to tell the House that they do not rely for the security of themselves or their industry upon schemes of national assistance and so-called Exchequer contributions, which they pay themselves. They are wise enough to appreciate that their prosperity depends upon the natural laws of supply and demand. Whereas given the raw material and the labour their productive capacity is limitless, they want to know how they can revive the demand for what they themselves produce. They know that the remedy is not to curb production but to increase consumption until a balance is established between the two. I want to know how this is to be brought about. I am sure that they agree with me that any plan with that objective takes precedence of any plan upon which enthusiasts with light hearts and light heads are working off so much of their superfluous energy at the moment.
  How, then, are we to revive our export trade? We can surely agree that the prosperity of one nation depends upon the prosperity of all the other nations with which it trades. A corollary to this proposition is that competition for an

  977
  export surplus is no longer desirable. But if it be true that the higher the standard of living in other countries, the higher will our standard of living become, I would like to ask the Government this question. At present many of the countries that exported to England raw material, foodstuffs and commodities are themselves absolutely destitute, down and out, suffering from the depredations and spoliation of the Axis Powers—the Scandinavian countries, the Low Countries, France, the Balkan States. Is it to be supposed that they will recover their prosperity immediately? What are the Government doing about that? There will be all the problems of exchange, shipping, and so forth in these countries to which the Government must address themselves, or there will be no question of higher standards of living in those countries helping our standards in this country. I do not wish to be misinterpreted. I am no pessimist, no defeatist in these matters. I believe that if the Government, in conjunction with our Allies and our Dominions, are capable of devising a sound economic policy we shall ultimately be able to realise some of our most extravagant dreams. But it is upon trade, not upon State assistance, that we shall rely for recovery after the war. We should, therefore, concentrate on the solution of financial, commercial and industrial problems.
  Schemes of State assistance may defeat their own object in the peculiar circumstances in which we shall find ourselves after the war. I have already stated two of my main objections to them. One is that they are a cure, not a prevention. Another is that they are paid for by the beneficiaries themselves. But there is a still stronger reason. Although State assistance may create consumers, it does not create producers, whereas the prosperity of our trade and commerce will create consumers who are also producers. State assistance entails the operation of a vast bureaucracy which rivets still more firmly its shackles upon industrial initiative and enterprise in business. Prospering trade gets rid of this devastating encumbrance. Worst of all, State assistance is a dangerous counter in the hands of the aspiring politicians at Election time.
  In my youth I read for history schools at Oxford. We were encouraged in the pursuit of these studies to make ourselves familiar with the political history of the
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  18th century. There was one feature which caught the eye. That was the bribery and corruption which permeated and prostituted all ranks of human society. We flatter ourselves that we are rid of this pernicious influence in our public affairs, but are we not substituting another form of corruption far more insidious? At least in the days of Sir Robert Walpole politicians bribed with their own money. Nowadays we bribe with the resources of our fellow-citizens. There is a strong temptation for a candidate unhampered by any rigid scruples to denounce the niggardliness of the Government in State assistance and to promise his support, if returned to this House, for larger sums of State largess, taking to himself quite undue credit for a wider sympathy with suffering humanity than the candidate who places a more conscientious interpretation upon his duties as a representative of the people.
  I wish to say finally that if the Government are concealing an impoverishment of ideas upon the industrial and commercial future of this nation by throwing dust in our eyes with schemes of State assistance, I will be no party to such a conspiracy. I would prefer to be deprived of the privilege of representing people in this House than to advocate doles as a solution of our economic problems. I do not wish to see the next generation growing up spineless, and I do not wish to see us sink to the level of a nation of pensioners. I want a message from the Government that I can take back to my constituents assuring them that every effort is being made by the Government to plan for world trade and recovery, by which, alone, our people can become once again proud, self-respecting, and above all, self-reliant.
  The President of the Board of Trade (Mr. Dalton): We have had a wide-ranging Debate for two days on a Motion equally wide in its range, for which we are grateful to those who put it on the Paper. I cannot hope to deal with all the many points which have been raised by many speakers, but I will seek to deal with a number, particularly those which have been referred to by more than one hon. Member. May I begin by saying something on the subject of controls, which has been referred to by several hon. Members, notably to-day by the hon. and gallant Member for Bewdley (Major Conant) who I think is not, at the moment,

  979
  in the House, who made a very thoughtful and interesting speech emphasising the problem of maintaining controls in the post-war period and getting the public to see that the need will be even greater then than now. The hon. and gallant Member for Stafford (Major Thorneycroft) also referred to the same subject. On this matter of controls my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday made a number of observations on behalf of the Government which I think would well repay close reading in the OFFICIAL REPORT. My right hon. Friend prepared the mind of this House and of the country for the continuance of many of our war-time controls in the immediate post-war period, and he said, among other things, this:
  "We shall need to maintain for a time at any rate a considerable measure of control of our economic life, and I believe that the majority of our people are prepared to accept this not only as inevitable but also as in their best interests."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd February, 1943; col. 816, Vol. 386.]
  I am sure he is right. The notion of controls, of rationing, is regarded by people in time of war as being fair. When there is shortage they regard it as right that the Government should intervene to make sure that these short supplies are distributed in the most effective fashion for the war effort and most effectively from the point of view of equitable distribution. My right hon. Friend the Chancellor went on to say:
  "It may well be that it will be desirable to continue the policy of the stabilisation of the cost of living and the prices of goods in common use on the lines we are maintaining to-day."
  He added:
  "Two other controls which I think"—
  and this is very important—
  "would be regarded generally as in all our interests are the control, of the release of raw materials and the control of issues of capital, in order, in the case of the latter, to see that capital irrigates those developments which are nationally most important and to help, with other measures, to make it available on reasonable terms."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 2nd February, 1943; cols. 816–7, Vol. 386.]
  All that is extremely important, and I am very glad my right hon. Friend put the matter so clearly, in order that our public opinion may be educated on the matter. It is not the first time that a Member of this Government has spoken broadly in this sense, but he developed it
  980
  in more detail. The Foreign Secretary, in a notable speech at Leamington on 27th September, 1942, said:
  "But if, once again, we seek to drift back to the good old times, which were not really so very good for many among us after all, if we imagine that all controls can be swept aside or that we can return to the economic anarchy of the old days.…then certainly we shall bring not only discredit but disaster upon ourselves. And it will be well merited."
  Nor have Labour Members of the Government been silent on this matter. I conclude my quotations with one from a speech by my right hon. Friend the Minister without Portfolio, on 1st September last:
  "So long as these shortages last we regard it as inevitable that we must continue with a system of rationing so that what is available is fairly shared."
  These quotations state, in varying forms, with varying emphasis, one doctrine, which is held by all Members of His Majesty's Government. We are entitled at this stage of the war to look back to the immediate post-war period of 1920, in order to learn from experience of errors committed then. It is common ground among all parties that grave errors were committed then which it is within our power to correct, in the light of that painful experience and of developments of technique and of policy evolved during this struggle.
  The Noble Lord, to whom for the way he moved this Motion we are indebted, was particularly insistent on the importance of avoiding the inflationary experience which fell to our unhappy lot last time. A considerable part of the inflation last time took place not during the war itself but in the two years following the war, when there was a complete failure to control prices or to exercise any of these other controls to which my right hon. Friend the Chancellor and others have referred. It is an extraordinary fact—and I would like the House to bear with me while I cite one or two figures from a very extraordinary passage of history in the last post-war period—that after the last war demobilisation presented no problem at all from the point of view of employment. I will give reasons why that was so in a moment. There are morals to be drawn from this simple recitation of facts. At the end of January, 1919, we had demobilised nearly 1,000,000 men, within two months of the end of the fighting. By the end of

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  March, we had demobilised more than 2,000,000. By the middle of February, 1920, the full demobilisation of nearly 4,000,000 fighting men had been completed. During all that period there was no unemployment problem. I will give illustrations to my hon. Friend the Member for Seaham (Mr. Shinwell); he need not look at me in that interrogative way. Not only did we bring back into employment in civil life the Fighting Forces of that time, but we transferred to peace production a great army of munition workers. There were no complete unemployment figures, such as we have now, but there were very valuable trade union evidences, and the trade union percentages show an unemployment figure of less than 2½ per cent. throughout 1919–20. Even in the engineering, shipbuilding, and metal trades, which are especially susceptible to unemployment, the unemployment percentage was just over 3 per cent. It was not until the summer of 1920, six months after this dual process of demobilisation had been completed, that the slump caught us. Having no plan, and having failed to control prices and to control our economic transition from war to peace, the slump caught us badly, and unemployment rose rapidly. The trade union percentage, which had never been above 3 per cent. and had been down to 2½ per cent., rose rapidly to 15 per cent., and in the case of the engineering, shipbuilding and metal trades 22 per cent. I apologise for having introduced this brief story, but it has a bearing on our present problem. If you allow inflation you will temporarily solve your demobilisation and unemployment problems, but only, as the Noble Lord has said, at the cost of an abundant reaction later on. The Noble Lord was right when he said that we must plan better this time.
  Then there is the question of prices. During the last war wholesale prices rose from an index figure of 100 at the outbreak of the war to 226 in 1918, and continued to mount until they reached 295 in 1920. In other words, wholesale prices rose by 1920 to nearly three times what they were at the outbreak of war, a large part of this being a post-war increase, and they collapsed to 182 in the slump year of 1921. This time we have done much better, and the Government are entitled to collective credit. If there are to be differential bouquets I suppose that, just
  982
  as I would claim credit for anything that has gone well at the Board of Trade, my right hon. Friend the Chancellor is entitled to credit for anything that has gone well in his Department. On the matter of price control and price statistics, it is worth observing that in the fourth year of the war wholesale prices are held at an average of 155, as against 100 at the beginning of the war. This has been done by well-directed subsidies in certain directions, and it has prevented the price level getting out of control, as happened last time. There is much to be said for continuing this policy into the transition period.
  Reference has been made by the hon. and gallant Member for Bolton (Sir E. Cadogan) to cotton, and other hon. Members are interested in the subject. Let me point one more ugly moral from the last post-war period. Let me relate this again to what was said on behalf of the Government by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. We cannot allow cotton prices, profits, and flotations to run riot again, as they did after the last war. It was not the fault of anybody in the cotton industry; it was not the fault of the cotton operatives, nor was it the fault of the cotton employers, except in so far as some of them may have listened to the siren voices of London financiers—being simple-minded Northcountrymen, unaccustomed to metropolitan trickery. But what happened to the price of cotton? Cotton cloth rose from an average of 3d. per yard in 1913 to 9d. in 1918, to 1s. in 1919—observe the continuing rise after the war was over—and to 1s. 5d. in 1920, by which time there was an increase of some 400 per cent. on the pre-war prices. It then fell to 11d. in 1921 and to 8d. in 1922, but before the fall began the company promoters had bought up mills and floated them upon the public as new ventures with much increased capital, and during this boom mills changed hands at fantastic prices. Mills previously valued at £1 a spindle changed hands at the level of £8 a spindle, and some years later when the machinery in these same mills was being scrapped under the redundancy scheme those spindles which were £8 had declined in value to 5s. In the meantime quantities of savings had been lost, including the savings of a large number of operatives in the cotton industry, who wisely or unwisely, in this case unwisely, had invested their own small savings in

  983
  the cotton mills themselves. I have mentioned these matters in order to give basis to the observations made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday that in the post-war period we should continue not only the control of prices, to prevent this violent price fluctuation to which I have referred, but also to control all capital issues to prevent the flotation of companies of this character which evidently contribute nothing whatever to national productivity or well-being. It is a definite example of the principles indicated by my right hon. Friend yesterday.
  I turn to another control problem which I know is causing some concern in industrial circles, and that is the question of the disposal of Government surplus stocks. There again we have the actual example from the end of the last war of what to avoid. At the end of the last war there was set up a Disposals Board, which acted upon the principle of selling as rapidly as possible at any price obtainable all Government stocks of goods. Motor tyres in particular were sold by the Disposals Board for 5s. and resold by various gentlemen who had just bought them to the public for £6. That was not even good business for the Treasury, as my right hon. Friend will be the first to admit. This time I have no doubt we shall proceed on different lines. I suggest that this time we must neither drift nor be driven by shortsighted interests into getting rid, as quickly as possible by sales at any price to whoever will come forward to bid, of these large stocks, which will be greater than last time, of goods desirable and necessary for post-war purposes. We must on this occasion have an orderly disposal which will have regard, on the one hand to the interests of consumers. We must not allow profiteering at the expense of consumers, particularly in consumer's goods. On the other hand, regard must be had to the interests of producers in the proper timing of these disposals in regard to stocks and current production.
  May I turn to deal with another matter about which I have been invited to say something by several hon. Members who have spoken? The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South-West Bethnal Green (Sir P. Harris) asked for more particulars as to what was being done with regard to post-war trade, and a number of
  984
  other hon. Gentlemen have asked the same question. As this is only the first of a number of Debates that will take place on these post-war subjects, may I be allowed to say a few words as to what is being done in the Board of Trade itself, for which I am responsible, in regard to these post-war problems? We are still greatly absorbed, as Question time in this House demonstrates, by various immediate problems, problems of shortages, problems of the maintenance of essential minimum civilian supplies and problems of organising utility production, price control, fair shares for small retailers, the finding of factory and storage space for war stores. We have found some 64,000,000 square feet—a very large figure—of storage space for war stores alone, all of which is filled and more is demanded. We are also much occupied in helping other Departments, particularly that of my right hon. Friend the Minister of Labour, in the full mobilisation of man-power and woman-power for the war effort and for munition production. None of that must be relaxed. I am sure that in all post-war Debates it is the assumption of every Member of this House that we must not in any way allow post-war considerations in the minds of any business men or any other section of the community for a moment to prevent or limit his continuing to make his maximum contribution towards bringing complete victory as soon as possible.
  But, having said that, and that we are not at the Board of Trade relaxing in the least degree in regard to our immediate war problems, I have made arrangements for an intensified study of post-war problems. Consultations are now going forward systematically, both with certain national bodies whom I will mention in a moment and also with particular industries. First, with regard to national bodies, I have instituted a series of consultations in which I myself have already met representatives of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce and of the F.B.I. and also officers of the Trades Union Congress. I hope shortly to meet either the full General Council of the Trades Union Congress or a sub-committee thereof, as may be preferred, and I have also invited to meet me representatives of the Parliamentary Committee of the Co-operative Congress, of the National Union

  985
  of Manufacturers, and of the British Employers' Confederation, and I hope, having had this series of consultations with these national bodies, to be able to draw up a plan embodying points that are common ground as between them and to pursue further with them a closer study of problems which emerge upon the national plane as distinct from the plane of individual industries.
  In the second place, I have set on foot approaches to particular industries, to their trade associations, and I have asked that in the first instance the following matters shall be discussed, industry by industry. First of all, what in the view of the trade associations concerned are the main obstacles in their view to the restoration of full activity in their industry within a reasonable period, say, a period of six months or 12 months after the cessation of hostilities? What do they consider, industry by industry, are the chief obstacles in the way of their making their full contribution to employment and trade activity in this country? How do they consider that these obstacles can best be overcome, and at what point do they wish the Government to intervene to assist them in the matter? I wish to get a conspectus of this, not merely a series of generalities. One may have very interesting discussions with a body representing employers or trade unions or commercial interests on national lines, but I wish also to have the thing explored industry by industry with regard to the particular problem of each.
  Mr. A. Bevan Mr. A. Bevan (Ebbw Vale) rose—
  Mr. Dalton: I think I know what the hon. Member is going to say. I will answer that in a minute. I wish to know whether there are any bottle-necks in each particular industry which we can assist in breaking. The second question I wish industry to consider—and I have asked each of those so far approached to consider it—is, What is the probable condition of their capital equipment at the end of the war?
  Mr. Bevan Mr. Bevan rose—
  Mr. Dalton: I think I can answer my hon. Friend.
  Mr. Bevan: The right hon. Gentleman is too clever by half to-day.
  Mr. Dalton: I am asking each of those industries whether they will indicate how far they consider that the modernisation of plant on a considerable scale will need to be undertaken at the end of the war, and when we have an answer to that question it may be that I shall have to approach my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer to see how far he can assist. In the third place, I am inquiring of each industry which we are approaching what new products have been developed as a result of new inventions and so forth, and what new varieties of existing products or completely new products can be placed upon the market—
  Mr. Bevan: Has the right hon. Gentleman asked the Primrose League?
  Mr. Dalton: Not up to the present, but may I proceed, because it is conceivable that I may have answers to some questions that are not without interest even to my hon. Friend? I have made it clear to all concerned in the group of industries that I am approaching that before any important decision is taken by the Board of Trade arrangements will be made for consultation with the trade unions concerned. I have suggested to the trade associations that some of these questions—although I leave procedure to them—might be discussed through any joint machinery which may exist within their industry, and I know from contacts I have made in certain directions that that procedure will be adopted in a number of cases. These questions need to be answered industry by industry rather than generally, because until we get a picture of the post-war problems confronting the separate industries we shall not be able to estimate the total volume of employment on which we may reasonably count, nor the obstacles which must be overcome if we are to achieve it.
  May I refer again to cotton? I paid a visit last September to Manchester, and I there made contact with all sections of the industry and asked them very specifically to prepare for me, either separately, section by section, or jointly, as they might prefer, their plans and proposals for the post-war development of the industry. I discussed with them their wartime and post-war problems and I gather that certain discussions have been going forward on post-war matters in

  987
  the cotton industry, and before long I am likely to get representations from them. I have also lately taken the opportunity to visit the Potteries, an industry which is very important both for the home trade and the export trade, and I was told that no President of the Board of Trade had visited the Potteries for the last 20 years. I was also told that on the last occasion his visit was limited to a few hours and that there was no record of any President of the Board of Trade having spent a night in the Potteries. I therefore spent two nights in the Potteries.
  Mr. G. Griffiths: And the right hon. Gentleman is still alive.
  Mr. Dalton: Yes, I am still alive. I had an extremely interesting time. This industry, in many respects, is in the forefront, although it is not on such a large scale as the cotton or coal industries. It is an important industry, not merely because it is furnishing very important supplies by way of utility ware for the home market, and so helping to its utmost capacity to overcome the shortage of crockery, but also for the future a most important export industry, the craftsmanship in the industry being extremely good. There, again, I have asked them to go into their problems, war and post-war. There is the closest co-operation between the employers' federation and the trade union concerned, and I am looking forward to further representations from them.
  Perhaps I may add one further local point. I am planning next month to visit the West Riding of Yorkshire and there to have discussions, again on both war-time and post-war problems, with the woollen and worsted industry at Bradford and the clothing industry at Leeds. I am very grateful to the Leeds clothing industry for the way in which they have responded to the appeals I have made to them both for increased production and in respect of various concentration schemes which we have lately been carrying through with their full co-operation. Finally, in terms of what is being done at the Board of Trade, I would like to refer to my hon. Friend the Secretary to the Department of Overseas Trade, who, for a considerable time, has been acting as Chairman of a Committee which has been doing most valuable work, the
  988
  Committee about which I answered a Question yesterday put by my hon. Friend the Member for Oxford (Mr. Hogg), the Committee on Post-War Export Trade. That Committee has collected a very great deal of useful material on the special problems of restarting the export trade after the war. They have had discussions with some 52 industries, representing more than 50 per cent. of our export trade in terms of value, including some of the most important, such as cotton, motor vehicles, and others, and they are by no means at the end of their work and have approached a further 36 industries, large and small. I have enumerated all these activities—
  Mr. Shinwell: Is that all the Secretary to the Overseas Trade Department is doing?
  Mr. Dalton: No, that is not all, but it is all that I am telling my hon. Friend now. Export trade is a very important matter, whatever views may be held about it. I have briefly enumerated all these activities in order to demonstrate that we are, as the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South-West Bethnal Green wished we should be, by no means supine or inactive at the moment with regard to these post-war problems. May I turn to the problem of exports and comment upon some of the remarks that have been made in this Debate? I was glad to find that my hon. Friend the Member for Sea-ham was in complete agreement in his emotional approach to this matter with my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Chancellor declared yesterday that he was neither defeatist nor wishful and my hon. Friend to-day said that he entirely agreed with that, and that he for his part indulged neither in pessimism nor fantasy.
  Mr. Shinwell: Not on exports.
  Mr. Dalton: I think so.
  Mr. Shinwell: No, on the broad question of economic policy.
  Mr. Dalton: That includes exports; but in any case, as my hon. Friend said, differences do not arise so much in our general-approach to the matter as at a rather later stage when we come to detailed application. The general approach to the matter of exports is, I judge, fairly

  989
  well agreed. Nobody wants exports for their own sake. When British labour has gone into the making of goods we would prefer, other things being equal, to use them ourselves. Unfortunately, in this hard world other things are not equal, and we have very often to export them because, unless we do export them, we cannot obtain from outside this island the food and the raw materials which are indispensable if we are to maintain our present standard of living, much less to increase it to those higher figures to which we aspire. We do not want exports for their own sake. We do not want to throw away uselessly the produce of British labour. In this period of war, when everything is abnormal, and under the conditions furnished by the generosity of America and Canada in terms of Lend-Lease arrangements, I have been able, as President of the Board of Trade, to retain in this country for the use of our own civilian population considerable quantities of goods which would normally have had to be exported in order to pay for imports which for the moment do not have to be dealt with on a cash basis. In that way utility clothing, crockery and many other articles have been retained in this country by the deliberate prevention of exports. They have been retained in this country in this abnormal period in order that our own people may have the use of them, but when we enter the post-war period the necessity will reimpose itself of exporting enough to import into this country those things which it is quite impossible to grow at all in this country, such as raw cotton, tea, bananas and the like, or alternatively those things which, except at prohibitive and absurd cost, could not be grown in sufficient quantity in this country to satisfy our proper national demands. That is the sole justification, and a very serious justification, for a substantial export trade.
  Several speakers have pointed out that since the outbreak of the war our position has been rendered more difficult through the decline in the total of our so-called invisible exports. That is a fact of which we have to take account. But I think it is reasonable, as the Chancellor of the Exchequer said, and as the hon. Member for Seaham echoed in other language, that we should face this matter without any undue pessimism and without exaggerating it beyond reasonable limits. My own picture
  990
  is that if we are able to create a situation of expanding world trade in which, instead of having increasing congestion of the channels of international trade, we are able to wash away some of these obstructions—and it is to the interest of no country more than our own to wash them away and get trade flowing in more ample volume between different countries—I believe other countries will be as desirous of buying our goods from us—such goods as we can spare from our total national production—as we should be desirous of purchasing from them what we need in the way of food and raw material. I noted the remark of an hon. Member opposite, "on condition that we make our export industries really efficient." He emphasised that, and so do I. I believe there is no reason why we should not find a ready sale abroad for all these articles which we can spare from our national production, and I agree with the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton). I do not for a moment accept that the way to make our export trade efficient is to cut wages and reduce standards in the export trades. The Government do not accept that, and it should be possible in such a situation as I am describing to have wages and conditions in the export trades in no way inferior to those in the trades making for the home market.
  Reference has been made to international discussions. We are already constantly in touch with foreign Governments and with the Governments of our Dominions and of the United Nations. The hon. Member for Sedgfield (Mr. Leslie) emphasised the importance of keeping in touch both with the United States and with the Government of the Soviet Union. We completely accept that, and we are in touch with them on these matters in the frankest way. I am hopeful that well before the end of the war, well in time to take effect when peace comes, we shall have devised satisfactory arrangements for an international agreement, in the terms of the Mutual Aid Agreement which we signed with the United States, with all like-minded nations who desire with us appropriate international and domestic measures for the expansion of the production, employment, exchange and consumption of goods. The hon. Member for Bilston (Mr. Hannah) yesterday paid a tribute to the Wheat Agreement as the forerunner of other such international

  991
  plans, and it is encouraging to find that even at this stage of the war, when we are still some way from the end, it has been possible for the four greatest exporting nations as far as wheat is concerned—the United States, Canada, Australia and the Argentine—to agree with us, the greatest importer, on an international instrument which provides, on the one hand, for steady prices in the future and abundant supplies and for what the Vice-President of the United States has called an ever normal granary, and, on the other hand, sets aside as an immediate measure a substantial pool of wheat and flour to be used for the relief of Europe when our armed forces shall have brought liberation to these enslaved lands. That agreement is a forerunner and it is the intention of the Government in due course to enter into other agreements on the same lines with appropriate variations.
  I will say a word or two on the subject of full employment as the object of our policy. My right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer spoke of it yesterday, but he called it active employment. I do not think there is much intention of making differences between us about these terms. "Full employment" is the term used by Sir William Beveridge in his Report, where it is described as the condition of unemployment amounting to not more than 8½ per cent. of the insured population. So stated that is not, of course, full employment in anything like a literal sense, and my hope would be, as I am sure it would be the hope of my right hon. Friend and other members of the Government, that we should be able to do a good deal better in the post-war period than the lowest that would qualify for full employment under Sir William Beveridge's definition. Our general purpose is to secure that we will come as near as we can to a state of affairs in which every man or woman who is fit and able to work and desirous to work is able to get work under suitable conditions regarding wages and the like. Our greatest failure—and this I think is common ground—in domestic politics between the two wars was the toleration of the failure to cure mass unemployment continuing year after year particularly in certain distressed areas. Only twice within living memory have working people known the realities of full employment, each occasion being during a world war. It will be very
  992
  hard to persuade people that you cannot do nearly as well in time of peace as you can in time of war, and it is right that it should be hard for us politicians of all parties to persuade them of so fantastic a paradox. Generally speaking, it is not the fault of the individual workman or the fault of the workman's employer that he is out of work. The faults lie elsewhere and it would take a long time to state them. The responsibility is not that of those immediately affected, and it is the duty of the Government and the duty of the House of Commons to help the Government to make suggestions and to find ways and means by which a repetition of this scandal can be prevented.
  May I say a word about the distressed areas? The cause of continuous unemployment in the distressed areas by general agreement was twofold: first, the lack of diversity of industries within the areas—and this has a bearing upon policy which I will make clear in a moment—and, secondly, the continuous state of depression in a single industry, sometimes coal, sometimes cotton, sometimes shipbuilding, on which an area was too much dependent. Therefore, the cure for this must be, on the one hand, to do our utmost to maintain and establish those staple industries on a proper footing and to give proper facilities for employment in them, and, on the other hand, as a second line of defence and as a very necessary line of defence in any case, the diversification of industry within those areas.
  May I mention a visit which I paid to West Cumberland, one of the pre-war depressed areas, in November last? I went there because in that area there are now a number of industries working under the general responsibility of the Board of Trade. New industries have been brought into that area to a most remarkable extent. Very great credit is due to some of those resident in West Cumberland for the energy and initiative with which they have succeeded in attracting new industries to that area. Whereas in old days West Cumberland was almost wholly dependent upon coal, iron and steel and agriculture, there have now been brought in a number of other industries with good post-war prospects, including high grace alloys, electrical equipment, clothing manufacture, silk, tanneries and other enterprises. These are now operating,

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  in addition to the old industries, which the war has to some extent revived, of coal and iron and steel—now much modernised in West Cumberland—and agriculture, and it looks as though, and I hope it is true, that this particular area is now well set in terms of diversity of industrial equipment for post-war production as well as for war-time production, and that it will be able to avoid in the future the fate which has befallen it and other distressed areas in the past. I suggest that this example leads to the conclusion that we should seek to provide as part of our post-war plans similar arrangements in the other distressed areas of the pre-war period, and also in areas which were not distressed in the pre-war period but which may look as though, if there should be changes in demand, they may become distressed in the post-war period.
  This leads me to make an observation on State factories. My hon. Friend the Member for Chesterfield (Mr. Benson) raised the matter yesterday. I should like to say that this also is a matter to which attention is being actively given The end of the war will find us equipped with many large, new, up-to-date factories which have been making munitions. Some of them will still be needed to make munitions after the war. That goes without saying. But others will not be needed for that purpose, and they should be used whenever possible to produce civilian goods. These new establishments, set up during the war, paid for by public money, may well be used either as a home for new industries of a civilian character or as homes for some of the old industries whose present premises are out of date. They would undoubtedly benefit by transfer to better and more modern surroundings.
  Earl Winterton: And more healthy surroundings.
  Mr. Dalton: Certainly, more healthy surroundings, taken out of the grime and the gloom, out of the old insanitary surroundings, in which so many of our nineteenth century industries were carried on. There are great possibilities for such transfers. I have set on foot an investigation into the possible post-war uses of these factories. I am most anxious that we should explore well in advance, before final
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  decisions are taken, what are the best possibilities for these factories after the war, particularly where—and this is the connection with distressed areas—these factories are situated in pre-war distressed areas where it has been proved that employment was insufficiently diversified. Large sums of public money have been sunk not only in the factories and in the plant but in providing roads, electricity, gas, water, sewers and the like, and it is possible for new townships to grow up in the neighbourhood of some of these factories—not all of them, because not all are suitable—which would be a very great improvement upon some of the old centres of population in which work has gone on for so long.
  I repeat that we should approach these post-war problems neither belittling the difficulties in front of us nor with a feeling of defeatism or pessimism. Since the last war, power to destroy has grown enormously. We could never have made such a mess of some of those German cities during the last war as the Air Force have done lately. Closely related to our power to destroy has grown our power to rebuild. The one thing is linked with the other. What man can destroy man can make again. After the war last time, we recovered comparatively quickly, as compared with the pessimistic expectations of many, the standard of life of the pre-war period. By 1924, it has been calculated, we had got back to the same real income per head as we had had before the war; in other words, it took six years from 1918 to get back to our average pre-war standard of living, six years which contained inflation, deflation, slumps, heavy unemployment and the rest. We should be able, if we put our backs into it, to get back to pre-war standards more quickly now, and then to make a fresh advance.
  I referred to the possibility of an expansion of international trade. We are to bring that about by international agreement. We need, no less, an expansion in our own home market and in the standards of production and consumption among our own people. I suggest that our watchword after the war should be "Expansion" rather than "Restriction." We were cursed by restriction schemes in the period between the two wars. It must be expansion but not inflation; stability of prices, but not stagnation, order in our schemes, but not

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  undue rigidity. Just as we shall win this war only by making the best use of all we have and throwing everything in, whether it is human or whether it is material wealth that we cast into the furnace of the common interest, so I believe that if we can go on doing that in the less dramatic days of peace, we shall succeed, as we did not succeed last time, in winning the peace after we have won the war. In peace as in war we shall need high courage, firm determination, much resourcefulness, and plenty of hard work in order to overcome formidable difficulties, which should not be under-estimated, and to make the most of the great opportunities which will open out before us.
  Lieut.-Colonel Sir William Alien: I understand that the Adjournment takes place in a few minutes, but I want particularly to point out to the right hon. Gentleman that, though he is in touch with the cotton industry and with the industry in Yorkshire, to look after their interests, he said nothing about the linen industry of Northern Ireland. We are in touch with the Government, and are doing everything we can for the prosecution of the war to ultimate victory, but I would ask the Minister to get into touch with the linen industry of Northern Ireland as he is with those other industries. I want him to go direct to this industry and not through the Government of Northern Ireland—which is a most important matter. As to the dumping of superfluous stocks, I would point out that no part of the Empire has suffered more from it than the linen industry of Northern Ireland. We had millions of yards of aeroplane cloth dumped on the market and threw many of our people out of work.
  Question put, and agreed to.
  Resolved,
  "That this House urges upon the Government the essential need so to direct their economic and financial policy as to ensure that employment, industry and commerce may be increased and developed after the war to the greatest possible extent, and for that purpose to co-operate to the full with other members of the United Nations."

  GAS (SPECIAL ORDERS)
  Resolved,
  "That the Draft of the Special Order proposed to be made by the Minister of Fuel and Power under the Gas Undertakings Acts, 1920
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  to 1934, on the application of the Coatbridge Gas Company, which was presented on 3rd December and published, be approved, subject to the following modification:
  'Leave out Clause 15.'"—[Mr. Tom Smith.]

  DISPOSAL AND CUSTODY OF DOCUMENTS
  Ordered,
  "That Major Milner be discharged from the Select Committee on the Disposal and Custody of Documents, and that Colonel Clifton Brown and Mr. Parker be added to the Committee."—[Mr. Boulton.]
  The remaining Orders were read, and postponed.

  EMERGENCY POWERS (DEFENCE) ACTS (ORDER IN COUNCIL)

    ROAD TRAFFIC.
    Mr. Levy: I beg to move,
    "That an humble Address be presented to His Majesty, praying that the Order in Council, dated 13th January, 1943, made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940, amending Regulation 70 of the Defence (General) Regulations, 1939, a copy of which was presented to this House on 19th January be annulled."
    The Order to which this Motion, in the name of a number of hon. Members and myself, refers is a most amazing Order. It is contrary to the democratic and constitutional practice of this House of Commons. This is essentially a House of Commons matter which vitally affects not only every Member of Parliament but every constituent whom these Members of Parliament represent. This Order is contained in 20 words only. It is an addition to Regulation 7, and it says this:
    "for removing or modifying, or for limiting the application of, any prohibitions or restrictions imposed by or under any Act."
    What does that mean? "Removing" means virtually asking for power to repeal any act or Order or Regulation which is made under the Defence Regulation Acts, and until these Emergency Powers Acts are repealed by this House it is asking for the right to become a dictator on everything to do with road traffic throughout the whole of this country. Road traffic affects every man, woman, and child in the country. It affects all transport, to deal with the industries of the country. It is doubtful whether railways could work without road transport, because they have to be fed and the goods have to be taken from them. I put it in this way to show

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    the vast effect of this Order. It means that this House of Commons is definitely abrogating all its legislative powers into the hands of a dictator. We are fighting dictators, and my right hon. Friend is seeking to set himself up as a dictator. The Emergency Powers Act, from which this Order flows, was passed in a time of stress, when there was a greater emergency than to-day. It passed through all stages and received the Royal Assent in six hours. Members of Parliament were then prepared to pass anything. Since then, the House has without question passed any Order brought before it which would help the effective prosecution of the war. It has willingly passed without question any Order to cover any conceivable emergency for the purposes of the war.
    But the Orders that are laid on the Table give an indication—we complain about ambiguous terms, but if you look into them they do give an indication—of the purposes for which the Minister is asking such powers. Here the Minister is asking powers for some undisclosed, unspecified reason. He says he is asking for these powers to do just as he likes, and the House of Commons may not say a word about any Order which he may make. He is entitled to say, "The House of Commons gave me this power of its own free will, and I am acting under the power the House of Commons gave me." To vest such powers in any Minister, taking away the right of criticism even of future legislation made under the Order, is abhorrent to every member of the population. There is not a Member of this House who at some time or other has not been referred to by his constituents as "one of our legislators." We are proud to be so described. You could no longer be described as "one of the legislators" if you gave the Minister this power. It would be a misnomer. When your constituents complain to you, as they will, and as they are entitled to in a free country, about this bureaucratic control, and say, "What are you going to do about it?" you can only say, "I am sorry; I have abrogated all my powers' to the Minister. I can do nothing. He can make whatever Orders, Rules and Regulations he likes under this Order, and we can do nothing about it." Is that what this House of Commons desires to do? Are the Members of the House of Commons going to allow not only this
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    Minister but any Minister to have such dictatorial powers? Not only in the House of Commons but throughout the whole of the country people are very disturbed indeed, and they say that we are being controlled by a bureaucracy. A bureaucracy works gradually, and, if I may use a military expression, it serves its purpose and endeavours to create bureaucratic control by means of infiltration.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Colonel Clifton Brown): The hon. Gentleman is speaking about bureaucracy. This is not in Order as relevant to the Order which is before the House.
    Mr. Levy: This Order will give bureaucratic control, and I am complaining—
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I agree that the Order is a very wide one, and I have allowed the hon. Member to discuss it very widely, but he is out of Order now.
    Mr. A. Bevan: Is not the hon. Member entitled to point out the evils of bureaucratic control in general in describing the evils of this Order in particular? Otherwise, apparently, the only people who are entitled to discuss anything practically are the Government, who always discuss things impractically.
    Mr. Levy: May I continue if I do not take too much latitude? I was endeavouring to show, with great respect—and I want to keep within your Ruling, Mr. Deputy-Speaker—that the country is becoming very disturbed with regard to the bureaucratic control which is to be found under this Order. The Order enables all kinds of Rules and Regulations to be made which are undisclosed, and the people of this country will not know what they are until they are probably charged with some undisclosed crime before a court, when they will have to appeal to their Member and ask him why he allowed such an Order to be passed, always having regard to the fact that it would have nothing to do with the war effort. It does not help the war effort. The creation of a Gestapo, of inspectors and of all this bureaucratic organisation which this is going to set up has nothing whatever to do with any beneficial effects with regard to winning the war, but it is restricting and controlling the liberty of the subject. May I quote a popular phrase which every hon. Member knows and one which I can commend? It is:

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    "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty."
    We must be eternally vigilant in regard to these Orders, and this Order in particular. We can use our imagination, and we can benefit by past experiences. Members of the House of Commons, who are greatly disturbed, are not doing their duty if they allow their powers to be abrogated and placed in the hands of any Minister and I am not casting an aspersion upon this Minister or any other Minister.
    Dr. Russell Thomas: He is making the Order: why not cast the aspersion upon him?
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I must ask the hon. Member for Elland (Mr. Levy) to direct his remarks to this Order and not to the Orders as a whole.
    Mr. Levy: I am trying to do that. With regard to this Order, the House of Commons ought to weigh up very carefully whether they intend to pass it and so set up a dictator. The passing of this Order would affect the traffic regulations of this country. Members will have no voice in the matter. Now is the time, if ever there was a time, to maintain our democracy, our Constitution, and see that the democratic principles of this House are not undermined. We must maintain our privileges, rights and duties, which this Order would very likely take away from us. I am talking about this Order and no other Order. This Order can virtually repeal any other Order and Acts, and we should not be able to do anything about it. Therefore, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, other Orders come into it, because this Order can modify or limit the application of any prohibition or restriction imposed by any other Act.
    Captain C. S. Taylor: Did my hon. Friend say "this Order" or "disorder"?
    Mr. Levy: I said." this Order." I know that many Members want to speak, and I hope they will and that we shall get the support of those who cherish the liberties of this country. This is not a party question; it is a question of public issue which vitally affects every Member of the House of Commons and every one of his constituents. It is about time that this House of Commons, which seems in some respects to be losing its grip—
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: The hon. Member's remarks are now going outside the Order.
    Mr. Levy: I sincerely hope we shall get sufficient support to be able to say to the Government that we will not pass this Order.
    Mr. Wakefield: I beg to second the Motion.
    My hon. Friend the Member for Elland (Mr. Levy) deserves the thanks of the House for raising this matter. As he said, it is not a party matter, and it raises the widest possible constitutional points. I and my hon. Friends who are raising it are doing so not because we disagree in any way with the work or the policy of the Ministry of War Transport, to whose work the Order refers; we are raising it on the widest grounds and not in any narrow sense. I would like to take this opportunity of paying a personal tribute to the work of the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport. As the representative of a constituency which plays a somewhat important part in the communications system of this country, I have had from time to time communications with the Parliamentary Secretary, and I would like to say how much I and my constituents have appreciated the courtesy with which he has always discharged his duties. I would not like him to think that in raising the matter to-day we are in any way attacking the excellent work he is doing.
    Order No. 71, to which reference has been made, is short and simple, but it is very wide and all-embracing. It might be convenient to the House if I drew attention to Regulation 70, which is the main Regulation affected by Order No. 71. The hon. Member for Elland has described the wide powers which it is proposed to give to the Ministry of War Transport. What, in fact, Regulation 70 does is this. It says:
    "Without prejudice to any of these Regulations, the Minister of War Transport may by Order provide for the regulation of traffic on highways, and without prejudice to the generality of the power aforesaid any such Order may, in particular, provide,

    (a) for determining the routes to be followed by any particular class of vehicles proceeding on highways either generally or in such circumstances as may be determined by or in accordance with this Order, and

    (b) for prohibiting or regulating the use of vehicles or any class of vehicles on highways or the use by vehicles of specified roads or classes of roads either generally or in such

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    circumstances as may be so specified, and may be made so as to apply either generally or to any specified area and may make different provision for different parts of the area to which the Order applies."

    Order No. 71 amends this Regulation by the inclusion of a further paragraph (c) which gives the very wide powers already described by my hon. Friend. It gives the widest possible powers to the Minister. As I see it, the work of Parliament will be completely nullified if this Order is passed. As I understand it, the Minister could, if the Order were passed, give instructions, under the signature of a civil servant, without ever coming before this House, that all vehicles were to drive on the right of the road instead of the left of the road because so many Americans were here. He could, for example, give an instruction that no perambulators should be pushed on the road. That might be a good or a bad thing, but an opportunity should be given to the House to say something about it. He could, as I see it, prohibit any cyclist from riding on any road where there was a path available for cyclists. Is it right that a Minister should issue such an Order under the signature of a civil servant without the House having an opportunity of making its observations upon it? I have quoted these examples to show the very wide powers which would be conferred upon the Minister if this Order is allowed to pass.
    It seems to me that the time has come for us to sit up and take notice and resist the inroads of bureaucracy. My hon. Friend has rightly drawn attention to the effect that communications have upon our daily lives. We all walk upon the roads on our daily business and, if these wide powers are given, the House of Commons will have no say about anything that the Minister may desire to do. The importance of communications is well illustrated by the intensive attack that takes place day after day and night after night upon the enemy's transport system—lorries, trains and ships. It makes me wonder whether this Order is, in any way, related to possible invasion. We do not know. There is nothing to tell us the purpose of these wide powers. Surely, when invasion was a very real and imminent danger all necessary powers were available to have roads diverted and closed. The powers that are available now ought to satisfy the Minister. They are surely strong enough to meet present demands.
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    If the Order is passed, it means that a civil servant can make any alteration that the Minister thinks fit, without the House ever having an opportunity to say anything about it. The time has come for us to be firm. If we are not firm we shall be gravely neglecting our duties and our responsibilities towards our constituents and, what is perhaps more important than anything else, prejudicing the future. Hon. Members do not want to do anything which will in any way hinder the war effort. That is not our purpose. The House has shown its readiness to give immediate effect to any legislation which may be brought before it which is necessary for a more intensive war effort. I and my hon. Friends would be the last to wish to hinder that effort. Without an explanatory Memorandum, this Order does not suggest to us that it will do anything towards furthering the war effort. I hope that the Minister will withdraw the Order and that in future, if he wants to amend any Act, an Order will be laid upon the Table so that hon. Members will have an opportunity of seeing what is intended, and will be able to make any observations which they may think necessary upon it.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Mr. Holdsworth.
    Mr. Clement Davies: On a point of Order. I observe, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, that the Minister has made no effort to catch your eye. Would it not be for the convenience of the House if he were to state the purpose of this Order, so that we may know why it is wanted at this late stage, in the fourth year of the war.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That is not a point of Order.
    The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport (Mr. Noel-Baker): I am entirely in the hands of the House, but I thought that it would be for the convenience of the House that more hon. Members should express their views before I spoke.
    Mr. Holdsworth: I might almost ask for the indulgence of the House, as I have not spoken here for three years. I want to speak about the Order itself. At the beginning of my Parliamentary career I spent many months upstairs in Committee dealing with the Road and Rail Traffic Act and another transport Measure. In those

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    Measures certain privileges were given to the citizens of this country. They could get A, B or C licences and certain obligations were laid upon them in connection with those licences. I want to ask the Minister to explain, in detail, why he wants this particular power. It appears to me that the result of all those months of labour upstairs in Committee can be wiped out with a stroke of the pen, if this power is given to the Minister. I believe that the whole transport of the country could be nationalised if this Order were carried. It gives power
    "for removing"—
    that is, a licence can be taken away—
    "or modifying, or for limiting the application of, any prohibitions or restrictions imposed by or under any Act."
    Some of us have from time to time carried on negotiations with the Minister, and the Parliamentary Secretary will not deny that for many months particular negotiations have been going on with regard to transport problems. Some of us are afraid that the big men in industry are agreeing to certain things, in order to get a monopoly in the industry. Under this Order the Minister can hand over that power to them, and the small man with the C licence, or the man who uses his own transport in his own industry, can find himself without a vehicle, without the means which he is using to-day to transport his goods—all this in order, probably, to meet the terms of an agreement of which this House has no knowledge. Things are getting into a very serious state if that can be done by a stroke of the pen. It is not the Minister of whom I am afraid. I am not particularly criticising the Civil Service, but there is a type of man within that Service who, once he has been given a power like this, waves a little flag and becomes a tyrannical Hitler in his own domain. Although I have had to remain silent for so long, I have not lost my belief in what used to be called the old individualism. A new lorry is being delivered to my own firm this week. Suppose the Minister comes along and says, "I am going to take away your licence. I know that under the Road and Rail Traffic Act you are permitted to be a C licence-holder, but the whole of that can be done away with under this Order."
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    I agree in general with what has been said about the power of the Executive under Defence of the Realm legislation, but I am not prepared to agree to this Order going through, unless the Parliamentary Secretary is prepared to give us not general but specific reasons why he desires this power. Is it true that certain negotiations have taken place between individuals or parties—I am not saying that this is true, I am asking—in which they have suggested that if certain powers are given to them, which in the result would take away the liberty of other subjects, they will be prepared to carry out certain agreements? In other words, is this House being asked to abrogate its own functions, to give away its own powers, in order to hand to some organisation the power to create a monopoly which would limit the activity of private individuals? Some of us are gravely suspicious of what is happening behind the scenes not only in this Ministry but in all Ministries. Many times I have listened to hon. Members here speaking on behalf of the small man, and I have wondered whether there was a set policy on the part of certain people behind the scenes to prepare the way for some future and bigger organisation. I hate monopolies of every kind, whether run by the State or run by private enterprise. I make no exception. I want to know what is behind this Regulation. I am not prepared to give carte blanche, or the absolute powers almost of a gauleiter, to the person who is to apply it. I ask the Minister why it is being done. There is some reason. Do not generalise. Tell us in particular what the reason is, and, if the House is satisfied that the Regulation will help war transport, he will find no opposition.
    The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport (Mr. Noel-Baker): I rise not in order to prevent other hon. Members from expressing their views, which is not in my power and is still less my desire, but to clear up some misunderstanding. I express my gratitude to those who have raised this matter and given me an opportunity of explaining why we ask for this Order in Council and the powers which it confers. I confess freely that, if hon. Members wanted to challenge the system of Orders in Council, this was a very good one for them to select, because

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    the powers proposed in it are extremely wide. Without an explanatory Memorandum it is difficult for hon. Members to know what we have in mind. I am as anxious as any hon. Member to guarantee that democratic control shall be maintained. The Home Secretary has already told the House that the question of giving explanatory memoranda with Orders in Council shall be considered.
    Mr. Levy: He promised that it should be done.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I agree that if to do so were now the practice, this Order in Council is one with which an explanatory Memorandum ought to have been given.
    Rear-Admiral Beamish: When this Order was presented to the Privy Council, as it was, surely the Privy Council had something more to go upon than the wording of the Order—some memorandum?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: No, Sir. But the Government Committee which took responsibility for asking the Privy Council to pass the Order had more before them than the mere terms of the Order, and if it were not wearying the House I would gladly read the whole document. The powers are very wide. We can remove, or modify, or limit the application of any prohibition or restriction imposed by or under any Act. As my hon. Friends are aware, that is all subject to Section I of the Emergency Powers Act by which everything must be done for one or more of five specific purposes: to secure public safety; for the Defence of the Realm; for the maintenance of public order; for the efficient prosecution of any war in which His Majesty may be engaged; or for the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the life of the community.
    Commander Bower: Does that include political warfare?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: We are not concerned with internal political warfare. The Order is subject also to the powers which hon. Members are now using, of a Prayer to annul the Order within 28 days. The whole Emergency Powers Act itself lapses every year and must be renewed. At the end of the emergency the whole thing lapses. The Regulation is confined to road traffic, and is not, as one hon. Member suggested—perhaps I misheard him—applicable to railways and other means of
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    transport. Moreover, with great respect to those who have spoken, I venture to think that the real guarantee of the House lies in its power to raise at any moment anything which my Noble Friend might do under the powers given to him.
    Sir Herbert Williams: Surely my hon. Friend is totally misinformed. What we are praying against is the general power. If his Noble Friend subsequently made Orders, they would not be laid on the Table of the House.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: No, but in the ordinary practice of our democratic method the hon. Member would come here—[HON. MEMBERS: "No!"]—and make a complaint on the Adjournment or on some other occasion—[HON. MEMBERS: "Oh!"]—and if he can make a good case, does he really think that the Government will stand up against it? That surely is the real guarantee. [Interruption.] I venture to suggest with great respect that the two questions hon. Members must ask themselves are whether my Noble Friend is going to do something which is foolish or dangerous, or undemocratic, or detrimental to the public interest; and, secondly, if he does so, how long would it be before this House could get it undone? Under the powers which are sought he might say that the speed limit shall be 100 miles per hour in a built-up area or five miles per hour over the whole country, or that the rule of the road should be that one drives to the right. With regard to what has been said about bicycles and perambulators, I would say to my hon. Friend the Member for Swindon (Mr. Wakefield) that that can already be done under Sub-sections (a) and (b) of Regulation 70 as it stands to-day. Therefore, these powers have already been given by Parliament.
    What is our purpose? I will do my best to show why it is necessary to have wider powers than we possessed before. It is not to nationalise the road passenger service industry or road haulage. If I may answer the actual question asked by the hon. Member who spoke last, I do not recognise in his description of negotiations which are going on anythng with which I am familiar. If he will let me have more particular information, I will try to find out, but I am certain that it was never in my Noble Friend's mind that he should do anything in connection with the road

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    haulage scheme under the powers for which we are asking. Nothing of the kind. One hon. Member said it was right to give very wide powers in 1940 because we were facing a very grave emergency, but that now the emergency is less grave. In some ways that is true; in other ways it is not true. In 1940 we had lots of petrol and rubber. Now rubber and petrol are in very short supply, and that is largely the reason for this Order, as I will show. [Interruption.] We are making an Order for exactly that purpose.
    We have three main objects in view. In the first place, we want to be able to modify speed limits. At present speed limits which are imposed may be varied downwards by the Minister, for example from 20 miles an hour to 15 miles an hour. They cannot be varied upwards, for example from 20 to 25 miles an hour. To do that under the Traffic Act, 1930, or the Road Traffic Act, 1934, a complicated procedure is required which involves prior approval by both Houses of Parliament, and which would take an amount of Parliamentary time which I think in present circumstances would not be justified, when the House sees what we want to do.
    Mr. Holdsworth: Are we to understand that you want to raise the limit, to enable people to drive faster, when all the advertisements are asking people to drive slower?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: We want, first, to be able to allow certain types of trailers used in agriculture which have steel wheels—because we are using steel wheels in order to save rubber—to travel up to 10 m.p.h., instead of 5 m.p.h., which is the present limit. We want also to make it possible for certain vehicles to disregard speed limits when on service, precisely as fire brigade, ambulance and police vehicles can under the Act of 1934. By analogy with ambulances, blood transfusion vehicles have been allowed to do so when it is necessary. There is the case of vehicles engaged on bomb or mine disposal. There are certain security services, of which the House will not want me to speak in more detail, whose vehicles ought to be allowed to exceed the speed limit when it is desirable in the national interest. Other similar cases may arise. There is a second purpose to the Order. We want to be able to make it possible for more
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    than one trailer to be towed on the highway. Under the Act of 1930 only one laden trailer may be towed. That is a very good regulation in peace-time, because everyone knows how dangerous trailers may be, but at present it is desirable that we should be able to allow a series of gun trailers to be towed, which can be hitched together in such a way that they are not dangerous. We want to be able to tow what are called articulated vehicles. At present we cannot. If an articulated vehicle breaks down the two parts have to be separated; a breakdown gang with special tools is necessary, and it is a most difficult business.
    Third, we want to take powers to vary traffic regulations, and in particular to be able easily to get rid of or to reimpose oneway traffic schemes. It is highly desirable, in order to save rubber and petrol, that a very large number of one-way schemes should disappear. We are reviewing every one in the country. Under the existing Act, the Minister can revoke such a scheme; but, in order to have it reimposed, you have to advertise your intention of doing so, to consider any objection from any quarter, to have a public inquiry, and to readvertise. That is a large expenditure of labour, taking up a good deal of the time of people who are very busy, and involving the use of a good deal of paper and so on, when those things are in short supply. We want to be able to revoke such schemes, knowing that if necessary we can reimpose them quickly. Suppose the war were to end next week. We should have an enormous number of places all over the country where one-way traffic schemes have been stopped and it was desirable to put them back. We do not want to have this kind of inquiry in every case. Moreover, many local authorities which have been asked to abolish their one-way traffic schemes have said, "We are quite willing; but only if you will give us an experimental period, so that after a trial we may confirm the abolition or, if we find it dangerous, reimpose the scheme." These are the kind of things we have in view, and I hope that the House will see that there is nothing very dangerous about them. They are fully within the kind of purposes for which the House has given powers of this kind in the past. Primarily they are concerned with the saving of petrol and rubber, in respect of which the emergency is greater than it was

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    before. They are concerned with efforts promoting the war effort, and for these reasons I hope that the House will not annul the Order but will rely on its own sovereign power if we should do anything foolish, undemocratic or dangerous or unwise.
    Mr. Wakefield: The hon. Member made reference to what I said about perambulators and cycles and said that he already had powers to do that. Surely the power that the Minister has is to be obtained only by Order in Council. He cannot do it now without laying an Order and our whole objection is that he is taking power to do all these things without laying an Order.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Under Regulation 70, paragraph (b), the Minister has the power of, and can provide for, prohibiting and regulating the use of vehicles or any class of vehicles on the highway. In other words he can prescribe perambulators or cycles.
    Mr. Wakefield: Under the Defence Regulations.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: But made by the Minister's order in pursuance of powers conferred upon him.
    Sir Herbert Williams: The statement we have heard is profoundly unsatisfactory. The hon. Member tells us he wants to do a number of things and some of them are open to question. Some of his proposals with regard to the speed limit would be very violently opposed. All these things he can do properly by having a Defence Regulation setting out the specific powers he wants. If we did not like them, we could protest. He is going much further. He says that we shall still have our democratic powers, but I will give a recent example under Regulation 55 which gives extensive control over industry in this country. Under that Regulation the Minister of Supply made an Order affecting the paint industry. Owing to the energy of the hon. and gallant Member for Accrington (Major Procter), great efforts were made and ultimately there was a deputation to the Minister in which I took part, as two of the firms were in my constituency. There were about a dozen or more Members of Parliament of all parties, and a number of people in the paint industry and when we got in front
    1010
    of the Minister the whole case for the Ministry was blown sky high and it had to be abandoned. We had written between us hundreds of letters and there were elaborate deputations because the Order was made under Regulation without any proper opportunity given to the House to discuss it. I therefore beseech the hon. Member to withdraw the Order and to replace it by one in which he lays down precisely the powers that the Minister desires.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Perhaps the hon. Member will be more precise about the proposals with regard to speed limits which he thinks are dangerous, as it is a matter to which I attach great importance.
    Sir H. Williams: A great many vehicles are going along the roads much too rapidly. Yesterday when I was in Oxford Street a convoy of five vehicles went past the traffic lights, whereas we want to stiffen the regulations with regard to traffic.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: That has nothing to do with this Order.
    Mr. A. Bevan: The Joint-Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport and ourselves are victims of a situation which has been developing for some time. There are two ideas before the House, though one of them cannot properly be discussed. One is the objection to the particular Order itself, and the other is the growing mood of objection to Orders in general and the form of Parliamentary procedure involved in them. For this situation the Government are solely responsible, because in 1939 this House conferred upon the Government certain powers under which this Order was made. The Government cannot make up their own minds when to proceed by Bill and when to proceed by Order. On many occasions we have had Bills when we could quite easily have had Orders and when we on this side have been the victims. I will give an illustration. We had the other day a Bill dealing with workmen's compensation. The reason why it came before us as a Bill—and I would like hon. Members opposite to listen to this—and not as an Order was because by having the Bill the Government could assist insurance interests to fight against increased workmen's compensation, whereas under the same power as those under which this Order is now being made we could have

    1011
    had an Order without the insurance companies being able to raise any protest at all. In these questions Government Departments are coming forward and asking for power to cut off a man's head because they do not like the colour of his trousers. The Minister says he wants concrete powers to limit the speed of vehicles and dangers on the road. If that is so, why is he asking for this all-embracing power? I am not blaming my hon. Friend; I know' he is caught in a trap.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: May I say why? We have had other Orders before, and we are all in considerable difficulty over a number of these things and thought that similar difficulties might rise again.
    Mr. Bevan: In other words, my hon. Friend is saying that he does not propose to limit the powers asked for so that we can disregard these powers. It would have been far better for the Government to get affirmative Resolutions on all these matters if it was necessary. It is becoming more than a full-time job to watch all these Orders, and it seems to me that apart from the merits of this Order—and this is only one of a large series of Orders of a similar kind—it would be an excellent thing, a corrective for the Government and a reassertion of the authority of Parliament if we chastised the Government on this occasion by compelling them to withdraw this Order and bring forward in precise and definite language an Order stating concretely what they want, and why, instead of conferring upon a Government Department powers more analogous to a dictatorship than to a democratic community.
    Mr. Ralph Etherton: This Order asks for undefined powers for which no case whatever has been made out by the Parliamentary Secretary. In each of the three or four instances which the hon. Gentleman gave to the House he could bring forward an Order defining the specific powers required and the House would then have an opportunity, if it so desired, of discussing those particular points. But to ask, as the hon. Gentleman has done, for wide and undefined powers, is something which, apart from these Regulations, is without precedent. The time has arrived, in my submission, when objection should be taken to the method and the manner in which these
    1012
    Orders are now asked for. It is wrong that Parliament should be deprived of its legislative power and the power to legislate given to a Government Department, or rather to a Minister in a Government Department. That is what this Order does. Regulation 70 already gives the Minister power to do anything with regard to traffic on highways, but what he seeks to do by this Order is to alter and amend legislation, and I submit that is something which should be within the control of the House. It is one thing to take a wide power to regulate traffic on highways, which the Minister already has under Regulation 70; it is quite another matter to take power to alter legislation and to alter Acts of Parliament which have already been passed by the House. If Acts of Parliament are to be altered they should be altered by the House alone. I hope the Minister will decide to withdraw this Order and to introduce an Order or Orders which give him the precise powers which he says he needs.
    Lieut.-Colonel Sir Cuthbert Headlam: I want to emphasise very strongly what has been said by the hon. Member for Stretford (Mr Etherton). I was very much astonished when I read this Order, and the Parliamentary Secretary has not convinced me that it is in the least necessary in the interests of the war effort or the country in any respect. If he wants the various things done that he mentioned, it would be perfectly simple for him to introduce Orders to that effect. I am certain that at the present time the country is getting more and more tired of these Orders. I know that from my own experience, because I get letters by every post complaining about one Order or another. It is realised that certain things are necessary, but this Order seems completely unnecessary, and I beg the Parliamentary Secretary to withdraw it.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: It is very plain to everybody that I have not succeeded in convincing the House. I should like to think I had succeeded in convincing hon. Members that the intentions of the Ministry and my Noble Friend were innocent. It is plain that the House desires to have an Order which shall be more specific and deal in much more concrete terms with the concrete things we want to do. I would like to make a proposal to my hon. Friends who put down this Prayer and

    1013
    who have spoken so ably upon it. We want to get on with these powers because we are now in a difficulty. Things are happening which are illegal and which are not only very difficult for us to stop, but which it is in the general interests of the country should go on. That is why we ask for the powers. If my hon. Friends see their way to withdraw their Prayer so that we have the powers, then I will undertake that we will consult with my hon. Friends immediately, in order to try to find a narrower and more restricted form of words which would meet their views.
    Mr. Pickthorn: The Parliamentary Secretary does himself less than justice, at any rate as far as I am concerned, when he speaks of his failure to convince, because he has fully convinced me. I came into the House one of his supporters. I am as anxious as anyone that Orders in Council in general should be challenged. I, as much as anyone, think that whenever the House—or anyone in the House—suspects it sees a Minister up a tree, it ought to start barking up that tree, but on this occasion I thought the House was barking up a non-existent tree which would hardly suffice even for the hanging of a junior Minister. But after the explanations we have heard from the Parliamentary Secretary, I am bound to say it seems to me that the House cannot decently part with this Order any longer, because it got worse and worse and worse as it went along. I speak not as a lawyer—neither is the Parliamentary Secretary, and I have not the advantage of the assistance of the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Attorney-General—but I had supposed that, for instance, when the Order speaks of removing or modifying or limiting prohibitions it was, as indeed the ancient Common Law in one view did, granting an enlarging but not a restricting power. But the Parliamentary Secretary, when he explained this—and I suppose he had the best legal advice—told us he could do all sorts of restricting things under this power. If that legal advice has been right, I think this Order is much more objectionable than on the face of it it has appeared. Secondly, the Parliamentary Secretary told us that the object of the Order is to deal with three specific things, but it was for administrative convenience that he should so define it that it included those three
    1014
    things and a great many other things also. The whole business of the House is to see that administrative convenience does not control policy and legislation. We are not here for anything else. The convenience of the hon. Gentleman and of Ministers is nothing to us except that he has this terrific engine against us in debate during war-time, that, if we used our powers so as to increase administrative inconvenience to a point which interfered with the waging of the war, we should be not only defeated but damned. We are all aware of that, but the argument has been over-strained to the point where it can be borne no longer.
    The hon. Gentleman's final argument was to say, "We are now in difficulties, and we are doing things which are administratively convenient but illegal, and we wish to legalise them in this way." That seems a most condemnatory defence. Nothing could be worse. That sort of argument might rightly be used in the first weeks of the war, but we are now in the fourth year of the war, and Ministers ought to have found ways of dealing with things of this sort. For years I and others from time to time have said that Orders ought to have the positive and not negative machinery, but that is always resisted by Ministers.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: We are not discussing the general policy of Orders.
    Mr. Pickthorn: I apologise if I am out of Order. I am not trying to discuss the general policy of Orders. I am trying to show that the Ministerial defence on the general question puts them under the necessity to do things in time, with notice sufficient for Members to understand what the thing is about before they come here, and not be left to the very chequered kind of light that we have had from the Front Bench to-day.
    Hon, Members: Divide.
    Flight-Lieutenant Challen: The Minister quoted the powers contained in the main Act and made it clear that a great number of the Orders that he might produce could be produced under those powers. What he seeks to do is to produce these Orders without the obligation of laying them on the Table of the House. I cannot understand why such Orders could not be laid upon the Table, and I cannot see that any administrative difficulty arises.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: The hon. and gallant Member is not referring to this particular Order but to other Orders.
    Flight-Lieutenant Challen: I apologise, but I was concerning myself with the object as stated by the Minister, namely, that he wishes to produce a number of Orders. Those Orders will have to be precisely made out. They will have to be issued in the same way as any Order is issued as an Order in Council. All that he is seeking to do is to produce the Orders without laying them on the Table.
    Mr. Levy: May I suggest—
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: The hon. Member has spoken once and cannot speak again.
    Mr. Levy: I have had a consultation with my hon. Friends, and I was going to make a suggestion.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: The hon. Member has the right of reply, of course.
    Mr. Levy: I think it would save the time of the House if I were allowed to make my suggestion now. If the Minister will withdraw the Order and bring in another, specified as we have suggested, the whole thing will be finished. He can bring in the Order in Council with the greatest possible speed, and if the House is satisfied that it will do something to help the prosecution of the war, it will pass it with acclamation.
    Hon. Members: Withdraw.
    Mr. Ivor Thomas.: I hope the Minister will not agree to this advice. It is obvious to me that no one has been talking about this Order at all, but that there is a conspiracy against the Minister. [Interruption.]
    Several Hon. Members rose—
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Hon. Members must realise that when the occupant of the Chair is standing they themselves must be seated.
    Sir Henry Morris-Jones: On a point of Order. I want to draw your attention to a remark made by my hon. Friend that this was a conspiracy on the part of certain Members against a Minister of the Crown.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That is not a point of Order. The hon. Member may
    1016
    state his case as he pleases. It would never do if the Chair took to editing Members' speeches.
    Mr. Holdsworth: As the hon. Member said that there was a conspiracy against the Minister, may I say that I never had a word with any Member before I spoke? I spoke about the Order according to its merits, and I suggest that it is not Parliamentary to say that there is a conspiracy among Members against the Minister.
    Mr. James Griffiths: Further to that point of Order. Have there not been indications of this conspiracy in what has been stated in the Press?
    Mr. Thomas: The hon. Member for Denbigh (Sir H. Morris-Jones) is a lawyer. [MEMBERS: "No, a doctor."] Then he has no excuse for his intervention, because I was not using the word "conspiracy" in the legal sense but in the normal sense in which we use the word outside legal circles. Undoubtedly there has been concerted action amongst Members of this House on every possible occasion to oppose Orders in Council.
    Mr. A. Bevan: And the Labour Party have taken part in them on many occasions.
    Mr. Thomas: That may be so, and I can hold my own opinion on that question. But it is perfectly obvious that this Order is not being considered on its merits. This is part of a general attack. If I wanted evidence of it, we have had it recently in the consultations that have been going on. I adhere to my view that this is a concerted action against the Minister, and I trust that he will stick to his Order and call the bluff of his opponents.
    Commander Agnew: I must confess that I find the Minister's reasons for requiring this Order and asking for the withdrawal of the Prayer as quite unsatisfactory. One of his main reasons was the need for economy in petrol and rubber. I have been away for some time, and certainly was away at the time of the fall of Singapore, about a year ago. Surely we are not to believe that the Minister has taken all that time to realise that it is necessary to conserve our supplies of petrol and rubber. He suddenly comes here, a year afterwards,

    1017
    to ask us to give him an Order which he says is going to do this. Surely there must be some wholly different object behind his action. The Minister also said that if the war were suddenly to come to an end he and his officials would, unless they had this Order, find themselves in an embarrassing position, because they would have no power left in order to open up all the beautiful highways and other places that have been closed for military and other reasons during the war. Such reasons, put to the House of Commons after we have been at war for nearly four years, are almost an insult. I do not take umbrage myself, but I feel that it is beyond the intelligence of any of us to be asked to agree to an Order for reasons such as those. What the Minister ought to do is to say that he will withdraw the Order. I am certain there will be no opposition if he withdraws the Order and lays another one, calling it, if he likes, the "Petrol and Rubber Emergency Conservation Order." I am sure the House would agree to that, probably without a Debate, if the reasons were clearly set forth in an explanatory memorandum. I find myself quite unconvinced by any proposals short of a clean withdrawal of the Order. If that were done, my hon. Friends who have promoted this Prayer would probably see their way to withdraw it.
    Captain C. S. Taylor: I understand—[HON. MEMBERS: "Divide!"]—that while the hon. and gallant Member for Camborne (Commander Agnew) was speaking conversations have taken place, and if I sit down now perhaps we may hear that an agreement has been reached.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I hope so.
    Captain Taylor: Is the hon. Gentleman going to make a statement?
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I was going to make a proposal to the House, but the actual legal position is a little complicated and I have been trying to make quite sure that I have got it right. The Order in Council has been approved by the Privy Council and therefore I cannot, of my own volition, withdraw it. I can undertake to replace it with a new Order. I hoped that my previous offer was a reasonable one, but it does not satisfy the House, and therefore I want to make one which I hope will
    1018
    satisfy the House, because the things we want to do are things of which every hon. Member approves. There has not been one hon. Member who has disapproved of any of the things we really want to do. I would suggest to my hon. Friends the Members for Elland (Mr. Levy) and Swindon (Mr. Wakefield) and their colleagues that their Prayer should be withdrawn and that we should undertake to withdraw the Order in Council as soon as we can, and we would consult with them and prepare a new Order and bring that in to replace the present Order.
    Sir H. Williams: The hon. Member has just pointed out that he has no power to withdraw the Order. The House could help him. He can consent to its annulment and that is what I suggest he should do.
    Mr. McKinlay: I have not much Parliamentary experience but I do not think I have ever witnessed anything to better the situation which has now been created in this House. The Minister offers to the opposition—[HON. MEMBERS: "What opposition?"] I am looking for a word to fit the occasion, but I cannot find one. Let me substitute the word "obstruction." For a Minister to suggest that he is prepared, conditionally, upon the opposition being withdrawn, not to come back to consult the House but to consult the interests who have led the opposition, is absurd and cannot be tolerated.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: I will consult any hon. Member who takes an interest in this subject. And of course we shall come back to the House, and if the Order does not satisfy any hon. Member he can put down a Prayer within 28 days and then we can repeat the Debate.
    Mr. McKinlay: The obvious thing to do is to pass the Order, and if the Government come to the conclusion that the powers they are asking for are powers they ought not to have—[Laughter.] I must say that some people are moved to hilarity very easily. I am suggesting, and I think the majority of hon. Members on this side of the House are going to insist, that the Order go through or that it be defeated, and if it goes through, it is for the Minister to revise the Order as and when it suits the Ministry to do it. [HON. MEMBERS: "Fascism."] Hundreds of Orders have gone through this

    1019
    House which hon. Members on this side of the House have detested.
    Mr. A. Bevan: Then why did you not fight them? Because you have not got the guts to do it.
    Mr. McKinlay: I do not want to be offensive. I can be offensive if I want to be. In the case of some people, as a matter of fact, their guts do not even stop in their stomach.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I must ask the hon. Member to discuss the Order.
    Mr. McKinlay: I ask the Minister not to give way, and so far as the majority on this side of the House are concerned, who from time to time are prepared to accept responsibility for something, they will support him, he will give his Order, and if the Order must necessarily be revised, then it is for the Government to do it.
    Mr. Burke: We are all in a little difficulty about this Order, and as the Parliamentary Secretary has said that he was not quite clear about it, might I suggest that the Attorney-General gives the House his opinion on the matter?
    The Attorney-General (Sir Donald Somervell): I think the position is quite clear, and I think my hon. Friends understand it. The Order in Council has been passed. What my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary has indicated is that the Order will be withdrawn and replaced by another Order more narrowly drawn, after consultation with anyone who wishes to discuss it with him, including my hon. Friends. That, I think, is the proposal.
    Major Petherick: On a point of Order: May I ask for guidance? We seem to have got into rather a peculiar position. The Parliamentary Secretary, on behalf of the Government, has offered in effect to use his influence in order to get this Order withdrawn. My hon. Friend the Member for South Croydon (Sir H. Williams) has made a suggestion that this Prayer should, in fact, go through and that the Government should consent to the annulment of the Order. May I ask if it would not possibly be to the convenience of the House for the Motion to be put from the Chair? If the Government consented not to challenge
    1020
    the Motion, the Prayer would go through and the Order would be annulled.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: If I put the Question and this Motion is accepted, then the Order is annulled.
    Mr. A. Bevan: On a matter of procedure, the position in which the House is now placed is this. A Prayer is before the House; there is an Order which has been made by the Privy Council. If the Prayer is withdrawn, the Government have already given an assurance that the Privy Council will withdraw the Order. In my opinion, after some experience of this method, the Opposition will do well to be satisfied with that and accept it. It is a most reasonable offer, and they would have achieved their purpose.
    The Attorney-General: To get the terminology right, the Privy Council will replace this by another Order, and the replacing Order will annul this one.
    Mr. Evelyn Walkden: I hope that this is the last occasion on which we shall see the Government somersaulting to factions in this House. I state my feelings as a junior Member; at least I have not been here very long. I hate Hitler and all he stands for, and I hate bureaucratic government as well, but in local government one thing I have always detested is factions trying to dictate—[Interruption]—I did think that we still retained freedom of speech, and I believe—[Interruption]—that we have had to-day on the part of the Minister a demonstration of how far the Government are prepared to go to meet factions and to allow the House to be governed by factions when he tells us that whatever we think about the Order and its effect, however some of us may dislike it, he is prepared to take back the Order, or to withdraw it altogether, and give us another later on that is more narrowly drawn. Quite frankly, we do not know the meaning of "consultation," but we do know what is behind this kind of agitation, or, if I may use the term, intrigue. I and others are prepared to back the Government if they will stand their ground on this issue, and we will risk the consequences. We in the industrial North have had to sacrifice far more than we like to confess in the matter of transport, and we say to the Minister, "Take courage, stand your ground, and we will support you."
    Sir John Wardlaw-Milne: May I suggest to the hon. Member for Doncaster (Mr. E. Walkden) and to other Members that there is nothing extraordinary about the procedure which the House has followed? It is only right and proper that the Government should meet Members in this way if they find that Members are dissatisfied. But I suggest that, in view of the pledge that has been given, the Prayer might be withdrawn, on the understanding that this Order will be replaced by a fresh Order, detailing what the Government want, and that there will be no delay.
    Mr. Ammon: Might I reinforce the appeal of my hon. Friend the Member for Kidderminster (Sir J. Wardlaw-Milne), by saying to those who have moved the Prayer, "You have gained all you wanted, and, in view of the specific promises you have got from the Minister, I think we might agree to withdraw the Prayer"?
    Mr. Levy: In view of what the Minister has said, I have the consent of the
    1022
    seconder to say that we will ask leave to withdraw the Prayer, on the conditions set out by the Parliamentary Secretary and by the Attorney-General. I hope that all Members will be satisfied, and that in future we shall get something specific instead of this ambiguity.
    Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Is it your pleasure that the Motion be withdrawn?
    Some HON. MEMBERS: No; no.
    Question put, and agreed to.
    Resolved,
    "That an humble Address be presented to His Majesty, praying that the Order in Council, dated 13th January, 1943, made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940, amending Regulation 70 of the Defence (General) Regulations, 1939, a copy of which was presented to this House on 19th January, be annulled."
    To be presented by Privy Councillors or members of His Majesty's Household.
    It being after the hour appointed for the Adjournment of the House, Mr. DEPUTY-SPEAKER adjourned the House, without Question put; pursuant to the Standing Order.

ROYAL AIR FORCE
  Police
  Police
  Deferred Service
  Deferred Service
  ISOLATION HOSPITAL, CASHES GREEN
  ISOLATION HOSPITAL, CASHES GREEN
CIVIL DEFENCE
  Evacuation
  Evacuation
  Public Air-Raid Shelters, London (Damage)
  Public Air-Raid Shelters, London (Damage)
  ARMED FORCES (PENSIONS AND GRANTS)
  ARMED FORCES (PENSIONS AND GRANTS)
MINISTRY OF SUPPLY
  Pamphlet (Paper Supply)
  Pamphlet (Paper Supply)
  Motor-car and Cycle Tyres (Reclaim)
  Motor-car and Cycle Tyres (Reclaim)
  Ordnance Factories (Management)
  Ordnance Factories (Management)
  Medical Goods (Containers)
  Medical Goods (Containers)
  Costings Investigators
  Costings Investigators
  ENEMY-OCCUPIED COUNTRIES (FOOD SUPPLIES)
  ENEMY-OCCUPIED COUNTRIES (FOOD SUPPLIES)
  POST-WAR PLANNING (MUNICIPALITIES)
  POST-WAR PLANNING (MUNICIPALITIES)
FOOD SUPPLIES
  Prosecution, Glasgow
  Prosecution, Glasgow
  Cheese Factories, Lancashire
  Cheese Factories, Lancashire
  Orange Juice (Distribution)
  Orange Juice (Distribution)
  Fish Zoning Scheme (Manchester)
  Fish Zoning Scheme (Manchester)
  Hotels and Restaurants (Charges)
  Hotels and Restaurants (Charges)
  Potatoes
  Potatoes
  Green Vegetables
  Green Vegetables
  Alcoholic Liquors (Restriction)
  Alcoholic Liquors (Restriction)
  Baking Industry (Man-Power)
  Baking Industry (Man-Power)
  Closed Meal Centres (Food Stocks)
  Closed Meal Centres (Food Stocks)
  Milk (Pasteurisation)
  Milk (Pasteurisation)
  Ration Cards (Hotel Guests)
  Ration Cards (Hotel Guests)
NATIONAL WAR EFFORT
  Registered Women (Statistics)
  Registered Women (Statistics)
  Labour (Allocation)
  Labour (Allocation)
  MILITARY SERVICE (MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS)
  MILITARY SERVICE (MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS)
  MERCHANT NAVY (GUNNERS, PAY)
  MERCHANT NAVY (GUNNERS, PAY)
  EDUCATION (LINGUISTIC TRAINING SCHEME)
  EDUCATION (LINGUISTIC TRAINING SCHEME)
  CASH TRANSACTIONS (INCOME TAX)
  CASH TRANSACTIONS (INCOME TAX)
AGRICULTURE
  Hill Sheep Farmin Mr. Bellenger (Inquiry)
  Hill Sheep Farmin Mr. Bellenger (Inquiry)
  Technical Development
  Technical Development
  THE COLONIAL CENTRE, LONDON
  THE COLONIAL CENTRE, LONDON
Preamble
The House met, The LORD CHANCELLOR on the Woolsack.

BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE
LORD SNELL: My Lords, on behalf of my noble friend Lord Cranborne, I beg to move the Motion which stands in his name.
Moved, That Standing Orders Nos. XXI and XXXIX be considered in order to their being suspended for this day's sitting, and that Government business have precedence over other Notices and Orders of the Day.—(Lord Snell.)
On Question, Motion agreed to, and ordered accordingly.

SUNDAY ENTERTAINMENTS ACT, 1932: BOROUGH OF WREXHAM ORDER.
LORD TEMPLEMORE: My Lords, on behalf of my noble friend the Duke of Devonshire, I beg to move that the Order standing in his name be approved.
Moved, That the Order made by the Secretary of State for the Home Department under the Sunday Entertainments Act, 1932, and laid before the House yesterday, be approved.—(Lord Templemore.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

CONSOLIDATED FUND (No. 1) BILL.
Read 2a (according to Order): Committee negatived.
Then, Standing Order No. XXXIX having been suspended, Bill read 3a, and passed.

BRITISH NATIONALITY AND STATUS OF ALIENS BILL [H.L.]
Read 3a (according to Order).
LORD BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH LORD BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH moved, after Clause 6, to insert the following new clause:
888
".—(1) This section shall apply to every woman who at the time of her marriage to an alien, whether before or after the passing of this Act, was a British subject and who, by reason of her marriage, has acquired the nationality of her husband.
(2) Any woman to whom this section applies (whether her marriage is still continuing or not) may, at any time within twelve months after the passing of this Act (in the case of a woman married to an alien before the passing of this Act), or within twelve months after the date of her marriage (in the case of a woman married to an alien after the passing of this Act), or in either case at such later time as the Secretary of State may in special circumstances allow, make a declaration in the prescribed form and manner that she desires to retain while in the United Kingdom the rights of a British subject, and thereupon she shall, within the United Kingdom, be entitled to all political and other rights, powers and privileges, and be subject to all obligations, duties and liabilities, to which a natural-born British subject is entitled or subject."
The noble Lord said: My Lords, in moving the insertion of this new clause I do not feel that I need offer any apologies to your Lordships for returning once again to a matter which I have endeavoured to present to your Lordships on two previous stages of this Bill. I would only remind your Lordships that I have two objects in view. The first object, which is of paramount importance to-day, is the more effectual prosecution of the war. Your Lordships do not need to be reminded that this is the moment at which the strain on the nation's man-power is going to be greatest. Every one of the participants in this war is putting forth at the moment his major effort, and anything we can do to add, in however small a degree, to the man- and woman-power of this country must be of assistance to the war effort: anything which hinders that maximum labour force being applied to the war effort is a thing which we ought to do away with.
In addition, this clause, if it can be agreed to in this form or whatever form may be legally correct, will help to remove a cause of a great deal of hardship to British-born women who have married foreigners. The hardship which I am endeavouring to relieve is to those women who are married to foreigners other than enemy aliens. That is the circumstance which gives rise to the efforts which I am making to rectify this injustice, because in 1914 an Act was passed whereby a British-born woman married to an alien who becomes an enemy has the right,

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subject to certain precautions, to the restoration of British nationality. It seems to me hard that that right should be denied to women married, not to enemy aliens but to friendly or neutral aliens. I would only remind your Lordships that this step in the direction of allowing a woman to recover her British nationality is in line with the general declaration of policy which the British Government made as long ago as 1931 to the League of Nations on the subject of nationality, which I believe remains the general policy of the Government to-day. There was a Hague Convention, I think, on nationality in 1933. I speak entirely subject to correction, but I believe that the main achievement of that Convention was that the participating Governments agreed to do what they could to remedy the condition of Statelessness, which is a very distressing one to people who get into that position. I believe that the agreement did not go very much beyond that and that questions of nationality have proved to be so complicated that international agreement has not been secured. Even agreement between the British Government and the Governments of the Dominions has not been secured on the question affecting nationality of women.
I have once again to admit to your Lordships that in saying that the Dominion of New Zealand had gone a step further in the direction of allowing women to recover their nationality I was misled. This, therefore, is to-day not a question of altering nationality. But I found that I had been misled, possibly not without some excuse. The position appears to be that the Dominion of New Zealand were very anxious that a British-born woman, such as a New Zealand woman, married to an alien, should have the right of recovering her nationality, but there was an understanding or agreement with the Home Government that the particular step should not be taken until all could take it in unison. But so anxious were the Dominion of New Zealand to give effect to the substance of that, that they have apparently evolved the very ingenious formula embodied in the Amendment. That avoids carefully making a reference to nationality, but does say that the woman may
"make a declaration in the prescribed form and manner that she desires to retain while in the United Kingdom"—
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it is "New Zealand" in the New Zealand formula—
"the rights of a British subject, and thereupon she shall, within the United Kingdom, be entitled to all political and other rights, powers, and privileges, and be subject to all obligations, duties and liabilities, to which a natural-born British subject is entitled or subject."
The layman, of course, at first reading of that sees no distinction between that and full nationality. You have got all the rights and all the liabilities of British nationality and British citizenship. You are, in effect, a British citizen, though not in law. That was where some misunderstanding, rather intelligibly I think, arose. If the Dominion of New Zealand could do that, it occurred to me that that might be a proper course for the Government of the United Kingdom to follow as far as citizens in the United Kingdom were concerned, and that led me to put down the Amendment which is before your Lordships.
There may be some objections; I have no doubt, if so, the Lord Chancellor will tell us what they are. At all events, the first objection that this does not deal with nationality and therefore should not be in a Nationality Bill, would not, I think, be a formidable one, This clause does appear in a Nationality Bill in New Zealand, and it touches so near to the question of nationality that I think in a hotch-potch like the Bill before your Lordships to-clay it might very fairly find a place. Then again, the uniformity argument which the noble and learned Viscount urged on the House on the previous occasion does not apply now as an objection because, firstly, this does not touch nationality and, secondly, the principle of uniformity is equally observed by putting it in, because Australia and New Zealand have already done it.
I conceive there might be an objection on the score that these women who have married foreigners are very numerous, and that consequently a great deal of work for the Home Office would be involved. I hope the Lord Chancellor will tell us, in the course of his reply, what numbers of women are involved, because I do not know. The Lord Chancellor told us that under the provision whereby a woman married to an enemy alien can have her nationality restored no fewer than 2,000 have had their nationality restored—I think he said during the war. That is a

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considerable number. I should imagine that the wives of friendly aliens who may wish to take advantage of this provision would be greater. If so, all the larger is the potential accretion to the labour force of this country, a large proportion of which is being prevented from pulling its weight in the present war effort. On the subject of work for the Home Office I should imagine that in the long run it may save work, because it would avoid the necessity of these women having to register with the police and generally be subject to police supervision. That might save work on a considerable scale.
Finally, I have no doubt that the wording of the Amendment itself, which I have only had from the day before yesterday until to-day to prepare without the help of legal advice, may be open to objection. If that is the case, I hope the Lord Chancellor will do his best to help us by explaining how it can be improved, and if the general principle meets with approval the necessary alterations could be made in another place. I beg to move.
Amendment moved—
After Clause 6 insert the said new clause.—(Lord Balfour of Burleigh.)
VISCOUNT BENNETT: My Lords, I rise merely for the purpose of asking whether, in the opinion of the Lord Chancellor, there is any possibility of complications arising in connexion with the matter of divorce by reason of the amplitude of the terms at the end of the proposed clause. It has been held by your Lordships' House that the domicile of the husband is the domicile of the wife, and that she cannot acquire separate domicile. If she has all the rights of a British subject complications might arise by reason of that fact, and I should like the noble and learned Viscount to indicate what in his opinion would be the effect of this language.
VISCOUNT SAMUEL: My Lords, I wish to support the Amendment which has been moved by my noble friend Lord Balfour of Burleigh, not especially on the merits of this particular Amendment, but because it is a step towards the assertion of the general principle for which he was arguing when the Bill was before the Committee. I greatly regret that a political engagement in a Committee elsewhere made it impossible for me to attend
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on that occasion and to support the noble Lord. I have for many years been strongly in favour of the principle he is now defending. Indeed, when I was at the Home Office the Government of that day made a declaration of principle at the League of Nations at Geneva which has been quoted in these debates, and which really bound the Government of that day and has never been definitely repudiated by their successors—the principle of equality between men and women in the matter of nationality. It is wrong that a woman's nationality should be, in a sense, a by-product of marriage. It ought to be a thing standing on its own basis and within her own option.
It took very many years of bitter controversy before married women were given the right to the ownership of their own property, and it was after long debates in Parliament and great discussion in the country that the principle was at last recognized that the property belonging to a woman who married should not thereby pass to her husband and under his control. But a woman's citizenship is even more important than her property. It seems to me wholly wrong that, by virtue of her marriage, she may lose her citizenship and may be placed in the dilemma either of giving up the man to whom she is attached and wishes to marry or giving up her citizenship. Under the present law she is not allowed, in many cases, to retain both. Difficulty has undoubtedly arisen from the important principle that British citizenship should, as far as possible, be uniform throughout the Empire. That is a principle of great importance which ought not to be departed from if it can be avoided; but there is not complete uniformity now, because Australia and New Zealand have, as has been mentioned, to some extent infringed that principle.
In spite of what was said by the noble Viscount on the Woolsack, they do make a distinction in this matter of married women within their own areas. They are not behind us in this matter, but ahead of us. What is the position in Canada and South Africa I am not sure. I believe it has varied from time to time, but I am convinced that every effort should be made to persuade the Dominions to accept the principle of uniformity on different lines from that established in the present Act. We should all follow, in effect, the principle which

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has now been adopted in Australia and New Zealand. It is not these two who are holding us back, it is we who are holding them back. I sincerely hope, if the Government hold that it is impossible in this Bill to achieve these purposes, that the matter will be carefully borne in mind, and that an early opportunity will be taken after the war to apply the principle embodied in the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act, 1919, that women and men are to be on the same footing in these matters; that a woman is not merely an adjective, and a man the only substantive, but that a woman is also a substantive in herself and entitled to the control of her own nationality.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR (VISCOUNT SIMON): My Lords, I must make a few observations because the Government cannot accept this Amendment. In view of the more general remarks made by my noble friend Lord Samuel, I may be permitted to say that my personal convictions, and I think I may claim my public: actions, have been most definitely associated with the movement towards the more equal treatment of women to which he refers—indeed almost at some stages when my noble friend took a slightly different view.
VISCOUNT SAMUEL: No, no.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR: Not on woman suffrage? I was including woman suffrage. I thought it was quite right that women should have the vote and as far as I could I helped to establish that principle. But we are not on personal records, or on political principles—we are on this Bill. I, too, regret that my noble friend Lord Samuel—for good reasons—was not able to be here on the Second Reading and on the Committee stage, because if he had been he would have fully heard the argument, which I do not expect he has had an opportunity of studying in any detail in the Official Report.
VISCOUNT SAMUEL: I have read it.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR: I shall repeat it in ease it should have escaped his memory. In the first place, the proposal now being made is not that British women who marry aliens should remain British subjects. That proposal was made, discussed, and withdrawn. Indeed it was made by Lord Balfour of Burleigh, as he candidly said to-day, under some slight
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misapprehension—any of us may suffer from that—because at the time he was under the impression that that was the law in New Zealand and Australia. I have pointed out already to the House that that is not the law in Australia and New Zealand, and that that was a mistake. The provision that is made in Australia and New Zealand—it is not made in Canada or in South Africa or, as far as I know, elsewhere in the Empire—is that for certain purposes a woman, albeit she has married an alien and therefore is an alien, has the rights and obligations locally of a British subject such as she originally was. I do not agree at all that it would be right for this country, because this has been done in two of the Dominions, to follow suit. On the contrary, this country inevitably has got to play in this matter a most important part. My noble friend Lord Samuel referred just now to the fact that in the year 1930, a time when he and I were colleagues, he at the Home Office was specially responsible for the declaration that was made at Geneva.
VISCOUNT SAMUEL: 1931.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR: That is so, and it bound the whole Government.
LORD STRABOLGI: It was a respectable Government in 1930.
A NOBLE LORD: Not at all, a terrible one.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR: The Government of 1931 made this declaration at Geneva, but I am informed that that declaration is fulfilled under Section 10 of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1933. This is quite a different question. This is a question of whether in this island we should institute what has never hitherto been instituted—a third sort of individual between women who are British subjects and women who are aliens. The suggestion is that we should carve out between these two simple and opposed conceptions some middle stage. In the first place, I do not think it desirable that we should do anything of the kind. All sorts of difficulties will certainly present themselves if we do so. My noble friend Lord Balfour urged that one of the reasons for the Amendment was that British women who had married aliens and were in this country, were, as aliens,

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debarred from employment in a civil capacity where the test was "Are you a British subject?" Let me relieve my noble friend's mind on that point. He has not read all the Defence Regulations and I should think no one has, but Defence Regulation 60D, subsection (2), provides as follows:
"(2) A woman who, having been a British subject, has by, or in consequence of, her marriage, become an alien, may, during the continuance in force of this Regulation, be treated for the purpose of temporary employment in a civil capacity under the Crown as if she had not ceased to be a British subject."
LORD BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH: May I interrupt the noble Viscount? It says "may be treated"; it does not say "shall be treated". I gave the House examples on the Second Reading of numerous women who were being debarred from war work.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR: I do not think we can do more here than discuss the legislation proposed and the Regulations made. Nobody could say by Statute "shall be employed". The point is to provide that, notwithstanding that a British lady is married to an alien, she is to be in the same position as a British subject for the purpose of civil employment. To make a provision which would imply a great deal more than that is really a thing to which the Government could not consent to-day. The difficulty which many of us have—which I myself have—is that a general forward movement on the subject is not suitable under the terms of this particular Bill because it has nothing to do with the Bill, which is brought forward for a very specific object. Those of us who have been Members of the House of Commons have only to look at the title to know that this particular Amendment is not within the scope of the Bill. It quite plainly is not. This Bill is for a strictly limited purpose. This Bill is, firstly, to fulfil a pledge made on behalf of the country by the Prime Minister, and secondly, to make certain adjustments especially of a mechanical or administrative kind, such, for example, as may be required in connexion with the position of those who come here from the British Colony in South America and want to join the Forces. This Bill is not intended to alter the general law of the land about nationality. I will ask the
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House to observe that distinction. Wherever our sympathies may lie on this subject, it really is not right to use a Bill of this perfectly limited character, passed in time of war for strictly limited purposes, as though it were a fit vehicle for making a fundamental change in the law relating to married women and their national responsibilities.
All sorts of difficulties will arise. I was asked a question by my noble friend Lord Bennett in regard to divorce. I say nothing about the drafting of this Amendment. However drafted, it is probably going to produce quite a number of conundrums of various kinds which have not in the least been thought out, but as regards the particular question which my noble friend put, I would say this. The point was with regard to jurisdiction in divorce. Speaking quite offhand, I should not have thought that these particular proposals would have created a new complication, for this reason. The jurisdiction to pronounce a decree in divorce depends upon the matrimonial domicile, and does not depend upon the nationality. If an Italian marries a Russian in accordance with an English ceremony in this country and if the home of the parties is British—that is to say the domicile—I apprehend that the right to entertain a suit of divorce would be unaffected by this Amendment and by the nationality of the parties. I do not wish in any way to mislead the House about that, of course; it is a natural question to put, but what I am clear about—and here I am speaking with the special knowledge of Home Office officials who have made a special study of this matter, and I say it on behalf of the Home Office—is that if we were to make an Amendment of this sort we should be bringing in a quite different department of law from anything which is in this Nationality Bill. I agree with my noble friend Lord Balfour that we should not in fact alter any one's nationality; we should really be making provisions which are not properly speaking part of nationality law at all, but something quite different.
I further respectfully but most firmly have to inform your Lordships that the authorities responsible are most seriously concerned at the idea that these complications should be raised which cannot very well be dealt with during the war, when the whole object of this measure is to create in detail cut-and-dried changes of moderate scope, every one of which has

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been agreed to with the Dominions. This new proposal is not the law of Canada; it is not the law of South Africa; it has never been the subject, as far as I know, of any consultation between the Dominions and ourselves. Our whole principle in this Bill has been to try as far as we can to see that the general principle of the existing law of nationality is safeguarded. I fully admit that the provisions made in New Zealand, as in Australia, give to the British woman who is married a foreigner inside those Dominions, certain rights which attach ordinarily to a British subject. She can vote, for example; but is it really intended that in this Bill by the vote of the House of Lords we are going to increase the qualifications for the vote for members of the Commons? I do not think, with great respect to your Lordships, the House of Lords is primarily concerned with defining new categories of voters. The Amendment which has been moved is one which says in effect that a woman who could not at the last election vote because she was not a British subject shall now he able to do so. It is a proposal which has nothing to do with nationality.
I cannot reply to the noble Lord's question, how many such women there are, but what I do know is that the Government, under the Defence Regulations, are already taking advantage of the services of single-minded and devoted ladies who remain wholly British in sympathy notwithstanding the fact that they have married aliens. We have already provided for the case of a woman who is married to an enemy alien. This question is solely concerned with those married to aliens who are not enemies, and it is much too large a question to be dealt with on the Third Reading of this Bill in the House of Lords. Therefore, with great regret, because with much of what has been said I am in sympathy, I must ask your Lordships to be good enough to see that the Bill is preserved in its present state.
LORD BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH: My Lords, I must admit that I am greatly disappointed at the reception my efforts have had at the hands of the noble and learned Viscount. I will not detain you more than a few minutes before withdrawing the Amendment, but I want to say that I was astonished to hear the
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extracts read from the Defence Regulations because there are numerous examples—I will not take up time by repeating them, but there is one case from the Foreign Office and one from the Royal Institute of International Affairs—of women who are being prevented from doing war work because they are aliens and for no other reason. That seems flatly in contradiction of the Regulation read by the Lord Chancellor. There is one other point to which I must refer. I am not sure if I heard correctly what the noble and learned Viscount said, but I understood him to say that the declaration about nationality made by the Government at the League of Nations in 1931 had been given effect to in the nationality law of 1933.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR: May I read the exact terms handed to me from the Foreign Office? Section 10 of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, as amended in 1933, is exactly in accord with the Convention of 1930. I think it may be that I was confusing this with what was said at the League of Nations in 1931.
LORD BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH: I am very glad to have that misunderstanding cleared up because the Declaration of 1931 is a very different matter. The Declaration says that
"the British Government considers that it is right that all disabilities of married women in matters of nationality should be removed, and that in so far as nationality is concerned a married woman should be in the same position as a man—married or unmarried—or any single woman."
I am very glad that matter is cleared up because I am sure the noble and learned Viscount would not claim that that is given effect to in the Convention. I beg leave to withdraw my Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Bill passed, and sent to the Commons.

MINISTER OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING BILL.
House in Committee (according to Order): Bill reported without amendment.
Then, Standing Order No. XXXIX having been suspended, Bill read 3a, and passed.

CROWN LANDS BILL.
House in Committee (according to Order): Bill reported without amendment.
Then, Standing Order No. XXXIX having been suspended, Bill read 3a, and passed.

WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION BILL.
House in Committee (according to Order): Bill reported without amendment.
Then, Standing Order No. XXXIX having been suspended, Bill read 3a, and passed.

PRODUCER GAS.
THE DUKE OF MONTROSE THE DUKE OF MONTROSE rose to ask His Majesty's Government, whether they can now state what progress has been made in regard to developing producer gas propulsion for motor vehicles; and to move for Papers. The noble Duke said: My Lords, when I addressed your Lordships in July I did not anticipate that I should have to ask you to hear me again on the subject of producer gas, but I raise the question now because I do not think we have had any authoritative statement from the Minister of War Transport in this House since July telling us what progress has actually been made in the development of the producer-gas system. I think it was in April that the Minister of War Transport told us that he had decided to adopt the producer-gas system in some measure for transport purposes. In July he told us he had completed designs and had actually placed orders for 2,500 vehicles, and that in the course of a very short time he hoped to have deliveries made of further vehicles at the rate of 400 per week.
I do not know what progress has actually been made, but I think the kind of information your Lordships would like to have is the number of vehicles running today on producer gas, how many miles those vehicles have actually run, whether their performance has actually saved oil, and whether the Minister himself is really satisfied with this idea of substituting producer gas for oil propulsion. As I say, I have no idea of the progress that has been made, but I have heard rumours that the programme is behindhand. For instance,
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I understand that my noble friend produced a scheme whereby operators owning a certain number of vehicles in a fleet, should be requested to convert 10 per cent. of their vehicles. On that basis of 10 per cent. the Corporation of the City of Glasgow should have had an allotment of material or plant to convert forty-seven omnibuses, but I was informed only the other day that the Corporation has actually received allocation for twelve omnibuses only. I understand that thirty-five municipalities and corporations have been asked to convert vehicles on that 10 per cent. basis. If their position is the same as that of the City of Glasgow, the programme must be very seriously behindhand. If that is so—I do not know whether it is—I think your Lordships would like to know the reason and what chance there is of making up the programme, because it is a very important matter.
When I spoke in July I did think we had got the better of the U-boats, and that it would be easier, as time went on, to ship oil to this country. But we all know that the menace of the U-boats is still very grave, and that the shipping shortage is still very serious and is likely to become more so in the near future when the great offensive begins, for there is bound to be a call for more shipping then. I am sure that any policy which gives a promise of conserving oil in this country now, for the use of our Services, is a policy of the utmost importance. So we should like to make sure that this scheme to convert vehicles to producer gas is making real progress. I have a feeling that the Minister of War Transport is not really making sufficient use of the capacity and experience of private firms to back him up. I have seen a letter from the Ministry of War Transport saying that they were prepared to allot steel on the basis of 351 units among six firms for a period of six months. That is only 2½ units for each per week. Surely, no private firm could hope to keep in existence on a basis of 2½ units per week. That is simply slow murder of private industry. I am quite sure that very few firms will be able to remain in existence on such a basis. I do hope that the Minister will be able to see his way to give further support to private firms, for after all they have the benefit of a great deal of experience and capability in the manufacture of producer-gas plants.
Noble Lords will remember that when we were discussing this in April I was very rude to the Minister. I called his plant an "engineering haggis," and I understand that he was very angry with me for that. My noble friend went to a private firm Messrs. Tilling to pull him out of the mess. Now he has gone from the Mark III to the Mark VI plant mainly and almost entirely through the skill of the firm of Messrs. Tilling. The Highland Bus Company were pioneers in showing how to fit producer-gas plants internally in closed-in vehicles. As a private firm, they have also pioneered various filtering devices. Now the Glasgow Corporation are pioneering a system of applying producer gas to Diesel-engined vehicles. Hitherto we have principally thought of the producer-gas vehicle as a conversion from the petrol engine type. But now the Glasgow Corporation are showing how to do it with Diesel engines. This is a very important matter for when they run their omnibuses as ordinary Diesel-engined omnibuses they manage to get about nine miles to a gallon of oil. But when they run them with the Diesel principle coupled with producer gas they manage to get 25 to 30 miles to a gallon of oil. What does that mean? It means that if the application of producer gas to Diesel-engined vehicles is carried out generally there will be a saving of 2,500,000 gallons of oil in six months or 5,000,000 gallons in a year. Surely, that is a matter of sufficient importance when you think of the shipping space that would be saved.
These things of which I have spoken were done by private firms. Therefore I say that having regard to the work which independent manufacturers have done, utilizing their experience and skill, I would like to see the Minister of Transport more expansive in his attitude towards them, and calling them in to back him up so as to get rapid development of his scheme. There is one other point upon which I wish to ask my noble friend a question. I have seen a circular letter from his Ministry in which it is said that operators have the right to choose what kind of producer they like. We know that the Government have the Government emergency producer, and I should like to know whether the freedom of choice applies to Government Departments as well as to private operators.
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Have they the same right in this matter as the private operators?
THE MINISTER OF WAR TRANSPORT (LORD LEATHERS): Yes, that is right.
THE DUKE OF MONTROSE: I am very glad to hear the Minister say that, for I had heard rumours that some Government Departments were having undue pressure brought upon them to use the Government producer. I accept the noble Lord's statement with pleasure. Then we turn to the matter of fuel. It is quite obvious that the results obtained from gas producers in vehicles are very largely dependent on the fuel. We need a good fuel if we are to get good results. The Minister told us that Welsh anthracite of a certain kind was the only fuel really practicable for present consideration. But it is not the best fuel. What I would like to know is whether, if this movement expands, there is enough Welsh anthracite to meet all possible expansion even up to 50,000 vehicles. If there is not enough, what steps is the Minister taking to provide more fuel? I did bring to his notice a factory which was lying closed in July. I thought it a very great mistake that this place should be allowed to remain closed. I felt that it should be opened up, for if that factory was running at full pressure it would be capable of taking care of the fuel supply for about 3,000 or more vehicles. That would be a very important contribution towards the solution of the fuel problem. I understand that the activation of ordinary gas coke has been ruled out because of the cost of the plant needed to activate it. What other sorts of fuel have we?
The only other one I can think of at the moment is charcoal, which is an excellent fuel. I would like to know whether the Minister has been in touch with any groups of people who are concerned with the manufacture of charcoal. I know we did not use much of it before the war; and we imported most of what we used from Belgium and Holland. But there is now in existence a Charcoal Manufacturers' Association in this country which embraces some 14 to 16 of the best charcoal makers. I know that the Minister of Supply and his Department are pressing very hard to induce all landowners to cut trees to meet our timber requirements within the next few months. That means that large amounts of timber will be avail-

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able, especially in Scotland. To bring Welsh anthracite to Scotland means a long journey, and if charcoal could be produced to take care of Scottish requirements it would be of very great assistance. I hope that the noble Lord will be able to tell us that he will actively pursue, or is pursuing, the development of the use of charcoal as an alternative fuel. We shall be very grateful for a statement from him, and I beg to move for Papers.
LORD PENTLAND: My Lords, I am sure that many of your Lordships are very grateful to the noble Duke for having once again brought this interesting matter before the House. It has fallen to my lot to take an interest in producer gas from a purely technical standpoint, and, in view of that experience, I ask your Lordships' permission to say a few words. It is some months, as the noble Duke said, since the matter was last discussed, and in the interval the Government have taken the most remarkable and very useful step of publishing their plans in complete detail. Drawings of the equipment have been circulated to the Press, the names of the contractors have been announced, and details of the arrangements for selecting the vehicles and for servicing and maintaining them have been given. There is no longer any mystery, therefore, as to what the intentions of the Government are.
There are two things which I should like to say about this scheme, but before doing so I wish to say a word about producer-gas traction in general, and about the scale of any future scheme. Although it has such a distinguished sponsor in your Lordships' House, producer-gas traction is of very humble origin, and is a very poor relation indeed of petrol traction. It involves a loss of power of some 40 per cent. at the best, and often more, compared with petrol traction. In France it is simply called gaz pauvre. So that it is only during a war, or in exceptional circumstances such as might follow on a war, that the use of producer-gas traction can be justified. At the same time, it is the only large-scale and practical alternative to oil traction. The question of the balance of advantage and the question of what emphasis should be placed on producer-gas traction in our total transport economy must be very difficult, therefore, to decide. The question of the fuel to be
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used has been mentioned, and on the fuel available depends to some extent what use can be made of producer gas. It is very desirable that the range of fuels which can be burnt in a producer should be extended, and research on this subject is continuing. On the other hand, there is a general shortage of fuel. I feel that it is really outside the scope of this debate to say to what extent coal can be spared for traction as apart from other purposes.
If I am not detaining your Lordships too long, I should like to add a few words about the scheme for 10,000 producers. First of all with regard to the design of the producers, it is, of course, much too late now to alter the design, but I do feel some sympathy, as no doubt many of your Lordships do, with the views and criticisms of the Government design which the noble Duke has expressed to-day and on former occasions. Your Lordships may, perhaps, take the view that the difference between one producer and another is a matter of opinion, just as one man will prefer an Austin and another a Morris, but it is not really quite the same thing. No one has yet evolved a really satisfactory producer; you have only to ask even the most enthusiastic omnibus driver to learn that. No doubt it is in course of development, but I think that the Government have been inclined to be rather arbitrary in fixing their design, if I may say so very respectfully. They have clung to their original design too long, and they have only recently begun to make sufficient use of the great experience which exists among the private firms in this country. One firm has been mentioned, but it is not the only one. I speak without full knowledge, but I believe that that criticism is a fair one, I think it is true to say that the Government were optimistic in choosing their first design. They have now brought out a second design, and it remains to be seen how these producers will work when they come on the road.
With regard to the operating side, it was absolutely necessary for the success even of this relatively small experiment that there should be a sufficient and nation-wide organization behind any scheme brought forward. The education of operators and drivers, the provision of materials for maintenance and the provision of fuel had all to be attended to. If I may say so, I think that the Government proposals on these points are very

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practical, and I have no complaint to make on this score. Full use has been made of the big motor firms and their agents, and suitable sheet metal works have been chosen. The built-in producer, in my opinion very wisely, has been preferred for goods vehicles to the trailer. There is only one omission, and that is in regard to oil vehicles; and I understand that this is being studied. Although this is still to a great extent only a paper scheme and an experiment, I think that on the side of organization the difficulties have been well anticipated, and, although I have made some criticism in regard to design, your Lordships will want to wish all those connected with the scheme the very best of luck, because I am certain that they will need it.
LORD SEMPILL: My Lords, before the noble Lord replies, fresh as he is and sunburnt as a result of his important Mission in North-West Africa, I should like to ask one or two questions which perhaps he will be good enough to answer. First of all I should like to congratulate him on the very agreeable chief whom he has obtained for the department dealing with mobile gas-producers, Sir Alfred Faulkner, with whom I have been in contact in regard to these matters. He was good enough to give me some information, but he stated that the noble Lord in his reply to-day would be giving information on the main points regarding which we have been in correspondence. There is one point about which the noble Lord may be able to inform your Lordships. I understand that anthracite is to be the primary fuel used with these 10,000 units, but that an experimental quantity of high-temperature coke—not low-temperature coke—will be available also. I should like to ask whether that coke fuel is to be activated or not.
With regard to the technical questions which have been raised by the noble Duke, whom I am proud to support again on this Motion, and by my noble friend who has just spoken, the noble Lord, the Minister of War Transport, is obviously well aware of these questions, because when he addressed your Lordships in April of last year he had then determined that the 10,000 units were to be of one type, but as a result of further experiments in July he determined on two types of improved emergency producers, and he quoted certain figures as to the numbers of each type. I would
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like to ask the noble Lord whether those figures still stand the same as to the numbers of each type that are to be made, whether he proposes to introduce any further type, arid whether he proposes ordering additional numbers beyond the 10,000 units programme which he informed your Lordships he had visualized some months ago
LORD LEATHERS: My Lords, the noble Duke has asked if I would state what progress has been made in the development of producer-gas propulsion for motor vehicles. I am very happy to be able to say that substantial progress has been made since the subject was debated in the House last, on the 22nd July, and I hope when he hears my full statement that he will regard it as satisfactory. We have completed our production plans for the two standard types of producer in numbers approximate to what I indicated when I last addressed the House, and we have taken steps for all the necessary spare parts. By the middle of January some 530 of the omnibus type of producer had been distributed throughout the country and the staffs of all those companies are now getting the experience of the use of producer gas. Further-producers of this type will now be delivered at the rate of 300 to 400 a month, and production will be completed substantially by the end of July. A good deal more work was necessary when we came to deal with the producers for goods vehicles, and it became clear, when we took into account all the things that had to be brought into construction, that we had to give the greater part of the contract to one firm skilled in the process of quantity production. A good deal of time was entailed in tooling up, but I expect to get nearly 400 in March, rising to nearly 1,300 in May, so that by that process manufacture should be completed by August. We would have preferred a more rapid rate of progress, but it must be remembered that it is very hard indeed to start up a new manufacturing process at this stage of the war. We could have secured greater speed only at the expense of sacrificing other work of even greater value in the war effort. Furthermore, there would have been no point in accelerating the rate of manufacture since the present rate will give us as many producers as we can see our way to fit, bearing in mind that the staffs at the garages are already seriously depleted and great

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difficulties are being experienced in maintaining the road vehicles in an efficient state of repair.
Noble Lords are already aware that five of the leading manufacturers of goods vehicles are co-operating with each other and with us in the arrangements for fitting the producers to goods vehicles. The actual work of fitting will be done by dealers and agents selected by these manufacturers, who are also setting up schools to train mechanics in the fitting of the producer-gas units and are making arrangements for the teaching of drivers. I must record my gratitude to these firms for the great advantages we have derived from their practical experience and ready co-operation. On the passenger side the undertakings are handling their own conversions and training their own personnel, and it is only right that I should express our thanks to Messrs. Tilling and the London Passenger Transport Board who have made facilities available to us at their depots for the education of the staffs of other operators.
The difficulties of making fuel available have now been satisfactorily overcome, and arrangements have been made for suitable stocks throughout the country. Fuel, however, remains a limiting factor. Noble Lords will be aware that certain special fuels are required in sufficient quantities, and we know that we can only secure these sufficient quantities by taking the selected range of anthracite fuels. I am satisfied that it would not be possible to go beyond the 10,000 vehicles, so long as we must confine ourselves to this special fuel. For this reason great importance attaches to the experiments which are now proceeding in an attempt to run producers efficiently on the ordinary high-temperature coke. That high-temperature coke, I think, would have to be activated, but I do not want to anticipate what will be the result of the tests, or give indications of what precisely is the nature of the coke that is now being the subject of those tests. I should say a word about charcoal. I had left it out of my statement, because on a previous occasion this was examined and found to be of so little value—in respect of the quantity available, not in respect of the fuel itself—that I had to disregard it. I anticipate, however, that in the cutting down of timber more will be available for use in the production of
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charcoal. But we must not look for any big development of producer gas arising out of the use of charcoal during the war period.
Since the Government decided to embark on the producer-gas scheme the whole war situation, as it affects road transport, has undergone considerable change. A year ago our primary concern was to effect the utmost economy in our consumption of imported fuel and the producer-gas scheme is one, but only one, of the means we adopted. In addition, all motor vehicles are under a rationing control which has been made progressively stricter. We have cut down all unessential services; we have gone far towards rationalizing wholesale and retail distribution. The loss of Malaya and the Dutch East Indies has made it even more important to save rubber than it is to save oil, and the recently announced scheme for long-distance road haulage is designed to concentrate in the fewest possible vehicles all traffic which has to go by road. In this way we expect to save some 25 per cent. of fuel and rubber in carrying the long-distance road traffic. The present use of road haulage in this country must be limited to the carriage of goods which cannot be carried by alternative means, such as the railways and coastal shipping. It is fair to point out that producer gas not only will not help us in saving rubber but may actually lead to wastage in that the reduced power of the engine when running on producer gas must mean smaller loads, and the pay load is also reduced by the weight of the producer itself.
This is the background against which we have to look at the producer gas scheme. When it is in full operation we can look for an appreciable saving in imported fuel, but the really big saving in fuel and rubber will come from the other measures of economy we have taken. The particular value of the producer gas scheme is that it will spread practical knowledge of producer gas operation very widely among road transport operators and will establish a nucleus of mechanics and of trained drivers with knowledge of the fitting, maintenance and operation of gas producers. This gives us a valuable insurance against the possibility that war circumstances might compel us to turn over to producer gas on a considerable scale.

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From what I have said noble Lords will understand why I cannot in present circumstances expand the scheme beyond the original 10,000 vehicles. I have already mentioned the limitation due to the quantity of fuel available. There is also the general fact that road transport as a whole must be restricted to bare essentials, and that the use of producer gas involves a definite loss of efficiency. I am very glad to have had that contribution from the noble Lord behind me, who really seems to know what producer gas means to us. I am very happy to say that operators have responded extremely well to the scheme. We have been promised the co-operation of all the organizations representing road transport, and they have already rendered us much help. The reactions of the technical Press have been most encouraging.
In this brief review I have not attempted to disguise the fact that producer gas is far from an ideal motive power. It is dirty and inconvenient, and involves a loss of operating efficiency both in maintenance and in power output. It however, the most promising alternative to liquid fuel for general use in road transport. It is true that at present, out of a total of 11,615 road vehicles operating on alternative fuels, only 1,504 are running on producer gas. The largest section, consisting of some 6,412 vehicles, runs on electricity, but this form of power is only suitable for short runs. There are also over 1,200 vehicles running on coal gas, and over 1,400 on creosote. The present design of producer-gas apparatus is far from being final, and extensive research is being pursued both to improve the performance of the unit and to widen the range of possible fuel. I hope that one result of putting these 10,000 units into operation will be to secure many improvements from the experience of the hauliers concerned. As I have said to your Lordships previously, I am quite open-minded about future types, and I have recently reached agreement with the proprietary manufacturers in an endeavour to keep them in existence, if possible. The number which the noble Duke mentioned—some 300—was precisely the number that these manufacturers sough to receive from us in order that they might be kept going.
I know that the outline of progress which I have given will not satisfy the enthusiasts for producer gas, but I am
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certain that the Government have been right in refusing to rush into a grandiose scheme of development. Our policy has, throughout, been severely practical. We have sought to provide for emergencies and to give producer gas its due place in our war economy. I claim that our policy has secured the best practical balance between the maximum use of producer gas and the minimum disturbance to the general war effort.
LORD BARNBY: My Lords, I am afraid I must be one of those enthusiasts for producer gas whom the noble Lord feared he would not be able to satisfy by what he has told us to-day, but I should like to express my appreciation, which I am sure is shared by the House, of the frankness of the noble Lord in coming down and taking us into his confidence in this matter. I would associate myself with the satisfaction which has been expressed at seeing him back again in his place after his recent extensive travels. The subject now being debated may appear to occupy a time which is out of all proportion to its importance, but there are many other subjects which have been repeatedly discussed in this House in the last two or three years, all covering much the same ground and all brought forward by enthusiasts who have urged them in the conviction that they were bringing forward something of importance to the conduct of the war. We must remember that this subject has been brought forward by the noble Duke and others, like my noble friend Lord Sempill, because they are convinced that here is a chance to economize in shipping in the matter of the imports of liquid fuel. This was urged before the war, and it has been urged since.
With that reminder which I have presumed to mention, I would return to the speech of the noble Lord in answering the points raised by the noble Duke. I must admire the persistence of the noble Duke in sticking to a subject on which he holds such strong convictions. The House will admire it. By way of illustration, I may say that the country might have gained by similar frequent reiteration in other matters such as the welding of tanks in the early days of the war. I feel it would now be admitted that those protagonists who, in the early days of the war, maintained that tanks should be welded and not riveted, just as in the early days there were those who

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held that ships should be welded rather than riveted, have now proved to have been right. My noble friend Lord Beaverbrook is present, and as he does not contradict me I hope I may assume that that deduction which I have made as to the superseding of riveting by welding is justified. This demand which the noble Duke has reiterated has been based on the conviction that it will result in a saving of shipping and also that it represents foresight in providing against later possible emergencies. It is for that reason that I would express some regret that the noble Lord, in spite of the dangers of the import situation owing to U-boat activities, has not been able to revise the decision which he told us on the last occasion had been taken.
The point to which I wish to address myself is that of fuel. The noble Lord emphasized that we must confine ourselves to anthracite fuel. Lord Sempill asked many other questions to which the Minister could hardly be expected to reply to-day, but I hope my noble friend will be able to secure replies in the future and that publicity will be given to them. Incidentally, I appreciate Lord Leathers's assurance regarding the co-operation of the haulage history as a whole and the technical Press in particular. I understood Lord Pentland to say that, in his opinion, no satisfactory filter or producer has yet been made available, and he regretted that the Government should have clung so persistently and so long to the present design. If anthracite is the only fuel we can hope to get service from, then clearly there is no appreciable future for producer-gas road haulage vehicles as an alleviation of the problem of imported fuel. These 10,000 vehicles which it is the intention of the Government to put on the market cannot be more than just a test. In these circumstances the Government would be justified in abandoning this as an effort to relieve an intense situation because the experiment can lead to no practical purpose in war-time. That is why I cannot help repeating my regret, as I said on the last occasion on which I spoke on this subject, that the Government should not have frankly said: "There is nothing to be done in this matter of producer gas during the war." Still, they were warned of that before
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the war, and were urged to take steps in advance.
It is for that reason that I venture to appeal to the noble Lord to consider, in these critical days with regard to imports, the importance of making provision for the production of a supplementary alternative fuel. That of course will involve steel for the construction of the plant, and I can understand that the Government will be loath to embark upon any programme involving the substantial use of steel at this stage of the war. It has been said that Hitler is depending upon his Navy to win the war. That is an idea to which we have not been habituated during the last eighteen months, when we have thought chiefly of vast land Armies. Coming back to the reason why I urge the use of activating coke, I think it is necessary to have something upon which we can fall back at a period when the war may, be at a more difficult stage. Lord Beaverbrook was sagacious enough to remind us the other day that we may yet be faced with severe bombing that might change entirely our present ideas of what course events will take, and it may be that we shall be placed in a difficult position if we are faced with a shortage of tonnage for the importation of liquid fuel. I therefore hope that the noble Lord, Lord Leathers, may revise his decision, and consider the construction of a number of plants, properly sited in different parts of the country, which would produce this supplementary fuel. There is an adequate supply of material in the country to produce that supplementary fuel, though it may at the moment have been diverted to other purposes. The supply of anthracite is limited, and it involves carriage from South Wales to various parts of the country and even to Scotland, which is a great disadvantage in view of the shortage of transport. I hope I have said enough to convince my noble friend Lord Leathers that there is justification for considering the supply of an alternative fuel.
The other point I wish to make is with regard to the number of the types of these vehicles. There has been only a limited provision of them due to the difficulty of getting the materials required for their production. The noble Duke said that there had been only 351 units between all the manufacturers for six months. What I wish to know is how many of this limited production of vehicles are now actually

913
on the roads. I remember that in the early day of the war emphasis was laid on what the Government were buying, and it was said that the important thing was not to know what the Government were buying but what was being delivered. It was much more important to know what was being delivered than what was being bought. Lord Leathers speaks about what we are producing, but what I want to know is what is the actual number on the roads. I have been told, and perhaps the noble Lord would like to correct this statement if he thinks it is incorrect, that there are only twenty-eight passenger omnibuses actually in operation under the new plan of the Government, and no trade trucks or vehicles. The total number said to be running in the whole of the country on producer gas is 1,500. No doubt that includes vehicles of different types which were operating before this Government scheme was adopted.
In conclusion I would urge the noble Lord to endeavour to increase the provision for the greater use of electricity for road transportation within the areas of boroughs. Electricity, I contend, ought to be much more widely used for this purpose. I say that while fully realizing there is great pressure on the production of electricity for other purposes. We know well that if the right kind of fuel is delivered to the right pumps at the right places, use will be made of it, and that an additional amount of electricity could be produced if fuel was made available for that purpose. I hope the noble Lord will consider sympathetically the points that I have put before him.
THE DUKE OF MONTROSE: My Lords, I am sure we are all very grateful to the noble Lord, the Minister of War Transport, for tae very interesting and full report he gave of the progress that has been made in these matters. If it is a real disappointment that the progress has been slow, still I quite understand why that is so. The noble Lord must have been faced by great difficulties, and I am sure he is now fully anxious to push on with all speed. I am convinced that once these omnibuses and lorries get going on producer gas, and once we have as good brains working on the producer-gas system as have worked upon oil fuel for transport, we shall have a very efficient system of transport and one that will continue when the war is
914
over into times of peace. I beg leave to withdraw my Motion.
Motion for Papers, by leave, withdrawn.

COPO, LTD
THE DUKE OF MONTROSE THE DUKE OF MONTROSE had given Notice that he would call attention, in view of the gravity of the national food position, to the unsatisfactory nature of the reply of the Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture to questions asked on October 1, 1942, regarding the apple-growing business called Copo, Limited, of Cockayne, Hatley, Bedfordshire; and move for Papers. The noble Duke said: My Lords, this Motion concerns a company called Copo, Ltd., and it is a long cry from producer gas to this subject. Nevertheless, this is a subject, I submit, which deserves some consideration. First of all I should explain what the meaning of the word "Copo" is. It has to do with orchards producing certain apples. I am not going to trouble your Lordships about how I came to be connected with it, but I should like to explain that the undertaking was first started in about the year 1933 with the idea of providing work for ex-Service men on a co-operative basis. But that part of the scheme seems to have faded out, and it is now a purely commercial apple-growing business, managed on somewhat unusual lines. I say unusual lines because the trees in the orchards are owned and are the property, I believe, of several thousands of tree owners. The trees are planted on land which is owned by a trust company, and the trees are managed by a private commercial firm called Copo, Ltd. There are, therefore, three parties concerned with the same trees.
Some of the thousands of tree holders approached me to give them information upon certain matters, and I thought the best thing to do was to ask a question of my noble friend the Under-Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture. I was very disappointed with his reply. I asked him eight questions last October, and I got an answer to one and a half, leaving six and a half questions quite unanswered. What I wanted to know was how many tree holders there are in Copo. I have heard various figures given, from 4,000 to 15,000. There are 2,000,000 trees in the orchards, so that it is a fairly large con-

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cern. I was anxious to know what was the tonnage of the produce from these 2,000,000 trees. I was anxious to know what was the money received for all the apples. The noble Duke told me he was unable to inform me. Subsequently, I gather, the Land Commissioner for the Ministry of Agriculture went down and inspected the orchards and was more or less satisfied with the land and probably with the trees too. The tree owners are anxious because, being interested in something like 1,200 acres of orchard, they want to comply with the appeal of the Minister of Agriculture that every acre of land shall be put to the most productive use possible. They want to know whether those 1,200 acres and those 2,000,000 apple trees are being managed so as to produce all the fruit possible for the people in these days.
I asked the noble Duke whether the agricultural executive committees of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire had inspected the orchards. I understand they have, but I am informed by the noble Duke that the reports of the county committees are confidential. The tree owners, on their part, obtained an order from the Court and two orchardists went down to the estate. Their report was anything but favourable. Their report was that the whole lay-out of the orchard was wrong; that the trees had been grafted on to the wrong stock, No. 9 stock, a very poor stock indeed; that the orchards were diseased with red spider and caterpillar; that the state of the grass round the trees was shocking, and that owing to perennial weeds and twitch grass, more than half the crop would be lost. I went myself to see the orchards and I was amazed at the number of trees I found lying on the ground. How could the agricultural executive committees report satisfactorily on orchards in that state? There must be something wrong somewhere. We should like to know what is the true state of these orchards because the tree owners who own these 2,000,000 trees are most anxious to respond to the appeal of the Minister of Agriculture that every acre of land in which they are interested shall be cultivated in such a way as to produce the maximum amount of food.
I would like to suggest that a conference should be held between the Land Commissioner at the Ministry, representa-
916
tives of the agricultural executive committees, the expert orchardists who visited the orchards and some experienced agriculturists representing the tree owners; that this conference should be held at the Ministry of Agriculture, and the whole question thrashed out as to whether these orchards are being properly managed If they are not, then the wrong should be righted. I believe that one-third of the land, 400 acres, is absolutely lying to waste. The proper course would be for the agricultural executive committees to order the land to be grubbed up, to be ploughed and harrowed and a proper tilth obtained, and the land sown with a cleaning crop such as potatoes or cereals. That should be done now. The season is getting on and land should be cultivated without a moment's delay if a crop is to be obtained this year. From these 400 acres you could get over 3,000 tons of potatoes, or over 2,000 tons of wheat. What the tree owners wish is to comply with the Minister's appeal and have the land properly cultivated. I beg to move for Papers.
THE JOINT PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES (THE DUKE OF NORFOLK): My Lords, the noble Duke has raised this Motion consequent on the answers which I gave to his questions last October. I must make it quite clear that of the eight questions which he put to roe six were quite definitely concerned with the domestic side of a private company which had nothing whatsoever to do with my Department. It was for that reason I was unable to give him the answers he wished. I should also like to make it clear at the outset of the few remarks I have to make, that I can only deal with the agricultural side of this matter. The land belonging to Copo is situated partly in Hertfordshire and partly in Bedfordshire. The trees in these orchards are all Cox's orange pippins except for a few cordon and pyramid trees which are planted purely for pollination. This is a very large orchard and a very large commercial enterprise. These shapes of trees were planted because a very large number of them may be planted to the acre. The form and the shape of planting is one which is not popular with commercial undertakings, though it is popular in private gardens. It is true to say that the layout of these orchards is unusual for this type of undertaking and is not found

917
in other parts of this country. Further, it is doubtful whether many people would select the county of Bedfordshire for the planting of orchards.
However, since the noble Duke raised this question in October I have had further inquiries made, and I would tell him that half the area in Hertfordshire is now under trees, that the orchards are being run with the minimum amount of labour, and that most of that labour is provided by women. The yield of fruit last year was considered by the Hertfordshire agricultural committee to be reasonably satisfactory, though in certain small areas there was room for improvement and certain orders for grubbing up have been given. The committee have no serious ground for any criticism of the condition of the open land, but they are serving such directions for the cultivation of the open land as they consider necessary. As regards the orchards in Bedfordshire, the greater portion are fairly well managed. A certain proportion of the trees have died, however, and certain of the land is still insufficiently drained. I am confident that the various steps necessary to make for further production will be taken by the two county committees. The land has been sampled and though there is some shortage of potash and phosphate there is no serious deficiency. The noble Duke has also asked whether the horticultural experts who were sent down to make this report were competent to carry out this job. I have no hesitation in saying that they are perfectly competent to carry out the jobs which are entrusted to them by the Ministry. I have made inquiries as to the farm manager. He has been there, as far as I can make out, just over one year and he is a man particularly well qualified for this job. Taking the land as a whole we have, at my Department, no serious criticisms to make, and the committees in the two counties will keep a close eye on the further cropping of the open land and the management of the trees.
THE DUKE OF MONTROSE: My Lords, I am very much obliged to the noble Duke for the information that he has given on the subject of Copo. I am sure he will appreciate the view which is taken by the public all over the country. At the instance of agricultural executive committees poor farmers, small farmers, who have had their homes on their farms
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for years and years, are being asked to leave on the ground that they have managed their places inefficiently. Now Copo is a company which is said to have a capital of something like £750,000 or so, and people ask why it is that a poor farmer who has lived on his place for years is told to remove while a wealthy corporation like this is allowed to stay on and carry on with the land in this way. I am quite sure that people are expecting wealthy farmers, whether companies or individuals, to deal with their land efficiently and as well as they can so as to set an example to their poorer and humbler neighbours.
I thank the noble Duke for the report which he has given, but I have been long enough in this House—getting on for nineteen years—to have seen successive Ministers and Under-Secretaries dealing with agricultural scandals. There was the mushroom scandal at one time; that was exposed in your Lordships' House. There was the asparagus scandal and that, too, was exposed in your Lordships' House. Now we have come to the matter of apples. I am sure that we can look to the noble Duke to deal with anything that may be wrong. Of course I am not saying that there is anything wrong; I am only asking for information. But if there is anything wrong, we hope the Minister of Agriculture will deal with it with the same courage and ability that have been displayed in dealing with scandals in the past. In the circumstances I beg to ask leave to withdraw my Motion.
Motion for Papers, by leave, withdrawn.

PAY OF JUNIOR OFFICERS OF R.N. AND W.R.N.S.
LORD CHATFIELD: My Lords, I beg to ask the question standing in my name:
[The question was as follows:
To ask his Majesty's Government whether they are satisfied that no hardship is caused to junior officers of the Royal Navy and the W.R.N.S., serving in the London area, by the high cost of living at the present time and whether they consider that the lodging allowance of £60 to £80 per annum and the provision allowance of 3s. to 3s. 9d. per diem granted to such officers is ade-

919
quate; what is the difference, in principle, between the above allowances and the headquarters allowance granted to officers serving in the Admiralty.]
LORD TEMPLEMORE: My Lords, my noble friend Lord Bruntisfield is unfortunately absent owing to illness, and I have been asked to reply to this question in his stead. The Admiralty are aware of the difficulties, by no means confined to the officers referred to in this statement, with which high cost of living and high taxation are confronting a great part of the community. Junior officers of the Navy and W.R.N.S. have received some alleviation recently in the form, of increased pay. The Admiralty view is that London cannot be isolated as a place with a relatively higher cost of living. Costs in many provincial centres are not less than those in London, particularly in some centres which have suffered extensive air-raid damage, or have had an influx of evacuees, or have become centres of war-time activity. The headquarters allowance granted to officers serving in the Admiralty is a responsibility allowance and is not designed to take account of cost of living.
LORD CHATFIELD: My Lords, arising out of that very disappointing answer—for which, however, I thank the noble Lord—may I ask him if he is aware that whereas a junior officer, and often a by no means young officer, is unable to obtain accommodation either in London or the suburbs excepting at rates of from £3 5s. to £4 10s. a week, the allowances given to some are only £2 4s. to £2 10s. a week?
LORD TEMPLEMORE: My Lords, I have no doubt that the statement made by my noble friend is accurate, but I cannot give him any further answer at this moment. I promise that I will bring his remarks to the attention of my right honourable friend.

SHOPPING FACILITIES FOR WOMEN WORKERS.
LORD MARLEY LORD MARLEY asked His Majesty's Government what steps are being taken to deal with the problem of shopping for women workers in industry; and moved for Papers. The noble Lord said: My Lords, the object of the Motion which I
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have put on the Order Paper is to draw attention to the disabilities of hundreds of thousands of women in industry in regard to the provision of time to carry out their shopping. We know that in the coming months many thousands more are going to be affected by the same problem under the new Ministry of Labour and National Service additional powers which come into force on February 22. If we analyse the lives of the women in industry we see that this is the sort of day before them. They get up at half-past five or a quarter to six in the morning. They have to get breakfast, and clean up their houses. Then they have to get to the factories by from 7 to 7.30 a.m., which is long before the shops open. They leave their work at anything from 6 to 6.30 p.m., when the shops have closed. The result is that they have no time at all to do the shopping for their households and families. What, in fact, do they do? Very often, they give up their dinner hour and slip along to the shops after five minutes spent biting at a sandwich. Then they go back to their workshops with their bags laden with butter, margarine, bread and all the rest of their ration allowances, and their bags have to stand under the bench for the remaining five or six hours of the afternoon's work. In that time, very likely, the contents of the bags are unpleasantly affected by the addition of such things as brass filings, iron filings, oil and dirt, while the heat of the factory also has its effect. That is what often happens to the food which these women buy before they can take it home and attempt to cook it.
The Ministry of Food, which has to-day staged in a Committee Room of the House of Commons, a display designed to show how to cook food, including extra potatoes, are wasting their time if the women who do the cooking in the homes of the people have no chance of adequately spending their money in buying food. I am going to suggest that this rushing in the dinner hour to buy food, instead of eating dinner and digesting it, is definitely affecting the health of the women workers in industry. They are tired by the time they start their afternoon's work. Moreover, the morale of the workers is affected because they feel that there is an injustice inherent in this working in factories which is not felt by those who are not so working. I believe that it is affect-

921
ing production because the women are tired through having inadequate food in the middle of the day and from the effort of rushing to do their shopping and carrying heavy parcels back to the workshop. I believe that it is affecting the man-power problem, because women are not willingly going to enter industry unless the conditions under which they work are more carefully considered.
I am not suggesting that the Government have done nothing in this matter. In September, 1941, the Government issued a Command Paper, No. 6310, called "Welfare work outside the factory," and they mentioned this problem of shopping. They say that Women who have taken up war work have in many cases found difficulty in buying goods. They say that that applies especially to unrationed fool supplies of certain kinds, since stocks can be bought up by women who have time to go from shop to shop during the day and to stand in queues, and they refer to methods for dealing with that problem. The question was again dealt with by the Government in November, 1941, in a reply to a Report by the Select Committee on National Expenditure. In that reply they discuss a number of plans for dealing with this very real problem. They quote Birmingham, where a number of factories make special arrangements for women to have time off once a week to do their shopping. I am inclined to think that that may be one of the best solutions. The experiment was also tried of some shops keeping open for longer hours in the evening, but that was not found very satisfactory, because sometimes women working locally did not know about it, with the result that very few people used that facility. Then they tried the plan of giving cards to women workers, giving them the right to go to the head of a queue, but that was very much resented by other women and was not a success. Finally, the Government said that the difficulties could best be overcome locally, with the help of vigorous action by all the interests concerned, under the joint initiative of the Ministry of Food and the Ministry of Labour and National Service.
That is why I have put down this Motion, because I think that the Government might publish a Paper giving the results of their initiative in the matter. The Government again referred to the
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matter in the Report on "Welfare work outside the factory" in August, 1942, but that is a mere re-hash of the previous Report. The Third Report of the Select Committee on National Expenditure, issued only in December of last year, says that in many areas "shopping is still an acute problem for most women workers." The Government have had this problem in front of them for two years. They have talked about it, but it does not seem that much has been done, and I question whether the problem is really being taken seriously enough. It is all very well to say that the local authorities ought to solve the problem, but we know from the last Report of the Select Committee on National Expenditure that there was a quarrel between the Ministry of Labour and other Ministries with regard to the solution, and the result was that the local authorities were not pressed hard enough to find a solution.
Only last week, the Minister of Labour said that stress was being laid on the importance of planning the hours of work of individuals with some regard to their personal circumstances. I want to know whether these "personal circumstances" include the provision of shopping facilities. We are going to have women of 31 to 40 years of age directed into industry, and I want their personal circumstances considered. The Minister promised to tighten up the control of conditions before giving directions to these new women workers. I wonder whether the Essential Work Order firms have really reached a satisfactory standard in the provision of shopping facilities, and whether non-Essential Work Order firms will be induced to do so. In an article in The Times a few days ago the question is asked:
"Before the Minister exercises his powers of direction, will he make an order safeguarding the conditions of employment of the persons so directed?"
We want So know whether the provision of shopping facilities is going to be included in this Order. I venture to suggest that what we want now is a comprehensive publication saying what has been tried, where it has been successful, and where and why it has failed. I think we want flexibility. We want to examine the question of priority cards, the question of shops staying open later, and also, perhaps, the question of a special transferable ration book so that

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women in industry need not be compelled to do their rationed shopping at a given place. It may be a nuisance to provide that, but the war is a nuisance, and if we are going to solve the problem of war production we must take trouble.
Probably the best solution is, as I have suggested, for all firms to give shopping time off where other methods fail; but what is wanted is vigorous and immediate action. It is wanted in the interests of the war effort, because it will lead to greater production. It is wanted in the interests of health, because it will diminish absenteeism. It is wanted in the interests of the greatest single problem which we are facing at the moment, the problem of man-power. And, above all, we want the women in industry to feel that they are having a fair deal and that they are being treated with justice. I think that these women are absolute heroines in the way that they are working. It is amazing to see the new tasks to which they have put their hands, making shells and fuses and electrical and mechanical gear of all kinds, and working 50 to 55 hours a week. I do not think that there is too much that we can do to ease their job and to facilitate their work. I hope therefore that the Government will act and will tell the nation exactly what they are doing in this matter and so aid these women. I beg to move for Papers.
LORD SNELL: My Lords, my noble friend Lord Marley has introduced a question which is of very great importance, and which affects the convenience, the health and the comfort of many women who are giving essential service to the State. Let me say at once that careful consideration is being given to ways in which the problem can be met; but this is not one of those problems which can be settled by a central order, because no uniform solution is possible. The need varies very widely in different districts, and it has been found expedient to adopt local measures to deal with the conditions which exist in particular localities. Welfare officers have been advised to take action, whenever such action can be helpful, along the following lines. First, they should call a conference of representatives of the interests concerned, such as the retailers, the shop assistants, factory managers, trade unions and other
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bodies that may be concerned in this matter. Secondly, the divisional food officers should co-operate with the welfare officers in arranging the meetings. The measures which have to be adopted depend entirely upon local conditions, but wherever it is practicable it is found that time off for women to make purchases is likely to yield the most satisfactory results. My noble friend Lord Marley rather approved of that method if it can be carried out widely and made effective. Welfare officers have been instructed to urge this as the most satisfactory solution.
LORD MARLEY: Suppose there are no welfare officers. There are only a few firms where there are welfare officers.
LORD SNELL: Well, wherever the welfare officers reach they have instructions to do what I have said. It may be that further welfare officers are required, and that suggestion shall be made to the appropriate Ministry. The managements which have adopted this method of time off report that it has been, even from their point of view, a satisfactory contribution to the solution of the problem. For instance, there has been a notable reduction in absenteeism, which is of considerable importance. It has also helped to improve the women's morale at their work and—perhaps most important of all —despite the reduction in working hours which such time off involves, firms report that there has been no loss in production as a consequence of affording those facilities. Among other schemes which have been widely adopted when time off cannot be arranged those most successful have been the special certificate scheme and the order and collection of parcels scheme. The certificate scheme provides employees with identity cards or discs which traders accept, and which give the holders priority. The parcels scheme is one under which traders agree to allot to married women workers, in addition to the rationed goods for which they are registered, their proportion of all released and scarce commodities which may be available. The certificate scheme has had notable success in certain districts, such as Hammersmith, where priority cards were given to 2,000 workers, and the parcels scheme in districts such as Enfield.
The late opening of shops, as the noble Lord suggested, has not been successful. In a number of towns one night a week shops were kept open late, and the experi-

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ment was judged to be a failure. I might also say that the food control committees are helping to reduce shopping problems by granting applications from women workers who wish to transfer their registrations to more convenient retailers. The Ministry of Food also feel that the extension of rationing and the develpment of the points system have done a good deal to alleviate the difficulties of war workers, although that is not of course their primary object. These, then, are only a few of the arrangements which are made to meet the problem which the noble Lord has mentioned. The subject is constantly under review, and I will take care that the noble Lord's suggestion that a special Paper be published is conveyed to the Ministry. There is the fullest intention to do everything possible to meet the needs of these women war workers, who must not be placed at a disadvantage, because of the much-appreciated service that they are giving to the nation.
LORD MOTTISTONE: My Lords, before the noble Lord, Lord Marley, replies I trust your Lordships will forgive me for intervening, because we are brought into very close touch with this problem in our National Savings work. In our efforts to make the National Savings movement nation-wide, we go to all the factories and hear about all these things, and we therefore know of this very great grievance—for such it is—of women war workers who cannot get time off for shopping. Whether it is avoidable or unavoidable does not matter for this purpose. I would venture to suggest, from such information as I have for the moment, that the practical step we can certainly take, and which can be ordered from the centre, is to see that more welfare officers are appointed because, as the noble Lord said, wherever there is a welfare officer it has been found possible to arrange for time off for shopping, not only without interfering with the work, but, as we, are told by the welfare officers, actually increasing production. That seems to be the line of country, if I may use the expression, to pursue, and if I may enforce the plea of Lord Marley I would ask the noble Lord, Lord Snell, to see whether he cannot arrange that the different firms throughout the country as well as Government Departments, should appoint, even at considerable expense—for comparatively it would be a bagatelle
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—a great many more welfare officers to cover pretty nearly the whole of industry.
LORD MARLEY: My Lords, I am very much obliged for that intervention, because welfare officers in the bigger firms are able to ascertain the collective desires of the women workers in industry; but of course most of the firms in this country are smaller firms and they do not have welfare officers. We might even expand the suggestion of Lord Mottistone and have travelling local welfare officers to go and visit the smaller firms and ascertain the collective desires of the women workers. The needs of the masses of these women have not yet been met, despite the efforts of the Government. I suggested a White Paper because if it were published, instead of having to refer to ten or a dozen documents to find out what the Government are doing, we should have a comprehensive Paper which would aid the firms concerned. It would tell them that they are going to gain in production, and they would then all be for time off. It would tell the workers concerned, so that they may know what to demand from the local authorities to guide them in their local action. If we published some Paper of this kind it would help everybody in finding a solution. Could not the noble Lord give an assurance that such a Paper will be published? After all, he has influence; he represents the Ministry concerned in this House. The importance of the problem has been admitted, the fact that a solution has not yet been found is admitted. Would it not be possible to say that a Paper will be published which could be circulated to all the interests concerned to help us to find a solution?
LORD SNELL: My Lords, with the leave of the House I can only say that the Minister must make the necessary decisions in this matter. All that I can do is to convey to the Minister what the noble Lord has suggested, supplemented by the suggestion made by Lord Mottistone.
LORD MARLEY: I am sure the persuasiveness of the noble Lord would have an effect if there were any adamantine objection to this suggestion. I thank the noble Lord for his answer, and I beg leave to withdraw my Motion.
Motion for Papers, by leave, withdrawn.

NEW PARISHES MEASURE, 1943.
VISCOUNT SANKEY VISCOUNT SANKEY moved to resolve, That in accordance with the Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act, 1919, this House do direct that the New Parishes Measure, 1943, be presented to His Majesty for the Royal Assent. The noble and learned Viscount said: My Lords, I beg to move the Motion which stands on the Paper. The object of the Measure is to consolidate, with minor Amendments, those provisions of the Church Buildings Acts, 1818 to 1884, and the New Parishes Acts, 1843 to 1884, which can still be regarded as useful. These Acts deal with the creation of new ecclesiastical districts. In the early and middle years of the last century, owing to the increase of population and the concentration of industries at various centres, there was a considerable amount of church-building. The situation, perhaps wisely, but certainly unfortunately, was dealt with in two different ways. The earlier code, the Church Building Acts, proceeds upon the basis of first providing a church and then assigning a district to it. The later code, the New Parishes Act, reverses the order by creating a district which ripens into a parish when a church is provided. Altogether there are over twenty of these Acts of Parliament, some of them of very great length, and it is acknowledged by everybody that the Church Building Acts constitute one of the most contused and complicated branches of the Statute Law. Enactment has been piled upon enactment and amendment upon amendment.
The latest textbook of authority—Cripps on Church and Clergy, 1937—says:
"The condition of the Statute Law in this context is so confused as almost to justify the description of chaotic."
There are eight different kinds of ecclesiastical districts and much of the legislation is out of date. The Statute Law Committee, the Ecclesiastical Committee, certainly every conveyancing lawyer, and everybody who has had to deal with the troublesome Acts have desired a measure of consolidation. I should like to tell your Lordships that this has now been accomplished by the generosity of a great lawyer, whose name will be familiar to you, Sir Frederick Liddell, who has gratuitously undertaken the arduous work of drafting. Your Lordships will remem-
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ber that he was for many years First Parliamentary Counsel, and it is an extraordinary achievement that he has been able to reduce 226 pages of the Revised Statutes, many of them obsolete, to the 28 pages of this Measure. Your Lordships may imagine what happened in the Church Assembly. The Measure received general approval in 1939. It was delayed owing to the war, but it received final approval in the Autumn Session last year. At no stage has it been regarded as controversial. I have to inform the House that His Majesty has graciously expressed his consent to this Measure in so far as his interests are concerned.
It has been very carefully examined by the Ecclesiastical Committee of the Houses of Parliament, and in their Report they say this:
"The Measure is expedient and the constitutional rights of His Majesty's subjects do not appear to be adversely affected.
"It appears from the Comments and Explanations that the Measure, though fundamentally a consolidation Measure, will effect a large simplification of the law, and is welcomed by the Statute Law Committee as purging the Statute Book of one of the most tangled congeries of ill-digested enactments which disfigure it."
The Measure passed through all its stages in the Church Assembly without a Division. It has been carefully scrutinized by the Ecclesiastical Committee, who have examined every section. It has already passed through another House, and in these circumstances I really do not think I should detain your Lordships with prolonged examination of the sections, which are very complicated in character.
There is power to constitute new parishes, provisions applicable to districts, censer of other powers of constituting new parishes and districts, power to make agreements as to patronage, patronage of new districts and parishes. The Assembly itself decided that the power to assign patronage in consideration of contribution to endowment was inconsistent with modern ideas, and ought not to be reproduced. Then you have to make provision for churchwardens in the divided parishes. All this is dealt with in Part I of the Bill. Part II deals with general provisions applicable to all ecclesiastical districts, power of Ecclesiastical Commissioners to acquire land for churches, exemption from Stamp Duty, instruments required to be sealed by Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and so on. Then you have

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to make arrangements for burial grounds and for miscellaneous powers. Altogether the whole of this has been brought from 226 pages into 28. I do not think I should be justified in asking your Lordships' further attention, but if any member of the House wishes to ask any particular question I shall endeavour to answer. Meanwhile I beg to move.
Moved to resolve, That in accordance with the Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act, 1919, this House do direct that the New Parishes Measure, 1943, be presented to His Majesty for the Royal Assent.—(Viscount Sankey.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

AIRCRAFT AND TANKS FOR RUSSIA.
LORD BEAVERBROOK LORD BEAVERBROOK had the following Notice on the Paper: To ask His Majesty's Government whether aircraft and tank shipments to Russia (as reported in the London newspapers) can be swiftly increased during the next several month; and to move for Papers. The noble Lord said: My Lords, the Motion standing in my name is not a criticism of the Government. I have no desire to do other than praise the Government for all they have accomplished on behalf of Russia in the past. My purpose is to get a much greater measure of assistance for Russia in the future, a much bigger appropriation of supplies. The Daily Telegraph, a reliable and accurate paper, published on January 21 a statement from Mr. Stettinius, the Lease-lend co-ordinator at Washington. He told us that the united Governments of Britain and U.S.A. have sent to Russia up to December 31, 1942, 5,800 tanks and 4,630 aeroplanes. Of these shipments, the Daily Telegraph reported, Great Britain's share was 2,600 tanks and 2,000 aircraft. It is in no sense a complaint of what has gone on in the past if I press for a great deal more in the future, coming to your Lordships' House with the intention of trying to get encouragement from your Lordships and response from the Government. If I succeed in your Lordships' House I shall have done well. If not, then I must still press for more supplies for Russia.
Since the present offensive began—the offensive of the Russians against the Germans—I would point out that the
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Russians have captured 7,000 German tanks and 4,000 German aircraft. In other words, in two and a half months, the Russians have taken from the Germans more than they have got from Great Britain and U.S.A. in the last twenty months. Again, no complaint; merely an illustration to show the obvious importance of giving more supplies of aircraft and tanks to Russia in future. More help is indeed needed. That is pretty obvious. Swift deliveries are essential. There is no time to be lost. The Prime Minister last July said that 2,000 tanks had been sent to Russia up to July 1. Mr. Stettinius says that up to the end of the year Great Britain sent 2,600 tanks, so that you will see 600 tanks are the total British shipments of tanks to Russia in the last six months, if these figures are accurate. It may be that Britain has sent more than 2,600 tanks. Figures from Washington are usually accurate, but not always. Possibly more aircraft have been sent. But in any case shipments are too slow and improvement is necessary.
I come now to the question why you should send more supplies to Russia. I am not prepared to make any reference to the quantity of production of aircraft in Great Britain, but I would point out that America in 1942 produced 50,000 aircraft and in the month of December 5,500 aircraft. In the last twenty months Britain has sent to Russia only the amount of two weeks of American production in the form of aircraft supplies. That illustration will show at once that there is a pressing need for sending more aeroplanes forthwith. There is no complaint on my part about what has been done in the past, there is only an earnest desire that we should succeed in getting more aircraft there in the future, and the need is greater now than ever before.
Your Lordships will have seen a speech of Goering made last Saturday, a very remarkable speech, which requires careful reading and cannot be easily interpreted. In that speech Goering says by inference that the Russians have no coal and no iron and that they cannot make steel. Certainly we know that the Russians have lost vast coalfields, and that ironworks at Stalingrad have been destroyed. Furthermore, Goering says in that speech that when the sun stands high again there will be German troops attacking again just as there were last year. So far as I can

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understand the intention of the German High Command, it is to attack Russia again in the spring. Therefore we must now send a swarm of aeroplanes, it seems to me, in order that Russia may be prepared to resist that impending attack and perhaps launch, in the summer-time rather than wait for the winter, yet another offensive. But we must send a swarm of aeroplanes now, there is no use sending it in the spring or in the summer or autumn of next year; it must go now. There is an old proverb, well known to many of your Lordships, I am sure, that
"A swarm of bees in May
Is worth a load of hay.
A swarm of bees in June
Is worth a silver spoon.
A swarm of bees in July
Is not worth a butterfly."
I do not know whether that is from the folklore of England or whether it is from that of Canada; but a swarm of aeroplanes now will mean a very great deal. A swarm of aeroplanes shortly will no doubt do much to resist the offensive that the Germans are threatening in the spring, but a swarm of aeroplanes in July may not be worth a butterfly.
Many of us believe that the war in Europe may be won by the Russians. That belief is very widely held. Usually it is put in this way: "The Russians may pull it off." It is not only false but very foolish to say that such a Russian victory would be dangerous to the British Empire. Far from it. If Russia should win the war in Europe, if Russia "should pull it off," every sensible person in the British Empire will rejoice, and rejoice greatly. We cannot imagine a victory that will give us more happiness, greater joy or more complete comfort than the complete triumph of Russia in Europe at the earliest possible moment. There can be no obstacle at all to good relations between the Russians and ourselves. For my part, I welcome the growing influence and the expanding power of Russia. I look upon it as the event in Europe that gives us a guarantee that we have not had for a long time. I am sure that all of us, all Britain here and all Britain abroad, are determined to remain friends with the Russians after the war is over. The Russians have captured Generals and they have captured Armies. We are told on reliable authority that there are as many as a million dead and incapacitated Germans; but we must not
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forget that in the spring the Germans had an intake of 500,000, so that in weighing up the Russian question and the present necessity for sending more supplies to the Russians we must beware of over-optimism, for over-optimism would stand in the way of our fulfilling a plain duty and a necessary task.
There is a great deal to be said from the German point of view. In the first place the German line is practically the same as it was a year ago—practically the same as it was on January 1, 1942—for the bridgeheads held by the Germans at that time are still in their possession with the exception of two in the north, and these losses are countered to some extent by one additional bridgehead held in the south. We have heard about the relief of Leningrad, but that relief has not succeeded in re-establishing the railway line from Leningrad to Moscow. The railway line from Leningrad to Moscow is still in the hands of the enemy. It is true, fortunately, that there is another way round about by rail, but it is not the direct line to Moscow and you cannot regard Leningrad as relieved until that direct line has been recovered by the Russians. Then again, the Germans may be shortening their line, and if your Lordships will look at the map you will not require the assistance of professional strategists to tell you that the shortening of the line will greatly relieve the numbers that the Germans will find it necessary to keep in Russia during the coming summer if no offensive action is undertaken.
Going back to Goering's speech for a moment, let me say that twice Goering has said the Russians have nearly defeated the Germans, once in 1941–2 and again in 1942–3, and he has also said that all of the available German troops were mobilized on the Russian Front. He said that in his speech the other day. What an opportunity we lost a little time ago when there were not any German troops in France, according to the statement of Goering! But to return to my argument, the Germans may be intending to shorten the line. Then, again, remember that the Russians have lost the Donetz and the Donetz basin is where the great steel industry is centred. It was the centre of the aircraft industry and for the manufacture of aircraft engines. It may be that these areas will all be recovered. They are being recovered, but your Lordships

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can see that the steel industry and the aircraft engine industry will have been completely obliterated before the Russians are back there again. We have, therefore, to face a Russia considerably damaged by events and seriously handicapped. That is yet another reason for taking a decision to give more and more supplies to the Russian Army forthwith.
Compare the Russian defensive and offensive with the position in France. France had 300 miles to hold against 3,000 miles in Russia. It is said that 30,000 Frenchmen were killed in 1940 when the Germans struck. Of late 7,000 Russians have been killed every day. Yet think of the assistance that we sent out to France with the limited scale on which the war was then conducted compared with the very parsimonious way in which we have dealt with the Russians. Not that I make any criticism of parsimonious methods. I merely make my point in order to get more help for the Russians in future. That is Inv sole purpose. The Germans are losing 10,000 dead in Russia every day, but I am not myself greatly a believer in the final conclusion of the war on tae basis of casualties. I believe the war will be fought entirely in the final phase on engine-power, engines for aeroplanes, engines for tanks, engines for motor vehicles. That is my belief, but I do not want to put it up against others except in a deferential way.
Then I come to almost my last point. What can we do to help the Russians? There is one thing perhaps we can do and that would be to send them some of the bombing power that we are now expending upon Germany, for surely it is worth while to hit the enemy when he has difficulties. The enemy is in difficulties in Russia, not in Berlin. That is the danger point for the enemy now. That would be one possibility. There is a great deal of talk about attacking Germany in the "soft belly," as I think it is called. Surely the soft belly of Germany is somewhere on the Russian Front. That is lie best soft belly to penetrate, rather than to think too much about Italy. Some of you have doubts and hesitations because of the political complexion of the Russian Government. There are not many, but there are some persons—not in the Government, not at all, but some persons in the country who need reassurance about the political complexion of the Russian Government. It is a sub-
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ject you have to face. There is anxiety on that account which ought not to exist. It is in very few quarters, certainly not in Government circles. I know fun well that Stalin has been a figure in our public life of which we have not always approved, but it will not be long before he will be spoken of as Stalin the Great. He will go down in the long list of Russian heroes as Stalin the Great. Be sure of that. Again, in soma respects he does not differ in his ideology from many sensible people in this country. Stalin wrote a book on organization. It is a very interesting book. You can buy it for 6d. if you want to read it. It is a good book to read. He deals with crimes, and the crimes are lack of individual responsibility and lack of personal responsibility.
LORD STRABOLGI: Does he deal with committees?
LORD BEAVERBROOK: Yes, he lays down fourteen points for the guidance of those who produce and those who organize, and the eighth point deals with collegium management. In Russia that means committee rule. I must say he has my support on more than one point and certainly on the eighth point. In his twelfth point he says there must be removed from Government posts all the window-dressers and the windbags, who are to be replaced by business people. I am no Communist. I am essentially individualist and I believe in private enterprise and the profit motive. I have believed in it all my life and I believe in it sincerely, but I must say I am tremendously impressed by the Stalin philosophy. I am not going to follow that portion of the philosophy that does not agree with the fundamentals of my political faith, but in other respects I am immensely impressed by it.
I have a story from Stalin, taken from his book on organization, which is an excellent account of things as they are in Britain to-day. It is a story of Stalin's conversation with a Commissar. In the book Stalin writes in the first person and uses "I", but I will change the "I" to "Stalin." The story reads like this:
STALIN: How are you getting on with the sowing?
COMMISSAR: With the sowing, Comrade Stalin? We have mobilized ourselves.
STALIN: Well, and what then?
COMMISSAR: We have put the question squarely.

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STALIN: And what next?
COMMISSAR: There is a turn, Comrade Stalin; soon there will be a turn.
STALIN: But Still?
COMMISSAR: We can say that there is an indication of some progress.
STALIN: But for all that, how are you getting on with the sowing?
COMMISSAR: So far, Comrade Stalin, we have not begun to sow.
In my twenty months of office I talked with that Commissar many a time. We should try, each one of us, to emulate the example of Stalin, to emulate Stalin's drive, his impatience with the talkers who do not get things done. We should determine to be equal to the Russians in sacrifice and fervour. Remember the ordinary citizens of Moscow, how those citizens of every type, every class and every age went out into the forests, how women—actresses, typists, all of them—went to the forests and gathered in timber for firewood in the hour of Moscow's terrible peril.
We must recognize, finally, that the future of Europe, in war and peace, depends upon Britain and Russia; it depends upon our relations with the Soviet Union more than upon any other single factor. Without good relations with the Soviet Union, for my part I believe there will be no peace. In days past some hoped that the balance of power in Europe would keep the peace. That hope has been proved idle. It is a hope that can never be revived. The fall of France brought that to an end. The balance of Europe lies in ruins, not only because of the collapse of France, but because of the resolve of the United Nations to strip Germany of the capacity for making war. That leaves Britain and Russia the two dominant Powers in Europe, Britain and Russia only. Peace will be impossible unless a firm, absolute and secure friendship is established between these two nations. Nor can that friendship be taken too much for granted. It must be assured. A Treaty for twenty years has been entered into, and that is something. But it is not enough. It would be idle for any speaker to deny that distrust and suspicion still remain, and an effort more drastic and more earnest than anything yet attempted must be made. We must sweep aside the old misunderstandings between the two countries which were really responsible for Hitler's war on the world.
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How, then, can our objective be secured? An objective which I would describe as the greatest objective of British statesmenship in coming years. Speeches are not enough. Letters of mutual congratulation are not enough. Treaties are not enough. The true foundations can only be laid in battle. By the exertions which we display in sending supplies in prodigal plenty to the Russian Front, by the support we give to the Red Armies in daring offensives of our own, and by the absolute assurance that we give the Russians that we will match their sacrifices and share their burdens—by these means, and these means alone, can we bring the war to a speedy conclusion and lay the real basis for the future peace of Europe. I do not say that it is easy to establish such an alliance between two nations with such different traditions. But by the determination with which we set out to achieve it, by our readiness to overcome all obstacles and to abandon all prejudices, this generation of British citizens, and most of all our statesmen, will be judged in the pages of history. For upon this comradeship between two nations will largely depend the hopes of civilization, the hopes of Europe and the destiny of our own children. I beg to move.
THE MINISTER OF WORKS AND PLANNING (LORD PORTAL): My Lords, no one realizes better than I do the great work that my noble friend Lord Beaver-brook achieved when he was Minister of Supply, and when I had the honour of serving under him in that Department, in both initiating and carrying through with his great energy the forwarding of supplies to our Russian Allies. We are all at one when I say that we are watching with the greatest admiration the great and far-reaching successes which the Russians are achieving in their present offensive.
Before I discuss the Motion of the noble Lord I would like to say that there is one point upon which I do not quite agree with him. That was in his use of the word "parsimonious" in relation to our efforts to send supplies to Russia. That was not quite what I should have said in the light of what we have tried to do and what we have; in fact, effected. In the Motion which stands on the Paper my noble friend Lord Beaverbrook asks whether "aircraft and tank shipments to Russia (as reported in the London newspapers) can be swiftly

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increased during the next several months." I presume that the reference—indeed he has already said so in his speech—to reports in the London newspapers relates to the figures issued by Mr. Stettinius on January 20, which were published in the British newspapers on the following day. In addition to the figures for United States shipments of tanks and aircraft to Russia the following passage occurs relating to United Kingdom supplies:
"The U.K. have also supplied the Soviet Union with quantities of military equipment produced in Great Britain. The U.K. have shipped to Russia over 2,600 tanks and over 2,000 aeroplane. These arms are being supplied to Russia by the U.K. on a lease-lend basis."
Comparative figures for U.S. supplies are quoted. The number of tanks is given as 3,200 and aircraft as almost 2,600.
It is only fair, I think, to say that our actual figures for the United Kingdom up to December 31, 1942, were: tanks 2,974, aircraft 2,480 based on our agreement with the U.S.S.R. while aircraft sent by us outside our agreement brought the total up to over 3,000. This is rather an important point. Perhaps some noble Lords may not have fully realized it before, but my noble friend Lord Beaverbrook knows it better than anyone. Then we have given promises to our Russian Allies to supply them with aeroplanes, tanks, equipment and other commodities at the various centres of production, and we regard it as a moral commitment to get them to Russia. This obligation His Majesty's Government, in close consultation with the Government of the U.S.A., intend to carry out to the full extent of their power.
Your Lordships will have noticed the announcements which have recently appeared in the Press on the safe arrival in North Russian ports of substantial convoys of British and American cargo ships escorted by the Royal Navy. No one knows better than my noble friend Lord Beaverbrook, the hazards of these Arctic voyages which have now to be undertaken in almost complete darkness and in the face of most determined attacks by enemy forces based on North Norway, not only by surface snips and submarines but by torpedo-carrying aircraft, and we are showing to the world the determination of both the Americans and ourselves to render effective assistance to our Russian Allies. We have no intention of discontinuing the
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flow of supplies, but, on the contrary, we will do our utmost to maintain the flow by every means and every route. It is as well perhaps to point out now, with regard to the help we have actually given and the promises we have made, that the geographical position of Russia creates difficulties. Russia is so situated as to make it difficult for us to get supplies through. That, I think, is a point which should be made. My noble friend says, quite rightly, that in the recent offensive our Russian Allies have taken 7,000 tanks. I would point out that those tanks were a good deal nearer to the Russians than the tanks we have to send to them from this country.
It would of course be readily understood that during the initial operations in North Africa the concentration of our resources on that task necessarily limited for a period the volume of supplies which we were able to dispatch to Russia. This position has, of course, been fully explained to the Soviet Government and is fully understood by them. His Majesty's Government have always been conscious of the colossal strain which was thrown on our Soviet Allies as the result of the German invasion of Russia in the summer of 1941. Forced, as they were, in the early stages of the campaign, to yield considerable territory in which were situated industries and raw materials for industry vital to the prosecution of the war, our Allies carried out one of the most remarkable achievements of all time in evacuating both swiftly and methodically to the interior, far from the threat of the invader, whole plants and industry devoted to, or which could be transformed for, the production of the sinews of war. These evacuated plants and industries, together with those which the foresight of the Soviet Government had previously established beyond the Urals, have produced, and are now producing, tanks, aircraft and other weapons of war in such quantities-as to enable the Soviet Armies, first of all to resist the tide of the German advance and then to throw it back in the offensives which our Allies are now undertaking with such brilliant success on so many fronts.
We have to remember that the Soviet Armies are well equipped in tanks and aircraft. Yet, as the noble Lord suggests, British and American tanks and aircraft in addition have been and are required to assist our Russian Allies in their

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immense task, and the substantial contribution of these weapons which we and the United States of America have made is much appreciated by the Soviet Government. That is the point which I was trying to make at the beginning of my speech; I use the word "substantial," and my noble friend said "parsimonious."
As the noble Lord well knows, upon the German invasion of the Soviet Union, His Majesty's Government and the Government of the United States promptly offered to assist the Soviet Government with supplies of raw and war materials of all kinds, and the first agreement between them was most successfully concluded by the noble Lord himself on his visit to Moscow in the autumn of 1941. His Majesty's Government have faithfully fulfilled their obligations under this agreement in respect of tanks and aircraft, and indeed of all categories of supplies. In the spirit of that agreement, His Majesty's Government have provided in addition the bulk of the merchant shipping necessary to deliver the supplies which we have made available, while the Royal Navy undertook the perilous task of escorting the ships by the hazardous route to the North Russian ports. In addition to the supplies which His Majesty's Government agreed to make available under the terms of this agreement, we have endeavoured to meet to the best of our ability numerous supplementary requests received from our Soviet Ally.
A second agreement between the three Governments, again covering not only tanks and aircraft but an immense variety of other supplies, was concluded on the expiration of the first. That second agreement is still in force, and it is the firm intention of His Majesty's Government to fulfil their obligations thereunder as strictly as they did in the case of the previous agreement. His Majesty's Government are fully impressed with the necessity for rendering all possible assistance to Russia, not only in their admiration for the magnificent achievement which the Red Army and Red Air Force have accomplished during the past weeks of successful operations, but as a direct contribution which they can make to the destruction of the aggressive hordes which the enemy have launched against the free peoples of Europe.
LORD BEAVERBROOK: My Lords, my noble friend rides off on what the Government have done, instead of dealing with what the Government are going to do. I call what the Government have done in the past parsimonious. I do not deny in the very least that bargains entered into have been discharged—I accept the noble Lord's assurance to that effect—but I do complain that the present flow of supplies is entirely inadequate, and I would confide to my noble friend the information that those aircraft figures include spares. The spares are always totalled up nowadays as aircraft. In the days when I was a Minister, we counted only aircraft, but some ingenious person discovered the method of classing spares as aircraft also. I think that the method was invented in America, but it has now been imported across the Atlantic. I recommend my noble friend to examine the food situation and to look into it very carefully, because the food going to Russia does not constitute a very big flow of supplies.
Something much greater must be done, not for the glory of Great Britain but for the benefit of Russia, so that Russia may win battles. We must get supplies there. It is no use saying that the convoy system is difficult, that the road is long, that the path is over the sea, and that ships are difficult to come by. The defence of Stalingrad was difficult—extremely difficult—and to their glory the Russians captured those tanks which my noble friend says were much nearer to the Russians than were ours. The Germans wished that they had been much further away from the Russians! We must give the Russians credit for the capture of those tanks. I am going to ask leave to withdraw my Motion, winch I understand is the usual method in your Lordships' House. I have not wide experience of the procedure in your Lordships' House, but I hope to have a little more, because I think that it is possible to get here some things for Russia, and I am going to try. I ask leave to withdraw my Motion, therefore, but I shall come back again if the Government do not increase supplies to Russia—again and again.
Motion for Papers, by leave, withdrawn.
House adjourned.