Sitting of 18 June 1940

Preamble
The House met at a Quarter before Three of the Clock, Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair.
NEW WRIT.
For the Borough of Bournemouth, in the room of Brigadier-General Sir Henry Page Croft, Baronet, C.M.G., now Lord Croft, called up to the House of Peers.—[Mr. James Stuart.]

PRIVATE BUSINESS.
Private Bills [Lords] (Standing Orders not previously inquired into complied with),
Mr. SPEAKER laid upon the Table Report from one of the Examiners of Petitions for Private Bills, That in the case of the following Bill, originating in the Lords, and referred on the First Reading thereof, the Standing Orders not previously inquired into, which are applicable thereto, have been complied with, namely:
South-Eastern Gas Corporation Limited (Associated Companies) Bill [Lords].
Bill to be read a Second time.

GOSPORT WATER BILL [Lords],
  THE MONMOUTHSHIRE AND SOUTH WALES EMPLOYERS' MUTUAL INDEMNITY SOCIETY LIMITED BILL [Lords],
  Read a Second time, and committed.
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS.

  COAL INDUSTRY (WAGE RATES, FOREST OF DEAN).
  Mr. Priceasked the Secretary for Mines whether he is aware that there is great dissatisfaction in the Forest of Dean coalfield because the miners are being asked to work on the Saturday afternoon shift at the ordinary rate of pay; and whether, in view of the importance of increasing coal production, he will take steps to have the men satisfied in this respect?
  The Secretary for Mines (Mr. David Grenfell): Yes, Sir. I am aware that the owners' and workmen's representatives in the Forest of Dean have attempted to reach agreement on the working of a full six-day week, and that certain difficulties have arisen. I am in communication with the parties concerned, with a view to a settlement being reached.
  Mr. Price: Will my hon. Friend send someone from the Ministry to inquire into the matter on the spot?
  Mr. Grenfell: There is a conciliation officer of the Ministry, whose services are always available. I will see that he goes there.
  Viscountess Astor: Is there any reason why there should be extra pay for working on Sunday, any more than for working on any other day?
  Mr. Grenfell: This additional day's work is being done on Saturday afternoons. It is the custom to pay additional rates. This dispute has been dealt with correctly, in accordance with the customs of the coalfield.
  Viscountess Astor: Is it a good thing that some sections should be paid more than others for such work?
  Mr. Grenfell: It is a good thing for this country that there are people prepared to work underground in these days.

  HOME PRODUCED FUELS (INTER- NAL COMBUSTION ENGINES).
  Captain Stricklandasked the Secretary for Mines whether he has any statement to make on the progress of the Ridley Committee on alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, and when their report may be expected?
  Mr. Grenfell: Yes, Sir. The Committee on the Use of Home Produced Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines, of which Lord Ridley is chairman, has made good progress and has considered a large body of evidence. The committee has already forwarded to my Department certain interim recommendations, on which action has been taken, and I hope very shortly to receive a further report. In present circumstances, however, we shall necessarily have to consider the extent to which our industrial resources can properly be devoted to this kind of development.
  Sir Joseph Lamb: Is the hon. Member giving consideration, at the same time, to the use of coal as such, for propelling vehicles?
  Mr. Grenfell: Yes, Sir. Steam wagons are being used, the steam being raised by the consumption of crude coal. But this is an entirely different matter, which requires examination. The whole problem is being examined.
  Sir J. Lamb: Is the Minister aware of the great reduction in the number of those wagons because they are not economical in regard to taxation?
  Mr. Grenfell: That is not a matter for my Department.

  PETROL RATIONING.
  Mr. Levyasked the Secretary for Petroleum whether it is proposed to reduce the petrol ration; and whether rationing of lubricating oil is contemplated?
  Mr. Leachasked the Secretary for Petroleum whether his attention has been drawn to the large number of private motor cars at seaside and pleasure resorts, in the principal shopping centres of towns and cities, and on the routes from residential suburbs to business quarters; and, in the national interest, will he take steps to reduce the petrol available for domestic and pleasure purposes?
  The Secretary for Petroleum (Mr. Geoffrey Lloyd): With the permission of the hon. Members concerned, I will answer Questions 3 and 4 together.
  Mr. Leach: I do not give that permission.
  Mr. Denville: On a point of Order. What is the procedure in such a case?
  Mr. Speaker: The Minister had better put it the other way round, the second Question first.
  Mr. Lloyd: The House will be glad to know that, as a result of action taken by the Government before and since the war, our supplies of petrol are at present very satisfactory. Substantial economies in the civil consumption of petrol have already been made by rationing, and this automatically secures a corresponding economy in lubricating oil. I have recently issued a new Rationing Order, designed to check abuses in the use of petrol, and I am proceeding with the appointment of inspectors to aid in this purpose. In view of these facts, I do not propose at this moment to make a further general reduction in petrol allowances, but I would emphasise that it is vital that all petrol users should cooperate to the full in the strict observance of the Rationing Order.
  Mr. Leach: What does the Minister mean by the abuse of petrol? Is joyriding an abuse; is going to a racecourse, in the circumstances of the day, an abuse; is taking your best girl out an abuse? Is the Minister satisfied that he has adequate power at this moment to deal with wasteful expenditure of petrol by private users?
  Mr. Lloyd: It is not an abuse to use the limited amount of petrol allowed in the basic ration for purposes of reasonable recreation, but it is an abuse to use petrol given on a supplementary allowance for purposes for which it is not given. In regard to that, I have powers, and I intend to use them. Prosecutions will be taken in proper cases, and I am appointing inspectors for that work.
  Mr. Levy: Is my hon. Friend aware that a number of manufacturers engaged on national work who are using motor transport find that they have absolutely insufficient to do this work of national importance, and that they still see this colossal amount of joy-riding and the wastage of petrol, which ought to be controlled in some manner? If there is ample petrol, give this transport which is used for national service sufficient quantities.
  Colonel Sir Charles MacAndrew: Is my hon. Friend aware that certain A.R.P. ambulances are being driven simply to charge the accumulators? I will give him the details.
  Mr. Lloyd: I will certainly look into that. With regard to the point made by my hon. Friend the Member for Elland (Mr. Levy), no issue of petrol for domestic purposes in the basic ration in any way prejudices the issue for national purposes.

  EVACUATION TO DOMINIONS.
  Mr. Cocksasked the Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs whether, in view of the proposals from Canada and Australia to offer hospitality to children from this country, he will reconsider the question of the immediate large-scale evacuation of children, mothers and other non-combatants from this country to other parts of the Empire?
  The Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs (Mr. Shakespeare): I would refer the hon. Member to the reply which I made to the hon. Member for Romford (Mr. Parker) on 12th June, regarding the setting up of an inter-Departmental Committee to consider the possible evacuation of children. I hope that it will be possible for a fuller statement on this subject to be made to-morrow.
  Mr. Cocks: Will the hon. Member bear in mind that the soldiers will fight more happily if they know that their wives and children are safe? This is not a matter of the evacuation of a few thousand people; it should be done on the largest possible scale. It is an urgent matter, not a question of weeks.
  Mr. Shakespeare: The views expressed by the hon. Gentleman are entirely my own views, and the views of His Majesty's Government.
  Colonel Wedgwood: Does the question of emigration to America come under the scope of the Committee?
  Mr. Shakespeare: Yes, Sir.
  Miss Rathbone: Will the report cover the question of how parents who wish to send their children at their own expense can pay for the maintenance of the children? That is a question which is holding up many people.
  Mr. Shakespeare: I should be glad if the hon. Lady would await the fuller statement which is to be made.
  Mr. Parkerasked the Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs whether arrangements will be made by the committee considering evacuation of children to the Dominions to transfer orphanages overseas wherever feasible, so as to free their buildings in suitable areas for the accommodation of children whose parents do not wish them to leave the country?
  Mr. Shakespeare: Any offers received from overseas for the transfer of orphanages as such will, of course, receive consideration.

  EIRE.

    GERMAN ENGINEERS.
    Major Braithwaiteasked the Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs whether he has any information as to how many of the engineers of German origin who built the Shannon Power Scheme now remain in Eire?
    Mr. Shakespeare: I understand that none of the engineers of German origin who assisted in building the Shannon power scheme now remain in Eire.
    Sir Henry Morris-Jones: Can my hon. Friend tell us how many other Germans are there?

    GERMAN LEGATION.
    Major Braithwaiteasked the Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs whether he has any information as to the numbers of the personnel of the German Embassy in Dublin?
    Mr. Shakespeare: I understand that the official staff of the German Legation in Dublin is composed of six persons, together with three typists.
    Major-General Sir Alfred Knox: What is the number of the unofficial staff?
    Mr. Henderson Stewart: Is my hon. Friend aware that it is said that the staff numbers some hundreds? What does he propose to do about that?
    Mr. Shakespeare: It is very difficult to get information. Perhaps my hon. Friend will put the question down.

  TRADE AND COMMERCE.

    EXPORTS.
    Mr. Liddallasked the President of the Board of Trade whether he will invite the Export Council to send members of individual groups to South America to examine British selling organisations in loco; and to suggest improvements as alternatives to the passive policy of relying upon our goods selling themselves to foreign buyers who do not visit producers here?
    The President of the Board of Trade (Sir Andrew Duncan): I would refer my hon. Friend to the answer I gave to Questions on this subject on 16th April and 16th June.
    Mr. Liddall: Is my right hon. Friend satisfied with the result of the efforts that the Council have made?

    WAR RISKS INSURANCE.
    Sir Richard Aclandasked the President of the Board of Trade whether he is aware that the 17s. 6d. expenses allowance received by the insurance companies in respect of each issue of each policy under the War Risks Insurance Act, 1939, is now allowing the insurance companies a profit of about £500,000 per annum, and whether he will consider reducing this by approximately 50 per cent.; and is he willing to receive representations on this matter?
    Sir A. Duncan: I have no reason to believe that the allowances to which my hon. Friend refers are on such a scale as to result in profit to the Board's Agents under the Commodity Insurance Scheme. They were fixed solely with a view to reimbursing to those Agents the expenses actually incurred during the first six months of the operation of the scheme, during which the work was exceptionally heavy. The allowances for the period following the first six months remain to be determined when the volume of work can be more precisely estimated, but, in view of the less onerous nature of the work now required, a substantial reduction in the scale may be expected. I am, of course, ready to receive representations on the subject.

  STEAMSHIP "GASCONY" (SABOTAGE).
  Mr. Thorneasked the Minister of Shipping whether he can give any information in connection with the British Royal Mail Line steamship "Gascony" which, while loading meat at Buenos Aires, for this country, was sabotaged on 12th June; and what amount of damage was done to the ship?
  The Minister of Shipping (Mr. Cross): The information I have so far received on this matter does not include any details which have not already appeared in the Press. An investigation is now taking place at Buenos Aires, and the report will be considered as soon as it is received.

  ECONOMIC WARFARE (CO-ORDINATION).
  Mr. Liddallasked the Minister of Economic Warfare whether he is now satisfied that the activities of this country in the sphere of economic warfare are properly co-ordinated?
  The Minister of Economic Warfare (Mr. Dalton): So far as my Department is concerned, there is satisfactory machinery for co-ordination with other Departments. The hon. Member's Question seems, however, to raise wider issues, which are beyond my scope.
  Mr. Liddall: Am I to take it from that reply that the right hon. Gentleman no longer considers it desirable that there should be some other Minister sitting over

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  the activities of his Department, of the Department of the Board of Trade, the Ministry of Shipping and other Departments dealing with economic matters?
  Mr. Dalton: I have only answered the question so far as my Department is concerned. It is not my business to speak for other Departments.
  Mr. Hicks: Are we to understand that other Departments are not co-operating with that of my right hon. Friend, especially as his own Department is willing to co-operate with them?
  Mr. Dalton: No, Sir. The other Departments are co-operating very helpfully with my Department in all matters of common concern.
  Mr. Levy: Does the right hon. Gentleman consider that it is only necessary to control water-tight Departments without any co-operation with other Departments?
  Mr. Dalton indicated dissent.

  BRITISH ARMY.

    EX-SERVICE MEN.
    Mr. Cocksasked the Secretary of State for War whether he will consider the possibility of enrolling as volunteers, men who served in the last war and drafting them into the Militia units now in training for the purpose of stiffening the less-experienced younger troops?
    The Secretary of State for War (Mr. Eden): When the younger men are posted to Field Army units, they find themselves in company with older men of the prewar Regular and Territorial Armies. Ex-service men up to the age of 57 can be enlisted for administrative and instructional duties.
    Mr. Cocks: Is the Minister aware that the experience in the Spanish war showed that very great service was done in this way in bringing war levies up to standard?
    Mr. Eden: It is a question of the actual training of the men and not of their service in the field.
    Mr. Loftus: Will my right hon. Friend consider giving an opportunity to use the services of many former officers and noncommissioned officers, who are aching to be employed in training men but whose efforts are refused?
    Mr. Eden: My hon. Friend will appreciate that that is quite a different question from that on the Paper. If he will be good enough to await some of my later answers, and the statement of the Prime Minister later to-day, I think he will then be better able to examine the position.
    Major Milner: Is it not a fact that units of Militia have been sent over without either experienced N.C.O.'s or old soldiers, and without any training in shooting at all?
    Viscountess Astor: Will my right hon. Friend really look into this matter, because I saw hundreds of men yesterday and they all voiced the same thing?
    Major Milner: May I have an answer to my question?
    Mr. Eden: I suppose that the hon. and gallant Member referred to certain units that were sent overseas for labour duties and became involved in hostilities when they took place. If that is what he means, then I would like to see the question on the Paper, but I would not take exception to what he says.
    Mr. Tinkerasked the Secretary of State for War whether he is aware that many officers and men who served overseas during the last war have volunteered again, but those who are over the age limit fixed are not accepted if they give their correct age; and will he consider removing the age limit for volunteers and making the test one of physical fitness, such as every recruit must pass before he is accepted?
    Mr. Eden: Ex-officers are eligible for enrolment in the Army Officers Emergency Reserve up to the age of 50. While I do not think it would be wise to waive all age limits, they are accepted in special cases over that age. Men up to 50 years of age are accepted for the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps and Home Defence Battalions, and ex-service men up to 57 years may be enlisted for instructional and administrative posts.
    Mr. Tinker: Should not this really be a question of physical fitness and the question of age ought not to stand in the way of any man who is willing to serve his country?
    Mr. Eden: I have great sympathy with what the hon. Gentleman has said. I do not wish to waive the condition altogether

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    which might in certain circumstances be useful, but it is a general principle now laid down that age shall not be a bar, though I would like to keep the clause.

    RAILWAY TRAINS (PROTECTION).
    Mr. Cocksasked the Secretary of State for War whether he will take steps to protect railway locomotives with light bullet-resisting armour; and whether he will issue instructions to the effect that certain main-line trains should be accompanied by an armed guard and provided with a machine-gun mounted, if necessary, on an armoured truck?
    Mr. Eden: It would not be in the public interest to disclose information on this subject.

    MAN-POWER.
    Captain Pluggeasked the Secretary of State for War why, though equipment cannot be immediately provided, numbers of the younger men who have been registered but not called up, are not summoned to the Colours and trained even in civilian costume, so that when full equipment is obtainable they will be ready for all emergencies?
    Mr. Henderson Stewartasked the Secretary of State for War whether, in the present emergency, he has considered accelerating the calling up of the remaining classes of men for military service?
    Mr. Eden: My hon. Friends can be assured that it is the determination of His Majesty's Government to make the maximum use of the man-power of the nation. With this end in view, the intake has been greatly accelerated, and in the last five weeks more men have been taken than during the first four months of the year. As regards the Government's general policy on this question, I would ask my hon. Friends to await the statement which my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister is to make at the end of Questions.
    Mr. Stewart: Can my right hon. Friend give an immediate assurance to the House that the thousands of men of 23 and upwards who have registered, but who have been waiting for months to be called up, will quickly be called up, otherwise the frustration and exasperation of the people will be unbearable?
    Mr. Eden: My hon. Friend cannot be more anxious to see the defences of this
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    country strengthened than I am, and to bring about that result a number of steps are being taken, and the increasing of man-power has its place among them.

    DEPENDANTS' ALLOWANCES.
    Captain Pluggeasked the Secretary of State for War whether he has further investigated the system under which members of His Majesty's Forces who receive promotion or proficiency pay and thereupon increase their allotment to their de-dependants have the Army allowance paid to those dependants reduced as a consequence; and whether he now proposes to modify this system?
    Mr. Eden: As was explained in the answer to my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Cambridge (Lieut.-Commander Tufnell) on 28th May last, it is inherent in the scheme that, as the man's pay increases on promotion or for other reasons and he can afford to pay more, his contribution towards the allowance also increases. I think the principle must be maintained, but I propose to introduce certain modifications in its application, and I shall be in a position to make a statement as to these shortly.
    Mr. James Griffithsasked the Secretary of State for War what percentage of the claims for dependants' allowances by serving soldiers have been rejected in the past six months; and whether he will undertake to review the present provisions, so as to remove the grievances now felt in large numbers of cases?
    Mr. Eden: Forty-two per cent. of the claims have been accepted and 58 per cent. rejected. In only about 35 per cent. of the latter did the soldier make an allotment from his pay. All the provisions of the scheme were very thoroughly reviewed earlier in the year, and a number of important changes were made which are set out in the White Paper (Cmd. 6186) published in March last. I do not think a general review is necessary at the present time, but I am always ready to consider modifications within the scheme when these are found to be necessary. I may add that, as the result of the new concessions introduced in March, nearly 30,000 cases were reviewed by the paymasters without fresh claims being submitted, and in some 58

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    per cent. of those cases additions have been made to the allowance. In addition, in the case of some 5,000 claims that were renewed and have been reviewed, nearly 45 per cent. have derived benefit either by way of an increased allowance, or of the grant of an allowance where the claim had previously been rejected.
    Mr. Gallacher: Is the Minister aware that one of the most serious problems confronting dependants is the question of rent? Will he not take into consideration the granting of a rent allowance?

    EVACUATED TROOPS.
    Mr. Sloanasked the Secretary of State for War whether he is aware that men of the British Expeditionary Force who arrived in England from Dunkirk were not supplied with railway vouchers to visit their homes; that many of them had to walk and to borrow money and beg food on the way; that parents had to sacrifice by sending some of their fares, while thousands of them have been unable to visit their homes; and whether he intends to prevent a similar scandal in future?
    Mr. Henderson Stewartasked the Secretary of State for War whether he is aware of the dissatisfaction caused by the refusal of commanding officers to grant free railway passes to men returned from Dunkirk who have been given leave to visit their homes; and what steps he is taking to deal with the matter?
    Mr. G. Straussasked the Secretary of State for War whether arrangements were made to enable the members of the British Expeditionary Force who had returned from Dunkirk and were given 48-hours leave, but had not the money to pay their fares home, to visit their families?
    Major Sir Jocelyn Lucasasked the Secretary of State for War whether he is aware that men of the Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery, back from the British Expeditionary Force, had to produce the money for their fares home before they were granted their 48-hours leave; that they had had no pay-day for some time owing to conditions in Belgium and in Dunkirk; that the majority were only able to proceed by borrowing from comrades who had not been overseas, and
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    they had no money for food en route; and whether he will see that men can have a free railway warrant issued in future in similar circumstances?
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Secretary of State for War whether all evacuated men of the British Expeditionary Force have been able to secure a brief period of leave; whether they will receive compensation for personal losses sustained during recent service; whether these Service men will be reimbursed for any unexpected fares they had to pay; and whether all delays in pay have now been overcome?
    Mr. Eden: The normal rule is to allow two free travelling warrants a year for leave. In view of the exceptional circumstances of the present case and of the fact that some men might have already exhausted their entitlement, I thought it necessary to make an exception, and on 7th June, instructions were issued that a free travelling warrant should be granted for leave given to men who were evacuated from ports north of the Somme on or after 11th May, and that travelling expenses incurred by such men before receipt of the instructions should be refunded. This applies also to the troops recently evacuated from Narvik. It will perhaps be appreciated that, in the circumstances attending the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force, normal facilities were not immediately available for those who wished and were permitted to visit their homes, but I hope that, except where the exigencies of the Service have made it impossible, all the men concerned either have been or will be granted a period of leave. As regards payments to the troops, arrangements were made immediately for paymasters to be sent to the areas in which the troops were collected, and it is reported that these arrangements proved to be satisfactory. Compensation will be given in respect of loss of kit, equipment and personal necessaries under normal regulations.
    Captain Bellenger: Is it not a fact, in reference to Question 32, that personal losses in kit and equipment in the case of men are made up free, but in the case of officers detailed claims have to he put in; and will the right hon. Gentleman consider removing all that red-tape and giving a flat-rate payment to officers in respect of kit which they have lost?
    Mr. Eden: I think my hon. and gallant Friend is right in his analysis of the difference between officers and men, but I would like to consider further the suggestion he has made.
    Mr. Sorensen: May I ask whether all delays in payment have now been overcome?
    Mr. Eden: Yes, Sir. This was not a question of delay in payment. It was to supply men with no money with an immediate sum of cash to enable them to go on leave.
    Mr. Sloan: May I ask whether any discrimination was made between soldiers whose homes are in Scotland and those whose homes were much nearer their military centres, and whether the Minister was aware that considerable indignation was felt in Ayrshire about what was felt to be scandalous treatment of members of the R.S.F.?
    Mr. Speaker: The question must be put in proper language.
    Mr. Sloan: May I have an answer then to my question?
    Mr. Eden: I can assure my hon. Friend that there was no possible question of discrimination against Scotland. On the contrary, it was largely because I had in mind the position in which Scottish troops were placed that I issued those instructions.
    Mr. Sloan: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that many of these soldiers had to receive relief from public assistance committees?

    LOCAL DEFENCE VOLUNTEERS.
    Mr. George Griffithsasked the Secretary of State for War (1) who is responsible for the appointment of the area commandant and company commanders of the Local Defence Volunteers in the Barnsley and Staincross area; and whether he is aware that all these officers appointed are of one political party;
    (2) who is responsible for the appointment of the area commandant and company commanders of the Local Defence Volunteers in the Doncaster area; whether he is aware that the commandant for the area and three out of four of the company commanders for the West Riding section of the area are all colliery officials and the
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    last three all officials of one colliery company; will he take steps to alter this kind of selection, as being likely to impair public confidence; and what military experience these three company commanders have had?
    Mr. Eden: The military area commander, in consultation with the Lord Lieutenant, appoints are area, zone and group commanders of the Local Defence Volunteer Force, who in turn appoint the company commanders. The intention is to appoint the most suitable persons without regard to political party or other considerations of that kind. Previous military experience is not essential, and I am informed that the three company commanders referred to in the Doncaster area have not had such experience.
    Mr. Griffiths: Is the Minister aware that although he has answered in a very nice spirit, this is not taken in the same spirit so far as appointments are concerned? It is not ability in this case; they have been pitchforked into the job.
    Mr. Eden: I cannot answer for individual cases. I thought that the only way to launch this scheme was to decentralise it. We could not possibly make all the appointments from the War Office, but power has been given to make changes. I believe that, generally speaking, local authorities have done their utmost.
    Mr. Paling: If suitability is the essence of the choice, will the Minister make an inquiry into this particular case?
    Mr. John Morgan: Can the right hon. Gentleman indicate just how we might make representations in this matter?
    Sir H. Morris-Jones: On a point of Order. The hon. Member for Wentworth (Mr. Paling), who is a Member of His Majesty's Government, asked a question of a Minister of the Crown. May I ask whether that is correct?
    Mr. Speaker: That is not a point of Order.

    DEAF PERSONS (WARNINGS).
    Mr. De la Bèreasked the Secretary of State for War whether he will issue instructions to the public advising those who are afflicted with deafness of the danger of approaching military positions

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    by day, and more especially towards dusk, and further instruct them to wear an armlet indicating that they are hard of hearing, or to be accompanied by someone whose hearing is not defective?
    Mr. Eden: Warnings on this subject have been published both in the Press and by broadcast. An armlet would be capable of misuse.
    Mr. De la Bère: Would my right hon. Friend ask the B.B.C. once again to remind some of these people?

  GERMAN PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS.
  Mr. Manderasked the Secretary of State for War whether adequate provision has been made for the guarding, under all circumstances, of camps containing German prisoners of war?
  Mr. Eden: Yes, Sir.

  INLAND COMMUNICATIONS (SAFEGUARDING).
  Mr. Gallacherasked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he has considered the resolution from the National Council of the Scottish National Party, drawing attention to the possibility of communications between the various parts of Britain being dislocated, and proposing certain steps to be taken in this connection; and whether it is proposed to take any action in the matter?
  The Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. Ernest Brown): I have seen the resolution referred to. The hon. Member may be assured that adequate arrangements have been made to enable the machinery of Government to function in Scotland in the event of a breakdown of communications with London.
  Mr. Gallacher: Would the Minister not agree that in the situation that exists to-day there should be a very much greater measure of independence of organisation in Scotland?
  Mr. Brown: I think the arrangements are adequate.

  CIVIL DEFENCE.

    "THE NEW PIONEER."
    Mr. Manderasked the Secretary of State for the Home Department what
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    action he proposes to take with regard to the journal known as "The New Pioneer," of which John Beckett, now interned, was one time assistant managing editor, and with which other members of the British Union of Fascists are associated as writers?
    The Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mr. Peake): I understand that this journal has ceased publication.
    Mr. Mander: Can my hon. Friend give an assurance that the persons associated with it are being carefully watched?
    Mr. Peake: The gentleman mentioned in this Question has been interned.

    ALIENS.
    Sir Robert Youngasked the Home Secretary the number of British-born women whose husbands are aliens and internees and the number of alien women, married to British citizens, who are at liberty on the strength of British nationality by marriage; and whether, in the latter case, the loyalty of these women has been subject to investigation by the police?
    Mr. Peake: As regards British-born women married to Germans or Austrians, the figures asked for could only be extracted by a laborious examination of each individual file, but the Tribunals and Regional Advisory Committees were instructed that if the husband were placed in Category B, the wife ought, generally speaking, to be placed in the same category. Consequently when all the Germans and Austrians in Category B were interned, a number of British-born wives were included. As regards women who before marriage to British subjects were aliens, the possession of British nationality does not prevent appropriate action being taken whenever this is necessary for security purposes. The police have drastic power to make searches and to detain temporarily pending further inquiries any suspected persons—regardless of nationality—and if necessary to recommend that orders be made under the Defence Regulations for the detention of such persons.
    Viscountess Astor: In dealing with aliens married to British citizens, would that apply to men in the Diplomatic Service who have been married to women born in enemy countries? How would it affect them?
    Mr. Peake: I do not think I understand the hon. Lady's Question, but I presume that it relates to British-born women married to aliens possessing foreign diplomatic status.
    Viscountess Astor: No. May I ask—[Interruption.]
    Mr. Speaker: The hon. Lady had better put the Question down.

    EVACUATED SCHOOLCHILDREN.
    Mr. David Adamsasked the President of the Board of Education whether, in view of the policy of continuing private billeting, and of the fact that the feeding of children in private billets was one of the factors responsible for the breakdown of private billeting in the recent evacuation, he will arrange that all evacuated schoolchildren shall be communally fed by the reception authorities, thus securing to these children an adequate and well-balanced diet?
    The President of the Board of Education (Mr. Ramsbotham): In Circular 1484, of which I am sending a copy to the hon. Member, the Board of Education have already urged local education authorities for reception areas to consider the need for arranging for the communal feeding of evacuated children, and I propose to call their attention again to this matter in connection with the further evacuation of children from the East coast towns and the Metropolitan area. The hon. Member will, however, be aware that the billeting allowances paid to householders cover the provision of food, and many householders who are able and willing themselves to provide suitable meals for the evacuated children prefer to do so rather than to surrender part of the billeting allowance in return for the provision of communal meals.
    Mr. Adams: Is the Minister aware that there is overwhelming evidence on the part of directors of education and the teaching professions generally that communal feeding is necessary?

  SEAMAN'S CONVICTION.
  Mr. Thorneasked the Home Secretary whether he can give any information in connection with a seaman wearing women's clothing, who was arrested and charged at Bow Street Police Court on 10th June?
  Mr. Peake: I am informed by the Commissioner of Police that the person in question was convicted on 10th instant of importuning for an immoral purpose and was sentenced to six months' imprisonment. My right hon. Friend will consider the best method of dealing with this case before the expiry of the man's sentence.

  ACCIDENT, ROCHESTER.
  Mr. Thorneasked the Home Secretary whether he can give any information in connection with the accident on a building at Rochester on 12th June, when four men were killed and three injured; and what was the cause of the accident?
  Mr. Peake: I understand from a preliminary report that last Tuesday an extension to a building which was in course of erection collapsed, killing four men and injuring three others. The cause of the accident is being further investigated by the factory inspectorate, which has now been transferred to the Ministry of Labour and National Service.

  CIVILIAN CASUALTIES, DUNKIRK.
  Sir Adrian Baillieasked the First Lord of the Admiralty the number of civilians killed and wounded, respectively, in aiding the Royal Navy to remove men of the British Expeditionary Force and French Army from Dunkirk?
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty (Sir Victor Warrender): I regret that 125 civilians were killed and 81 wounded in this operation. Of these, four killed and two wounded were civilian volunteers, and the remainder regular merchant seamen. I should like to take this opportunity of expressing once more the profound admiration of the Royal Navy and the Admiralty for the spirit and courage of these men. I am sure that the House will wish me to express the deepest sympathy with the relatives of those who lost their lives or were wounded.
  Mr. Glenvil Hall: May I ask whether everything is being done for the dependants of these civilians? Those who come under the various Royal Warrants are looked after, but what about the dependants of the civilians?
  Sir V. Warrender: That is a question which should be addressed to the Ministry of Pensions.

  AGRICULTURE.

    WAR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY (COMPENSATION).
    Sir A. Baillieasked the Minister of Agriculture whether in view of the fact that the Government have no scheme to compensate persons whose property is damaged by air raids, what steps it is proposed to take to assist farmers whose property is damaged by bombs to reinstate their premises; and whether he will arrange for a special national labour force to be recruited which will be able to carry out such repair work free of charge in the national interest?
    The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture (Mr. T. Williams): I would remind my hon. Friend that it was announced in the House on 31st January, 1939, that the Government had decided to initiate a scheme for the payment of compensation after the war in accordance with a scale which would depend on the total amount of the damage and the financial circumstances of the country. The necessary arrangements have been made for the recording and assessment of the damage for the purpose of the scheme. Provision has also been made in the Housing (Emergency Powers) Act, 1939, and the Essential Buildings and Plant (Repair of War Damage) Act, 1939, for essential repairs, the cost being met out of Government loans. As regards the third part of the Question, my right hon. Friend does not think it is necessary or desirable to organise a special national labour force to repair agricultural damage.
    Mr. Price: Will that cover damage to crops?
    Mr. Williams: Yes, Sir.

    FRUIT CROP.
    Sir A. Baillieasked the Minister of Agriculture whether he has yet been able to form any estimate of the probable size of the plum and current crops this year in Kent and other fruit-growing counties; and whether he is satisfied that adequate arrangements have been made to ensure their distribution and preservation without waste?
    Mr. T. Williams: The Ministry has received from its inspectors estimates of the prospects of the fruit crops in Kent and
    22
    in other fruit-growing counties. Ways and means of making full use of the anticipated plum crop are tinder consideration with my right hon. Friend the Minister of Food.
    Mr. De la Bère: Will the Minister give his active consideration to the Evesham area in this matter?
    Mr. Williams: Perhaps the hon. Member will allow me to see him after Questions.
    Sir J. Lamb: Will consideration also be given to those who grow small quantities of fruit, which, in the aggregate, may mean a considerable amount?
    Mr. Williams: I think my right hon. Friend has taken into consideration the small as well as the large grower of fruit.

  TIMBER (ADVERTISEMENT HOARDINGS).
  Mr. Parkerasked the Minister of Supply whether advertising hoardings which are rendered unnecessary owing to the paper shortage will be removed and their timber put to more useful purposes?
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply (Mr. Harold Macmillan): A scheme is being prepared for salvaging any serviceable material available from the source mentioned by my hon. Friend. Requisitioning may be necessary to secure supplies at the right price. The amount of serviceable timber which can be so secured should not, however, be exaggerated.

  LEGISLATION.
  Mr. Denvilleasked the Prime Minister whether he will arrange that no legislation shall in future be brought before the House except that which is necessary and directly connected with winning the war?
  The Lord Privy Seal (Mr. Attlee): The main Business of the House has been and will be the consideration of those Measures which are urgently necessary for the effective prosecution of the war, but it may be found necessary from time to time to bring forward Measures which may not be directly connected with the war.

  HOUSE OF COMMONS SITTINGS.
  Mr. Denvilleasked the Prime Minister whether he will consult the will of the House with a view to reducing the number of its meetings except for vitally essential business, to enable Members to take on war work in their constituencies or where they reside?
  Mr. Attlee: In view of the amount of essential business which has to be disposed of, I see no possibility at present of reducing the number of sittings of the House. As the House sits only three days a week, I hope that hon. Members will find that they have time to undertake work of national importance in their constituencies or elsewhere.
  Sir William Davison: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that academic Debates in this House on three days a week necessitate the attendance of Ministers of the Crown who would be much better employed in their Departments in the winning of the war?

  MINISTER OF LABOUR.
  Captain Shawasked the Prime Minister what steps he proposes to take in view of the fact that the present Minister of Labour has not yet secured election to this House?
  Mr. Attlee: I hope that my right hon. Friend the Minister of Labour and National Service will soon take his seat in this House.
  At the end of Questions—
  Mr. Logan: May I ask you, Mr. Speaker, with regard to a Private Notice Question that I have submitted whether I can raise it now?
  Mr. Speaker: I have sent a reply to the hon. Member which, I thought, would satisfy him.
  Mr. Logan: I have not received that reply. I wish to raise a question of procedure appertaining to the secret meeting of the House on 10th inst., and to ask whether it is possible for Mr. Ernest Bevin, Minister of Labour, to be summoned to the House on that date to give a report? I wish to ask for your guidance, Sir, in regard to the procedure so that we may have the Minister's presence and such a report on that day.
  Mr. Speaker: The contents of my letter were to the effect that it would be quite contrary to the practice of this House for anyone, other than a Member of Parliament, to speak in this House. If the hon. Member gives it his further reflection, he will agree that it would be very unwise to depart from that Rule.
  Mr. Logan: Owing to the importance of the situation, I thought it necessary to raise this question, as Mr. Ernest Bevin is the one person who can give such information to the House.

  NATIONAL SERVICE (ARMED FORCES) ACT.
  Major Lloydasked the Prime Minister whether he is aware of the growing conviction in the country that the time has now come for the further extension of the National Service Act to all males from 18 to 55 years of age, in order that their services may be immediately available for home defence; and whether he will take steps at an early date to satisfy public opinion in this matter?
  Mr. Attlee: The age limits under the National Service (Armed Forces) Act are 18 to 40 inclusive. In addition, men may volunteer for service in the Home Defence Battalions and the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps up to the age of 50 and in the Local Defence Volunteers, which is a very important part of the home defence arrangements, up to the age of 65. In view of the opportunities offered of home defence service in these Corps, it is not at present considered necessary to extend the application of the National Service (Armed Forces) Act as suggested in the Question.

  QUESTIONS TO MINISTERS.
  Mr. Liddallasked the Prime Minister to which Minister Questions should be addressed affecting the Department of Overseas Trade; and will he consider appointing a duly elected Member of the House of Commons to this office?
  Mr. Attlee: Questions normally addressed to the Department of Overseas Trade should be put to my right hon. Friend the President of the Board of Trade pending arrangements being made for the Parliamentary Secretary to secure election to this House.

  GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.

    DEVOLUTION OF AUTHORITY.
    Mr. Graham Whiteasked the Prime Minister whether it is his intention to review conditions in the public offices, and to make such changes in methods as may seem necessary, to secure the devolution of authority in the lower levels so that decisions may be hastened, bottle-necks removed, and the transaction of business generally expedited?
    Mr. Attlee: In recent years the policy of devolution of authority has been steadily pursued throughout the public service, and Departments are alive to the necessity for taking all possible steps in the direction suggested by my hon. Friend.
    Sir Herbert Williams: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that in the ordinary way one cannot get an answer on any subject whatever under about a fortnight or three weeks?
    Mr. Attlee: I am not aware of that.
    Sir H. Williams: Will the right hon. Gentleman make inquiries?
    Mr. Attlee: Perhaps the hon. Member will send me instances.
    Mr. White: In view of the great congestion which exists and which seriously interferes with the business relating to the war, will the right hon. Gentleman make inquiries?
    Mr. Attlee: I can assure the hon. Member that every endeavour is being made to prevent bottle-necks and the stopping of business, and that every effort is being made to expedite business by giving such devolution of authority as is possible. subject, of course, to a proper co-ordination of effort.
    Mr. Hicks: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that the country will be particularly happy to receive the information that the Departments are alive?
    Mr. Levy: Do not these delays show that there is a lack of organisation in the Departments, and that if the right hon. Gentleman says he is not aware of these delays, it does not necessarily follow that they are not continuous and persistent?

    MINISTRY OF SUPPLY.
    Mr. Parkerasked the Minister of Supply what is the local machinery
    26
    through which his Department now works; and whether it has been altered following the reorganisation of the machinery of governmental control of industry?
    Mr. Harold Macmillan: The Ministry of Supply is represented locally by 12 area officers, who serve as members of the Area Boards. The responsibility for the central organisation of the Area Boards has now been transferred to the Ministry of Labour and National Service, but there has been no change in the general duties entrusted to them in connection with production. It has now been decided to increase the staff at the disposal of the Ministry's area officers and to expand their duties in certain respects, but my right hon. Friend is not yet in a position to make any detailed statement on this matter.
    Mr. Leonard: Is the Minister aware that in Scotland certain aspects of his Department have officers responsible for processing and inspection and that they have to inspect goods when they have had nothing to do with the selection of them, with the result that production is not satisfactorily carried out?
    Mr. Macmillan: These are the matters which these changes are hoped to expedite.

  PRODUCTION COUNCIL.
  Mr. Parkerasked the Minister without Portfolio what is the machinery through which the Production Council works; and what measure of control it exercises in the allocation of national resources between war, export and civilian needs?
  The Minister without Portfolio (Mr. Arthur Greenwood): The function of the Production Council is to give general directions as to the organisation and the priority of production for war purposes, in accordance with the policy laid down by the War Cabinet. The Council gives its directions through the machinery of the competent Government Departments. For that part of its work which consists in the allocation of manufacturing capacity between Departments, the Council has at its disposal the machinery of the Central Priority Department. As regards the last part of the Question, all other needs are

  27
  subordinate to war purposes, and the composition of the Production Council enables it to exercise a very full measure of control in the allocation of our national resources.

  NATIONAL FINANCE.

    BANKS (CONTROL).
    Mr. Stokesasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether, now that he has power to control the banks, he will take back to the State the right to create money thereby in addition to other advantages enabling him to finance the war free of interest charges?
    The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Sir Kingsley Wood): No, Sir.
    Mr. Stokes: Does the Chancellor realise the amount of saving that could be effected by the nation if he took back to the people what is its right, instead of allowing the present scandal to continue?
    Mr. Speaker: I must ask the hon. Member to put his Supplementary Question in reasonable language.

    PREMIUM BONDS.
    Mr. Lewisasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will consider the desirability of suppressing for the duration of the war all forms of betting, whether through bookmakers on credit or for cash or through totalisators, and of substituting therefor the issue of premium bonds bearing no interest but subject to periodical drawings at a high premium, those bonds which remain undrawn after a period of years to be repaid at par, in order that the large sums which would otherwise be used for betting may be lent to the State instead?
    Sir K. Wood: No, Sir. It is not proposed to make an issue of the kind referred to, which I consider would raise controversy and weaken the force of the National Savings Campaign.

    INTEREST-FREE LOANS.
    Mr. Emeryasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will consider the raising of a public loan, free of interest, for war purposes?
    Sir K. Wood: Many public-spirited citizens and institutions have already made interest-free loans to the Exchequer
    28
    for the prosecution of the war. The Government has gratefully accepted such loans, but has hitherto felt that such generosity should be left to the initiative of the individual citizen. It is clear, however, that there are many people who are anxious to show their patriotism in this form, and I feel that the time has now come when I should make a general appeal to all who are in a position to do so to follow the example of those who have already come forward in this way. It would be a great convenience if, so far as practicable, a uniform period could be adopted for the loan. I therefore put the appeal in this way: I ask any person or company willing to advance money to the country without interest for the term of the war to send it direct to me at the Treasury; a certificate will then be issued entitling the donor to receive repayment three months after the conclusion of a treaty of peace. An alternative procedure for persons who would find it more convenient, particularly those who wish to lend sums under £100, would be to make a deposit in a Post Office Savings Bank with instructions that the interest earned on the deposit is to be surrendered to the Exchequer. I hope that wherever possible those who respond to this appeal will adopt the uniform period which I have named, but persons and companies who are only able to make loans for a shorter period should write to the Treasury giving full particulars.
    Mr. Stokes: Will the Chancellor assure the House that he will raise no further loans of an interest-bearing kind? Otherwise, does he not realise that in fact the free-interest loans will be used for the purpose of paying interest on the interest-bearing loans?
    Sir K. Wood: I could not give such an undertaking.
    Mr. Thorne: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that a union, the name of which I will not mention, was willing to lend £250,000 to the Government, but was advised that legally it could not do so?
    Sir K. Wood: I should like to look into that.
    Mr. Glenvil Hall: Will the right hon. Gentleman put this point to the Government to see whether they are willing to raise loans in this way?

    BANK AND TREASURY BILL RATES.
    Mr. Craven-Ellisasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what are the relevant considerations which prevent him giving direction, under Clause 2 of the recent Emergency Regulations, for taking immediate action for the reduction of the Bank Rate from 2 per cent. to 1 per cent., and the comparative reduction of rates of interest on Treasury bills and other forms of Government borrowing, bearing in mind that the Treasury bill rate is 100 per cent. higher to-day than it was in 1936–37, although the Bank Rate was at the same level as it is to-day?
    Sir K. Wood: The level of Bank Rate affects a wide range of matters, including short term interest and deposit rates quite apart from the Treasury bill rate. Generally speaking, however, while it is the policy of the Government to secure that interest rates shall always be the lowest which circumstances at any given time permit, I have to hold a fair balance between the different factors involved.
    Mr. Craven-Ellis: Was there not a fair balance between the Bank Rate and other rates of interest in 1936–37, and why should there be a variance now? Why should not the Chancellor exercise the powers which he has in this matter?
    Sir K. Wood: I do not think it is possible to make a comparison between years so far apart.

    ARMED FORCES (POSTAGE FACILITIES).
    Captain Stricklandasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will state briefly the grounds on which he is unable to grant a free postage to members of His Majesty's Forces at present stationed in Great Britain?
    Sir K. Wood: It would, I feel, be difficult to justify concessions of this nature which would not be available to other sections of the community who are in a not dissimilar financial position and a number of whom have to bear onerous duties and tasks to-day in connection with our defences. Apart from a considerable and growing loss of revenue there would also be many practical difficulties in defining and controlling such a grant.
    Captain Strickland: Would it not be quite an easy thing to issue some form of free postage to soldiers, and is there anybody in the country doing as much work
    30
    and risking as much as the soldiers for a very low wage indeed?
    Sir K. Wood: There is considerable difficulty in this matter because of the air-raid precautions services, the firefighting services, the Local Defence Volunteers, and so on. It is very difficult indeed to draw a line.
    Mr. Thorne: Will the Chancellor consider the advisability of allowing wounded soldiers to send their letters postage free?
    Captain Bellenger: On what grounds does the Chancellor allow free postage to members of the Expeditionary Force and not to members of the Forces in this country, who are now considered to be in the battle line?
    Sir K. Wood: I was asked whether I would make a special provision in their case. I have replied that I find it very difficult to justify a concession of that nature and not to make it available to other sections of the community who are in similar circumstances.
    Mr. Silverman: Can the Chancellor say why this concession cannot be granted to members of the Forces when it is a concession granted to every prisoner?
    Sir K. Wood: I do not think that the hon. Member can have heard the replies which I have given to the earlier Questions.
    Captain Strickland: Has consideration been given to the fact that many Defence Volunteers are in receipt of weekly wages far in excess of those paid to soldiers?
    Sir K. Wood: I do not think you can try to make a proper comparison between the two.

    BANK ADVANCES (INTEREST RATE).
    Mr. De la Bèreasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will now consider introducing legislation to make it illegal for the banks to charge more than 3 per cent. or 1 per cent. above the existing Bank Rate, on all overdrafts and advances made to agriculturalists and other industries engaged on work of national importance?
    Sir K. Wood: I consider that the charges at present made by the banks in respect of the credit facilities referred to in the Question are not higher than is

    31
    necessary to maintain the banking structure of this country on a sound basis. I do not think, therefore, that there is any case for proposing legislation on the lines suggested.
    Mr. De la Bère: Is my right hon. Friend aware that in regard to advances made by the banks for agricultural purposes, the rate is usually 5 per cent. whereas the Bank Rate is only at 2 per cent? What possible justification is there for this? Is he further aware that the main excuse of the banks is that some of these advances might be in respect of bad or doubtful debts, but, surely, on the other hand, the banks must realise the importance of attaining the maximum amount of food during war-time?
    Sir K. Wood: I would not accept that statement as the attitude of all banking concerns.
    Mr. De la Bère: Perhaps my right hon. Friend will see me afterwards?

  REPAIR DEPOT (LAND ACQUISITION).
  Mr. Stokesasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether his attention has been called to the Fifth Report from the Select Committee on National Expenditure, wherein it is stated that 160 acres of bogland were purchased at a price of £26,637 for a repair depot; that that site has since been abandoned; and whether he will demand a repayment of the purchase money to the Government, or alternatively, assess that sale for 100 per cent. Excess Profits Tax?
  Sir K. Wood: I am aware of the report to which the hon. Member refers. I read the committee's criticisms as directed not against the price paid for the land but against the selection of this site for a repair depot in view of the expense of preparing it for heavy buildings.
  Mr. Stokes: Does not the Chancellor realise that the criticism of the people is against the price paid for the land and that it is a scandal that land of this kind—[Interruption.]
  Mr. Speaker rose—
  Mr. Stokes: In view of the fact that that Supplementary Question was reasonably framed, may I ask for a reply?
  Mr. Speaker: The hon. Member has been a Member of the House long enough to know that Supplementary Questions must be framed in equally reasonable language to that of the Question on the Order Paper. The kind of adjective he has used would not be allowed in a Question on the Paper, and cannot be used in a Supplementary Question.
  Mr. Shinwell: May I ask the Chancellor whether he regards the price paid as reasonable for this kind of land?
  Sir K. Wood: That is not a matter to which my attention has been directed. I was asked whether, in fact, the Committee adversely reported on the question of the price, and I said in my answer that I read the criticism as being directed against the selection of the site for a repair depot.
  Mr. Stokes: In view of the public concern in this matter, will the Chancellor have a proper investigation made into the price paid?
  Sir K. Wood: I will certainly communicate with the Departments concerned.
  Sir Percy Harris: Has anybody been brought to book for this transaction? Has the responsibility been brought home?
  Sir K. Wood: As I read the report, certain steps have been taken.
  Mr. De la Bère: Surely the Chancellor will not acquiesce in this laisser faire method, of which we have had too much already?
  Mr. Silverman: On a point of Order, Mr. Speaker. May I ask for your guidance in view of the remarks you have just made? Are we to assume that no matter how preposterous a transaction may be or how preposterously extravagant a price may be paid for a piece of land, it is unparliamentary to describe it as a scandal?
  Mr. Speaker: That might be reasonable in Debate in some cases, but not in a Supplementary Question or in a Question on the Paper.

  LORD CHANCELLOR (PENSION).
  Mr. Glenvil Hallasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether, in the interest of national economy, the Government will consider the advisability of repealing 2 and 3 William IV, chap. III?
  Sir K. Wood: No, Sir, I am not prepared to adopt this suggestion.
  Mr. Hall: Is not the Chancellor aware that there is a war on, and that this pension which, under the Statute, is payable to the Lord Chancellor is payable free of all taxation and other drawbacks? Does he think that is fair and right at this time?
  Sir K. Wood: I was asked whether I was prepared to consider the advisability of repealing these Sections. As the hon. Member no doubt knows, it is the usual custom for an ex-Lord Chancellor in receipt of a pension to give services and to sit as a judge in Appeals to the Supreme Tribunal; and if the suggestion of the hon. Member were carried out, it would mean, as far as money is concerned, that somebody else would have to be paid for doing these things.
  Mr. Hall: Surely, the Lord Chancellor is entitled to the same sort of pension as an ex-Cabinet Minister gets. Ought not that to be sufficient? [Interruption.] I beg to give notice that I intend to raise this matter on the Adjournment.

  EDUCATION (NURSERY SCHOOLS).
  Mr. David Adamsasked the President of the Board of Education whether, in view of the heavy increase of the infant mortality rates in industrial areas during the last war, he will take immediate steps to secure the setting-up of nursery schools throughout the country?
  Mr. Ramsbotham: I assume that the hon. Member has in mind primarily the areas in which large numbers of women are employed on industrial work of national importance. As stated in the reply given by my right hon. Friend the Minister of Health on 6th June, he is actively engaged, in consultation with the Minister of Labour, in considering the establishment of day nurseries in these areas. In view of the long hours for which the nurseries would have to be open and the need for providing for children
  34
  under two years of age as well as those between two and five, the provision of day nurseries would appear to be more appropriate than that of nursery schools. It is hoped, however, that it will be practicable to provide some form of occupational training for the older children.
  Mr. Adams: Does the Minister not agree that, in view of the fact that the Government have decided to make evacuation voluntary, there must be a large number of children in the evacuation areas who ought to have nursery schools provided for them?
  Mr. Ramsbotham: The hon. Member refers to taking immediate steps, but I think it is far more practicable, in present circumstances, to deal with day nurseries than starting nursery schools.
  Viscountess Astor: Is it not the case that the Government's scheme deals with children under two, and day nursery schools deal with children between two and five? Is it not true that the Government already have the matter well in hand?

  NEW MEMBER SWORN.
  Charles William Key, esquire, for the Borough of Poplar (Bow and Bromley Division).

BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE (SUPPLY).
Ordered,
"That this day, nothwithstanding anything in Standing Order No. 14, Business other than the Business of Supply may be taken before Eleven of the Clock.—[The Prime Minister.]

MESSAGE FROM THE LORDS.
That they have agreed to—
Christchurch Corporation Bill, with Amendments.
That they have passed a Bill, intituled, "An Act to explain and amend the Indian and Colonial Divorce Jurisdiction Act, 1926." [Indian and Colonial Divorce Jurisdiction Bill [Lords.]
And also a Bill, intituled, "An Act to amend the Act 30 & 31 Vict. c. vii; to confer upon the Lord Mayor Aldermen and Citizens of the city and county of

35
Newcastle-upon-Tyne further powers and to make further provisions with respect to the Hospital of Saint Mary Magdalene in the said city and county; and for other purposes." [Saint Mary Magdalene Hospital (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) Bill [Lords.]

SAINT MARY MAGDALENE HOSPITAL (NEW-CASTLE-UPON-TYNE) BILL [Lords].
Read the First time; and referred to the Examiners of Petitions for Private Bills.
COURTS (EMERGENCY POWERS) AMENDMENT BILL [Lords].
Read the First time; to be read a Second time To-morrow, and to be printed. [Bill 61.]
MIDDLESEX DEEDS BILL [Lords].
Read the First time; to be read a Second time To-morrow, and to be printed. [Bill 62.]

WAR SITUATION.
Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Captain Margesson.]
3.49 p.m.
The Prime Minister (Mr. Churchill): I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command failed to withdraw the Northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of 15 or 16 French divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force. Our Army and 120,000 French troops were indeed rescued by the British Navy from Dunkirk but only with the loss of their cannon, vehicles and modern equipment. This loss inevitably took some weeks to repair, and in the first two of those weeks the battle in France has been lost. When we consider the heroic resistance made by the French Army against heavy odds in this battle, the enormous losses inflicted upon the enemy and the evident exhaustion of the enemy, it may well be thought that these 25 divisions of the best trained and best equipped troops might have turned the scale. However, General Weygand had to fight without them. Only three British divisions or their equivalent were able to stand in the line with their French comrades. They have suffered severely, but they have fought well. We sent every man we could to France as fast as we could re-equip and transport their formations.
I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination. That, I judge, to be utterly futile and even harmful. We cannot afford it. I recite them in order to explain why it was we did not have, as we could have had, between 12 and 14 British divisions fighting in the line in this great battle instead of only three. Now I put all this aside. I put it on the shelf, from which the historians, when they have time, will select their documents to tell their stories. We have to think of the future and not of the past. This also applies in a small way to our own affairs at home. There are many who would hold an inquest in the House of Commons on the conduct of the Governments—and of Parliaments, for they are in it, too—during the years which
52
led up to this catastrophe. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious process. There are too many in it. Let each man search his conscience and search his speeches. I frequently search mine.
Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future. Therefore, I cannot accept the drawing of any distinctions between Members of the present Government. It was formed at a moment of crisis in order to unite all the parties and all sections of opinion. It has received the almost unanimous support of both Houses of Parliament. Its Members are going to stand together, and, subject to the authority of the House of Commons, we are going to govern the country and fight the war. It is absolutely necessary at a time like this that every Minister who tries each day to do his duty shall be respected, and their subordinates must know that their chiefs are not threatened men, men who are here to-day and gone to-morrow, but that their directions must be punctually and faithfully obeyed. Without this concentrated power we cannot face what lies before us. I should not think it would be very advantageous for the House to prolong this Debate this afternoon under conditions of public stress. Many facts are not clear that will be clear in a short time. We are to have a Secret Session on Thursday, and I should think that would be a better opportunity for the many earnest expressions of opinion which Members will desire to make and for the House to discuss vital matters, as I have said before, without having everything read the next morning by our dangerous foes.
The military events which have happened during the past fortnight have not come to me with any sense of surprise. Indeed, I indicated a fortnight ago as clearly as I could to the House that the worst possibilities were open, and I made it perfectly clear then that whatever happened in France would make no difference to the resolve of Britain and the British Empire to fight on, "if necessary for years, if necessary alone." During the last few days we have successfully brought off the great majority of the troops we had on the lines of communication in France—a very large number, scores of thousands—and seven-eighths of

53
the troops we have sent to France since the beginning of the war, that is to say, about 350,000 out of 400,000 men, are safely back in this country. Others are still fighting with the French, and fighting with considerable success in their local encounters with the enemy. We have also brought back a great mass of stores, rifles and munitions of all kinds which had been accumulated in France during the last nine months.
We have, therefore, in this island to-day a very large and powerful military force. This force includes all our best trained and finest troops and includes scores of thousands of those who have already measured their quality against the Germans and found themselves at no disadvantage. We have under arms at the present time in this island over a million and a quarter men. Behind these we have the Local Defence Volunteers, numbering half a million, only a portion of whom, however, are yet armed with files or other firearms. We have incorporated into our Defence Forces every man for whom we have a weapon. We expect a very large addition to our weapons in the near future, and in preparation for this we intend to call up, drill and train further large numbers at once. Those who are not called up or employed upon the vast business of munitions production in all its branches—and it runs through every kind of grade—serve their country best by remaining at their ordinary work until they are required.
We also have Dominions Armies here. The Canadians had actually landed in France but have now been safely withdrawn, much disappointed, but in perfect order, with all their artillery and equipment. These very high-class forces from the Dominions will now take part in the defence of the Mother Country. Lest the account which I have given of these very large forces should raise the question why they did not take part in the great battle in France, I must make it clear that, apart from the divisions training and organising at home, only 12 divisions were equipped to fight upon a scale which justified their being sent abroad. This was fully up to the number which the French had been led to expect would be available in France at the ninth month of the war. The rest of our forces at home have a fighting value for home
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defence which will, of course, steadily increase every week that passes. Thus, the invasion of Great Britain would at this time require the transportation across the sea of hostile armies upon a very large scale and, after they had been so transported, they would have to be continually maintained with all the masses of munitions and supplies which are required for continuous battle, as continuous battle it would be.
Here is where we come to the Navy. After all, we have a Navy. Some people seem to forget that. We must remind them. For the last 30 years I have been concerned in discussions about the possibilities of oversea invasion, and I took the responsibility on behalf of the Admiralty, at the beginning of the last war, of allowing all Regular troops to be sent out of the country, although our Territorials had only just been called up and were quite untrained. Therefore, this island was for several months practically denuded of fighting troops. The Admiralty had confidence at that time in their ability to prevent a mass invasion, even though at that time the Germans had a magnificent battle fleet in the proportion of 10 to 16, even though they were capable of fighting a general engagement every day and any day, whereas now they have only a couple of heavy ships worth speaking of. We are also told that the Italian Navy is to come to gain sea superiority in these waters. If they seriously intend it, I shall only say that we shall be delighted to offer Signor Mussolini a free and safeguarded passage through the Straits of Gibraltar in order that he may play the part which he aspires to do. There is general curiosity in the British Fleet to find out whether the Italians are up to the level they were at in the last war or whether they have fallen off at all.
Therefore, it seems to me that as far as seaborne invasion on a great scale is concerned, we are far more capable of meeting it to-day than we were at many periods in the last war and during the early months of this war, before our other troops were trained, and while the B.E.F. was already abroad and still abroad. The Navy have never pretended to be able to prevent raids by bodies of 5,000 or 10,000 men flung suddenly across and thrown ashore at several points on the coast some dark night or foggy morning.

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The efficacy of sea-power, especially under modern conditions, depends upon the invading force being of large size. It has to be of large size, in view of our military strength, to be of any use. If it is of large size, then the Navy have something they can find and meet and, as it were, bite on. Now we must remember that even five divisions, however lightly equipped, would require 200 to 250 ships, and with modern air reconnaissance and photography, it would not be easy to collect such an armada, marshal it and conduct it across the sea without any powerful naval forces to escort it, and with the very great possibility that it would be intercepted long before it reached the coast, and the men all drowned in the sea or, at the worst, blown to pieces with their equipment while they were trying to land. We also have a great system of minefields, recently strongly reinforced, through which we alone know the channel. If the enemy tries to sweep passages through these minefields, it will be the task of the Navy to destroy the minesweepers and any other forces employed to protect them. There should be no difficulty in this, owing to our great superiority at sea.
Those are the regular, well-tested, well-proved arguments on which we have relied during many years in peace and war. But the question is whether there are any new methods by which those solid assurances can be circumvented. Odd as it may seem, some attention has been given to this by the Admiralty, whose prime duty and responsibility it is to destroy any large seaborne expedition before it reaches or at the moment when it reaches these shores. It would not be useful to go into details. It might even suggest ideas to other people which they have not thought of, and they would not be likely to give us any of their ideas in exchange. All I will say is that untiring vigilance and mind-searching must be devoted to the subject, because the enemy is crafty and cunning and full of novel treacheries and stratagems. The House may be assured that the utmost ingenuity is being displayed and imagination is being evoked from large numbers of competent officers, well-trained in tactics and thoroughly up to date, to measure and counterwork novel possibilities, of which
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many are suggested, some very absurd and some by no means utterly irrational.
Some people will ask why, then, was it that the British Navy was not able to prevent the movement of a large army from Germany into Norway across the Skaggerak? But the conditions in the Channel and in the North Sea are in no way like those which prevail in the Skaggerak. In the Skaggerak, because of the distance, we could give no air support to our surface ships, and consequently, lying as we did close to the enemy's main air power, in those waters we were compelled to use only our submarines. We could not enforce the decisive blockade or interruption which is possible from surface vessels. Our submarines took a heavy toll but could not, by themselves, prevent the invasion of Norway. In the Channel and in the North Sea, on the other hand, our superior naval surface forces, aided by our submarines, will operate with close and effective air assistance.
This brings me, naturally, to the great question of invasion from the air and of the impending struggle between the British and German air forces. It seems quite clear that no invasion on a scale beyond the capacity of our land forces to crush speedily is likely to take place from the air until our Air Force has been definitely overpowered. In the meantime, there may be raids by parachute troops and attempted descents of airborne soldiers. We should be able to give those gentry a warm reception both in the air and if they reach the ground in any condition to continue the dispute. But the great question is, Can we break Hitler's air weapon? Now, of course, it is a very great pity that we have not got an Air Force at least equal to that of the most powerful enemy within striking distance of these shores. But we have a very powerful Air Force which has proved itself far superior in quality, both in men and in many types of machine, to what we have met so far in the numerous fierce air battles which have been fought. In France, where we were at a considerable disadvantage and lost many machines on the ground, we were accustomed to inflict losses of as much as two to two and a half to one. In the fighting over Dunkirk, which was a sort of no man's land, we undoubtedly beat the German air force, and this gave us the mastery locally in

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the air, and we inflicted losses of three or four to one. Anyone who looks at the photographs which were published a week or so ago of the re-embarkation, showing the masses of troops assembled on the beach and forming an ideal target for hours at a time, must realise that this re-embarkation would not have been possible unless the enemy had resigned all hope of recovering air superiority at that point.
In the defence of this island the advantages to the defenders will be very great. We hope to improve on the rate of three or four to one which was realised at Dunkirk, and in addition all our injured machines and their crews which get down safely—and, surprisingly, a very great many injured machines and men do get down safely in modern air fighting—all of these will fall, in an attack upon these islands, on friendly soil and live to fight another day, whereas all injured enemy machines and their complements will be total losses as far as the war is concerned. During the great battle in France, we gave very powerful and continuous aid to the French Army both by fighters and bombers, but in spite of every kind of pressure we never would allow the entire Metropolitan strength of the Air Force, in fighters, to be consumed. This decision was painful, but it was also right, because the fortunes of the battle in France could not have been decisively affected, even if we had thrown in our entire fighter force. The battle was lost by the unfortunate strategical opening, by the extraordinary and unforeseen power of the armoured columns, and by the great preponderance of the German Army in numbers. Our fighter Air Force might easily have been exhausted as a mere accident in that great struggle, and we should have found ourselves at the present time in a very serious plight. But, as it is, I am happy to inform the House that our fighter air strength is stronger at the present time, relatively to the Germans, who have suffered terrible losses, than it has ever been, and consequently we believe ourselves to possess the capacity to continue the war in the air under better conditions than we have ever experienced before. I look forward confidently to the exploits of our fighter pilots, who will have the glory of saving their native land, their island home, and all they love, from the most deadly of all attacks.
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There remains the danger of bombing attacks, which will certainly be made very soon upon us by the bomber forces of the enemy. It is true that the German bomber force is superior in numbers to ours, but we have a very large bomber force also which we shall use to strike at military targets in Germany without intermission. I do not at all underrate the severity of the ordeal which lies before us, but I believe our countrymen will show themselves capable of standing up to it, like the brave men of Barcelona, and will be able to stand up to it, and carry on in spite of it, at least as well as any other people in the world. Much will depend upon this, and every man and every woman will have the chance to show the finest qualities of their race and render the highest service to their cause. For all of us at this time, whatever our sphere, our station, our occupation, our duties, it will be a help to remember the famous lines:
"He nothing common did, or mean,
Upon that memorable scene."
I have thought it right upon this occasion to give the House and the country some indication of the solid, practical grounds upon which we base our inflexible resolve to continue the war, and I can assure them that our professional advisers of the three Services unitedly advise that we should do so, and that there are good and reasonable hopes of final victory. We have also fully informed and consulted all the self-governing Dominions, and I have received from their Prime Ministers, Mr. Mackenzie King, Mr. Menzies, Mr. Fraser and General Smuts, messages couched in the most moving terms in which they endorse our decision and declare themselves ready to share our fortunes and to persevere to the end.
We may now ask ourselves, In what ways is our position worsened since the beginning of the war? It is worsened by the fact that the Germans have conquered a large part of the coastline of Western Europe, and many small countries have been overrun by them. This aggravates the possibilities of air attack and adds to our naval preoccupations. It in no way diminishes, but on the contrary definitely increases, the power of our long-distance blockade. Should military resistance come to an end in France, which is not yet certain, though it will in any case be greatly diminished, the

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Germans can concentrate their forces, both military and industrial, upon us. But for the reasons I have given to the House these will not be found so easy to apply. If invasion becomes more imminent, we, being relieved from the task of maintaining a large army in France, have far larger and more efficient forces here to meet them. If Hitler can bring under his despotic control the industries of the countries he has conquered, this will add greatly to his already vast armament output. On the other hand, this will not happen immediately, and we are now assured of immense, continuous and increasing support in supplies and munitions of all kinds from the United States, and especially of aeroplanes and pilots from the Dominions and across the oceans, coming from regions which are beyond the reach of enemy bombers.
I do not see how any of these factors can operate to our detriment on balance before the winter comes, and the winter will impose a strain upon the Nazi régime, with almost all Europe writhing and starving under their heel which, for all their ruthlessness, will run them very hard. We must not forget that from the moment when we declared war on the 3rd September it was always possible for Germany to turn all her air force upon this country, together with any other devices of invasion she might conceive, and that France could do little or nothing to prevent her doing so. We have, therefore, lived under this danger, in principle and in a slightly modified form, during all these months. In the meanwhile, however, we have enormously improved our methods of defence, and we have learned, what we had no right to assume at the beginning, namely, the individual superiority of our aircraft and pilots.
Therefore, in casting up this dread balance-sheet, contemplating our dangers with a disillusioned eye, I see great reason for intense vigilance and exertion, but none whatever for panic or despair. During the first four years of the last war the Allies experienced, as my right hon. Friend opposite the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George) will remember, nothing but disaster and disappointment, and yet at the end their morale was higher than that of the Germans, who had moved from one aggressive triumph to another. During
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that war we repeatedly asked ourselves the question, "How are we going to win?" and no one was able ever to answer it with much precision, until at the end, quite suddenly, quite unexpectedly, our terrible foe collapsed before us, and we were so glutted with victory that in our folly we cast it away.
We do not yet know what will happen in France or whether the French resistance will be prolonged, both in France and in the French Empire overseas. The French Government will be throwing away great opportunities and casting away their future if they do not continue the war in accordance with their Treaty obligations, from which we have not felt able to release them. The House will have read the historic declaration in which, at the desire of many Frenchmen, and of our own hearts, we have proclaimed our willingness to conclude at the darkest hour in French history a union of common citizenship. However matters may go in France or with the French Government or with another French Government, we in this island and in the British Empire will never lose our sense of comradeship with the French people. If we are now called upon to endure what they have suffered we shall emulate their courage, and if final victory rewards our toils they shall share the gains, aye. And freedom shall be restored to all. We abate nothing of our just demands—Czechs, Poles, Norwegians, Dutch, Belgians, all who have joined their causes to our own shall be restored.
What General Weygand called the "Battle of France" is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him all Europe may be free, and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands; but if we fail then the whole world, including the United States, and all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new dark age made more sinister, and perhaps more prolonged, by the lights of a perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty and so bear ourselves that if the British

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Commonwealth and Empire lasts for a thousand years men will still say, "This was their finest hour."
4.25 p.m.
Mr. Lees-Smith: My hon. Friends on these benches have asked me on their behalf to say one or two sentences. They wish to say to the Prime Minister that in their experience among the broad masses of the people of this country never in their lives has the country been more united than it is to-day in its support of the Prime Minister's assertion that we shall carry on right to the end. One sentence can summarise what we feel. Whatever the country is asked for in the months and, if necessary, in the years to come, the Prime Minister may be confident that the people will rise to their responsibilities.
4.27 p.m.
Sir Percy Harris: I have only a word to say. We have had the assurance of a full Debate in Secret Session—at any rate on Thursday, and I think some Members would have liked it to be to-morrow. Obviously the House cannot speak its mind on an occasion of this kind. All I want to do is to congratulate the right hon. Gentleman on his brave speech and the leadership, the great leadership, he has given to his country, and I can undertake to say that the nation is behind him.
4.28 p.m.
Sir Hugh O'Neill: I should like to ask the Prime Minister a question about the Secret Session on Thursday. I think it is understood that that Secret Session is to discuss the question of Home Defence. There are a great many Members who desire to discuss that question, but I take it, in view of the far more serious matters which the Prime Minister has raised in his speech to-day, that the Secret Session on Thursday or to-morrow, whenever it is, will be devoted to the general question of the present very grave situation of the war.
The Prime Minister: The Debate will be upon the Motion for the Adjournment, and, therefore, of course, Members will have the regular freedom of such an ocasion, but I think Home Defence is the focus of it, and I certainly was not aware that the large topic on which I have expanded this afternoon has in the slightest degree displaced Home Defence from its primary position.
4.29 p.m.
Colonel Wedgwood: I think it would not be doing what the Prime Minister wants, but I feel that it would he desirable if, even in his absence, we did say a few words this afternoon on the general subject of the war—[HON. MEMBERS: "No."]—for this reason, that the country is at the present time extremely discouraged—[HON. MEMBERS: "No."]—and the speech to which we have just listened will be of inestimable benefit in restoring the sanity and courage of this country. I am certain that that anxiety in the country will be removed if people realise that something is genuinely being done to remove any risk of these casual raids.
The main reason for the anxiety in the country to-day is that all these people have joined up in the Local Defence Force and everybody is anxious to do something, but, so far, there has been no evidence that their voluntary effort has been met to any extent. We have to look forward to a time when, as the Prime Minister says, everyone will have to bear his part. It is distressing to the ordinary man in the street, when he is so anxious to bear his part, to find that the War Office does not need his services. If we could have from any Minister opposite—I certainly do not want the Prime Minister to stop in this House to listen to the Debate—some reassurance this afternoon that the Local Defence Force is not a mere stepchild of the War Office but is genuinely intended to act in the service of this country, not as an extra policeman to guard the German soldiers when they march through London, but as an active Defence Force, that this Force, if it cannot get rifles, will at least have hand grenades and that it will not be required to retreat but to hold the country. I can assure right hon. Gentlemen that assurances of that sort are needed. We have had our assurance from the Prime Minister that serious invasion cannot take place, but we want to be assured that, in the case of minor invasion, the people of this country will be used and that it will not be the privilege solely of the enrolled British Army to sacrifice their lives in the cause of liberty.
4.33 p.m.
Mr. Lloyd George (Carnarvon Boroughs): It will be good to have a useful discussion upon the very broad and

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momentous questions which have been raised by the Prime Minister, but there is a real anxiety that those questions should be discussed in conditions where there will be no report, and in which the House of Commons will be able, without any fetters at all, to discuss the whole broad issue. I can assure my right hon. Friend that there is no desire that we should merely waste our time upon recriminations regarding the past. That is not the point, but we ought to have a very frank discussion as to where we stand now. There are very many Members here who have suggestions to make, but we cannot make them in an open Session without publishing them. We do not want to publish them. I should like to make a few suggestions myself which may or may not be valuable, but if they are valuable, they will be valuable also to the enemy. I hope that the Prime Minister will not consider it a breach of faith on the part of anybody who travels beyond the very important question of Home Defence and who raises general issues.
The Prime Minister: The Debate will be conducted under the general Rules of Order. Upon Debates on the Adjournment anything can be raised.
Mr. Lloyd George: That is what I meant.
The Prime Minister: I should certainly not regard it as being a breach of faith, but Ministers will be focussing their minds on the questions which Members wish to raise.
Mr. Lloyd George: I think that we shall have to go a little beyond the question of Home Defence. We have come to a tremendous crisis and, as far as we are concerned, to the greatest crisis in the war. It is something upon which the life of this country depends. Parliament is responsible for the nation, and the people of the nation expect us to discuss the very important issues which they are discussing themselves in their own circles everywhere. They are trusting to us to see that all these issues are raised and are faced. If we can get satisfactory replies, we shall be able, each in his own sphere, to assure the country that, at any rate, not merely is something being done but everything is being done that is humanly possible. If it is thoroughly understood
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that it will not be regarded as taking advantage of an opportunity allocated for one purpose for the purpose of raising other issues, I shall be satisfied not to say anything more in this Debate.
Mr. Clement Davies: I would like to put one question to the Prime Minister following upon what the right hon. Gentleman has said. In view of the urgency and importance of this matter, would it be possible for the Secret Session to be held to-morrow, because I believe that this would meet the general wish of the whole House?
The Prime Minister: Much may happen before Thursday, and I think it would be more fruitful to have a discussion then, because there are essential facts which we do not know now.
4.38 p.m.
Mr. John Morgan: I want to put it on record that we do wish the hon. and learned Member for East Bristol (Sir S. Cripps) "Good luck" in his new job, given to him by the Government, because we see signs that, whatever may be immediately in front of us, potentially the same fate is destined for another great Power. I would therefore like this House to recognise and signalise the arrival of the hon. and learned Gentleman in that great country, and to wish him well.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Captain Margesson): I beg to ask leave to withdraw the Motion.
Motion, "That this House do now adjourn," by leave, withdrawn.

ORDERS OF THE DAY.

  SUPPLY.
  [12th Allotted Day.]
  Considered in Committee.
  [Sir DENNIS HERBERT in the Chair.]

  SUPPLY.
    CIVIL ESTIMATES, 1940.

      CLASS V.
      Department of Health, Scotland.
      Motion made, and Question proposed,
      "That a sum, not exceeding £2,795,513, be granted to His Majesty, to complete the sum necessary to defray the charge which will come in course of payment during the year ending

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      on the 31st day of March, 1941, for the salaries and expenses of the Department of Health for Scotland; including grants, a grant in aid and other expenses in connection with housing, certain grants to local authorities, etc., grant in aid of the Highlands and Islands medical service, grants in aid in respect of national health insurance benefits, etc.; certain expenses in connection with widows', orphans' and old age contributory pensions; a grant in aid of camps; and other services."—[Note: £1,500,000 has been voted on account.]
      4.40 p.m.
      The Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. Ernest Brown): Against the background of the Prime Minister's speech and the great events of which he spoke, I think hon. Members will want me to submit these Estimates as briefly as I can. The work covered by the Estimates is of very great importance to the welfare of Scotland, and, therefore, to the welfare of Great Britain, and, in normal times, it merits and receives the close study and constructive criticism of hon. Members. In the circumstances in which we find ourselves to-day, however, I judge that it would be out of place if, in introducing the Estimates, I did more than make a brief reference to some of the outstanding branches of work that are directly connected with our war effort.
      First, perhaps I may be allowed a personal word. I have taken over from my predecessor only a few weeks ago, as every hon. Member knows, and I find myself in charge of four great main Departments, three of which are represented by the Estimates submitted to-day. It is an unusually wide range of responsibility and the work is of absorbing interest. I have now had a fairly long experience as a Scottish Member and I feel that Scotland owes a very great deal to my right hon. Friend the Member for North Midlothian (Mr. Colville) for all that he has done during his period of office to improve the public services and the machinery of government of Scotland. Since the beginning of the war, all four Departments have been swung over to a war basis, and their main energies have been directed to our national war effort. Perhaps it would be well if I dealt first with the provision which has been made for the emergency hospital service.
      This great task has naturally fallen to the Department of Health, and it involves organising the emergency hospital service and the recruitment of medical and nursing personnel.
      The Chairman: I am sorry to interrupt the right hon. Gentleman, but he obviously proposes to review work which is covered by all four Votes which are on the Paper. I have no doubt that that would be a convenient thing to do, but it would require the general assent of the Committee, and perhaps I may make that suggestion from the Chair.
      Mr. Mathers: On behalf of hon. Members on this side of the Committee I may say that it was our intention to ask that such should be the scope of the discussion. I believe there will be general agreement to that course by the Committee.
      Mr. Brown: I hope it will be convenient to the Committee. As I said, I do not intend, in the circumstances, to do more than deal with some of the outstanding work of the Departments which are specially concerned with the war effort, but the speeches of hon. Members will, no doubt, take their course under your direction, Sir Dennis.
      It was necessary, in order to deal with civilian casualties from enemy action and, as arranged with the Service Departments, to accommodate sick and wounded from the Armed Forces, to provide and mobilise a great additional service. The accommodation required is being found by the building of new hospitals, by the building of annexes to existing hospitals, the conversion of large mental institutions, hotels and other buildings and the adaptation of large private houses to hospital purposes. Altogether, 25,000 casualty beds are now ready. Another 6,000 or more will be ready within the next two or three weeks, and strenuous efforts are being made to complete the whole programme with the utmost despatch. In a recent visit to some of these new hospitals, I was very much impressed by the whole-hearted reception that the men on the job gave to my appeal for the earliest possible completion of the work. Some of our Scottish hospitals have already been in commission, in receiving convoys of Service sick and wounded who have come from overseas.
      I should like to point out to the Committee one special development. Arrangements have been made for special units to be set aside in certain hospitals included in the emergency hospitals scheme, for the

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      treatment of patients suffering from special types of injury. These special units will include units for brain surgery, ophthalmic units, orthopaedic units, thoracic units, units for the treatment of mental cases, and occupational therapy units. In addition, we are providing facilities for physico-therapy treatment at all important base hospitals. I mention these facts because the value of the special units is very great, both in their positive results and in the resulting economy in the use of highly-skilled personnel and of expensive and scarce special equipment. Instructions are being given to all hospitals to ensure that appropriate cases will be transferred as soon as possible to the special unit which can give them the treatment they need. The medical and nursing staffing of our hospitals is being carried out through the Emergency Medical Service and the Civil Nursing Reserve. We have taken all the necessary steps to ensure that the specialist and other medical teams will be adequate to any calls upon them. Nursing staffs are being recruited widely. Recent appeals to nurses in the Press and by broadcast have stimulated the flow of nurses to the Service. In the last ten days or so 500 trained and asssistant nurses applied to join the Civil Nursing Reserve for employment in the casualty hospitals. We shall need more nurses and nursing auxiliaries who will be prepared for whole-time mobile service anywhere in the country.
      There is another direction in which we need more volunteers. I refer to the need for women workers in the wards and kitchens, and generally in and about the hospitals. We shall want them both for whole-time and part-time service, and women or girls who find that they can give only part-time service near their homes should not hesitate to come forward and register at the nearest Employment Exchange for service. Their offers will be cordially welcomed. In building up this emergency hospital service we have had the co-operation of the managements of voluntary hospitals, the local authorities, the leaders of the medical and nursing profession and private citizens. I want to thank them heartily for the great service which they are rendering us. Some of the hospitals will be directly administered by the Department of Health, and to assist the Department of
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      Health we have appointed a hospitals advisory committee under the chairmanship of Sir John Fraser, the eminent Edinburgh surgeon. I have asked the Lords Lieutenant of the Counties to consider setting up, in association with existing voluntary agencies, local committees who would take a friendly interest in the patients. Their co-operation is assured. A number of eminent physicians and surgeons are also giving their services as consultants, without payment. We are very grateful to all these gentlemen because their advice and assistance based on wide experience of hospitals and hospital patients gives us confidence in thinking that when the testing time comes our emergency hospital scheme will be equal to the strain which will be imposed on it.
      There are many forms of voluntary service associated with the hospitals. Here is an instance in the related services of first-aid posts. The story is told in a report which I have received on a first-aid post in a town in Fife. In the area not less than 200 persons have been fully trained in first-aid, and in spite of the fact that most of the men are working on the shift system in the pits and many of the women are occupied, calls for first-aid exercises have provided an average attendance of 70 trained workers in ten minutes. One hundred secondary school children, under a scheme encouraged by the Department of Education, have already been trained, the boys in ambulance work and the girls in nursing. The voluntary committee which runs this post has secured nearby premises which would serve in emergency as a temporary hospital. They provided out of their own funds more than 40 beds, blankets and bed linen, as well as chairs and other furniture. By collecting scrap linen they have laid in stores of triangular and roller bandages, and used the waste material from this work as padding for splints. This is an illustration of the work being done in many parts of Scotland, and I quote it because it indicates the spirit which is wanted for this great and valuable service. The ancillary services such as blood transfusion, bacteriological services and others are also receiving attention. They are all of importance and we are giving them the closest attention so that the most satisfactory arrangements can be made. I am afraid I have not time to deal in

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      detail with them now. I would like to refer to the peace-time services of the Department. As hon. Members know, early in September—
      Mr. Maxton: Before the right hon. Gentleman leaves the subject of voluntary work, may I ask Whether his remarks about bandages mean that there was a shortage of supplies of such essentials?
      Mr. Brown: Not at all. This was a special local first-aid post and many undertook to do this particular work which will be of great assistance in the future. Before I was interrupted, I was going to say something about the peacetime service of the Department. As the Committee knows, early in September local authorities were asked to suspend new housing schemes and to concentrate on completing houses then under construction. I think the Committee would like to know the figures showing what the new policy has meant during the last year. Despite all the interruptions and difficulties in regard to the supply of materials 19,170 houses were built in Scotland in 1939. In all, if we include 5,980 houses built by private enterprise, the total output of houses in 1939 suitable for occupation by working-class people was 25,150. That figure was exceeded in 1938 when private enterprise made a larger contribution, and the total number of houses built in that year was 26,064. Of the houses under construction when war began, 8,676 were completed by 31st March this year.
      A good deal has also been done to improve rural housing. Here improvement was made as part of the drive for increased food production, and a considerable amount of building has been done in erecting houses for workers in service establishments and factories engaged on urgent war work. In all, there are in Scotland at present about 20,000 houses either in course of construction or approved for building. I would like to mention here the willingness with which certain local authorities have co-operated with us in methods of house building which reduce the amount of timber normally required. Naturally, they would prefer to build in the way to which they are accustomed and which experience approves, but they are facing up to the hard facts of the situation, realising
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      that it is better to get the houses than to fail to get them by adhering too rigidly to orthodox methods. I have no time to speak of the Highlands and Islands Medical Service, the Milk Scheme, the Public Assistance and National Health Insurance and other services that are administered by this Department. I would like to refer to the general health during the last year. Hon. Members will be glad to know that 1939 was a healthy year. The general death rate, it is true, was slightly higher than that of 1938–12·9 per 1,000 compared with 12.6. But the increase in deaths was mainly among the old people—the average age of the population, as everybody knows, is rapidly increasing—and there was a great saving of life among the young. The infant death rate touched a new low record, 69 per 1,000. The maternal death rate was the lowest recorded—4·3 per 1,000 total births. Perhaps the subject that has excited most controversy and is most relevant to immediate conditions is that of evacuation—
      Mr. Maxton: I do not think the right hon. Gentleman referred to the maternal death rate.
      Dr. Edith Summerskill: The right hon. Gentleman did mention it, but I think he should qualify it a little because although it is the lowest recorded in Scotland, it is still a very high death rate.
      Mr. Brown: As the hon. Lady and the Committee know, it is one of the most difficult of all subjects in the realm of our national life, and it must be regarded as satisfactory to know, even though the hon. Lady states that the rate is high, that it is the lowest recorded.
      Mr. Maxton: The reason why I interrupted the right hon. Gentleman was this: He says it is the lowest on record. It should be so, because the House of Commons gave very special powers and spent money specially to make an attack on this problem. It is only right that in this last year that expenditure should be showing results. Can the Minister tell us what is the drop as compared with a year ago?
      Mr. Brown: In 1939, deaths from pregnancy and child-birth were 390 as compared with 432 in the previous year. That is the figure for which the hon. Gentleman asked and the Committee will see that it is an improvement.
      Mr. Maxton: The other figure was a percentage.
      Mr. Brown: These are facts and figures.
      Dr. Summerskill: This matter is very important. Could the Minister say why women in Scotland are not using the clinics, why only about 36 per cent. of expectant mothers use the ante-natal clinics and post-natal clinics, and why, in fact, in the last few years there has been no increase in this figure at all?
      Mr. Brown: Perhaps the hon. Lady will await the answer which the Under-Secretary will make at the end of the Debate. I am anxious not to be too long on these issues, and the Under-Secretary may have something to say on that subject later. I was saying that the subject which has excited most controversy is that of evacuation. I am absolved from discussing the general principles of the Government's policy to-day, because we had a full statement from the Minister of Health on the position as a whole last week. But I would like to say a word about the facts in Scotland and to reiterate the basic idea of the original scheme of evacuation, which is the advantage secured by dispersal. Absolute safety cannot be guaranteed anywhere. Such a claim for the scheme has never been made, but on the average there are 14,000 persons to the square mile in the sending areas of Scotland, and in the receiving areas the average density per square mile is only 100. There is no doubt about where it is safer to be when bombing starts. The present position is that about 20,000 children evacuated under the Government scheme are still in the receiving areas. Just over 100,000 were evacuated originally in September of last year. The new plans, which were prepared in the early spring and which we are putting into operation when the Government decide, contemplate the evacuation of about half the school children still left in the sending areas—about 115,000. Parents, however, are still slow to register their children for evacuation. In the three main sending areas, for instance, only about 37,000 children out of about 110,000 prepared for have been registered. In the past few weeks, however, there has been an increase in registration. Hon. Members will know from the speech made by my right hon. Friend last week that this subject is under daily
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      review so that in the light of particular circumstances the Government may know when alterations are necessary.
      Mr. Stephen: Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether there is anybody from the Scottish Department on the committee dealing with the question of evacuation?
      Mr. Brown: Yes, there will be a Scottish representative. I am discussing at the moment with my right hon. Friend the arrangements for the committee which he is proposing to set up. In the preliminary Ministerial discussions my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary took part.
      Everything Possible is being done to ensure the sound physical condition of the children evacuated. For months there has been intensive inspection of the children. The sending authorities are tackling the matter thoroughly. If defective conditions are discovered at the last moment, the worst of these will be dealt with at clearing houses on the outskirts of the sending area. In addition, there is the setting up of clearing houses through which minor or doubtful cases can be passed before they are billeted. Use is also being made of camps and hostels as a supplement to billeting in private houses. Five camps have been provided in Scotland; three are already occupied, another will be occupied in a day or two, and the fifth will be ready for occupation in a few weeks.
      Mr. Henderson Stewart: How many children will each of these camps accommodate?
      Mr. Brown: An average of 300. Then there is the question of hostels. Although you can put children into small houses, you cannot put casualties into them. Where a hostel is available, it should be used, first, for the children who cannot reasonably be put into ordinary billets, but I am prepared to consider proposals by local authorities who feel that hostels are required for ordinary children, and can find suitable buildings and the necessary staff. This difficult problem of evacuation puts a great strain on all concerned. The receiving areas—the local authorities, the officials, the voluntary workers, and, above all, the householders—deserve a special word of thanks from the nation. I want to emphasise that this is as great a form of national service

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      as any that I know; and I am sure that if we have to call on the receiving areas again they will not fail us.
      When war broke out there was in full swing in Scotland a great programme of educational reform. The authorities were preparing for the raising of the school-leaving age to 15, preparation that involved the adjustment of courses, new school-buildings, and many other changes. They were also modernising buildings, and adjusting the whole educational system to the needs of our time. In the midst of this, the authorities had to bear the full shock of war, with the result that the programme, alas, had to be suspended. The first great problem was the impact of evacuation on the educational service. It was followed by the steady drift back from the receiving areas to the sending areas. I can best convey what evacuation involved if I remind hon. Members that more than a quarter of the schools in Scotland are so small as to require only one teacher, that nearly half the primary schools have not more than two teachers, and that the schools range from these levels to the other extreme of large schools in the cities, with rolls running up towards 2,000. The normal school population of receiving areas, which is approximately 250,000, was swollen by evacuation by about 50 per cent.
      There was a call for improvisation of all sorts, especially in the areas where accommodation is very limited. Accommodation is one of our basic problems, because, a t best, accommodation in the receiving areas is limited. It may be that in certain areas it will become even more limited. Schools were filled to capacity, many halls were pressed into service, and a double-shift system had to be resorted to on a very large scale. A number of large houses were turned into temporary boarding schools. Sixteen boarding schools were established for mentally and physically defective children. The main city residential schools for blind children and for deaf and dumb children were evacuated as units. A considerable number of private schools also established themselves as boarding schools, in the less vulnerable parts of the country. Work was pressed on with school camps, three of which are now occupied, while two others will be ready soon.
      There has been a steady and comprehensive effort to maintain the tradition of
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      Scottish education on the fullest possible scale. A few figures may illustrate the progress of that effort. If we represent full-time education for all people by the figure of 100, the position may be summarised in this way. In the receiving areas the figure at Christmas was 95; by Easter it had risen to 97·8; and in April and May, to 98. Thus, over the receiving areas as a whole, and taking all children into account, education is 98 per cent. normal. In the neutral areas, the figure at Christmas was 50, at Easter 53, in April 82, and by May it had reached 92. In the sending areas, at Christmas it was 14, at Easter 36, in April 47, and in May 54. In the country as a whole, it can be said that in May the position was 84 per cent. of normal. These figures, I think, reflect great credit on education authorities, the Educational Institute of Scotland, the teachers and everybody concerned. I will give just one illustration of the very interesting experiments which group teaching calls for. One science teacher met pupils in his own house after having converted one of his rooms into a reasonably well-equipped laboratory. During the very cold weather the pupils of one group each brought a lump of coal daily to the house, so as to save the teacher the expense of buying the coal that in this instance was so essential. I like this incident for its revival of an old Scottish custom in education, and for its manifestation that the spirit that has built up the great tradition of Scottish education still lives. One of the difficulties in the way of recovery of full-time education in the sending areas is the problem of air-raid precautions in schools. Here, however, good progress has been made. By the end of April over £670,000 had been spent on shelters and the other essentials of A.R.P.
      There are a few special points about the war-time adjustment of Scottish education that are worthy of mention even in this short statement. There is, for instance, the introduction of a senior leaving certificate, specially designed to meet war conditions. The usual written examination, conducted by the Department, was eliminated, and the basis on which a candidate's claim for a certificate was assessed was the teacher's estimates of his efficiency in the several subjects of his own course. The adjustment of these estimates was undertaken by panels of teachers, appointed in the

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      areas, with His Majesty's inspectors as conveners; and a board of assessors, consisting of the local headmasters and a director of education, under the convener-ship of His Majesty's inspector for the district, awarded the certificate. The advantage of this scheme may be summed up broadly by saying that it attempts to make allowance for the disturbance of war conditions, and, because of its decentralisation, it can be operated even if that disturbance becomes severe. The scheme is working well on the whole; and thanks are due to the teachers, the panels and the boards, and to the education authorities and the directors of education, for the manner in which they have contributed to the success of this bold experiment.
      The war has also hastened the trend of Scottish education towards more practical work. I need not go into details, but some items are especially interesting. Gardening has been greatly stimulated, and school gardens, with the encouragement of the Department and of the authorities, are now a common feature. The Department also are doing everything possible to encourage the teaching of first-aid in schools, and to facilitate training for the nursing profession. In agreement with the General Nursing Council for Scotland, a circular is being issued shortly, suggesting the establishment of part-time and full-time courses leading up to Part I of the Nursing Council preliminary examination. As a result of this proposal, it is hoped that girls who have decided to adopt nursing as a profession will find it possible to learn the elementary theory of their work before taking up hospital duties. The practical classes in schools also are helping in the provision of trays, bedside tables, etc., for hospitals, and in turning out barrows and other implements required for the school gardens. The education authorities, governors of central institutions, and managers of other technical institutions are providing facilities for the training of industrial personnel. This will include personnel for engineering and allied trades and for the aircraft industry. A great deal is being done in this direction, not merely in training, but in research and in the testing of materials.
      I am glad to say that youth welfare is also receiving a stimulus, and the work
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      of the Scottish Youth Committee, in association with the Department and the education authorities, is going ahead. Continuation classes and adult education, after the first shock, are adjusting themselves to war conditions. There are signs that the war has created new and wider interests, and has stimulated intellectual inquiry among the people. There have been one or two interesting experiments carried out especially in Kincardine and Aberdeen, in connection with adult education. On the whole, the war has brought some losses to education in Scotland, and some gains. The disturbance of evacuation upon many pupils cannot be dismissed lightly. On the other hand, children who have been evacuated have gained in health and have learned something of the country. By first-hand contact with nature they have had their horizons widened. At the same time, the country children have gained something from the quicker responses of the town children. One broad effect on teachers and pupils throughout the country has been to stimulate individual initiative; and, throughout the whole organisation, there has been a great response and a readiness to improvise and experiment. I am sure that some of the results will have permanent value.
      With regard to the Home Department, time does not allow me to do more than refer to that. I want to mention it because it is a new Department, formed only last September. Frankly, I do not know what we should have done in the war emergency without that reorganisation. The Home Department, like the other Departments of the Secretary of State, has had to carry a very heavy war burden, especially in the case of services such as police, security, local government and fire brigades. I have said a public word of thanks and testimony to all who helped us in the work of the other Departments. Here I should like to say a word of appreciation for the loyal, zealous and devoted service, given under conditions of very great stress and difficulty, with all kinds of sudden emergencies arising, by the Scottish police forces. I should like to thank men of all ranks in that force. I hope that I have not taken an undue amount of time, but I thought that by referring to the effect of the war effort, I could best explain the work of my Department during the year.
      5.15 p.m.
      Mr. Mathers: I think I may say, on the first occasion, I believe, that the Minister has delivered a speech in the capacity of Secretary of State for Scotland, that we welcome the type of statement which he has made, we congratulate him upon compressing into a very small compass a great deal of information which we have been glad to receive, and we hope that, as time goes on, the services upon which he has commented will show even greater progress than he is able to record to-day. Nevertheless, in the special and difficult circumstances in which we find ourselves there is a good deal with which we may fairly well be satisfied. May I say a personal word with regard to the right hon. Gentleman? He is my Member of Parliament, and it was far from my thoughts that one day I would find him, an Englishman, in charge of Scottish affairs. Whatever anyone may think about that turn in the wheel of fortune, as far as the right hon. Gentleman and Scotland are concerned, we can say very heartily indeed that we welcome him there much more readily than we would welcome those who at: the present time are making a strenuous effort to obtain control of this our Island home. The right hon. Gentleman kept his statement within a very brief compass, recognising that the preoccupations of the Members of the Committee are such that to-day we would not wish to have an extended Debate while our minds are so preoccupied.
      He made reference in his concluding words to the value that has come about through the reorganisation of Scottish Departments, and made the statement that he did not know how affairs could have been carried on so effectively in Scotland had it not been possible for the reorganised Departments to be housed in the main in that great new building at Calton Hill—St. Andrew's House. He may live to see—I hope he will—even greater developments take place in Scotland and greater progress made in the organisation of Scottish Departments, so that St. Andrew's House may in time become a real, national rallying point, as indeed it is to-day, but with more power given to it. Arising out of the conflict in which we are engaged at the present time there must be, at the end of the struggle,
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      consideration as to how best to organise affairs in this Island of ours, and many of us are hoping that out of that will come greater opportunities for Scotland to look after her own affairs.
      The right hon. Gentleman in his review made reference to the hospital services, and paid a very fine tribute to those who are responsible for those services. He also made a strong appeal for additional assistance in respect of the work that is being carried on at the present time, especially with regard to the war emergency. From my own knowledge of the instruction of the kind that he pointed out would be obtained by those who give that service, I can say that those who give their services and obtain instruction will never regret the opportunity of learning how to help our fellow citizens in time of accident or other mishap. The instruction which is given in respect of these things lives with one all one's life and is a valuable asset to one's equipment. The appeal that the right hon. Gentleman made is one that can be supported by every one of us. We hope that it will be successful, and we can make the definite promise to those who take up this work that they will never regret it, because they will be equipping themselves in a way which will be very useful in the years that lie ahead whatever their sphere of life may be.
      I am sure that We were gratified to find that, in spite of the difficulties with which we were faced during 1939, and especially towards the end of it, there was considerable progress made in Scottish housing, which, of course, is very much needed. The right hon. Gentleman made reference to the necessity for getting away from orthodox methods of building and using other materials than timber in the construction of houses. My knowledge of the desperate need of houses by many people causes me to ask whether there could not be some temporary relaxation of the standards that are called for in respect of reconstructed houses. I do not want to let down the standard of houses—we are trying to build up in Scotland—but there are many old houses which have not been demolished and can by a certain amount of reconstruction and re-equipment be made reasonably fit for human habitation, although it would hardly be economical fully to develop these houses

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      up to the standard that is required by the Department of Health at the present time to enable them to be recognised. I hope that we may have some indication of the point of view of the Scottish Office with regard to that suggestion.
      The right hon. Gentleman stated that in Scotland at the present time there are approximately 20,000 houses in course of building or which have been approved for construction. I am afraid that we cannot get a very great deal of comfort out of that, because we need the 20,000 houses and more. I am afraid that 20,000 houses in these categories may not represent a very great deal in respect of housing development in Scotland at the present time. We regret that, although we recognise the difficulties that are in the way of making progress in this very vital respect. As to death rates, the comment of the right hon. Gentleman was quite justified when he said that there is something for which to be grateful in respect of certain improvements, but we are hopeful and anxious to see still further improvements in respect of the maternal death rate. We want to see the efforts that were planned for last year developed to the fullest possible extent, and I have no doubt that those who are in charge of these services are just as anxious as any of us here with regard to that devlopment.
      We are glad to have the assurance of the right hon. Gentleman of the progress of Scottish education. I intend to make special reference to what he said in respect of the education of children who have been evacuated and of those who have remained at home. The only comment I want to make on his statement relates to the opportunity that is still afforded for young people to obtain their leaving certificates. We are very grateful for the arrangements that have been made recognising the fact that the leaving certificate is very important to young people who are about to go out into the world to seek employment. In my own profession the school-leaving certificate is the basis of any examination of a candidate for entrance to the railway clerical service.
      We look upon the putting down of these Votes to-day as an opportunity for following our English friends into a consideration of the question of evacuation, and I
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      am glad, thanks to your guidance from the Chair, Sir Dennis, that we are able to look at all the aspects of the evacuation problem in a way that was not open to our English colleagues in this House who were hampered by the fact that, in calling for other Votes to be discussed at the same time in the way that we are doing to-day, it would mean the calling in of more than one Minister. There are advantages in the fact that we have one Minister in Scotland who looks after, and is responsible for, a variety of Departments. May I ask a question about the numbers of evacuated children who are still in the reception areas? We were told by the right hon. Gentleman that out of 100,000, roughly, who were taken into reception areas in the original evacuation there are now only 20,000 of them left. I recollect on a previous occasion the late Secretary of State for Scotland was able to tell us where these children were, giving the percentages in the different reception areas. I do not know whether such details are available now, or whether indeed it is in the public interest to ask for them, but it was agreeable to some of us to find how well some parts of the country had done in the way of being able to retain the children who were sent into those particular reception areas.
      There are differences in reception areas and in the estimate of what ought to be reception areas which arise between different Government Departments. I have had experience with regard to my own constituency concerning an area that was considered suitable for the reception of children in order that they might be dispersed and made more normally safe under conditions of war and the possibility of air raids, but which was not considered by another Government Department as suitable for the establishment of a Government factory. That seemed to be a curious difference of opinion and there is the further fact to be taken into consideration that since the opportunity of establishing a Government factory in that area has been turned down there has not been the slightest justification for the fears that existed at that time that there would be any interruption through air raids of work in such a factory had it been established there.
      I had intended to ask whether we could have in broad outline the reasons which have caused 80 per cent. of evacuated

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      children to return to their homes. I know any number of cases where the cost of maintaining children in evacuation areas has fallen so heavily upon parents that it has caused them to bring their children hack home. I do not want unduly to complain about that, because many have been able to stand up to the responsibility of the payments. But in other cases they have not. Certain concessions have been made, but, in my judgment, they have not been sufficient to permit parents to continue paying with any degree of ease the maintenance charge demanded of them. I know cases where parents have felt that their children ought to be brought home because the cost has been such a drain upon the family exchequer. I know cases, too, where parents have been to the evacuation area to take their children home, but, on seeing their reluctance at being taken away from pleasant surroundings, have reconsidered the position and undertaken the financial sacrifices involved so that their children could benefit. I make the plea that where there is real hardship and where it can be proved—as it can in many cases—that payment of the billeting charge is an undue drain on a family, the Secretary of State should look at them very sympathetically and do whatever is possible to relieve them.
      The right hon. Gentleman is looking forward to the possibility of the further great evacuation of school children. Is he ready with sufficient accommodation for all children who require to be removed from so-called vulnerable areas? I am afraid that many areas not looked upon as vulnerable have, in our opinion, proved to be so. Has the right hon. Gentleman had sufficient acceptances from those who will accommodate children to enable him to look forward confidently to the time when all who will be taken from their homes are to be accommodated in reception areas? He looks forward more to private billeting than any kind of institutional billeting, if I may put it in that way. I think it is a pity; I think ideal billeting is done in the larger houses, and I have in mind two outstanding examples of that kind which are to be found in my own constituency. In a large house that is one of the homes of the hon. Baronet the Member for Tonbridge (Sir A. Baillie), which was lent to the authorities, about 100 children are
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      housed and educated. There is no question of children going out across dangerous roads to school; teachers are there, and the children receive their education in the house. They are under the best possible conditions, and the attitude of parents towards that arrangement is very good indeed, so much so, that some of them are anxious for the day when their younger children will be old enough to enable them to join the other members of their family in such pleasant surroundings—
      Mr. Cassells: Does the hon. Gentleman not agree that where private billeting can be arranged it is highly preferable to institutional billeting?
      Mr. Mathers: I do not think there could be any private billeting so advantageous to children as the billeting carried out at Polkemmet House, and at Craigs, near Linlithgow. I am sure my hon. Friend, who lives near, would be welcome either at Polkemmet or Craigs, and I suggest to him that he should try to get into touch with the reception officer and visit those places. If he did, I am sure he would be converted to the idea that the best possible way of dealing with evacuated children is to deal with them in the way in which they are being provided for at these places.
      Mr. Cassells: So that there may not be any misunderstanding between us, will my hon. Friend not agree that where private billeting is obtainable that question should be canvassed?
      Mr. Mathers: I have asked the right hon. Gentleman what are his acceptances from those who are prepared to have children in their homes. One reason why I put that question is that I have been informed that there has been reluctance on the part of possible receivers of children in reception areas to register themselves for the reception of evacuated children. I sincerely believe it would be a better plan to have the children provided for in the way in which they are being provided for at Polkemmet and Craigs rather than in private billets. However, I think I have made sufficient reference to this question of evacuation to enable the Under-Secretary, who is to reply to the discussion, to make a more extensive reference than the right hon. Gentleman himself made to the question. We are looking forward to what he has to say; we are keenly interested in this

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      question and invite him to give us the greatest possible information he can on the subject.
      I will make only one further reference to evacuation, and that is, in relation to the percentage of children who are receiving education. I am sure we are all glad to note that in reception areas 98 per cent. are now receiving the normal amount of education, but I would ask the Under-Secretary what further steps are being taken to increase educational facilities in evacuation areas in view of the right hon. Gentleman's statement that only 54 per cent. of children in those areas are receiving full-time education. I hope that the Under-Secretary will be able to give us some useful information on that point.
      5.41 p.m.
      Lieut.-Colonel Sir Thomas Moore: I would like to join with the last speaker in welcoming my right hon. Friend to the Administration in Scotland. I think our general experience of his long and distinguished occupation of the office of the Ministry of Labour has convinced us that we are in good hands. I would also like to pay a tribute to the proverbial generosity of the Scots in accepting this representative of an alien minority to take over the job of looking after Scottish affairs. I feel sure that when his period of office is over, my right hon. Friend and the Scottish people will mutually congratulate themselves on the success of their co-operation.
      I will not deal with any part of my right hon. Friend's speech except that referring to evacuation. I listened to most of his remarks, and most of those made by the Minister of Health the other day, and must say, candidly, that I am not satisfied with the arguments which nave been advanced in regard to compulsion and the reasons why it should not be adopted. I do not think the voluntary system of evacuation will ever succeed until bombs begin to drop, and then it will be too late. The Minister of Health, I recall, gave as one of the reasons for the Government's decision in favour of voluntary evacuation that mothers were so determined in their resistance that they might resort to physical force, with the result that police might have forcibly to remove children to safety and mothers to prison. I think that is undoubtedly an exaggeration, because our experience of
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      Parliamentary life is that any Measure or Bill affecting the freedom and action of any member of the community is resisted, but that once it becomes an Act it is more or less generally accepted and every step is taken to make it a workable success. So I trust my right hon. Friend will not be unduly carried away by sentimental, although honest, statements, that compulsory evacuation will be a great and perhaps harmful break in the continuity of the life of young children. We have had experience in the past few weeks and months of the invasion of other countries, and we have seen refugees hampering attack and defence. We must never allow that to happen in this country. Probably one of the reasons why the battle for France has been lost is that there has been the pitiful stream of evacuated mothers and children pouring through France from Belgium and Holland to the South—
      Mr. McKie: Does not the hon. and gallant Member realise that the failure of the evacuation scheme last September, so far as Scotland was concerned, was because we evacuated mothers with children? If we had evacuated children only, the scheme would have been much more successful.
      Sir T. Moore: I was not responsible for the initiation and carrying out of the scheme. That is the Minister's responsibility.
      Mr. McKie: I was buttressing your point.
      Sir T. Moore: Thank you so much. We have so much experience that history and mothers will never forgive us if we do not take advantage of it.
      Mr. McKie: In the light of France?
      Mr. E. Brown: The Minister of Health made it plain last week that in certain circumstances the Government would very likely find it necessary to resort to compulsion.
      Sir T. Moore: I can see my right hon. Friend's point, but the only criticism that I make is that the Minister of Health said that it was only in certain circumstances that the Government might be compelled to order compulsory evacuation. That gives rise to the belief that these circumstances will not be considered until they arrive, and I am in some doubt whether

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      it may not be too late. That is what I want to impress on my right hon. Friend—not to leave it until the bombs begin to fall and disorganisation takes place. We were told by the Minister of Health that 120,000 school children were in process of being evacuated from London and a proportionate number from other great cities. That is a mere fleabite. If evacuation is really to be successful, it must be compulsory at both ends; that is, there must be compulsion in the evacuation areas and in the reception areas, and these compulsory powers must be exercised with severity.
      Mr. McKie: Does the hon. and gallant Member realise what compulsion at both ends means?
      Sir T. Moore: I fully realise it, and it is the only way in which to convince the people of the intention to make evacuation a success and that it is a genuine effort on the part of the Government. As to the reception side of this problem, it is said that recourse to large houses will be undertaken. I hope it will be carried out with the intention of making it a success. In every constituency in the West of Scotland there are large houses which are now empty, from which the owners or the occupants have had to go. They would make ideal reception centres, without having to put the unfortunate householders very often to the grave difficulty of looking after these evacuated children without an adequate staff. If that proposal is adopted, what about the furniture and equipment? That has not been mentioned, and it is a point which is gravely disturbing local authorities. They ask, Is it their responsibility or the Government's, and who is going to do it? I hope the Under-Secretary of State will say exactly where the responsibility lies for equipping these empty houses. If it is the responsibility of the local authorities, have they been given instructions or guidance or advice as to getting on with the job now rather than wait until it is again too late?
      Then there is the question of the utilisation of camps. I know it is impossible to build in addition to the existing camps because of the lack of timber. Is the question of raw material being thoroughly examined? If alternative material is not for the moment found in sufficient quantities or is not suitable for building the
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      camps that are necessary, has the Secretary of State thought that the traditional place for the British soldier is under canvas? That would release a tremendous number of military camps in Scotland during the whole of the summer and the early autumn for the accommodation of these children. They could be made to accommodate the teachers as well, with cinemas and churches, and all the social amenities which are necessary if evacuation is to be a success. I hope the Secretary of State will study the question of camps, because they do preserve that communal spirit which makes children so much happier than when they are spread in homes.
      My final point is one which affects my constituency very closely, as well as other seaside resorts. We have been told by the Minister of Labour in broadcasts that the munition workers and factory workers, who are putting up such a magnificent show, must have holidays. I thoroughly agree. You can drive the human system beyond endurance. Where the workers of Glasgow usually go for their brief holiday is to the Ayrshire seaside resorts, Ayr, Prestwick, and Ardrossan. Glasgow usually goes to Ayrshire. It will come to this, that the Ayrshire landladies will be forced to turn away either the evacuees or the holiday-makers from Glasgow. Both are necessary. It is a problem for which a solution must be found, and the solution, in my opinion, is the camps to which I have referred. These landladies are not hard-faced, grasping people, but they are people who make up the whole of their year's rent during two or three months' letting to Glasgow visitors, and if you deny them the ability to take in the holiday-maker, you deny them the ability to earn their rent for the year. Therefore it is in the interests of these seaside resorts that some alternative arrangements should be made to take the children during the holiday season so that these landladies can accommodate their usual holiday visitors.
      I feel sure that the right hon. Gentleman will weigh these few suggestions I have made. When a Member of Parliament goes to a local authority and asks, "What are you doing about this?" the town clerk of the local authority says, "It is a matter on which we are waiting

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      for guidance from the central Government." If you go to the central Government, they say it is a matter entirely for the local authority. It is a tradition of our local administration that we do not interfere with local authorities. That is not good enough, and the Government cannot get out of their responsibility. They must give guidance and instruction to local authorities so that they cannot get out of their responsibilities. It is only by the closest co-operation that this question of evacuation will be undertaken with success, in view of the misery and terror of which we have read in other countries.
      5.53 p.m.
      Mr. Kirkwood: Like hon. Members who have preceded me, I welcome the present Secretary of State for Scotland to his office. He is the eighth Secretary of State to whom I have appealed on behalf of Scotland. He is the first Englishman of that number, although he is not the first Englishman who has been Secretary of State for Scotland. Sir George Otto Trevelyan was Secretary of State for Scotland.
      Mr. Henderson Stewart: No.
      Mr. McKie: He was Secretary for Scotland.
      Mr. Kirkwood: That is a mere technicality. The fact remains that Sir George Otto Trevelyan was Secretary for Scotland. I welcome the present Secretary of State not because of what he has done as Minister of Labour—I think he might have done more—but because I see in him the possibility of something being done for Scotland. He is a man of boundless energy; there is no denying that. My country requires a man of boundless energy. We have never had a Secretary of State out of the eight who has done what might have been done for Scotland, and there is just a danger now that because of the war Scotland may be neglected. I want to tell the right hon. Gentleman that he has taken on a very responsible and a very big job. It presents him with an opportunity of making a name for himself. The condition of Scotland to-day is absolutely appalling. Scotland is ridden with landlordism.
      Mr. McKie: Will the hon. Member allow me—
      Mr. Kirkwood: No, the hon. Member will get his chance if he waits long enough. The landlords of Scotland have nearly bled Scotland white. They have driven the best blood out of Scotland across the seas.
      Mr. McKie: Argyllshire.
      Mr. Kirkwood: That is a mere bagatelle compared with what the Duchess of Sutherland has done over the whole of the Highlands. I appealed to the last Secretary of State for Scotland on behalf of the farmers and asked for an assurance from him that there would be no increase in rent because of the subsidy of an acre which the Government were giving to the farmers to plough up more land. He could not give me that guarantee. He gave me the usual reply which is drawn up for every Secretary of State by civil servants in the office. We shall see whether the new Secretary of State is going to be any different from those who have gone before.
      Mr. McKie: May I ask my hon. Friend—
      Mr. Kirkwood: No. I could not get the right answer, and, therefore, the farmers in Scotland are afraid that if they put their backs into it, along will come the landowner and ask for increased rent. That is what they did in the last war. They not only raised rents but put up the price of the farms and told the farmers that they would either have to buy or quit. These are facts. I want the Secretary of State to see that he stands, not by the powerful families of Scotland, but by the Scottish people. I can tell him that that will not be an easy job, but the Scottish people will never forget a Secretary of State who stands up for them. The Highlands of Scotland are a standing disgrace. The way in which the Highlanders have rallied to the defence of their native land, considering the way they have been treated up to now, is beyond me. I do not want to say anything that might be to the detriment of my native land, but, no matter what it costs me, I am not going to allow the conditions that appertain at the moment to continue, war or no war.
      Mr. McKie: What conditions?
      Mr. Kirkwood: Scandalous conditions in which you could not live.
      Mr. McKie: How do you know?
      Mr. Kirkwood: Because I know you.
      The Chairman: I am sure the hon. Member does not mean to be rude to me.
      Mr. Kirkwood: I am sure the hon. Member for Galloway (Mr. McKie) would like to be one of those landowners.
      Mr. McKie: The hon. Member has no right to ascribe to me wishes which I have never expressed.
      Mr. Kirkwood: Perhaps the hon. Member will allow me to proceed. I know that the landowners, from the highest landowner in the House to the most humble landowner, detest me for raising these questions. They do not want them to be raised. But it seems so ridiculous that I should send my son to defend Scotland when he has not an inch of Scotland, which belongs to certain individuals who, in certain parts of Scotland, would not allow me, a Scot born and bred, to put my foot on that land. I have raised this matter time and again. The particular instance I have given is the Island of Rum. I have said time and again that if the Germans, in the last war, had wanted they could have bought that island. The owners would have sold it to "Old Nick."
      Mr. McKie: Who is he?
      Mr. Kirkwood: A friend of yours. Then, I should like the Secretary of State to take into his confidence the farmers of Scotland, who have to deal with the bracken menace. Bracken is over-running Scotland; it is a menace nearly as great as the Germans might be; There will soon be no land left for the people or the cattle, because the bracken is travelling over the country.
      The Chairman: I am afraid I shall not be able to allow the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State to deal with that question to-day. It is not covered by any of the Votes now before the Committee.
      Mr. Kirkwood: I mention it only in passing.
      Mr. McKie: On a point of Order, Sir Dennis. The hon. Member for Dumbarton Burghs (Mr. Kirkwood) used the
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      term "Old Nick." When I asked question about it, the hon. Member said "Old Nick" was a friend of mine. Is that a Parliamentary expression?
      The Chairman: I am afraid I did not hear it.
      Mr. McKie: Further to my point of Order—
      The Chairman: At any rate, if the hon. Member wished to raise a point of Order of that sort, he should have done so immediately.
      Mr. Kirkwood: There is only one other matter to which I wish to refer. It concerns the housing conditions in my own constituency. I have given the Secretary of State two letters to which I hope he will attend. The housing conditions are absolutely scandalous. It would not be so bad if those conditions had only just arisen, but I have been raising this question, particularly in regard to Dumbarton, for years in order to try to get the Secretary of State to do what the hon. and gallant Member for Ayr (Sir T. Moore) has asked him to do with regard to other matters that is to say, when the local authorities do not do a thing, the central authority should step in and do it. I ask the Secretary of State to take action in this matter. I have raised these matters to such an extent that the town council of Dumbarton has moved a vote of censure on me for doing so. The former Under-Secretary of State for Scotland, who is at present in the Army, the hon. Member for Western Renfrew (Mr. Wedderburn), agreed to come to Dumbarton and see the conditions for himself. The town council of Dumbarton wrote to him and asked him not to come, and he did not come.
      This is not a new question, but the longer these conditions exist, the worse they become. I ask the Secretary of State to take the matter seriously. I ask him to understand that, in taking up this high and honourable post, if he plays the game there is no Member who will be more willing than I shall be to render him what useful service I can. I will do anything I can to assist the right hon. Gentleman to rectify the conditions which prevail in my country, not only in my constituency, but in other constituencies, and even in the constituency of the hon. Member for Galloway—for I have received letters

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      about the housing conditions in that part of the country. Even Lord Baldwin, when he was Prime Minister, gave a greater subsidy to Scotland than to England, because when he saw the conditions that prevailed in the West of Scotland, he realised that they were scandalous and required something extra. I welcome what I think will be the something extra that we have got in the new Secretary of State for Scotland.
      6.9 p.m.
      Mr. G. A. Morrison: I should like to welcome the Secretary of State on the occasion of his first Estimates speech and to wish him success and happiness in the tenure of his high office. Among the many bitter disappointments which the past year has brought, it will have to be recorded that education, our one sure hope for the future, has suffered severely. We were to have had the raising of the school-leaving age, there was to have been one unified code of regulations for all schools, nursery schools and camp schools were to have taken their rightful place in the national system of education. Worst of all, through the commandeering of schools by the military authorities and the closing of schools in vulnerable areas, very large numbers of school children had no instruction of any kind for many weeks.
      Speaking here in November last, I said I had been told that 100,000 children in Glasgow were then out of school. I have since learned that that number was nearer 200,000. Through the autumn months, the Government were repeatedly urged to reopen schools, using double or even treble shifts where necessary. On 23rd April, the then Secretary of State, in replying to a Question, gave figures which showed that at that date, after nearly eight months of war, some 60 per cent. of the children of Scotland were receiving full-time instruction, 35 per cent. part-time instruction, and over 4 per cent.—something like 30,000 children—no instruction. I am sorry that I was prevented from hearing the right hon. Gentleman's remarks on education this afternoon, but I understand he gave figures which, at any rate for the reception areas, were much more favourable. However, I should like to associate myself with the remarks made by the hon.
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      Member who spoke from the Front Opposition Bench as to the arrangements made for children who remain in evacuation areas.
      On the general problem of evacuation, I hope that the lessons of the first scheme have been taken to heart. Something has to be said of the way in which evacuation has affected the teachers, without whose help, generously given, the scheme would never have accomplished even what it did. There is no denying the fact that the sacrifices called for from many teachers have been inexcusably severe. Owing to various causes, chiefly the inadequate billeting allowances, many teachers have been seriously out of pocket. Teachers do not object to taking their fair share of hardship in war-time, but is there any reason why they should be forced, in their capacity as teachers, to pay for National Defence measures? After long negotiations with the Scottish Office and the Ministry of Health, teachers obtained the same conditions as evacuated civil servants, but that augmented allowance was fixed to begin from 29th January, the date when the concession was made. As things have turned out, those who were keenest to do their bit, and who volunteered at first, have suffered most. Many of them have worked and suffered for the children's sake—that has been freely recognised—and they will do so again when the call comes, but that is no reason why plain justice should not be done to them. It seems to me that a lack of courage somewhere permitted this state of affairs to exist for five months. An increased billeting allowance would surely have been a legitimate charge on the evacuation funds. Might not something be done even yet?
      I should like to say a few words on the question of supplementing the pay of teachers on military or naval service. There is great diversity in the treatment of this problem by local authorities, and the consequent sacrifice is by no means equally shared. Incidentally, the authorities in England have done much better than the corresponding bodies in Scotland. The Government gave a clear lead in their treatment of their own employés. Moreover, the Scottish Education Department, in Circular 118, announced that it was the intention of the Government to introduce legislation safeguarding the salary and pension rights of all who

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      entered national service. Unfortunately, all that the promised legislation did was to empower the authorities to supplement salaries. Unfortunately, also, the Joint Industrial Council, a body on which teachers are not represented, issued a less favourable set of regulations. There exists in Scotland the precise machinery for settling such a problem. The National Joint Council, on which authorities and teachers are equally represented, considered the question and unanimously decided to recommend education authorities to make up the naval and military pay to 100 per cent. of the civil pay. In face of this, it is highly regrettable that many local authorities in Scotland have done so little, some indeed nothing, and that the Government, which overrode local autonomy in stopping school building and postponing the raising of the school-leaving age, have shown themselves in this case so tender to the susceptibilities of local authorities. I doubt whether those who control education, whether locally or nationally, realise the bitterness that has been caused. That Circular should never have been issued in the terms that it was; and something should be done to implement the promise.
      I should be glad to have an assurance that timely consideration is being given to the question of the supply of men teachers, in view of the raising of the exemption age to 30 and the enlistment of students in training centres. I should also like an assurance that the claims of unemployed teachers will not be overlooked in the filling of vacancies, before for instance, retired teachers or married women are brought back into service.
      6.16 p.m.
      Mrs. Hardie: I join with others in congratulating the Secretary of State for Scotland on his new appointment. The fact that he sits for a Scottish constituency makes him almost Scottish in our eyes, and makes him a proper representative of Scotland. Present circumstances make this Debate seem almost unreal. I was pleased to note that there has been a slight fall in the death rate among children and mothers, although a great deal more needs to be done in the provision of health services to deal with the problem. The hon. Lady the Member for West Fulham (Dr. Summerskill) intervened in the Debate—and we are always grateful to her for her help—to ask why, in regard to the death
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      rate in Scotland, better provision was not being made to deal with this question. There is a prejudice among Scottish women about sitting at home, and where the housing conditions are good there is nothing wrong about that. But we want to do a great deal more for the health services because bad housing conditions and poverty, more than anything else, cause a high death rate among mothers and children. Scottish women have a very strong sense of responsibility towards the home—indeed, they are not easily able to leave their homes—and for this reason we have to see that the conditions under which they live are improved.
      The main question now confronting us is that of evacuation, and I should like to raise one or two points which, I think, are worthy of consideration. It has been suggested that mothers are very reluctant to take part in the evacuation scheme, and two hon. Ladies who spoke in the English Debate on evacuation put for ward the suggestion that it was the great affection the mothers had for their children which prevented their taking part in the scheme. They gave instances—and I have no fault to find—showing that they themselves had evacuated their children. The fact is that very few mothers in Scotland would object to having their children evacuated under similar conditions. They would not object if they could go to the places beforehand to ensure that suitable arrangements had been made, and that their children would be welcome and no one would grumble. They would know that their children would be well looked after and that if they wanted to see them, they could do so. What makes the bulk of the mothers in Scotland object to allowing their children to go is not so much that they do not wish to part with them, but that they are not sure what treatment will be given to them at the other end. I do not wish to be critical of the areas which receive the children because many of them did all they possibly could.
      There is no doubt that many children from industrial areas were sent away in a condition in which they should not have been sent, but that again is more due to poverty and bad housing conditions. In some of the receiving areas there was a feeling that they did not want the children. An illustration was given during the Debate of the type of mind of some of these people, when it was asked that

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      children should be pushed out of holiday resorts so that people could have their holidays. I know enough of that type of mind to realise that this excuse is put forward not as a desire to give a Glasgow worker a good time, but to make a profit out of those two holiday weeks. If there is that spirit, you can understand that children will not be very welcome or happy in those houses where people want them pushed out. That was the complaint of the women. They complained that children were frozen out. Even the question of dirty children was greatly exaggerated, and I know that women in my constituency—and I do not represent altogether a slum area—in the Springburn Division, which is a good industrial area, did not send their children away in a dirty condition. It was the fact that the children were not welcome and that the arrangements made were not suitable. I do not say that there was physical cruelty, but there is such a thing as mental cruelty which can be just as detrimental to a child, and especially in the case of a sensitive child. When they are not welcomed it reacts upon them, and they want to go home.
      I believe that these evacuation schemes could have been made one of the greatest social experiments. If we could work as far as possible on boarding-school lines, it would give the working-class child the benefit of that kind of education which most middle-class and upper-class children receive. I remember listening to an address by a man with rather unorthodox ideas on education who said that children were far better away from their homes. I do not know whether that is true, because many clever people can talk a great deal of sense and also a great deal of nonsense. It is, however, true that where conditions are good children soon forget and do not wish to go back. As far as possible bigger houses should be taken over and a scheme worked out on the lines of a boarding school. I remember the late Secretary of State for Scotland telling us that where the scheme had been most satisfactory was in a big house where a domestic science teacher was in charge. In that case, he said, there had been no sickness, and everything had been most satisfactory. A great deal has been said about the mothers going with the children but I find that when mothers went
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      away they found themselves worrying about their home. But, for myself, see no objection to children being taken away "on their own," providing there are nursery schools they can attend between the ages of two and five.
      Mr. McKie: I think the hon. Lady will realise that in the very hasty evacuation scheme of September last the children were older than from two to five years, and that the mothers were definitely a prejudicial factor in making the scheme a success.
      Mrs. Hardie: I can understand that where you have two women in a small house sharing a kitchen there are serious difficulties. The real objection is that many of the houses to which they were sent were too small. In many cases there were only three apartments, and they had to share the parlour, and anyone knowing what the parlour is to a housewife in Scotland will know what that hardship is. In many cases the kitchen in a Scottish home also provides sleeping accommodation, and that again shows the difficulty of two families trying to share the same house. I believe that when the danger is brought nearer people will forget all these little difficulties. I know that round about Perthshire the complaint was made that children were not welcomed, and that sometimes mothers and children were put into old derelict cottages with no cooking provision. That is not a statement made by the women themselves, but a statement made by the headmaster. I sent it to the Secretary of State for Scotland, and he promised that never again would children be put into huts or derelict cottages, and I hope that the present Secretary of State will also give that assurance. When complaints were made about the conditions, they were told that the mothers and children could not be expected to have anything better than they had at home; but in this case the people came from an estate where they were used to better things. If we can give the mothers a definite guarantee that when children are taken away they will be properly looked after and welcomed, I do not think there will be any need for compulsory evacuation. Most mothers would be only too glad to let their children go.
      6.28 p.m.
      Mr. Woodburn: I would also congratulate the Scottish Secretaries on the

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      very high and responsible duties they have now undertaken. I hope that they will make the greatest use of their opportunities, because they have, probably, one of the best sections of this country from the point of view of planning with which to deal. I should like to refer to the Minister's statement on hospitals in Scotland. The hospitals of Scotland are rightly famous for the very great work they have done. The Under-Secretary of State was a member recently of a commission dealing with the hospital services of Scotland, where the whole position was reviewed, and certainly there has never been an occasion like the present for getting rid of the anomalous, overlapping, and almost chaotic state of organisation among the different types of hospitals. The voluntary hospitals are finding great economic difficulties, and at the same time there are growing up alongside them municipal hospitals which, because of the greater amount of money behind them, are rapidly becoming at least equally as efficient as some of the great voluntary hospitals of which we are so proud. In addition to these, we are building emergency hospitals. There is a large one in my own constituency.
      I would suggest to the Minister that this question of hospital services should be tackled as a whole. I know a certain degree of planning has been taking place, but there is still a lot of rather silly obsolete prejudices among the doctors over the question of civilian control. There is a disinclination among doctors to have anyone managing a hospital except a doctor. I agree that some of the medical men in Scotland are, perhaps, among the greatest we have, but because they have medical skill that does not necessarily mean they have equal administrative skill. I have never been able to understand why doctors want to bother about managing civilian affairs. The idea that civilians want to dictate to doctors how to carry through operations and other treatment of patients is nonsense. If the medical schools will realise that what we want is co-ordination and planned location of hospitals instead of chaos, in order to avoid carrying patients up and down the country to get to certain hospitals, I am certain that we would build in Scotland a hospital and medical service that would be second to none in the world. Changes have to take place during the war, and
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      they should be made with a view to their usefulness after the war. Anything that is done which does not fit in with what will be needed after the war is waste. Everything done with a view to what is coming after the war reduces the cost of the war.
      Turning to the evacuation problem, the last scheme in Scotland broke down in some respects because two dissimilar authorities were working with each other. The education authority conducted the evacuation and the county council received the evacuees. I am advised by the officers of the education authorities in my counties, so far as they were receiving areas, that the scheme would have worked much more smoothly had the two authorities been similar and had the evacuation been from one education authority to another.
      Mr. McKie: The education committees in the counties received the evacuees.
      Mr. Woodburn: In some cases, perhaps, but the county council was the receiving authority.
      Mr. McKie: Were they not acting for the education committees?
      Mr. Woodburn: I am giving the Ministers the advice of the education committees on the matter. The hon. Gentleman can make his own contribution. I am conveying what the education committees consider to be the best way of working the machinery.
      I have a complaint to make which does not refer to either of the Ministers who are present to-day. In the provision of air-raid posts I should think that the most important person, the key man, is the doctor. Yet it has taken me four months to get even second-hand gas masks supplied to some of the doctors in Edinburgh. Even yet they have not steel helmets, while the people who have to go into the streets to carry cases into the posts are plentifully supplied. As the result of my efforts some of the doctors, I understand, have gas masks which have been taken from men in the air-raid squads, but even after four months of writing to the Scottish Office and the Ministry of Home Security I have not been able to get the doctors, who are the key men, supplied with their necessary equipment. The doctors in Edinburgh are advised that when an air raid takes place they must make their way

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      to the posts, but how they are to get there through gas or bullets, or whatever may be flying about without the necessary protection, is more than I can understand. I hope the Minister will find out who is responsible. Judging by my experience, it is high time that someone was made responsible for seeing that these things are done. This war has brought about many tragedies, and we have to admit that we are suffering now from the inefficiencies of the past. It is not very encouraging when one finds that vital matters of this kind are being dealt with so carelessly and in so slovenly a way that even after they are brought to the notice of the Department they are not put right. They are passed on from one person to another and often in these matters we fall between two stools as we have fallen between two stools in more important matters in the recent past.
      Scotland, like other parts of the country, is being dislocated considerably as a result of the war. The Scottish Secretary has perhaps a greater opportunity than exists in England, where the divisions of authority are spread over many Ministries. On him falls the responsibility not only for education and health, but for the general planning of the country. I hope that someone will be set aside in his Department to see that what is being done in Scotland in connection with the war is not done in such a way that it will create insoluble problems after the war. The planning of industry is an important matter in conection with housing. If industries are plumped down where there is no housing a serious problem will arise. Therefore, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Supply and every Department which has to do with the location of industry should consult the Scottish Secretary with a view to seeing that industry is planned having regard to the existing population and amenities and to industrial location after the war. There is a certain aerodrome which, I understand, is to be the greatest airport in the North after the war. If there is to be location of industry it would seem sensible that somewhere in that area the aircraft industry should be located. There is no point in putting down aircraft industries far removed from the places which will use their output. There are facilities for such an industry in the locality of this airport, and I hope the
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      Scottish Secretary will bring it to the attention of the Department concerned.
      I would like to stress a question which I have raised in the Scottish Office concerning the Forth fisheries. I know that there are many difficulties about settling the disputes among the various interests on the Forth, but the fishermen are anxious to get the question settled. I know that the Scottish Office are anxious to settle it amicably and I shall be pleased to learn that same progress has been made.
      6.38 p.m.
      Mr. Henderson Stewart: The right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State has been universally greeted today with congratulations on his appointment, and so far as it is a matter of personal affection for the right hon. Gentleman and admiration for his work in the past, I join warmly in the messages that have been conveyed to him. I should be less than frank, however, if I did not say that I regretted at the time and regret now his appointment on political grounds. At the risk of being regarded as ungracious, I want to put it on record that I feel that the appointment of one who can claim neither birth nor upbringing in Scotland to an office which Scotsmen regard as second only to that of the Prime Minister is a dangerous precedent. I leave it at that and join with others in the personal tributes that have been paid to my right hon. Friend, who has been very kind to me in the past. The hon. Member for Springburn (Mrs. Hardie) surprised me by what seemed to me a most unjustifiable attack upon the housewives in the reception areas.
      Mrs. Hardie: I did not make an unjustifiable attack. I gave credit to many women for the way they had taken the children in, but I said that a good many people did not act so well towards the children and that that was why so many children came home.
      Mr. Stewart: I thought the hon. Lady made rather a point of the mental cruelty to a considerable number of children who come from her division. Speaking for my own part of the country, I would say that extreme mental cruelty was imposed on the women and children in the reception areas when they had imposed upon them and their families children in the scandalous, verminous condition which

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      characterised many of the evacuees. I am not going over past history, but I am prepared to justify every word I say. The hon. Member for Springburn said that this condition was due in large measure to poverty. That is true, but it is also due—and let us face the facts—to the maladministration of the public health services in Scotland. Whatever we think of our beloved country, let us not blind our eyes to the fact that our medical and school health services have been proved to be disastrously inefficient. I hope that my right hon. Friend, so far as his war duties will permit, will make it one of his tasks to secure efficiency in these vital services.
      The hon. and gallant Member for Ayr Burghs (Sir T. Moore), who is so gallant a champion of the landed interests in Ayrshire, suggested that there should be compulsion all round—compulsion in the sending and receiving of children. The hon. and gallant Member may be speaking for the householders in his area, but I warn him, as I warn the Scottish Office, that if compulsion is applied in other parts of Scotland and is accompanied by the same ill-arranged scheme as the last one, they will face the greatest possible objections on the part of the housewives. The householders of Fife and other parts of East Scotland are as ready as any othed people to play a patriotic part, but they are not to be made the victims of a few petty officials sitting in St. Andrew's House or anywhere else. If they are satisfied that the scheme is a good one and is essential and sound, they will do their duty.
      My right hon. Friend is aware that there are parts of the East of Scotland which are the location of several immense and vital military establishments which will necessarily be objectives of enemy attacks. I am informed that the authorities have information to satisfy them that that is most likely, but strange as it may seem—and this is an example of the inefficiency about which I complain—the bulk of the evacuated children from the centre of Scotland is to be centred round those objectives. I warn my right hon. Friend that that is the kind of objection which my constituents put when they resent having children forced upon them. In the words of the town clerk of a town in my constituency:
      "The Department have no business to put on the householders in X the responsibility of
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      looking after people's children in an area which without doubt must be considered really dangerous."
      The county council in that area have been evolving elaborate measures to cope with the children resident there in the event of an invasion or a landing of troops from aeroplanes, and the task is an immense one, and yet the Department of Health proposes to throw upon that vulnerable area many hundreds, indeed, I believe I am right in saying many thousands, more children from Glasgow, Edinburgh and other centres. What is the sense of such a policy? How can we induce those in reception areas to play the game with a muddled scheme of that kind as the offspring of the Department?
      My right hon. Friend comes new to this office from another great office in which he had wide experience, and I invite him to deal with this new problem if he desires to make the evacuation scheme a success. If he refuses to consider the problem, if he does not call some of his officials before him and talk to them in the plainest language, I tell the right hon. Gentleman that he will be classed as a failure as regards one of the most vital sections of his work. The odd thing is that these same places in the East of Scotland which are to be compelled to take these children are but a mile or two away from other places which are regarded as highly vulnerable. On one side of a river only a mile and a half wide it is supposed to be absolutely safe; on the other side it is dangerous. How absurd it is. How the people laugh at it when a scheme of that kind is put forward. I beg my right hon. Friend to look into the whole system of evacuation. It broke down before, and I do not want it to break down again. I hope he will take the advice of the hon. Lady opposite and examine the question of making use of large empty houses. It may be that private billeting is in some ways the better plan, but it is accompanied by a good many difficulties, and if we could organise a system of running big houses for the evacuees, I think it would be better. I was told by Mr. J. M. Hodge, who was for a long time convener of the County of Perth, and knows his county better, perhaps, than any other man, that there are enough large empty houses in that county to accommodate the whole of the children whom the Department would evacuate there.

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      The right hon. Gentleman said that he must have private accommodation because otherwise there would not be sufficient accommodation. I challenge that statement. I tell him he is wrong about that. In Fife, where there are much the same conditions, there are enough empty mansions to take a very large proportion of the children to be evacuated. For 18 months I have pleaded with the Department to consider this problem. The late Secretary of State for Scotland went to St. Andrew's recently and saw a large house which has been turned into a hostel, and I understand that he was well satisfied, but that hostel suffers from the same difficulties as others. Nobody knows who is responsible for what. The ladies who are running it, giving their services voluntarily and working far longer than trade union hours, are burdened with financial difficulties and do not know where to get the balance made up. Why should those magnificent women have that constant anxiety? Why not take over the place and give them all they need to run it? Let us organise the thing properly and in a businesslike way, and we shall then find the evacuation problem solved much sooner than we imagined.
      Another matter to which I would refer is the housing question. Although some may say that this is not a moment when we can do very much about housing we must remember that some day the war will end. If events turn out as fortunately as was indicated by the Prime Minister to-day, the war may end sooner than some of the gloomy people think; but one day it will end, and then we shall have to face the problem of housing in Scotland. Why should my right hon. Friend wait till that day before he takes steps to prepare his plans? Why can he not now set up a strong committee of inquiry to examine the whole problem of housing after the war? I know that certain inquiries are being conducted now, but I think he might make a better effort. I invite his attention to a confidential report, which I am not able to quote, presented to the Scottish Development Council which was sent to and examined by the Department of Health. I assume that my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary has read it?
      The Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. Westwood): I have; I helped to frame it.
      Mr. Stewart: Then he will recollect this paragraph, which appears at the end:
      "No local authority in Scotland"—
      Colonel Sir Charles MacAndrew: I would remind the hon. Member that he told us this report was confidential.
      Mr. Stewart: I beg the hon. and gallant Member's pardon, it is confidential; but I think it is permissible to summarise it, and a summary of that report, which was made by a most competent official in Scotland, is that no local authority has yet tried out anything like the full possibilities of building materials alternative to timber. The suggestion of that expert was that the Department of Health ought to inform every local authority in Scotland of the possibilities in the way of concrete, steel and other forms of house construction, because until they know those possibilities there will be no advance in alternative forms of house building, and we all know that some advance must be made, even during the war. If we were short of a quarter of a million houses, or whatever it was, before the war, then when the war ends, and we have to provide for the thousands of war marriages, the problem will be immense, and it will take a superhuman Government to cope with it. I should like to hear from my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary what steps his Department has taken in response to the suggestions made by this expert. What assurance can he give us that the Department is looking ahead, that it is not overwhelmed, as indeed it might be by its present duties but has the imagination to look forward and plan forward so that one day we shall make ours a better and grander country than it is now?
      The Under-Secretary has often made vigorous, eloquent and moving speeches from the other side, appealing for a more enthusiastic and noble policy for our native land. He now has the opportunity to do what for the last seven or eight years he has been urging should be done. I shall watch the career of the hon. Member with the keenest interest, and I shall hope that in a year or two years' time we shall see arising that citadel which he has often painted for us so eloquently in this House. I know that he will not disappoint us; he has such a reputation in Fife for achieving that which he promises.

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      I am sure that he will give us proof positive that we are not looking ahead into gloom and darkness but into a clearly-planned future from which shall arise a greater and nobler Scotland.
      6.55 p.m.
      Mr. Cassells: At the outset I wish to associate myself with the remarks which have been made in paying tribute to the Minister upon his appointment. When the appointment was first made, bitter resentment was felt in many areas in Scotland. At the same time, when we consider the thrustful personality which the right hon. Gentleman undoubtedly possesses, and remember that he will be backed up by the hon. Member for Falkirk and Stirling (Mr. Westwood), I feel that we can look forward to something better being done for Scotland in the future than has been done in the past. I would like to refer first to evacuation. I assume from the speech of the hon. Member for East Fife (Mr. Henderson Stewart) that he is opposed to a compulsory system.
      Mr. Henderson Stewart: Until there is a proper plan.
      Mr. Cassells: My only comment is that it is clearly established that the evacuation scheme which was put into operation immediately on the outbreak of hostilities was a catastrophe, due, undoubtedly, to complete lack of any organisation of any kind. Surely we can guide our conduct in the future by our experience in the past, and although I agree to a very great extent with what the hon. Member said concerning the failure of many evacuating authorities to see that the children were sent to the reception areas in a proper condition I feel that we can rid ourselves of that disability for the future. I am certain that the evacuating authorities know that there is now a serious challenge to the public health services in Scotland, and that they will accept that challenge and see to it that similar conditions do not arise in the future. If we accept that premise what follows?
      We know also that many children who were evacuated filtered back to their home towns. With what result? With only one result, that many of the children were compelled to run about the streets with nothing to do. I am satisfied that the hon. Member for East Fife would not tolerate that. Equally has difficulty
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      arisen with regard to education. The question was raised repeatedly in the House of Commons, hon. Members from all sides pointing out to the Minister of Education that, if children were to filter back to evacuation areas, something should be done to compel the parents to give adequate education facilities to them. I wish to make my position perfectly clear. I am satisfied that a strong and ruthless hand must be applied to any scheme of evacuation if it is to have the slightest hope of success. It must be compulsory upon the parents to send the children to the reception areas and allow them to remain in the reception areas. On that point, the hon. Member for East Fife was justified, and more than justified, in pointing out to the Minister that in Scotland the whole scheme of selection of safe areas is positively futile and hopeless.
      On more than one occasion I raised with the former Secretary of State for Scotland points with regard to towns on the East Coast which I, personally, considered should be evacuated. There was one town in particular, the name of which I do not intend to give. The only reply I received from the Minister about it was that a town across the river had been scheduled as an area to be evacuated, and as such a small percentage had left that area it was considered ill-advised that the area across the river should be dealt with in the same way. That is, frankly, a thoroughly spineless and irrelevant argument.
      We can well accept what the hon. Member for East Fife said on this matter. There is abundance of opportunity for exploring our country to ascertain the facilities available, to provide buildings and take over large mansion houses to accommodate evacuated children. We are entitled to have some information and definite assurances in the Committee today, from the Under-Secretary of State, with regard to any difficulties with which we may presently be faced. We should be assured that his Department are fully aware of the seriousness of the situation in our country. We hope that he will tell us that something at least is being done on the lines indicated by the hon. Member for East Fife.
      Although I agree to a very great extent with what was said by the hon. Lady who spoke earlier in regard to many of the children, I am satisfied that many of

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      those children left without just cause of any kind, in many cases stimulated by their parents going with them or visiting them. There is a natural psychological reaction. I have asked the hon. Member for Galloway (Mr. McKie) whether he has any children. He tells me that he has not. Undoubtedly, he must be in a very difficult position in judging the maternal instinct. I wish it to go forth that, on the whole, the people living in reception areas, who accepted these children, almost universally treated them well. So far as my own constituency is concerned, that was certainly the case. I have only two other points to raise. With regard to the question of agriculture, I wish—
      The Deputy-Chairman (Colonel Clifton Brown): Agriculture is not one of the Votes.
      Mr. Cassells: So be it. With regard to housing, to which many Members have referred, my view is that we must plan for the future. Although it is true that we are faced with a very serious situation, surely we shall not forget that this war must be fought on two fronts. I am satisfied that, unless we do something to show our people that we are anticipating our future housing problems we shall, undoubtedly, help to sap the morale of the people of the areas concerned. Perhaps I might give one typical illustration. In my own constituency we have that wonderful beauty spot, Loch Lomond, but at the south end of the loch we have the most shocking housing conditions. A large number of children are accommodated in wooden huts which have no proper sanitary conveniences. I would be the first in this Committee to admit the difficulties with which the Government are faced, concerning the erection of new houses, but it is very difficult to understand one thing. Take for example Bellshill where the county council housing scheme is held up, on one side of the street, while, on the other side, we find luxury building in progress.
      Mr. Henderson Stewart: Now?
      Mr. Cassells: Yes, at the present moment. There is a new picture house in course of erection. It cannot be said that the Department do not know about it. The former Secretary of State for Scotland knew about it perfectly, because
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      the facts were put before him and he was asked to see what he could do. The only reply I could get was that the contractors had held that wooden material for a considerable period of time, and that nothing could be done. If that is the spineless way in which our Scottish administration is to be carried on in the future, God help us. What the Secretary of State ought to have done in the circumstances was to step in and commandeer that material and use it for the purpose of allowing the provision of proper housing accommodation to proceed.
      I have nothing more to say other than that I welcome very much, not particularly the appointment of the late Minister of Labour as Secretary of State for Scotland, but the appointment of my hon. Friend the Member for Falkirk and Stirling Burghs as Under-Secretary of State for Scotland. If there is one man in this House who is expert, knowledgeable and progressive in local government matters it is he. In the hon. Gentleman, my Friends and I on this side place our trust and our confidence. We are satisfied that our country is in good keeping under his control.
      7.9 p.m.
      Mr. Kenneth Lindsay: I must apologise to the Minister for not having been present during his speech, but I had to attend other meetings. I understand that he spoke not only of evacuation but of education. The only point which I particularly want to bring to his notice and to that of the Under-Secretary of State—whom many of us, and especially those interested in local government, are very glad to see in that office—is the fact that some eight months ago we set up in Great Britain a National Youth Committee. I had the responsibility for that committee in England and Wales, but as to Scotland I had no authority at all for its progress or success. This is the first opportunity that I have had of speaking about it, and I would like to ask the hon. Gentleman one or two questions. The whole purpose of this movement was to combine the prestige and the authority of the local education authorities with the enthusiasm of voluntary societies, and I am not at all happy about the progress which has been made in Scotland during these eight months. One reason is that from the

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      beginning the local education authorities were not solidly behind this movement, and until they are solidly behind it, it is impossible to get the full benefit of continued education as some of us see it. On the other hand, there is still jealousy and confusion among the voluntary societies, and until they can work together it is impossible to get the youth movement going in Scotland. This I consider to be of the greatest possible importance. Just as in England and in Wales, the vast majority of children leave school at the age of 14, and, apart from a few with the enterprise to go to evening classes, there is, literally, nothing for thousands of young boys and girls in Scotland. The few experiments which have been made have proved that we are short of youth centres, short of leadership and of organisation, and, above all, of enthusiasm, and until these things can be combined, we shall see not only deterioration, which has been going on for years in Scotland among young children, but also a complete absence in many cases, on new housing estates, of any provision for them. They have literally nowhere to meet.
      There has been some talk of housing this afternoon. I hope that no fresh housing estates will be set up unless at the same time there is some sort of provision for young people. What of the future? There have been set up what are called panels. I only wish they had been called youth committees. In my own constituency the local education authority has refused any assistance to voluntary bodies. There is very little co-operation. For months we have been trying, with no success so far, to start an ordinary girls club for the thousands of girls working in the factories in Kilmarnock and district. Unless the hon. Gentleman can find time to give some of his enthusiasm and knowledge to this movement—I know there are many calls on his time, but I believe he is peculiarly suited for this work because of his unique experience of local education authorities—and unless he has the local education authorities solidly behind him, he will never succeed in this work with the few voluntary societies which exist. They cater for only 10 or 15 per cent. of the young people. What is wanted is some trained people such as Scottish teachers, freer use of the schools in the evening time, development of old
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      scholars' associations and the development of what was happening in Morayshire and Edinburgh, namely, proper tests of fitness and physical education. I know the hon. Gentleman is not altogether enamoured of these suggestions—
      Mr. Westwood: I am in favour of the tests.
      Mr. Lindsay: I am glad to know that the hon. Gentleman approves of the tests. From experience in many other parts of Scotland, I say that young people will respond to anything which gives dignity to achieving specific standards of physical recreation. There is no country in the world with greater possibilities in this respect than Scotland, because the mountains and rivers and countryside are comparatively near most of the great cities, a condition which does not obtain in certain parts of the Midlands and the North of England. I hope that during his tenure of office the hon. Gentleman will help to develop nothing less than a youth service. It is not only facilities such as swimming-pools or enrolments in voluntary associations that are wanted. These young people themselves are only too anxious to give something back to the community in which they live. It is not only a question of physical fitness. It is a question of all-round physical and social development and the beginnings of a training in citizenship. Therefore, I urge the hon. Gentleman to give his personal attention to this movement and help to develop it. I am glad to see that Glasgow is contemplating six youth centres; it has got no further than contemplating, unfortunately. That seems to me to be on the right lines. I hope that although these may be run by the education authority they will be assisted by voluntary help. The most successful youth centres so far established have been a combination of statutory and voluntary organisations.
      I would like to say a few words about evacuation. From my little experience—because I have had to attend to matters more in England and Wales—I am convinced that there is not yet a proper scheme in Scotland for evacuation. I will not go over the lamentable experience of the last evacuation because, as far as my own constituency is concerned, the story hardly bears telling. But it is still

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      true that if, by evacuation, we mean getting children out of danger into comparative security, we have not yet begun to tackle the problem in Scotland. If Glasgow is a dangerous area, it is not good enough to have the registration which already exists and to leave behind vast numbers of children, many of whom have not had any education at all. I am afraid I am not filled with constructive suggestions to-day because I have only just begun to analyse the problem, but I am convinced that we have not yet exhausted the places to which children can go. We know the results were excellent in the places where the children stayed in the first evacuation, and, as I understand it, the reasons given by parents, children and teachers alike were first, that the education and health facilities were better, and, second, that they were afraid of the possibility of danger in the places from which the children came. The situation now is very different. In the present stage of the war I hope that the Department are considering the matter on completely new lines, if they have not done it afresh, in view of the dangers with which we are surrounded. I am sure that medical attention will be given before any child leaves the great cities again—that is too obvious to mention—and I also hope that the other possibility which has been mentioned by the hon. Member for East Fife (Mr. Henderson Stewart), namely, the possibility of using not only large houses but of having an extension of communal feeding, and all the other arrangements, will be explored thoroughly. As far as I remember, there were two or three examples of communal feeding in the first evacuation, only because some voluntary person with keenness and enthusiasm helped to organise it in advance.
      There can be no excuse in this case for lack of co-operation between the Minister of Health and the Minister of Education because they are one and the same person. I hope also that the hon. Gentleman the Under-Secretary, with his great experience, will see that the reception area side of evacuation is looked after from the point of view of education. I am glad that he is an educationist; it is time we had one in his position. It has been too much the tendency in many ways—partly because it has been done by the Ministry of Health—to make all the
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      arrangements for putting the children out, and to make none for education at the other end. I admit that we are in the middle of a war, and cannot expect too much; but I know, from my own experience, how much unusual education can come to children in the reception areas; the possibilities there are for imaginative teachers to do things which could never have been done in the great cities, because of the rather restricted atmosphere and rigid lines, which are just as evident in Scotland as they are anywhere else. There is room for a great deal of experiment throughout the whole field of Scottish education at this moment; and, therefore, I hope that my right hon. Friend will see, not only that every house is used where children can live in common—as well as the private billeting which, I know, must be the mainstay of any such policies—but also that all possible arrangements for extra feeding and accommodation shall be made; and that if the time comes and the plans are really ready, he will not assume that some form of compulsion is necessarily a wrong policy. I am not advocating compulsion, here and now; but I see very strong arguments for it. If the new evacuation is to be an improvement on the last—and it might well be—I beg my right hon. Friend to bear some of these questions in mind.
      7.22 p.m.
      Mr. McKie: Like many of the previous speakers, I wish to join in congratulating my right hon. Friend, who now occupies the post of Secretary of State for Scotland, and my hon. Friend the Member for Stirling and Falkirk (Mr. Westwood), who now occupies the position of Under-Secretary. My hon. Friend the Member for Dumbartonshire (Mr. Cassells)—if he does not object to my calling him my hon. Friend—made some allusions to my being in the unmarried state, and suggested that, therefore, I knew nothing of evacuation. Of course, I am in the unmarried state; but I ask him to believe that I have some experience of evacuation. I housed some 25 children, and I have only in the last week parted with two of them. My experience was a very pleasant one, as all the children were very good; but, of course, that has not been everybody's experience. My hon. Friend the Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Lindsay) alluded to

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      some of the more unpleasant experiences of many householders in Scotland.
      In the middle of September a deputation from the Glasgow Town Council came to me, to ask me to hand over my house for evacuees. At that time feeling was rife in the reception areas with regard to—I do not say this offensively—the insanitary conditions of many of the children. One member of the deputation, who at one time was a member of this honourable House—I will not mention his name—took me on one side. He pointed out that the evacuation was happening at the end of the school holidays, and added, "Do you not realise that if this had happened in the last week of June or the first week of July the children would never have been dispatched in the insanitary condition about which many householders in the reception areas have complained?" My hon. Friend the Member for Kilmarnock and several other speakers have stressed the point that a good many empty houses in the reception are as might be used now for the purpose of housing children. I ask hon. Members to believe that I have no axe to grind when I say that I think it very desirable that houses which might fall into a ruinous condition could well be used for this purpose subject to the payment of a rate of interest which is suitable from the point of view of the owner of the house and of the authorities in the evacuation areas.
      I hope that I shall be in order in what I now wish to say. If I am not, I am sure that you, Colonel Clifton Brown, will at once call me to Order. I understand that the Vote covers health services, education services, and the Home Department of Scotland. As the Home Department is under discussion, I do not think that I shall be transgressing the Rules of Order if I touch upon the question of Fifth Column activities in this country.
      The Deputy-Chairman: The police administration, which is under the Home Office, cannot be discussed. Fifth Column activities come under that.
      Mr. McKie: Would I be out of Order in alluding to the desirability of those who are responsible for administering the Home Department of Scotland—and, after all, they are under the Home Office
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      —being fully cognisant of the activities of certain individuals in lonely parts of the country who are not very friendly disposed towards the present policy of His Majesty's Government? I see that the Under-Secretary of State smiles. He will be fully aware of the activities of certain persons whom I have in mind; I know of one person in my own constituency. Perhaps in view of the Ruling that has been given I should not be in Order in referring to him by name; but questions have been asked about him. I will mention him—the Marquess of Tavistock. He is a resident in my constituency, and a tenant of my own. Questions have been asked about him in this House, and no satisfactory answer has been returned. In view of the fact that we are engaged in a life and death struggle, and in view of the Prime Minister's solemn words to-day, I think that the Home Department should take this matter into serious consideration. I myself have received several letters from this individual, who is a tenant of my own—[An HON. MEMBER: "Does he pay his rent?"] He asked me to release him early in the war, because, he said, owing to the increased taxation, he would not have money enough to pay.
      The Deputy-Chairman: I must now stop the hon. Member pursuing this matter. I have given him a lot of rope.
      Mr. McKie: I wish to take this opportunity of raising a matter which, I submit, is relevant to this Vote.
      The Deputy-Chairman: I told the hon. Member to start with that this comes under the police section of the Home Office Vote and that it would not be in order to deal with it here.
      Mr. McKie: Would I be in Order in raising it at a later stage in the proceedings?
      The Deputy-Chairman: I do not know of any later stage in the proceedings during which the hon. Member could raise it.
      Mr. McKie: Surely, with very great respect, Colonel Clifton Brown, this is a general question for the Home Department of Scotland, and if we are not to have a chance of raising a question which is of very vital importance to the nation at this time and we put it off, when can we raise it?
      The Deputy-Chairman: When that Vote is put down for discussion; we cannot have a discussion now.
      Mr. T. Henderson: Is it possible to raise this matter on the question of the police not doing their duty? Is that not covered by the Vote in question?
      Mr. Cassells: When I raised the question with the Chairman concerning police administration, I was informed that it was incompetent for me to raise it on this Vote, and if it was incompetent for me to do so, surely it is incompetent for the hon. Gentleman?
      The Deputy-Chairman: That is exactly the Ruling I have given. I am afraid that I have allowed the hon. Gentleman to go rather too far.
      Mr. McKie: I apologise, but I did not hear the Ruling as far as the hon. Gentleman is concerned. I only wish to take the opportunity of calling the attention of the Home Department in Scotland to this very glaring case concerning the activities of a certain individual who is personally well-known to me in view of the present situation.
      The Deputy-Chairman: I think the hon. Gentleman has already said that twice, and he cannot say it again.
      Mr. McKie: I will not mention any individual, but merely confine myself to saying that I have been thinking a good deal after hearing some of the rather paltry points—I do not say this offensively—put by hon. Members in all parts of the Committee regarding health, evacuation, etc. We are engaged in a life and death struggle, and the Home Department of Scotland is as well aware of that as any other Department in the State, and as well aware as I am of the vulnerability of Scotland. If I am not allowed to refer to the activities of a certain individual, I hope that you will at least allow me to say that the Home Department of Scotland ought to take to heart the words of the Prime Minister this afternoon and realise that we are engaged in the grimmest struggle in which this country has ever been engaged and that many of us are deeply disturbed with regard to the activities of quite a number of people in Scotland.
      7.34 p.m.
      Sir Henry Fildes: I would not have intervened in this Debate but for the reference made by the hon. and gallant Member for Ayr Burghs (Sir T. Moore) in which he recommended that the Secretary of State for Scotland and the Scottish Office generally should use compulsion in respect of the introduction of evacuees into various areas. I do not know whether my hon. and gallant Friend is aware that at the time of the evacuation in September venereal disease and all sorts of infectious diseases were introduced into the homes of the people of Scotland. They were threatened with a fine of £25 if they did not take these people into their homes, and a very great trespass upon the acknowledged liberties of the people of this country took place on that occasion. In my opinion, any person in England or Scotland has as much chance of being hit by a bomb as he has of winning the Irish sweep, no more and no less. There are numerous cases where children have been moved into an area, which, in the course of military operations, is transferred from being a safe area into one of very great danger, and it is very undesirable that the Scottish Office should say, "We will fine you £25 unless you take most undesirable people into your homes."
      Sir T. Moore: I did not say that. I said that if evacuation had to take place, it ought to take place before the bombs fell so as to prevent the roads being covered with refugees hampering defence and attack as was the case in the Netherlands.
      Sir H. Fildes: One cannot guarantee which district will be bombed and which will not. In a time of crisis like this we should stay at home and take the risks associated with the dangers that may beset us. It is far better than dragging people for scores of miles into an area that may be equally as dangerous as that from which they have been moved.
      The Secretary of State for Scotland has succeeded to an office which is very often open to the criticism of persons who are very much versed in the art of criticism. In my constituency of Dumfries there are cases of housing that are a positive disgrace to any civilised country; seven people living in one room, 14 people living in two rooms. The expenditure of £2,000 or £3,000 would remedy that state

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      of affairs. It is most desirable that steps should be taken to spend a little money to remove these very ghastly cases which have gone on year after year. Scotland itself would feel that it had something more worthy to defend if these things could be remedied at a comparatively slight cost rather than that they should be allowed to go on year after year imposing lamentable conditions upon the people. I trust that we shall not have arty repetition of the evacuation scandal which occurred in September, and that the Secretary of State for Scotland will examine very carefully all the schemes that are put before him. We do know this, that an area that might be admirable for the reception of evacuees might be, a fortnight later, a most undesirable place to take children, with or without their parents.
      7.40 p.m.
      Mr. Robert Gibson: I do not propose to detain the Committee for many minutes, but first of all I would beg to join with other Members in the chorus of welcome that has gone out to the new Secretary of State for Scotland. It is true that there have been many problems left unsolved, but the opportunities now granted to him and my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary of State are great, and we wish them much success in their endeavour to solve these problems. The question of evacuation has been discussed from various points of view, and on previous occasions I have endeavoured to say one or two words on the subject. So far as my constituency is concerned, it is in the position of Laodicea; it is neither hot nor cold; it has no interest in evacuation or reception, although from the point of view of several Members who have spoken it might well be judged to occupy a very important place with regard to this matter.
      I think the Under-Secretary might consider very seriously the suggestions which have been made with regard to large houses which are in country districts. It is lamentable to see mansion houses in country districts in Scotland with their roofs off for no other reason than that the owner of the house, not being able to maintain it, and in order to rid himself of the burden of rates, has deliberately despoiled the house. That condition applies not only to big houses but to cottages in the country. When motoring was easier and petrol was more plentiful
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      than at the present time it was an appalling sight to find the cottages in the country with their roofs off and bigger houses, mansions, made into ruins just because of our rating system in Scotland. I suggest that the Under-Secretary should keep that in mind.
      The hon. Member for Dumfries (Sir H. Fildes) said a thing that was very true when he asked pertinently: What areas in Scotland are safe and what are not safe? In the part of Scotland which I represent I was asked pointedly in the early days of the war how it is that this war was being fought out in Scotland, as all air raids seemed to be there at that time. But they were not air raids on technically vulnerable areas. I do urge that our ideas with regard to evacuation should be bigger and bolder. I think the right method of evacuation is to take our children of Scotland out of the country altogether. Last week I had a Question on the Paper with regard to this, and I have been in communication with the Under-Secretary of State for the Dominions. I am glad to know that the Under-Secretary of State for Scotland is on the committee which is actively dealing with this matter. It may be difficult for children to be evacuated a few miles away from their original homes and expect them to remain there. The attraction back is very strong. But of all the people in the world, surely the Scots from time immemorial have been famed for their ability to transplant themselves overseas.
      I think the greatest possible advantage should be taken of the many invitations that have been sent from across the Atlantic to receive our children. The ties between the old country and the countries across the Atlantic Ocean would be strengthened if such an evacuation took place. It would be really effective evacuation, because in no argument to which I have listened during the last few months has it ever been suggested that on the other side of the Atlantic there is a vulnerable area. In America, Canada and the United States you have, in the truest sense of the word, good reception areas, and it is by having that fact in mind and reiterating it that we shall find our people will take quickly to the idea of our children being sent overseas for the duration of the war. The war cannot be expected to last very long in the real condition of things in Germany. Such evacuation as I have

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      indicated would be eminently suitable to many children in my own constituency, and I do not see why it should not be attractive to other constituencies in Scotland.
      One word on the matter of housing. I welcome suggestions made by my hon. Friend the Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Lindsay) on the need for what I may describe accurately as communal centres in our housing schemes. We have a very effective communal centre in one district, at least, in Greenock, and the greatest possible credit is due to those who have organised it and make it the great success that it undoubtedly is. But in many of the housing schemes in my constituency there is great difficulty with regard to the distribution of commodities. There are no shops in these housing schemes, and as these schemes are awkwardly placed so far as the shopping centres in Greenock are concerned, the greatest possible inconvenience arises. Were there more shops for distributing commodities in these housing schemes then a very great service indeed would be done to those who are living there. This is a matter I have brought up before, by the means of Questions, and I hope my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary will have the matter in mind and use all the influence at his disposal, coupled with the powerful drive that we on this side know him to possess, in order to see that there are suitable and effective centres for the distribution of commodities placed in housing schemes in Scotland in general and in my own constituency in particular. I do not wish to delay the Committee any longer except cordially to wish success to the new Secretary of State for Scotland and the Under-Secretary in the discharge of the duties imposed on them.
      7.49 p.m.
      Mr. T. Henderson: I do not wish to pass more than a few remarks, but with regard to the Estimates I would like the Under-Secretary to tell me whether the 1940 Estimate of £3,144,109 for housing grants, which is £163,273 more than 1939, is accounted for by the extra cost of building material. It is quite easy to put figures down in the Estimates, but it is not easy for hon. Members to understand exactly what they convey, and hon. Members are under the
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      disadvantage this year of not having a report upon which to base their criticisms.
      I am glad that the Secretary of State for Scotland is not in his place at the moment, because I do not congratulate him upon his appointment. I do not believe that any hon. Member was in earnest in congratulating him to-day. I think he is entitled to a considerable amount of abuse, I mean within reason; just the amount of abuse which we are allowed to give to the Secretary of State for Scotland. I think it is grossly unfair to congratulate the right hon. Gentleman on the one hand and abuse him on the other, and I can assure him that as time goes on he will get plenty of abuse. There is no doubt that the housing conditions in Scotland are bad and responsible for a great deal of the expensive medical services which would otherwise not be needed. No Government that I can remember have done very much towards removing these conditions. May I ask the Under-Secretary of State whether since he took office he has come across communications from the hon. Member for Govan (Mr. Maclean) and myself to his Department? We waited upon his predecessor in office. One particular case was given to us by a committee, composed not of labour men and women, but of Tory men and women, of working-class conditions in Glasgow. They told us of the case of a man who had been living in such conditions. This committee hat gone to the local authority and proved the case, but nothing was done. We have heard no more about it from the Scottish Office. Perhaps the Scottish Office is like the War Office; if you get a reply within two months, you have done very well. At any rate, the Scottish Office is getting very near to the two months, and the hon. Member for Govan and myself are anxious to have this case cleared up.
      Has the Department given up all intention of dealing with overcrowding in the big industrial cities and towns of Scotland? It is getting worse. If you bring down Englishmen, key-men, as they are called, to the munition works in Glasgow and the vicinity, the houses are inhabited by their men and their families and the overcrowded conditions become worse. The trouble is increasing every day, and I want the Under-Secretary of State to tell us whether he is going to give a little

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      attention to the matter in which he himself was very much interested when he sat on this side of the House. I do not suppose the mere fact of his removing to the other side of the House has changed his views. I hope he will give me a reply to these questions.
      7.55 p.m.
      Mr. Sloan: I am not sure that the Secretary of State and the Under-Secretary of State should be the subjects of congratulation on their new appointments. They inherit a legacy of administration in a country which has been neglected, starved and misgoverned. Scotsmen for several generations have been the hewers of wood and the drawers of water for the people in this country; they have produced the wealth which has been expended to a large extent in England. The drift south, riot only of the population, but of the wealth, has gone on for ages, leaving behind a starved, underfed and ill-housed population. As far as I have been able to understand, very little has been done by this House to help the people of Scotland. I wonder whether in all this shouting for freedom there will be left an opportunity of shouting for freedom for Scotland. Even in armament works Scotland gets very little of its share.
      The Deputy-Chairman: The hon.
      Member is getting far away from the Vote under discussion. He seems to be discussing the question of Home Rule for Scotland, which cannot be discussed now.
      Mr. Sloan: I should like to refer to the question of evacuation, which is now a very important factor in the life of the people, especially as we are about to embark on a new scheme of evacuation. Steps must be taken to ensure that the second evacuation is not a fiasco like the first. It is very little use to try and assess the blame for that. There were many causes for the failure, many of them real and many of them imaginary. I live in a reception area and consider the question from that point of view. So many complaints arose between the receiving and sending areas that there were almost enough to cause a civil war between them. It is to be hoped that the new scheme will run more smoothly and that the children will be established in real homes for the duration of the war. From the tenour of the Prime Minister's speech this afternoon that period may be one of pro-
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      longed duration, and, therefore, it is the more important that greater care should be taken in the question of evacuation. I am definitely of the opinion that evacuation should be overseas, to Canada and Australia and New Zealand.
      If the war is to be fought here, then surely the first thing to do is to clear the decks for action. The first thing to do should be to remove the women and children from the danger zone. It seems to me that the reasonable thing to do would be to take them thousands of miles away from any danger of bombing. The worst thing that one has read about the war has been the horrible condition of the civil population fleeing before the advancing army, and the hon. and gallant Member for Ayr Burghs (Sir T. Moore) has stated that, from a military point of view, these refugees were in the way of the fighting men. We may not have an advancing German army to contend with, but it is beyond dispute that we shall have bombing raids, probably in the very near future. We may adopt a complacent attitude and say that we are not temperamental like people on the Continent, and that we shall not get into a state of terror when the bombs begin to fall, but I am not quite so sure about that. I saw the state of terror in which some poor Italian shopkeepers were the other day when mobs began to smash the shop windows.
      Whatever is to be done should be done quickly, and people should know exactly what is to be done. I am sure that this question will never be settled without compulsory evacuation, because there are many people who would rather have their children die beside them than be taken away. Therefore, the element of compulsion must enter into the question. It is staggering to learn that only 21,000 children out of a school population of 157,000 in Glasgow have been registered under the voluntary scheme. Voluntary evacuation in Glasgow is an abject failure. The question has been asked as to whether there are any safe areas. At any rate, one can say that Glasgow would not be considered a safe area, and that probably it would be one of the most vulnerable areas in the country. The figures to which I have referred show an amazing lack of imagination on the part of parents and guardians and a failure to appreciate what is taking place on the Continent. Undoubtedly, serious difficulties would arise

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      not only with compulsory evacuation, but with the compulsory acceptance of these people. Those difficulties ought not to stand in the way, although they may be serious difficulties owing to the fact that the war may be of very long duration. The Government have failed in their duty during the nine months we have been at war by failing to provide sufficient hostel accommodation for the people who are to be evacuated from these areas. If these people remain in the country, they ought to be evacuated to what are termed safe areas en bloc, so that they will be properly looked after. Communal centres are necessary in every phase of life. In Scotland, there ought to be communal centres in every town for the purpose of properly regulating the feeding of people if food becomes scarce.
      The question of education is one to which the Scottish Office must pay particular attention. During the nine months of war, education has been at a standstill in many areas, and education will suffer again immediately the evacuation scheme commences, Crowds of children will be sent to areas where there is no school accommodation. We have tried every method—the double shift in schools, increasing the size of classes far beyond their normal numbers—but the result has been that in Scotland, both in the evacuation areas and the reception areas, education has seriously suffered. The Scottish Office ought to pay particular attention, in removing the school population, to the religious persuasion of the people. Roman Catholic children have been sent to areas where there were no Roman Catholic schools. This has added very seriously to the difficulties of the education authorities.
      Housing is a matter that must not stand in abeyance until this long war comes to an end. To-day, Scotland is still probably the worst-housed country in Europe. Housing progress is now to be suspended. We are told that there is a scarcity of timber, but surely that ought not to bring housing progress to an end. There are alternative methods of construction which have been carried out very successfully in many areas. We expect the Scottish Office to pay attention to this matter. The miners' row is still an outstanding disgrace in Scotland, and the Scottish miners' row is one of the blackest things in the history of any country. Surely,
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      we are not expected to wait until the end of the war before something is done to remove this disgrace. I hope that the Under-Secretary of State will be able to give us some help in this matter.
      8.9 p.m.
      The Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (Mr. Westwood): Like my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State, who opened the Debate, I am fresh to this work, although I am not new to it. I have always enjoyed Scottish Debates, whether it was a matter of taking part in them, or whether, as on previous occasions, it was a matter of having to answer criticisms levelled against Scottish administration. I am sure that my right hon. Friend who opened the Debate would have desired to remain to the end if it had been possible, but he has had to go to a meeting. I, personally, shall always welcome criticism when it is directed towards helping the administration, and, speaking on behalf of my right hon. Friend and myself, I am always willing to consider helpful and constructive suggestions. To-day's Debate, I think, has produced both helpful criticism and constructive suggestions and all of them will be taken into consideration in weighing up the Debate to-morrow. Sometimes when one goes through the record of a Debate, as I propose to do in this case to-morrow, it is possible to get a clearer picture. If I fail to give a reply to any hon. Member on any point he has raised to-night, it is not because I do not want to deal with it, but because of lack of time or the necessity of making further inquiries. As on previous occasions, I will see that every point raised is dealt with by communication if it is not dealt with during my speech to-night.
      Much has been said about compulsory evacuation, and arguments have been put forward both in favour of it and in favour of the voluntary principle. But, when there are two points of view on such a question, the Government have to determine the policy which ought to be pursued. The policy of His Majesty's Government, and the principles governing it, were dealt with by the Minister of Health, last Thursday. In eloquent language, and in a very clear manner, he gave the case for voluntary evacuation. He outlined the policy of the Government. That policy must apply not only to England but also to

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      Scotland at a time such as the present. He outlined the policy as being one of dispersal, but, no matter what may be done in existing circumstances, no Minister of the Crown with responsibility can guarantee safety anywhere within our own shores. All he can say is that with a policy of dispersal there is less danger from bombs when the enemy seeks to attack us. Therefore, the principle governing evacuation is that of dispersal based upon a policy of voluntaryism. It would be taking up the time of the Committee unnecessarily if I were to elaborate further the arguments used by the Minister of Health on the accepted policy of the Government. The problem is not an easy one. We have been trying to face some of the difficulties created by the first evacuation. In our new plans we shall try to avoid the mistakes of the last scheme. It is not criminal to make mistakes when dealing with administration, although it is criminal, when mistakes have been made, not to profit by them and avoid them when dealing with a similar problem again. We have gained experience from the first evacuation, and we are trying to benefit from it, and to avoid as far as is humanly possible the criticisms which were justified on the last occasion.
      I shall try, in the time at my disposal, to deal with the points that have been raised during the Debate. I was asked by the hon. Member for Linlithgow (Mr. Mathers) whether it was possible to give the latest details of the number of evacuated children still in reception areas. The latest figures we have are in respect of January, but we are having another survey made with a view to finding exactly what the position is at the present time. In January there were about 30,000 children still in reception areas, and we now estimate the figure at about 20,000. We have refrained from asking local authorities to make counts since January, but as I have already indicated we now propose that a further survey which will enable us to deal more easily with the problem. The second question asked by the hon. Member was whether there was room for all the children who have to be evacuated. It is much easier to put a question of that kind than to answer it. In the original survey places were found in the areas designated as receiving areas for approximately 300,000 children. There are
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      about 270,000 school children in the sending areas. We do not know, however, exactly what demands may have to be made.
      The suggestion was made that we are neglecting the possibility of using hostels. That question has been raised by several hon. Members. I can assure those who have raised the point, that we are not neglecting the possibility, but we cannot find nearly enough houses of the type referred to during the Debate. Such houses have been used in some cases and have proved useful, but there are a lot of problems involved in taking over a large house. First, it has to be provided with a staff, and in many instances reconstruction is necessary if it is to be made habitable for the children. Under present conditions, it is difficult to obtain wood for huts or camps, and it is equally difficult to obtain the material necessary to carry out constructional alterations which may be required in the case of large houses. Therefore, we have to base the scheme of evacuation on a policy of private billeting.
      If anyone asked me where my sympathy lay, my reply would be that it was equally divided between the sending and receiving areas. I have seen the difficulties in the receiving areas, and in the sending areas, I have seen heartbreaking scenes where mothers were parting with their children. Bearing in mind some of the criticisms about the receiving areas, I can tell the Committee that I have seen some of the children received with open arms in good homes, even in the case of Perthshire which was referred to by the hon. Member for Springburn (Mrs. Hardie). I happened to be living there when the original scheme took place. It was wonderful to see in Kindallachon—a little place of 14 houses—how the people were looking forward to receiving the evacuees as if they were their own children. I do not say that was the case in every place. Some of the criticisms were justified in some cases, but in others they were not and were rather unfair to the receiving areas. If we are to have success in this problem there must be the closest co-operation between the sending and the receiving areas. The children still belong to the sending areas, who have a responsibility to see that they are sent out in a proper state. In order to try and avoid some of

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      the legitimate criticisms directed against the last scheme we are seeing that there is careful and almost continuous medical examination of the children who have been registered. We are, of course, carrying out the examination of the other children as well, but we are carrying out this examination so that any defect can be remedied before the children are sent into the receiving areas. Thereby we hope to avoid the criticism, which was legitimate in some cases, of what took place in the last evacuation.
      We are not neglecting the possibilities of hostels and large houses. We cannot find nearly enough of the type of house that is required. Last Friday I met a deputation in Edinburgh to discover what some of the problems of the local authorities are and to see whether it is possible to help them in taking over large houses. I would emphasise that large houses of themselves cannot solve this problem. Therefore, the basis of our scheme is private billeting. In that way we get war service on the part of the housewife in the smallest household. She is doing as good a war service in looking after evacuees as anyone else. The greatest credit is due to those who have been able to keep the 20,000 who still remain out of the first evacuation. It is commonly stated that the use of large houses as hostels would provide an adequate alternative to billeting with householders and solve the problem of evacuation. It is clear that in general, even if suitable houses were available, they would be insufficient to house all the children because large houses may have to be used for other purposes. If there are many casualties we may require to extend the number of hospitals, and it is clearly desirable to take large houses for that purpose rather than put casualties into small houses. Consequently, we have to look at this problem not merely from the point of view of the evacuation of the children, but from the national point of view because of the possibility that the houses may be required for other purposes.
      Large houses can make a useful contribution in providing hostels for normal children as an alternative to private billeting, in addition to hostels for children who for various reasons may be unsuitable for billeting in private households. Much use can also be made of them as sick bays for children needing
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      medical attention. Half the difficulties of the last scheme would have been got over if at the beginning the sick bay idea had been given effect to by the receiving authorities. I do not want to offend the susceptibilities of mother or child, but there were cases where, after a child had been cleaned in the home to which it had been sent, it came back after a week-end or holiday at home and had to be cleaned again. If there had been a sick bay arrangement the child could have been sent to it before it returned to the people who had agreed to receive it. We are trying to develop the sick bay idea with a view to avoiding some of the difficulties of the last scheme. My right hon. Friend and I have been giving careful consideration to the question of large houses, and local authorities have been informed of the various purposes for which they can be used with advantage in the evacuation scheme. They have also been asked to consider the establishment of hostels wherever they think that that course is necessary to facilitate the scheme and the welfare of the children. In recent weeks proposals have been made by local authorities to set up over 100 hostels which would accommodate about 5,000 children. I give that as an indication of the work we are doing to avoid some of the mistakes of the last scheme and to make the present scheme workable and successful so that the children will be as well attended to as they can be in the present circumstances. It is up to the local authorities to send in their proposals. The hon. and gallant Member for Ayr Burghs (Sir T. Moore) asked what we were doing about furniture. There ought to be no real difficulty about that and I hope to be able to give the hon. and gallant Gentleman a reply later.
      The hon. Member for Linlithgow asked whether enough householders had offered to take children. In March, when a count was taken, the response was small, but conditions have changed since then. I am still a strong advocate of the voluntary system. I know the difficulties that are bound to crop up when children from one home go into another home, but I have sufficient faith in the common humanity of the people of Scotland to realise that we shall not have any real difficulty when the crisis arises. The hearts of our people will open. It is true that we did not recently get the response

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      we had wanted, but when the crisis comes along the hearts of the people will be all right.
      Mr. Cassells: Will that not be rather late?
      Mr. Westwood: No, not in the way that we review this problem from day to day. Bear in mind that we are under war conditions, and the whole problem of evacuation is being discussed and reviewed by Ministers every day, including Sunday.
      Sir T. Moore: The hon. Gentleman has said, and I think we all agree, that when the bombs begin to fall every heart in the reception areas will open and every house wilt open, and the problem of evacuation, voluntary or otherwise, will be solved; but in our opinion that will be too late, and that is why we are all pressing that it should be dealt with now, before the bombs begin to fall.
      Mr. Westwood: I have already pointed out that it was announced on Thursday that the policy of His Majesty's Government is based on the voluntary principle. If for military reasons there should be need for compulsory evacuation it will be an entirely different matter. It is interesting to recall that last year there were 300,000 voluntary offers. Everybody expected the bombs to fall then, and the hearts of our people opened at once.
      Mr. Sloan: Is it not the case that they cloned just as quickly after a fortnight or three weeks?
      Mr. Westwood: There were difficulties at that time, and there were grounds for criticism. I have pointed out that we are trying to avoid a repetition of the things that: gave ground for that criticism and to guarantee that such things shall not happen under the present scheme. Another point made was that the scales of recovery of the cost of the children that were evacuated were rather high. The scales of recovery are generous and there have been hardly any complaints. A wide discretion is left to local authorities in dealing with special cases. There have been only 1,200 appeals to referees since last November, when the scheme started. In that period the number of children evacuated has varied from 50,000 to 20,000. If there is any grievance in Scotland it is certain that Scottish Members of Parliament will write to the Secretary of
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      State or the Under-Secretary, and they can rest assured that we shall go immediately into the matter with a view to making the scheme work as easily and successfully as possible.
      Mr. Mathers: May we take it that that means that any proved case of hardship will be sympathetically considered by the Scottish Office?
      Mr. Westwood: Without hesitation. Any proved case of hardship will receive the sympathetic and favourable consideration of my right hon. Friend if it is sent direct to him, or of myself if it is sent to me. I think I can speak for my right hon. Friend in saying that he will not have a hard heart.
      Mr. Sloan: He used to be Minister of Labour, you know.
      Mr. Westwood: I leave the question of evacuation to come to housing. An hon. Member asked if there was a possibility of some relaxation in the standards for the reconstruction of houses. The question of housing has been receiving the most careful consideration, but we have to face up to the facts. As a member of the Scottish Development Council I did what I could to have an investigation made into a report prepared on the question of using alternative materials. There is a definite scarcity of materials. We can pass all the resolutions we like in favour of the development of housing, but if we cannot get the materials we cannot get the houses.
      Mr. Sloan: There is a scarcity of timber.
      Mr. Westwood: There is a real scarcity of other materials too. I am speaking now from the knowledge I have. The steel we have at the moment may be required for other purposes than houses. We have to face hard facts, and it would be a waste of time to pass a resolution to say that the Scottish Office must get on with housing unless the materials were available. Under the Housing (Rural Workers) Act a local housing authority which has adopted that Act can purchase houses for reconstruction. What Kirkcaldy did other authorities can do. They purchased sound well-built houses which at a reasonable outlay could be made into quite modern houses. Under the Housing (Rural Workers) Act a local

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      authority can get a grant from the State to enable it not to purchase the house but to meet the cost of reconditioning or reconstruction. Many local authorities, East Lothian being an outstanding example, have taken full advantage of that Act, and have made a tremendous impression on the housing position. If they can get the material for the reconstruction they can get a grant and get on with the job.
      The hon. Member for the Scottish Universities (Mr. G. A. Morrison), in an eloquent speech, pointed out that one of the first casualties of the war was the educational progress which we in Scotland had promised to make. Undoubtedly the problem of education is associated with that of evacuation. No one knows better than my hon. Friend that in the rural districts to which we have to send these children there are not the accommodation and the equipment to afford the children the same educational facilities as are provided in the urban areas.
      The question was raised about further consideration being given in regard to allowances to teachers and the possibility of legislation to compel local authorities to make up the difference between the Army pay and the pay the teachers were receiving from local authorities. It is optional and not mandatory upon the local authorities to do so. We are asking the authorities favourably to consider making a concession to the teachers, but as it would require new legislation to take away that optional power, I am not sure that it would be in order to discuss the matter now.
      Mr. Sloan: How can local authorities discriminate against teachers as against other servants?
      Mr. Westwood: I am replying to the questions which have been raised, and I am not arguing the matter one way or the other. All I know is that if a county council provides these conditions for the teachers, it is just as legitimate as providing conditions for the street sweepers, because they are all employés of the same body. The hon. Member for East Fife (Mr. Henderson Stewart) stressed a point about large houses, but I have already dealt with that matter. The hon. and gallant Member for Ayr Burghs raised a point about furniture and equipment.
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      The responsibility for equipping large houses rests with the local authorities. We have given them guidance about equipment. They are asked to try to get the equipment by gift or loan. Women's voluntary services are doing great work and giving great help in trying to get equipment, etc. We also ask local authorities to tell the Department what they cannot get in this way and then, from a central store, we can give them such things as bedding. We have an arrangement to meet these demands. We are giving them power, where small utensils are required, to buy them, as well as other equipment required locally.
      Sir T. Moore: Do local authorities know that?
      Mr. Westwood: Yes, we have sent them a circular giving them the facts which I am mentioning. I hope this meets the hon. and gallant Member's points. He also stressed the point about landladies in holiday resorts. It can be said definitely that it is not possible to build more camps. I wish that this matter had been taken up before the war, not merely for war purposes, but to enable us to deal with the physical training and recreation of our children. The five camps referred to by the Secretary of State for Scotland are already completed—or almost so. They will each provide accommodation for 360 children. It is possible to have a slight increase in the number of children accommodated.
      Sir T. Moore: I realise that the difficulty in regard to material will prevent further camps from being built, but what I suggested was that during the summer period, military camps should he used by the evacuees, if the military look to the traditional method of canvas.
      Mr. Westwood: This matter will receive consideration. In May, we gave local authorities what suggestions we could about holiday resorts, and suggested that landladies could get relief in one of three ways. They might get relief by transferring the children elsewhere, by billeting the children with some other household, or by putting the children into a hostel for a while. The number of children now put up cannot actually cause any serious difficulties to the landladies. If further evacuees have to be sent out, we cannot help sending them to seaside resorts, and landladies may suffer. That is part of the

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      price that we all have to pay in seeing that there is the minimum of suffering among our people and the possibility of getting that victory which we are determined to get as speedily as possible.
      The suggestion was made by the hon. Member for Springburn that the children were not being welcomed, but I have dealt with that point. The hon. Member for East Stirling (Mr. Woodburn) suggested that the education committees should deal with the problem of evacuees. In the landward areas the receiving authority is the county council, but, as county councils are both housing and education authorities, it comes to one and the same authority. This is a matter for their own administration, and there is no reason why they should not give the work to some committee—possibly the education committee. One of our big problems is in Dunbartonshire, where both sending and receiving bodies are one. In the landward areas, the receiving authorities deal with both housing and receiving. If the education committee has not been brought in, there is no reason why that should not be done. In March and April, the Department made a special point of writing to directors of education, inviting them to a conference about the new evacuation plans.
      A point was raised by the hon. Member for East Stirling about fishing in the Forth area. I am pleased to be able to tell the hon. Member that, as a result of negotiations between the proprietor and the fishermen who wanted to lease the fishing, we were, on Saturday, able to get a satisfactory agreement, and I understand that, at the end of the week, everything will be all right, and the fishermen will be getting on with the job, as a result of the negotiations carried through in Edinburgh.
      With regard to the question of compulsory billeting, I am sure that, if a real necessity arises, we can be sure that the vast majority of householders will open their doors to the children. There may be a few exceptional people who refuse to take their share. It is not fair that these people should get off, and the Government will expect the local authorities to use compulsory powers against such people. Compulsory powers already exist for the local authorities to operate against unwilling people who would seek
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      to shirk their responsibility during a national crisis of this kind and it is the intention of the Government that such powers should be used.
      I have tried to deal briefly with the main points raised during the Debate. The hon. Member for East Fife informed me that, as a result of another meeting, it would be necessary for him to leave the Committee before the winding-up of this Debate. The hon. Member for Kilmarnock spoke about the Scottish Youth Committee. As chairman of this committee, to which I have had the honour of being appointed, I might say that it is dealing with a subject in which I am very interested. I want to see the youth movement developed in Scotland as it ought to be. I want to see it developed with an entirely different philosophy to that of Nazism, and I believe that is possible with the freedom of spirit and of action in which we believe and with co-operation between the local education authorities. I entirely agree with the hon. Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Lindsay) that we cannot make a real success of this scheme unless we get the whole-hearted co-operation of the local education authorities. This scheme must also have the closest co-operation of the great voluntary organisations which have done such splendid work in connection with the effort of our country. I can assure the hon. Member for Kilmarnock and this Committee that I will do all I can to help the youth organisation in Scotland. It is a job which lies close to my heart, and everything I can do to make it a success will be done. If there are points with which I have not dealt, I have already given a guarantee—
      Mr. Kirkwood: What about the housing conditions in Dumbarton?
      Mr. Westwood: My right hon. Friend has assured me that he is taking the necessary action, that he is communicating with the local authority and trying to get them to deal with it. I am sure that the hon. Member for Dumbarton Burghs (Mr. Kirkwood) will realise that the responsibility for housing is mainly the responsibility of the local authority. They have the grants—
      Mr. Kirkwood: But the local authority may not do it.
      Mr. Westwood: Then certain action would be open to the Secretary of State for Scotland, though I do not know whether that particular action would be of any use under the existing circumstances. I have already assured the hon. Gentleman that what action can be taken by my right hon. Friend will be taken with a view to getting the local authority to look into this particular problem.
      Mr. Cassells: On that point, is the hon. Gentleman aware that my hon. Friend the Member for Dumbarton Burghs (Mr. Kirkwood) repeatedly raised with the late Secretary of State for Scotland the deplorable housing conditions associated with Loch Lomond? I have also raised it, and the local authority concerned has done nothing up to the present. May we have an assurance on that particular problem that something will be done immediately by the Minister responsible, so that the authority concerned are made cognisant of the responsibility which they undoubtedly have?
      Mr. Westwood: All that I can promise is that they will be reminded of their duty. I can give no guarantee that immediate attention will be given to it under existing circumstances, and I am sure that the hon. Member for Dumbarton Burghs will not expect me to give a promise or a pledge which I cannot fulfil, because I have never given a pledge which I cannot honestly fulfil. I know that the hon. Member will not ask me to give the matter immediate attention, but I will draw the attention of the local housing authority to this particular problem.
      One other point was raised with regard to the total expenditure of housing as contained in the Vote before the Committee. I was asked whether the increased Vote is due to the increased cost of housing, and if so how much is due to the increased cost of housing. The answer is: None of it. If I have missed out any point, as I have already promised, I will carefully look through the OFFICIAL REPORT of the Debate to-morrow. If there is any point which has been raised by any hon. Member and with which I have not dealt, I give the assurance that I will communicate with him, and the questions and points which have been raised will receive every consideration. I ask for the Vote with the confident knowledge that what can be done in the interests of administration to make Scotland a better
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      place, even in war-time, will be done so far as my right hon. Friend and I are concerned.
      Mr. Kirkwood: We will keep you to that.
      Mr. Westwood: We cannot promise to do the impossible. We can only promise to do our best by decent administration to make Scotland a better place.
      8.55 p.m.
      Mr. Callacher: I want to raise one or two points. While taking a good deal of pleasure in listening to the percentage of attendance in regard to education, I have a certain amount of doubt, because I know that in some parts of Fife and in other parts of Scotland, instead of children receiving full-time education, they have received only half-time education or even less than that. Some of the children have been known to say to their fathers that they were on the forenoon shift and that other children were on the afternoon shift. I would like everything done to ensure that the children will receive a full day's education, and a full week's education wherever possible.
      Another point has been raised concerning one or two places in Fife, and that is the occupation of the schools by the military. We all understand the difficulty in connection with that point, but I would ask the Under-Secretary wherever possible to endeavour to get other accommodation for the military, so that the maximum number of schools shall be available for the children. Another point was raised by the hon. Member for Dumbarton Burghs (Mr. Kirkwood) about the re-population of the Highlands. In the situation that now exists a real effort should be made to find some way of repopulating the Highlands. It is a great area; it is safer than any other part of the country, and an effort should be made to re-populate it. I have one other point, and that is in connection with a letter, one of a number which I have received. In this letter the writer says:
      "Dear Sir, I have your letter of the 28th instant intimating that you are taking the matter up with the Secretary of State."
      This refers to school shelters at Cross-ford.
      "This morning I have received a letter from the County Clerk of Fife intimating that the A.R.P. sub-committee have decided to

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      provide a baffle wall. I have replied stating that this is a clear evasion of the main danger, namely, the housing of children underneath a wooden constructed building, and that the danger from fire is very evident and in my opinion must be ruled out entirely as a place of shelter. I trust you will make this clear to the Secretary of State should he present the facts as supplied by the County Council. I do not intend to allow this matter to rest and if need be I shall convene a meeting of the parents in the village so that a united protest can be made to the County Council."
      This is a very important question. This village is adjacent to the Forth Bridge, to Rosyth Naval Base and the many munition dumps around that area. This question of the care of the children who are attending school and the necessity for providing shelter is of the greatest importance, and I hope that the Minister will take it up with the local authority and see that everything possible is done.
      Motion made, and Question, "That the Chairman do report Progress, and ask
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      leave to sit again," put, and agreed to.—[Mr. J. P. L. Thomas.]
      Committee report Progress; to sit again To-morrow.

  MARRIAGE (SCOTLAND) (EMERGENCY PROVISIONS) BILL [Lords].
  Considered in Committee; reported, without Amendment; read the Third time, and passed, without Amendment.
  The remaining Orders were read, and postponed.

  ADJOURNMENT.
  Resolved, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. J. P. L. Thomas.]
  Adjourned accordingly at Two Minutes after Nine o' Clock.

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.
  BUILDING WORK (DIRECTION).
  BUILDING WORK (DIRECTION).
  MINISTRY OF PENSIONS.
  MINISTRY OF PENSIONS.
  POST OFFICE.
  POST OFFICE.
FOOD SUPPLIES.
  SCHOOLS (MEAT RATIONS).
  SCHOOLS (MEAT RATIONS).
  SUGAR (FRUIT PRESERVING).
  SUGAR (FRUIT PRESERVING).
  FLOUR (BOLTON).
  FLOUR (BOLTON).
  SURPLUS GARDEN PRODUCE (SCOTLAND).
  SURPLUS GARDEN PRODUCE (SCOTLAND).
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
  PRICES OF GOODS ACT (PROSECUTIONS).
  PRICES OF GOODS ACT (PROSECUTIONS).
  TIN (GOVERNMENT PURCHASE).
  TIN (GOVERNMENT PURCHASE).
  SCRAP-IRON (ITALY).
  SCRAP-IRON (ITALY).
AGRICULTURE.
  FARM INSTITUTES (STAFFS).
  FARM INSTITUTES (STAFFS).
  POULTRY STOCKS.
  POULTRY STOCKS.
  ROYAL AIR FORCE PERSONNEL (ARMS).
  ROYAL AIR FORCE PERSONNEL (ARMS).
  NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE.
  NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE.
CIVIL DEFENCE.
  EVACUATION.
  EVACUATION.
  AIR-RAID SHELTERS (RAIL CONSIGNMENTS).
  AIR-RAID SHELTERS (RAIL CONSIGNMENTS).
  GROWING CROPS (PROTECTION FROM FIRE).
  GROWING CROPS (PROTECTION FROM FIRE).
  REFUGEES' ACCOMMODATION (RATES).
  REFUGEES' ACCOMMODATION (RATES).
  NAVAL AND MILITARY PENSIONS AND GRANTS.
  NAVAL AND MILITARY PENSIONS AND GRANTS.
  TURKISH STUDENTS, GREAT BRITAIN (FACILITIES).
  TURKISH STUDENTS, GREAT BRITAIN (FACILITIES).
MILITARY SERVICE.
  MEDICAL BOARDS (MEMBERSHIP).
  MEDICAL BOARDS (MEMBERSHIP).
  MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.
  MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.
  SOLICITORS AND SOLICITORS' CLERKS (SCOTLAND).
  SOLICITORS AND SOLICITORS' CLERKS (SCOTLAND).
  BRITISH CITIZENS ABROAD.
  BRITISH CITIZENS ABROAD.
UNEMPLOYMENT.
  PAPER INDUSTRY, GRAVESEND.
  PAPER INDUSTRY, GRAVESEND.
  WESTHOUGHTON DIVISION.
  WESTHOUGHTON DIVISION.
  ELECTRICITY CHARGES, LONDON.
  ELECTRICITY CHARGES, LONDON.
MINISTRY OF SUPPLY.
  NEWSPAPERS (STREET SALES).
  NEWSPAPERS (STREET SALES).
  IRONSTONE DEPOSITS (SUSSEX).
  IRONSTONE DEPOSITS (SUSSEX).
  MINISTRY OF INFORMATION (CIRCULARS).
  MINISTRY OF INFORMATION (CIRCULARS).
  INCOME TAX (SUPERANNUATION FUNDS).
  INCOME TAX (SUPERANNUATION FUNDS).
BRITISH ARMY.
  CRUISE VISOR.
  CRUISE VISOR.
  DEFENCE MEASURES.
  DEFENCE MEASURES.
  LOCAL DEFENCE VOLUNTEERS.
  LOCAL DEFENCE VOLUNTEERS.
  SOLDIER'S DISCHARGE (DARTFORD).
  SOLDIER'S DISCHARGE (DARTFORD).
Preamble
The House met at four of the clock, The LORD CHANCELLOR on the Woolsack.
SAINT MARY MAGDALENE HOSPITAL (NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE) BILL. [H.L.]
Read 3a, and passed, and sent to the Commons.

CHRISTCHURCH CORPORATION BILL.
The King's consent signified.
Read 3a, with the Amendments, and passed, and returned to the Commons.

THE WAR: FRANCE'S DECISION AND THE BRITISH RESOLVE.
LORD ADDISON: My Lords, may I ask the Leader of the House whether he can make any statement on the international situation?
THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DOMINION AFFAIRS (VISCOUNT CALDECOTE): My Lords, yesterday at mid-day Marshal Pétain broadcast a message to the French nation saying that their Armies must cease to fight. He had already, through General Franco, asked if Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini would be ready to sign the means to end hostilities as between soldiers in honour. The events leading up to this tragic utterance must be narrated. Fourteen days ago the French Amies, reorganised under General Weygand, awaited the German onslaught on the lines of the Somme and the Aisne. In spite of all their efforts, magnificently supported as they were by the Royal Air Force, the French Armies were overwhelmed. His Majesty's Government lost no time in sending troops to support the French Armies immediately after the Dunkirk evacuation. The tide was not stemmed.
On June 14 Paris was abandoned by the French Government, and the French Armies, exhausted by ten days of incessant fighting and marching, found themselves holding an extended line in
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which breaches had already been made west of the Seine and on the vital front in Champagne. On the same day, June 14, M. Reynaud made his last appeal to the President of the United States of America. He made it clear that the continuation of the struggle was dependent on increased moral and material support from those who shared the French faith in democracy. His Majesty's Government responded in terms which your Lordships will all remember. On the following day, June 15, the President of the United States pledged his country to refuse to recognise any infringement of the independence or territorial integrity of France, while at the same time he made it clear that any questions of military commitments were matters for Congress. Meanwhile the French Government left Tours to go to Bordeaux. On June 15 and 16 the French Government faced the question of the abandonment of the struggle. His Majesty's Government left nothing undone to show their determination to give France every support and to continue the struggle to its victorious conclusion. On June 16 His Majesty's Government offered to make the solemn declaration published this morning, in pursuance of which the two nations were to be fused into one great weapon for the accomplishment of their common purpose. The French Government did not accept this declaration.
At half-past eleven on the night of June 16 M. Reynaud resigned and Marshal Pétain took his place, with General Weygand as Vice-President of the Council. There immediately followed the request I have mentioned for terms of peace; but it is right to say that the new French Foreign Minister broadcast last night a message in which he made it clear that the French Government will never accept shameful conditions which mean the end of their spiritual freedom. If it was a choice between existence and honour, he said, their choice was already made. In these circumstances it would seem that some fighting is still continuing, although the German troops have surrounded the Maginot line and approached the Swiss frontier. The purpose of the declaration was not achieved, but the resolve of His Majesty's Government stands rock-like. As long as the resolution of their Allies abides, the British Empire is shoulder to shoulder with them. If, on the other hand, we stand alone to defend

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the right and the future of our own homes and the nations that have been soiled and ravaged by the German invasion, then I hope our courage will match our pride in a great hour.
It is a dark hour for France, and the sufferings of the French people have been immense. They have been tortured beyond endurance. But whether they cease to fight or not, we are persuaded the French authorities will do all in their power to remove every hindrance to the continuance of the struggle by their Allies. Our course is plain. The foe has to break the spirit of our Imperial race or he must fail. The centre of our resistance now lies in these islands. Our power to defend them and, in defending them, to defend the Empire, will decide this struggle.
I hope your Lordships will allow me to attempt to survey the resources with which we meet this challenge. Our superior sea-power is sufficient to defeat any attempt at sea-borne invasion, provided the co-operation of the Naval and Air Forces can ensure, as we believe it can, interception at sea. It is well to remember that in 1914 those who were responsible faced the risks of overseas invasion without keeping troops at home that were needed elsewhere. Then the Germans possessed a battle fleet of ten to our sixteen; to-day they have only two heavy ships which are worth mentioning. We can meet more confidently, even than during the early months of this war, sea-borne invasion on a great scale—that is to say, great enough to succeed. It is to be remembered in connection with the matter that I mentioned—namely, the power of the Royal Air Force, together with the Navy, to detect approaching invasion—that the resources of science have immensely aided the work of the Air Force in interception and are at this moment being yet ever more highly developed. Undoubtedly restless vigilance in action as well as in research must never be relaxed. Given that, we have every reason to count on success, and we may feel confidence in our own strength to resist such invasion.
Invasion from the air is a new factor of which we have to take the most serious account. Dunkirk saw an intensity of air operation which surpassed even the
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activity of the preceding months of the war. Day by day our fighters and bombers worked with each other and with their French comrades. Every day our patrols have operated over the narrow seas and on French soil. Each night our bombers have hammered at the enemy's columns and lines of communication as well as at their sources of supply in German territory. And, be it remembered, this last offensive is at the most yielding part of the enemy's line. The physical exhaustion of their people and the depletion of their stocks have been daily increased. In France, I am informed, where we worked at a considerable disadvantage, our Air Force inflicted losses of two or two and a half to one upon the enemy Air Force, and over Dunkirk a loss of three or four to one was suffered by the enemy. The very pictures of the Dunkirk embarkation, which all your Lordships have seen, are eloquent to describe the superiority of our airmen and our machines. Fighting over British soil we will have an advantage which is not generally recognised. All the crews whose machines are injured but who reach the ground safely will no longer be lost to the war; they will be available for yet more services on behalf of their country. Only as to numbers is there any further question. I am happy to say that our fighter strength to-day is stronger relatively to the Germans than ever before. The bomber force of the enemy is, in mere numbers, in excess of our own. But make no mistake about it, my Lords, we have a large bombing force and we shall continue to strike at the military targets in Germany.
No doubt we have to face in this country an ordeal by fire which will call up all our native reserves of endurance and fortitude. Fear is a traitor that must be expelled from our counsels. The greatest qualities of our race will now be called upon to play their part. It is unnecessary to speak of our Army's gallantry. Many soldiers lately back from France, where they had a searching and a testing experience, are anxious for only one thing, and that is to achieve on other fields or the same fields the victory of their country to-day. In this country there are one and a quarter million men now under arms in addition to the Local Defence Volunteers, though, of course, many of these are not equipped. Very large

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supplies of new weapons will very soon be made available.
But, my Lords, I have left till the last the mention of one great and unfailing source of confidence The Dominions have made a magnificent contribution to our strength. We have received many messages from each of them. If I quote two of them your Lordships will not misunderstand me; they are but examples which might be multiplied over and over again. I refer to one which has been received by the Prime Minister from the Prime Minister of one of the smallest Dominions, New Zealand:
"If His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom decide to fight on, we pledge this Dominion to remain with them to the end and we are confident this policy is unchangeable in the Dominion. At the same time we again pledge New Zealand to every form of assistance within our power, and, with the sole desire to render the maximum help, we will gladly and sympathetically consider any suggestions of any kind and at any time that His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom may think it desirable to make."
Let me make one other quotation from the youngest of our Dominions, the Union of South Africa. The Prime Minister, in a telegram, says:
"Whatever the difficulties and trials ahead, and however long the road to victory may be, we hope to follow it to the end in company with our Commonwealth friends and other Allies."
From Canada and Australia messages of equal determination to stay with us, to fight with us, to endure with us, and to win with us, have been received. My Lords, we have a fiery ordeal in this country through which we must pass. The faith of our fathers will sustain us however scorching the fire may be. To fight and endure for freedom's cause even more than our fathers endured will be a noble chapter in the history of our race, and I know that the people of our land will not fail.
4.17 p.m.
LORD ADDISON: My Lords, the statement of the Leader of the House will not come as a surprise to any one of us, least of all the note of resolution which runs through it. The statement of Marshal Pétain and the French Government, wrung from them by anguish, I am quite sure touched the heart of every lover of liberty in every land. We reverence their heroic sacrifices, and it was a great comfort, I am sure, to all of us to read in the statement this morn-
590
ing that they regarded their honour above all things and would accept no degrading peace. But it does mean, not for the first time, that we stand alone for the time being. I am quite sure that there is not a man or a woman in the land whose resolution is abated, indeed there is not one but who is more resolved than ever. We have stood in a similar position before, and seen the conquest of liberty in Europe ultimately turned back by Britain, but at that time we did not have, as the noble Viscount has reminded us now, the great Dominions for our support. Indeed, at that time we did not have the promise of the priceless material support of that very great people across the Atlantic.
I will only say that it seems to me there are two plain lessons for us all. We cannot fight mechanical Armies unless we have superior equipment. I do not think there is any man or woman in the country who is other than willing to help to obtain that. That demands—as I am sure from the Prime Minister we shall receive—efficient leadership. The times demand efficient leadership regardless of persons. Above all I feel sure we may confidently look for that leadership in the great service which is our first line of defence, never broken. With this leadership provided for us there is, I believe, no limit to the self sacrifice and service which our people are prepared to render.
4.22 p.m.
THE MARQUESS OF CREWE: My Lords, the news from France came as a deep grief to us all, most of all to those of us who love France, who have some knowledge of the country, who have spent happy years there and enjoy many French friendships. On one thing we can be all united, in admiration for the valour and endurance which the French soldiers have shown against overwhelming odds. It seems that, so far as they can, they are continuing to show those qualities. It is useless to speak of the past. There is no more futile and feeble way of encountering misfortunes than to spend time in the discussion of who is most to blame for them, instead of devoting all energy and all thought to deciding how misfortunes can be repaired. To attempt to consider now on whom the responsibility rests—it may go back for years—for the fact that Germany has achieved that vast mechanical superiority

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which has been the one secret of her success would be idle. We must think of the present and of the future. We were all heartened last night by the staunchness of the Prime Minister's broadcast, and the whole spirit of that was reproduced in the statement which we have just heard from the noble Viscount. We have to think, as he did, of the unstinted support which we are receiving from the whole Empire. Those messages from the Dominions might, as he said, be repeated over and over again. I have no doubt that they could be repeated in similar form from many of the great Colonies. Therefore we are able to feel that, though these events may have set the end further off, perhaps much further off, yet the end is equally sure.

CARDIFF CORPORATION (TROLLEY VEHICLES) PROVISIONAL ORDER BILL.
Brought from the Commons; read 1a; and referred to the Examiners.
HUDDERSFIELD CORPORATION (TROLLEY VEHICLES) PROVISIONAL ORDER BILL.
Brought from the Commons; read 1a; and referred to the Examiners.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE CORPORATION (TROLLEY VEHICLES) PROVISIONAL ORDER BILL.
Brought from the Commons; read 1a; and referred to the Examiners.

CONFIRMATION OF EXECUTORS (WAR SERVICE) (SCOTLAND) BILL. [H.L.]
Order of the Day for the House to be put into Committee read.
Moved, That the House do now resolve itself into Committee.—(Lord Alness.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.
House in Committee accordingly:
[Lord STANMORE in the Chair.]
Clause 1:
Procedure in petitions or applications for appointment or confimation as executor of persons engaged on war service and presumed dead.
1.—(1) Where there is produced with any petition or application for appointment or
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confirmation as executor of any person who, at any time during the war period, has been or shall be engaged in war service, a certificate or intimation issued by or on behalf of the competent authority that a report of the death of any such person has been accepted for official purposes, or that such person was missing on a specified date and that it has been presumed or concluded for official purposes that such person is dead, an oath or affirmation that to the best of the deponent's knowledge and belief such person is dead shall, for the purposes of such petition or application, be equivalent in all respects to an oath or affirmation that such person died on the date appearing in the certificate or intimation as the date on which he was missing or reported to have died:
Provided that the provisions of this subsection shall not apply unless between the last-mentioned date and the date of presenting the petition or application a period of not less than twelve months shall have elapsed, or unless between the date when such certificate or intimation has been issued and the date of presenting the petition or application a period of not less than six months shall have elapsed.
4.28 p.m.
LORD STRABOLGI LORD STRABOLGI moved, in the proviso in subsection (1), to leave out all words after "elapsed," where that word first occurs, and insert "where a certificate has been issued and confirmation of the particulars contained therein is given by a competent authority, an application may be made forthwith." The noble Lord said: Immediately after the Second Reading of this Bill in your Lordships' House, I was approached by representatives of the merchant seamen, and particularly of the officers' federation, for whom I am always ready to act, as I am sure all your Lordships would be, and to whom we owe so much. They pointed out that they would suffer hardship under the terms of the Bill. The particular difficulty is that until now, when the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen has proof of the death of a seaman the estate of that seaman can be administered forthwith, whereas under this Bill there will be considerable delay.
The proposed Amendment, which I fear has been rather hurriedly drafted, may not quite meet the case. I have had the privilege of a short conference with my noble and learned friend Lord Alness, and I understand that, although the Government are sympathetic with the intention of the Amendment, the wording is considered defective. Indeed, my noble and learned friend was good enough to point out to me that it would not

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altogether achieve the object we have in view on behalf of the merchant seamen. Nevertheless, I would ask leave to put their case very briefly. The original Act passed in the last war, as my noble and learned friend pointed out to your Lordships on Second Reading, did not apply to merchant seamen. Merchant seamen are, however, brought under this Bill. My noble friend said the three services, the Navy, Army and Air Force had been consulted. I am not sure whether the Ministry of Shipping have been consulted, and my suggestion is that they ought to have been. No doubt they have been brought into the conversations.
Many members of the Merchant Navy have lost their lives at sea in consequence of enemy attacks on ships in which they have been serving. It frequently happens that where a vessel is lost, resulting in the death of officers and crew, it is not possible for the exact date of death to be stated on the death certificate which is issued by the Registrar-General under Section 255 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894. The certificate in most cases merely records the approximate date of death as a result of the loss of a particular ship, without stating the exact date on which the man in quesion died. In view of the fact that the actual date of death is not known, it became necessary to make application to the Court for leave to presume death before probate or letters of administration were obtained. This procedure entails hardship upon the dependants, as it involves delay in obtaining a grant of representation of the estate, and it also entails expense in many cases out of proportion to the value of the estate. I am sorry to say that the purses of most merchant officers and crew are narrow. The estates they leave are in any case not those which are usually left by successful members of my noble and learned friend's profession. In most cases these estates consist of a house or one or two houses, freehold or leasehold, subject very often to a mortgage. If the dependants of officers of the Merchant Navy or of seamen cannot obtain probate or letters of administration at once, they are left without any money for many months.
These difficulties were pointed out to the Senior Registrar of the Principal Probate Registry, and after consideration the President of the Probate Division
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directed that when a certificate under Section 255 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, is produced as evidence of death, it may be accepted without further proof and without any order of the Court being obtained, subject to the Probate Registry obtaining from the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen a verification of the facts. By reason of this ruling, delay and expense were immediately obviated. The system has worked perfectly well. Having obtained a ruling of the probate authorities in England, an endeavour was made to arrange for the same procedure in Scotland, since a considerable number of officers and men of the Merchant Navy have Scottish domicile and estates and property in Scotland.
If this Scottish Bill is passed in its present form without some amendment of the nature I indicate in my proposed Amendment, it will mean that where a certificate is issued by the competent authority—for example, the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen—that a report of the death of any person engaged in war service has been accepted for official purposes, or that such a person was missing on a specified date and has been presumed dead for official purposes, no application to the Court to presume the death will be necessary. Application for confirmation, however, cannot be made until either twelve months after the date appearing in the certificate as the date on which the deceased was missing or reported to have died, or six months after the date of the issue of the certificate. Delay of at least six months is therefore inevitable, but the expense of Court proceedings to presume death is obviated. If this Bill is passed for Scotland in its present form, it will in many cases bring hardship on the dependants of merchant seamen, since they cannot afford to wait for six months before they will be allowed to use what little money may have been left to them. It is urged that the same procedure should be followed in Scotland, or that the Bill be amended to enable application for confirmation to be made immediately the Ministry of Shipping have confirmed the facts contained in the death certificate issued by the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen. That is the case for some amendment. I admit that this Amendment, having been tabled in adverse circumstances, may not be in the right form, but I beg that my noble and

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learned friend will give a sympathetic ear to this plea for the Scottish officers and seamen of the British Merchant Marine. I know I can rely on him to do what he can to remedy a grievance. I beg to move.
Amendment moved—
Page 2, leave out lines 3 to 6 and insert ("where a certificate has been issued and confirmation of the particulars contained therein is given by a competent authority, an application may be made forthwith.").—(Lord Strabolgi.)
4.35 p.m.
LORD ALNESS: My noble friend was good enough to give me notice of his intention to put down this Amendment upon the Paper, and therefore I have had an opportunity of looking into it in advance. I have no doubt he will accept from me that I humbly regard the class of men on whose behalf he speaks as deserving of every sympathetic consideration which one can extend to them, and it is from that point of view that I approach the Amendment which he has moved. May I say a preliminary word about the form of the Bill as it stands? As I reminded the House on the last occasion, this Bill is really a reproduction of an Act which was passed in 1917, during the last war, but which did not, as my noble friend has truly said, apply to the Merchant Service. At that time, however, representations in the same sense as those he has made to-day were made to me in another place—namely, to shorten the period during which confirmation must be awaited. I resisted that attempt at the time, and urged the honourable Member who made it not to press his Amendment, assuring him, as I assure the noble Lord now, that I had taken the fullest and most adequate counsel upon the matter from those who are best informed regarding it before putting in the Bill the periods which are there specified. All I can say about the Act of 1917 is that, so far as is known in the Scottish Office, it has worked with complete adequacy and without any hardship or difficulty due to the period of time which it prescribes shall elapse before confirmation is taken out.
So much by way of preliminary to my noble friend's Amendment. Coming to the Amendment itself, I think he will be the first to admit that, even though I
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accepted the Amendment in its present form, it would not carry the applicant one step further, and for this obvious and simple reason. So long as the first part of the proviso which deals with the twelve months interval remains in the Bill—and my noble friend does not propose to delete it—it governs the whole of what follows; and therefore, whenever the application is made, it cannot be fruitfully made until the expiry of twelve months. I am sure that is not what my noble friend desires. Further, if I accepted his Amendment in its present form, the only effect which it would have would be to wipe out of the Bill the shorter period, the period of six months, which I have no doubt my noble friend would prefer to twelve months. Accordingly I hope that I have satisfied my noble friend that the Amendment in its present form will not do.
At the same time, having listened sympathetically to what he has said, I desire to repeat, if I may, here what I have said to him already—namely, that I shall be happy, before the Third Reading of the Bill is taken, to consider carefully the case which he has made today and to see whether it is possible in a reasonable way to meet his wishes by, as I understand it, shortening the period during which the applicant for confirmation has to wait. That I gather to be the substance of his argument, and I shall consider with my advisers before the Third Reading takes place whether that can reasonably be done. With that assurance perhaps my noble friend may see his way to withdraw the Amendment on the Committee stage. It can, as I think I am right in saying, be appropriately made on the Third Reading.
4.40 p.m.
LORD STRABOLGI: I am very much obliged to my noble and learned friend. As I explained, the Bill has been of necessity pressed through rather hurriedly. I was approached about this difficulty only after the Bill had passed Second Reading and when your Lordships were on the point of rising, and I had not the opportunity of considering further the Amendment which was suggested by my friends of the Mercantile Marine. They are obviously not skilled draftsmen, and even sea lawyers have not a great knowledge of Parliamentary procedure! I admit that their Amend-

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ment does not really achieve what they want to do. I am very grateful to my noble and learned friend, however, for his undertaking. He will appreciate, I know, that the case of the merchant seaman or officer is rather different, for example, from that of a seaman in the Royal Navy or a soldier; if he is missing, in all too many cases the means of subsistence of his family ceases for the time being, and there are not the same facilities for bringing proof, and so on, as are available in the case of men of the regular Fighting Services.
I am sure that my noble and learned friend is seized of the case of the merchant seaman, and perhaps one day—it may be quite soon, as the result of this war—our Mercantile Marine will be on the same footing as the Royal Navy as regards these matters. I think that the nation would wish that the officers and seamen of the Mercantile Marine should have the same status as regards benefits to their dependants and in other ways
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as those who belong to the regular services. This is a matter which I have had at heart for a long time. I believe that my noble and learned friend is aware of the need for great reforms, so that the family of a deceased seaman of the Mercantile Marine is in no way worse off than the family of a deceased seaman of the Royal Navy. I ask leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 1 agreed to.
Remaining clause agreed to.
Bill reported without amendment.

INDIAN AND COLONIAL DIVORCE JURISDICTION BILL. [H.L.]
Read 3a (according to Order), and passed, and sent to the Commons.
House adjourned at seventeen minutes before five o clock.

Preamble
The LORD CHANCELLOR acquainted the House, That the Clerk of the Parliaments had laid upon the Table the Certificate from the Examiners that the further Standing Orders applicable to the following Bill have been complied with:
Taunton Corporation.
Also the Certificates that no Standing Orders are applicable to the following Bills:

Ministry of Health Provisional Order (Thirsk District Water).

Ministry of Health Provisional Order (Littlestone-on-Sea and District Water),

Ministry of Health Provisional Order (Norwich).

The same were ordered to lie on the Table.

WEY VALLEY WATER BILL.
The CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES informed the House that the opposition to the Bill was withdrawn. The Orders made on the 6th and 11th instant discharged, and Bill committed.

LEAMINGTON PRIORS AND WARWICK GAS ORDER, 1940.
Report from the Special Orders Committee, That no Petitions have been presented praying to be heard against the Special Orders, and that there is nothing in these Orders to which they think it necessary to call the attention of the House:
Read, and ordered to lie on the Table.