Sitting of 13 May 1927

Preamble
The House met at Eleven o'Clock, Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair.

PRIVATE BUSINESS.
War Risks Associations (Distribution of Reserve Funds) Bill,
Read the Third time, and passed

ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS.

  ARCOS LIMITED (POLICE SEARCH).
  Mr. ARTHUR HENDERSON(by Private Notice) asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department whether it is a fact that upon his authority a police raid has been made upon the premises of Arcos Limited or the Russian Trade Delegation, or both, and, if so, can he state the reason for this action, and can he give the House full information on the matter?
  The SECRETARY of STATE for the HOME DEPARTMENT (Sir William Joynson-Hicks): Information was placed before me on Wednesday evening by the heads of the police, upon which I authorised them to apply to a magistrate for a warrant to search the premises of Arcos. That warrant was applied for and granted. Entry was made yesterday afternoon. Search is now in progress, and I am not, and shall not be able for a day or two to give any further information to the House.
  Mr. HENDERSON: Will the right hon. Gentleman be in a position to give the House any information if a question is put to him on Monday? He must recognise, as the House as a whole will recognise, the very serious matter that is involved in the action he has taken, and it is of great public importance that it should not stand over too long before the House obtains full information.
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: The police are at present in possession of Arcos, and the search is continuing. Of course, the right hon. Gentleman can repeat his question on Monday, and he may be perfectly certain that if there is any information that I can properly give, I will give it at the earliest possible moment.
  Mr. HENDERSON: I beg to give notice that I will repeat the question on Monday.
  Lieut.-Commander KENWORTHY: The right hon. Gentleman did not answer the part of the question which dealt with the Trade Delegation. He was asked whether Arcos and the Trade Delegation, or the Trade Delegation, had been raided. Is the right hon. Gentleman able of his own knowledge to say that, and particularly whether the office of the head of the Trade Delegation, Mr. Khinchuk, was raided, and is he aware that this gentleman has written documentary diplomatic immunity from the Foreign Office? If I am not asking too many questions, I should also like to know whether this permission or application was made after Cabinet consultation, or consultation with the Foreign Office?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: As far as the first part of the question is concerned, I saw Sir Wyndham Childs late last night. He is again at Arcos this morning, and I cannot answer a question as to the exact portion of the building where the Trade Delegation is. I shall have further information in regard to that on Monday. In regard to the second part of the question, this is a matter in which the responsibility rests with the Secretary of State.
  Mr. R. HUDSON: Is there any truth in the report that the Soviet Charge d'Affaires came straight to the Labour Whip's Office in this House instead of going to the Foreign Office?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: That question should be addressed opposite.
  Mr. HENDERSON: It is true that the Charge d'Affaires did come down to this House to have a consultation with myself. We do not work through subterranean passages. I ought to say that he had done everything he possibly could, before he came here, to get into touch with the right hon. Gentleman the Foreign Secretary.
  Miss LAWRENCE: Could the Home Secretary say whether the police raid is taking place in Moorgate Street only, or at another building in a different part of the town as well?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: There has been no raid in any other part of London, other than Moorgate Street. I am not sure that there are not two intercommunicating buildings there. I rather fancy there are two buildings there, one in Moorgate Street and another, probably that which the hon. Lady has in mind, which is inter-communicating.
  Miss LAWRENCE
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: Well, there was no other raid in any other district of London.
  Mr. TAYLOR: Is it true that some hundreds of employé s of Messrs. Arcos of British nationality were searched? If so, can the right hon. Gentleman give the House the terms of the warrant?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: The hon. Member seems to think that this is an exceptional case. Amos is an English company, and, as he quite rightly says, with a lot of English officers and employé s. When a magistrate issues a search warrant in regard to any particular premises, the question of nationality does not enter into it at all.
  Mr. TAYLOR: What I asked was, whether it was true that these persons have been subjected to a search— whether their personal documents have been inspected by the police?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: It is impossible for me to answer that at the moment. If the hon. Member will put a question down, or give me notice of any question he desires to be answered, I will endeavour to get him the information.
  Mr. TAYLOR: Is the right hon. Gentleman satisfied that the terms of the warrant gave the police the power to search British subjects in this way?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: No, I am expressing no opinion at all. The warrant was not granted by me, but by a magistrate.
  Major-General Sir ALFRED KNOX: Will the right hon. Gentleman state whether the visit of the Soviet Charge
  798
  d'Affaires to the Houses of Parliament to consult with the executive of the Socialist party does not form a gross breach of diplomatic etiquette?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: I think that question must be put to my colleague, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
  Mr. THURTLE: May I ask the Home Secretary whether the authority he gave for application to be made for a search warrant included authority to apply for a search warrant to search not only Arcos but to search the Russian Trade Delegation?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: I said just now that I am not at present able to say where one building begins and the other ends, and until I have seen Sir Wyndham Childs, who is charge of the matter, and had a full consultation with him, it is impossible for me to answer that question.
  Mr. A. V. ALEXANDER: May we understand from the Home Secretary, when he gave authority to the police to apply for a warrant, that although he had knowledge of the Russian Trade Delegation, he took no precautions to ask them to exclude from the search the office of another body which had diplomatic immunity?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: No, the hon. Member must not understand that. He must only understand by my statement what I have actually said in this House.
  Lieut.-Colonel HENEAGE: Is it not clear from the Supplementary Questions put from the opposite benches, that the Labour party are concerned with any country but their own?
  Lieut.-Commander KENWORTHY: The Labour party does not want war. Is it possible that the Home Secretary was not aware that, under the terms of the Trade Agreement, the Trade Delegation has immunity, and is it possible that this warrant was applied for without knowledge of where the Trade Delegation begins and Arcos ends?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: As regards the first part of the question, it is not possible that the Home Secretary was not aware of certain facts. As far as the second part of the question is concerned, I have already said I do not know

  799
  exactly the rooms in a particular building where the one begins and the other ends.
  Lieut.-Commander KENWORTHY: And you do not care.
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: The hon. and gallant Member is not entitled to say that.
  Lieut.-Commander KENWORTHY: I do not want to be offensive.
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: I know that I directed that application should be made to the magistrate for a warrant to search the premises of Arcos Limited, and that warrant was granted.
  Lieut.-Commander KENWORTHY: I did not want to be offensive, but I thought the right hon. Gentleman's attitude indicated what I said.
  Mr. ALBERY: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware, as has been stated, that, as an indirect result of this raid, a number of employé s have not received their week's money, and can he take steps to see that Arcos are given facilities to pay these people their week's money?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: I was not aware of that, but I will send down to see if any arrangement can be made for the convenience of the employeé s, and, if it can, it shall be made.
  Sir WILLIAM DAVISON: Is it not a fact that the British Embassy at St. Petersburg was actually raided in 1918, and that up to the present no compensation has been paid?
  Mr. THURTLE: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that it is not merely a case of two separate buildings, but of two separate and distinct organisations, one of which is diplomatic. Will the

  —

  Men.

  Boys.

  Women.

  Girls.

  Total.

  4th April

  …

  …

  …

  1,294

  83

  89

  84

  1,550

  11th April

  …

  …

  …

  1,316

  84

  85

  84

  1,569

  18th April

  …

  …

  …

  1,280

  82

  64

  85

  1,511

  25th April

  …

  …

  …

  1,306

  98

  86

  97

  1,587

  right hon. Gentleman say whether he authorised the search of both these organisations, or only one of them?
  Sir W. DAVISON: Is it not a fact that nobody knows where the authority of the Third International ends and that of the Soviet Government begins?
  Sir W. JOYNSON-HICKS: I do not think that I can add anything more to what I have already said until Monday.

ORDERS OF THE DAY.

  OPTICAL PRACTITIONERS (REGISTRATION BILL).
  Order for Second Reading read.
  Mr. WEST RUSSELL: I beg to move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
  In view of the lengthy sitting of the House yesterday, and the controversial character of the subject which was then under discussion, it is not suprising that the House at this moment presents a somewhat attenuated appearance. The interest taken in this Measure by hon. Members and by other people throughout the country is well known, and it is a Measure in regard to which there is no difference of opinion. I am aware, however, that there are hon. Members in this House who feel that they will not be able to support the Second Reading of this Measure. While there may be a considerable difference of opinion in regard to some of the details of this Bill, I venture to state that there are few, if any, hon. Members who are not in complete accord with the broad principle upon which the Bill is based. This form of legislation is not unknown, and it is not a new form. I believe I am right in saying that ours is the only country where there is no legislation affecting the registration of opticians. In Australia, and certainly in every State of the United States of America, legislation obtains at the present moment which governs, controls, and directs the operations of opticians.
  It may be that, as a result of that legislation, the people of the United States of America are, probably, the most bespectacled people in the world. This is not because the eyesight of the people of the United States is more deficient than the eyesight of the people of this country, but it is because the people of the United States of America have long since realised the fact that good eyesight is of enormous national importance. No doubt defective eyesight prevails in the United States just as it prevails here, and constitutes a national problem in regard to which the United States is, perhaps, ahead of us. I think
  806
  I am right in saying that, at the present moment, in this country, among adults, as well as among children, there are more spectacles worn than some few years ago, not for the reason that the eyesight of the people of this country is worse than it was 10 years ago, but it is largely due to the voluntary efforts made by the opticians of this country to improve matters, and they have made a definite attempt to cope with the problem.
  While there may be differences of opinion with regard to this Bill as it is drafted, there is little difference of opinion among hon, Members as to the principle upon which the Bill is founded. There may be some matters with regard to the application of this principle to opticians about which hon. Members have some doubt. The same principle is embodied in many Acts of Parliament. We have many State registers affecting dentists, and we have also State registers applied to nurses and midwives. There are, probably, many more State registers than hon. Members are aware of, and it is a principle that has been accepted, and has been in operation with regard to some other professions for a considerable time, and has met with considerable success. It would appear from the Amendments on the Order Paper, that some hon. Members are in doubt as to whether that principle which has been applied in the case of dentists, midwives, nurses and architects, is a kind of principle that ought to be applied with regard to the profession of the opticians.
  I desire, as briefly as I can, to present to the House the grounds, as I see them and understand them, upon which the opticians claim to be registered in this country. What is it exactly that constitutes a fit and proper subject for registration? What is it exactly that makes a profession or a craft a proper subject for the application of this principle of registration? There have been many discussions in this House in regard to this principle, with the result that hon. Members have been left with some considerable guidance as to how the question should be approached. I will suggest one or two considerations. For example, if it can be shown that the work of the profession affects the welfare of the country to such an extent that it is a matter of public importance, that is a relevant consideration. If it can be shown that a certain standard of qualification,

  807
  skill and knowledge is a matter of public interest, that, I think, is a relevant consideration. If it can be shown that such a standard of qualification and skill can only be maintained provided those practitioners are prepared to give a considerable time to specialisation, and if it can be shown that such status and powers for the optician as may be given to a body governed by such registration as is asked for in this Bill, will work to no disadvantage to any considerable section of the community, that, also is one of the considerations which hon. Members might well have in mind when considering this question.
  There is, perhaps, one other consideration. Some three weeks ago this House discussed a Bill for the registration of architects, and that Bill received its Second Reading without a Division. There were some hon. Members in all quarters of the House who opposed that Measure, among them the right hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Newcastle-under-Lyme (Colonel Wedgwood). The right hon. and gallant Gentleman is, as we all know, pledged to oppose all private legislation in this House, especially when it emanates from this side, and, as an individualist, he is opposed to what he described as "these close corporations" He was opposed to the Architects Bill. he is opposed to the Accountants Bill. and he is opposed to the Engineers Bill But he drew this distinction, which I think is of special interest as coming from him. He said that where the public health was concerned, as in the case of dentists and midwives, and he went on also to speak of this Bill, he believed that a case concerning those professions could quite well be made out— that is to say, where the main consideration was the public health. I contend from that that this Bill, on the ground that it touches the public health of this country very materially, should have the support of so great an individualist as the right hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Newcastle-under-Lyme. I am sorry that he is not here to-day.
  Notice taken that 40 Members were not present; House counted; and 40 Members being present— —
  Mr. RUSSELL: Before this interruption, I was trying to suggest to hon. Members such considerations as they might well have in mind when considering whether the principle of registration should be applied to opticians. I want now to point out, in the light of those considerations, exactly the field in which the opticians are at present operating. I think it will be agreed that the work of opticians, and the effect of it on the welfare of the country, is indeed a matter of national importance. I sometimes wonder if it is fully appreciated exactly what is the state of things in this country at present with regard to the eyesight of the people. Only the other day I took a cutting from a paper in which reference was made to the work being carried on by a council in this country for the preservation of the eyesight of the people, and it gave some statistics which, to me at any rate, were extraordinarily striking. It is said on very good authority that at the present moment something like 15,000,000 people in this country, or about one-third of the population, are labouring under a measure of defective eyesight; and, on statistics which, I believe, are vouched for, there are in the industries at the present moment some 4,000,000 people at least suffering from short sight, disease of the eye, or some defect of eye construction; while in a report last year by the Board of Education, it was stated that in that year alone something like 16,000 school children were treated for squint. According to this cutting, also, there is a high percentage— something like 24.8 per cent.— of school children suffering from defective sight. In these figures we have it suggested how grave a problem defective vision presents to us at the present moment.
  Who, exactly, are coping with that problem? Until recently, extraordinarily little was done, and what has been done has been by the voluntary enterprise and effort of the present Opticians' Council. I will ask hon. Members to consider, not only what has been achieved by these councils, but exactly the way in which they are going about their work. They recognise that it is a matter of great national importance that we should have a body of skilled men with a standard of qualification, with the result that we have in the Council of the British Opticians

  809
  and in the Council of the Worshipful Company of Spectaclemakers a registration of something like 3,500 opticians of whose qualifications some guarantee is given. Their course for training and preparing entrants to this Council is a very severe course indeed, a training which enables opticians not only to test the eye and to provide the spectacles that are necessary, but also to equip them with a knowledge of the construction of the eye and of the matters pertaining to it. The education that is training this useful body of men to deal with the problem of defective eyesight is being carried on by these voluntary associations— there are others, I daresay, but these for the most part.
  There is another aspect of this question which is of very great importance. Under National Health Insurance there is what is known as ophthalmic benefit. In 1923, when it was first provided, the position of the approved societies was very perplexing. There was no body to administer it, and it was at that time that the Joint Council of Qualified Opticians was brought into being. It was through them that we were able to provide the approved societies with a body of qualified men who were able to carry out the work made possible by this benefit, and in 1922, by way of indicating the progress that has been made in the years since then, there are these very striking features. In 1923, something like £ 3,000 was spent on ophthalmic benefit; in 1924, — 17,000; in 1925, £ 24,000; and in October, 1926, there has been spent something like £ 63,000. That benefit was administered by the Joint Council of Opticians. This is a discretionary and not a Statutory benefit, and one over which the Minister of Health has no control whatever. In the first five years of the National Health Insurance, the surplus for distribution as ophthalmic benefit was something like £ 32,000 a year. There has been a second valuation and, according to that, there is a distribution of something like £ 420,000, and when you take that distribution for some five years you have no less a sum than £ 2,000,000 distributed for ophthalmic benefit. The position at the moment is that there is no real authority established by law for the control and direction of that £ 2,000,000, but, sooner or later, it must come about that somebody, such as it is hoped will be created by this Bill,
  810
  will be brought in to co-operate with the Minister of Health for the distribution of that ophthalmic benefit. This Bill is to register qualified opticians. There is a very complete register of something over 3,000 members, and even this body already exercises very considerable disciplinary powers over its members. Here is a body which is purely voluntary, but whose work would be infinitely more effective, with resulting benefit to the State as a whole, if something of the status was given to opticians that has been given to dentists and other bodies of that kind.
  There is, of course, some opposition to the Bill, and there are two main quarters from which it is coming. There are the unqualified opticians. Who are these unqualified opticians? They are, first of all, those who make no attempt at sight-testing, but simply provide spectacles without any prescription. There are a large number of quacks and vendors of spectacles who have neither the apparatus nor the ability to test sight, and naturally there is something of a vested interest there which would be affected by the Bill. Then there are a large number of opticians who are not qualified, but have had a long experience in this kind of work and who might have difficulty in satisfying the tests by examinations that are suggested in the Bill. But there is nothing prohibitive in the Bill. There is nothing to hinder anyone who is carrying on the work of an optician from doing so. All it will do is to enable the public to distinguish between men with regard to whose qualifications some guarantee is given by this responsible body, and opticians whose qualifications cannot be vouched for by a responsible organisation. There is in the Bill power suggested to be given to this body to consider each case on its merits, and though certain unregistered opticians may not be able to pass the necessary examinations, still, it is not, by examination alone that their claim for registration will be decided. While the Bill will tend to eliminate all quacks and mere sellers of spectacles, who constitute a very considerable danger, it will, at the same time, he able to create and register a body of men with a standard of qualifications and able to give a guarantee to the general public that these men have the qualifications for such work as sight-testing and spectacle-making.

  811
  The most serious opposition to the Bill comes, as one would expect, from the medical authorities. As I understand their opposition, it is that a Bill of this kind would give to opticians a status that would rather suggest to the general public that the registered optician was capable and qualified to deal with all matters concerning the eyes. One is well aware that defective eyesight comes under three heads. There is the defective sight that is due to some construction of the eyes, and that can be readily remedied by the provision of glasses. There is the defective sight that is due to some disease or trouble within the eye itself, and there is also the defective sight and the error in refraction that is due to some trouble that is not centred in the eye at all, but is somewhere in the constitution. But the curious thing is, that of this defective eyesight 95 per cent., it is said, is due entirely to error of refraction arising from some construction of the eye and only 5 per cent. is due to some disease, or arises from some other cause.
  As I understand the opposition of the medical authorities, it is that the danger within that 5 per cent. is so great that while you might have a highly-qualified optician able to test the eyes and prepare a prescription for glasses and to provide the glasses, he has not had the training necessary to enable him to diagnose any trouble that may arise either from disease of the eye or some other weakness in the constitution. I want to suggest in regard to the very small percentage of cases in which this danger is rife that hon. Members who have given study to the training and education of opticians will realise that, while it is true that an optician may not be able to diagnose the disease of the eye or diagnose what is the source of the eye trouble, his training is such as to enable him to detect it. It enables him to realise and to see cases that are not cases to be dealt with merely by spectacles, but cases that are to be passed on to some medical authority. And hon. Members must bear in mind, that at the present moment a great deal of this— most of it— is being done by opticians, and not by medical practitioners.
  812
  12.0 n.
  What is the practice in regard to Health Insurance? It is quite true that it is necessary for the panel doctor or for the medical doctor to give the letter which will authorise the provision of this ophthalmic benefit, and I venture to think that in the vast majority of cases it is only a letter, not prescribing what is necessary to be done, but simply authorising a person to go to an optician to have his eyes tested and to have glasses provided accordingly. So that it is the practice at this present moment. I dare say there are many who are of this opinion that, although the general knowledge of medical practitioners is very great, it is doubtful whether, as compared with the specialised knowledge of the optician who is dealing with these cases from day to day, he is better fitted to deal with those cases than the optician. The point which I wish to lay before the House is that this Bill will do little more than regularise the practice that is going on at the present moment. It is a Bill which gives authority and status to the Opticians' Council that exists at the present time.
  I quite realise that in moving the Second Reading of this Bill, we are in some difficulty. I do not know that there is any precedent for the position in which the Bill finds itself at the present moment. There is, as hon. Members are aware, a Departmental Committee sitting to inquire into the merits of this Bill. I do not know what my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health will say in connection with this matter, but I would say this: It will be a mistake, and unfortunate, if the time that is devoted to the Second Reading of this Bill is altogether lost. I hope when my hon. Friend rises to bless the Bill, as I hope he will and advise the House to give it a Second Reading, the position will be that the control of the Bill before it gets to the Committee will be in the hands of the Government. I hope that by that time the Departmental Committee will have reported. If, after the Bill has obtained a Second Reading, we can have the Report of the Departmental Committee available, it will be a considerable advantage during the Committee stage. I have tried to present, as best I could, the claims on

  813
  which the Bill is based, and I hope the House will see its way to give it a Second Reading.
  Mr. ROY BIRD: I beg to second the Motion.
  I should like to congratulate my hon. Friend on having covered pretty well the whole of the subject, and on having made such a strong appeal to the House to give the Bill a Second Reading. My hon. Friend referred to the Council as being formed of the organisations interested in the promotion of this Bill. Perhaps the House would like to know something of the credentials of these organisations who have made it their business for some years to look after their own interests as opticians and the interests of the public. There are two organisations, the British Optical Association and the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers. The last mentioned company is one of the Ancient City Guilds, who have done so much in charity and so much in connection with the education of our people. The Spectacle-makers' Company have specialised in teaching their members, and those who are not necessarily liverymen of that company, the practice of optics.
  These two organisations have joined together in forming the Joint Council of Optical Practitioners. That Council was formed in the circumstances to which my hon. Friend referred, but I would like to go back a little more into the history of these opticians, so that the House may realise that they are worthy of some reward. I will go back to the time of the war, when the British Optical Association were requested by the War Office to take over the spectacle department of the Army. Not only did they take over the spectacle department of the Army, but they formed centres at home and on all the fronts, which were placed in charge of qualified opticians, who had been examined by the British Optical Association and passed by them as, qualified to take charge of a centre. It may be of interest to the House to know that these men who were in charge of the centres not only dealt with spectacles and with sight, but in many cases they administered drugs, without medical supervision. We shall hear from hon. Members who have medical qualifications something with regard to the use of drugs; but it is a fact that during the war the opticians who were in charge of
  814
  these centres at home and on the fronts did administer drugs.
  It has been explained how these two bodies formed the Joint Council of Optical Practitioners. My hon. Friend referred to the number of registered members of that body as being well over 3,000, but he did not refer to the number of medical men who appear on the Register of the British Medical Association as ophthalmic surgeons, or those who have some special qualification to deal with the eyes. The number who do appear on that register is comparatively small; only 700. That 700 has to be sub-divided, because only about 25 per cent. are what one would really describe as ophthalmic surgeons. Fifty per cent. of those on that list are members of the medical profession who do not specialise in the eyes, and diseases of the eye, but who at some time have held an appointment or, possibly, have written a paper dealing with the eyes. The remaining 25 per cent. have no special qualification to deal with the eyes or, perhaps, I should say that they have no special qualification which is shown in the Medical Register.
  Let us take that number of 700, and try to realise what is the claim of the medical profession and what it means. They say that 700 men can deal with the whole eyesight of this country. Some very interesting figures were given during the inquiry of the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance as to the distribution of these medical men over England. It is interesting to take one of the appendixes which was put into the evidence and see how these ophthalmic surgeons are distributed in a certain number of specified towns. In 358 towns there were only 397 qualified ophthalmic surgeons practising. If we take ten towns in the list which are health resorts and ten towns which are industrial centres we find that there is a very small number of ophthalmic surgeons in the industrial centres, and that they are congregated either in the West End of London or in the big provincial towns or in famous health resorts. Therefore, the medical profession are claiming, if they do claim, to do what is a physical impossibility, that is, that their members who are qualified as ophthalmic surgeons should look after the whole community. In a great many towns there is no ophthalmic surgeon at all, but there are

  815
  qualified opticians. In the towns to which I have referred where there are only 397 medical men who are ophthalmic surgeons, there are, approximately, 2,500 qualified opticians, and I suggest to the House that that is a very material consideration for them to have in mind when they are considering what should be done in this matter.
  We are in the same position that the country was in when my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health was busy in connection with the Dentists' Bill. I have turned up an article which he wrote in the "Daily Mail" at that time, and he put it in this way:
  "The question to-day is neither the quite proper sensitiveness of the qualified dentist, nor the livelihood of the unqualified. It is the broader issue of the welfare of the community as a whole."
  He went on:
  "Now, in spite of a situation which it is no exaggeration to call critical, the number of dentists per million of the population has, over a period of 40 years, actually decreased from 155 to 177. The aim of the Dentists Act is to reverse that process, to increase the number of competent dentists, and gradually weed out the others."
  Then the hon. Member goes on to speak of some of the quacks who are acting as dentists, and he says— —
  Mr. BARNES: Will the hon. Member tell us from what he is quoting?
  Mr. BIRD: I am reading from an extract which appeared in the "Daily Mail," and is printed in the "Dioptric Bulletin" which is the publication of the British Opticians' Association.
  Mr. BARNES: Is it a signed article?
  Mr. BIRD: I do not know whether my hon. Friend disclaims the article.
  The PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY to the MINISTRY of HEALTH (Sir Kingsley Wood)The PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY to the MINISTRY of HEALTH (Sir Kingsley Wood) indicated dissent.
  Mr. BIRD: I understand he does not disclaim it. He says in this article:
  "True, it does, with these exceptions, temporarily accept unqualified men; and for this plain reason, that to-day the country's teeth demand greater attention than the combined battalion of qualified and unqualified practitioners can give them. The Dentists Act is essential if the British nation is to be stopped from digging its grave with its teeth."
  816
  I hope when my hon. Friend gets up to bless this Bill, that he will say that eyes are really more important than teeth. You can, I am informed, replace teeth, but if you are unfortunate enough to lose your eyes, you cannot replace them. It is essential in the interests of the community that opticians who hold qualifications should be labelled by being placed on a state register. Only yesterday I walked into a well-known store in this country, and I observed glasses for sale at 6d. a pair. I invested 1s. 6d. in buying three pairs, and after testing my eyes with a board on which were various sizes of writing— —
  Mr. RHYS DAVIES: Can the hon. Member tell us where these glasses were manufactured. Were they manufactured in this country?
  Mr. BIRD: I am afraid I cannot tell the hon. Member where they were manufactured; they are certainly cheap and nasty. But a great many people wear them. A charming young girl was behind the counter, and she was wearing glasses. I asked her whether she got hers from the shop, and she said "Oh, no. I should be blind by the time I am 30 if I wore those." That is not much of a recommendation for the spectacles sold in the store; and I am told by an optician friend that if anyone wore these glasses they would cause blindness at quite an early age. This Bill, unfortunately, does not go far enough to prevent this. It is not a prohibitive Bill, it is a permissive Bill, and I should have been happier in supporting a measure which would have prohibited the sale of glasses or the testing of eyesight by quacks. I would have liked the Bill to have set up a register of opticians fully qualified, who would not endanger the community.
  The Bill itself does not want much explaining, because, although it appears to be rather long, there are not many operative Clauses. Clause 3 provides for the establishment of a register, and enables those who are qualified to be placed upon it. I should like, however, to draw the attention of hon. Members to paragraph (b) of this Clause, because it meets the case put forward by the Opposition to some extent, and deals with certain opticians who are not qualified, according to the standards in the Bill, but who, at the same time, have some

  817
  sort of qualifications. It says that those opticians who satisfy the Board that they have been engaged in the practice of optometry in Great Britain during a period of five years next before the commencement of the Act, and who pass to the satisfaction of the Board's examiners a practical examination in optometry, which is deemed by the Board to be sufficiently comprehensive to safeguard the public, shall be placed on the Register.
  It may be difficult for a man when he gets to a certain age to pass a written examination, but it is not so difficult for a man who has been practising for many years to pass a practical examination, and if one of these unqualified opticians is not capable of passing a practical examination in optics to be set by the Board, he should not be entitled to be labelled and placed on the register as a qualified optician. There is a right of appeal which I commend to my hon. Friends who are members of the medical profession. Under Clause 13, anyone who is aggrieved, who does not like a decision of the Board refusing him permission to go on the register, or removing his name from the register, has a right of appeal to the High Court. The constitution of the Board is provided for in the Schedule, and hon. Members will see that it is not to be selected by opticians themselves, but is to be nominated by the Ministry of Health. That will secure that the first Board is properly qualified, and will represent not only the opticians but also the Ministry of Health, the General Medical Council, the Scottish Board of Health and the Board of Education. I know there are other Members who desire to speak, and as the Mover of the Second Reading dealt with the matter very fully I only want to say in conclusion that I hope the House will give this Measure a Second Reading. It will be a Measure of protection to the public, it will be of great assistance to the Ministry of Health, approved societies, and all local authorities, and it will be some measure of award to those opticians who have done so much by theoretical and practical study to improve themselves, so that they can preserve the eyesight of the public which, after all, is its most priceless possession.
  Dr. VERNON DAVIES: I beg to move, to leave out from the word "That" to
  818
  the end of the Question, and to add instead thereof the words
  "this House declines to give a Second Reading to a Bill— the subject-matter of which is at the present time being investigated by a departmental committee."
  In moving this Amendment, may I say that hon. Members associated with me do not for a moment deny the right of this House to consider any Bill which may be brought before it, irrespective of whether it has been considered in another place or not, but we feel that it is right we should place before the House certain facts in connection with this Bill and point out the disadvantage of coming to any very definite opinion upon a subject which is at the present moment, so to speak, sub judice. We are emboldened in this attitude when we remember that there are two hon. Members of this House who are sitting on that Committee. The proposal that we have to make is not really to examine the Bill Clause by Clause, but to show how in our opinion it is a bad Bill and impossible to work, and to be allowed to put before the House certain facts which may enable hon. Members to form some sort of opinion on the Bill. The House has to bear in mind that within recent years there has been rather an epidemic of applications for registration by organisations or societies of practitioners. We have had the osteopaths. We had earlier in the year the architects, whose Bill has been referred to a Select Committee. Now we have the optical practitioners. As soon as any Bill like this is brought forward, we are surprised to find the number of organisations and people who in one way or another are affected by any Bill providing for registration. It has brought very forcibly to my mind the well-known couplet:
  "Big fleas have little fleas
  Upon their backs to bite 'em,
  Little fleas have lesser fleas,
  and ad infinitum."
  We find that there are numbers of these organisations, bodies of men of superior or less attainments, some larger in numbers than others, and yet one's great difficulty is to find out who or which part of the organisation is the "big flea." That is the difficulty that we have to face in relation to this Bill. We have been informed by the Mover of the Second Reading that the promoters of the Bill were the Joint Council of Qualified

  819
  Opticians, which really consisted of the British Optical Association and the Spectaclemakers' Company. One of the first things that the promoters have to prove is that they are qualified and competent to speak for the whole of the profession; secondly, that their status is recognised in the profession and that they are voicing the wishes of the great bulk of the profession. I find from information that has been given to me and from information which has been given to the House to-day, that this Joint Council of Qualified Opticians consists of a little over 3,000 members. Yet there are 30,000 persons in the United Kingdom who obtain the whole or part of their living from practice as oculists. Therefore the 3,000 to 3,500 are a very small proportion of the total number. I find that the organizations which hold examinations and grant certificates are the College of Opticians, the National Association of Opticians, the Institute of Chemist Opticians and the Joint Council of Qualified Opticians. The Institute of Chemist Opticians, very unfortunately or presumptuously, say that the Joint Council of Qualified Opticians has no right to speak for the rest of the profession. They even go so far as to say that they themselves are the only qualified people by Statute among the lot and the only people who have passed a Statutory examination. It seems to me that the Council have assumed that they are the leaders of the profession, that what they require should be granted, and that they are competent and authorised to speak for the whole of the profession.
  Mr. ROY BIRD: I think the hon. Member mentioned the National Association of Opticians. They are supporting the Bill.
  Dr. DAVIES: I have so far referred to one organisation disapproving of the Bill, namely, the Institute of Chemist Opticians. They are 5,000 in number. These points do not, or should not, interest the House very much. We have to look at the matter more or less from the point of view of public utility. Is there a need for a Bill for the registration of opticians? If there is a need are these the proper people to bring the proposals forward, and is it in the public interest? I think
  820
  I have indicated that the promoters of the Bill have not the unanimous approval of the profession. We have heard a great deal this morning about the qualifications of these gentlemen. Yet we have not been able to get very much information as to what the qualifications really are, or who decides as to the standard for the examinations. Is it simply that the Joint Council make their own standard and grant their own diplomas? The subject is necessarily of very great importance, because we are dealing with the eyesight of the nation, which of course is of the greatest importance. When the Mover of the Second Reading referred to the United States as the most spectacled nation in the world, I could not help thinking of a remark made to me by an ophthalmic surgeon of very long experience who is now retired. He said that he never in his professional life knew any patient to go into a spectacle shop and come out without spectacles. It is quite possible that in America there are large numbers of people wearing spectacles who really do not need them. But as the hon. Member who seconded the Motion for the Second Reading mentioned, the principal opposition of the Bill probably comes from the medical profession. The medical profession has adopted a very definite attitude on the subject. It says that the eye is an important organ, that training for the treatment of eye diseases calls for special and prolonged study, and that even when a man is qualified, if he wishes to practise as an eye surgeon, he should after qualification undertake special work in connection with the eye.
  Mr. H. WILLIAMS: How long a time does the ordinary medical student devote to the study of the eye?
  Dr. DAVIES: I am speaking largely from memory. He undertakes a course of lectures, and in my time I had to make 30 practical attendances at the hospital. But I did not practise as an ophthalmic surgeon. To do that I should have been compelled after graduation to take a special course in the eye, and should have had to hold a position as House Surgeon in an eye hospital. It will be found that practically all the ophthalmic surgeons in this country have had extended post-graduate training as house surgeons in eye hospitals. One argument used to-day was that this Bill

  821
  would do little more than regularise what is the present practice. I differ from that. A body of unqualified men with a certain amount of training, which may be limited or otherwise, are asking for State approval of their profession by the grant of registration. If they are successful, it means that the public will say, "These gentlemen are registered opticians; they have received the approval of Parliament, and, there fore, they must be competent to eximine and treat eyes." That is a position which cannot be maintained. I find that one college gives its degree or diploma for 50 hospital attendances, of which 25 at least must be devoted to the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the eye. These three important scientific subjects connected with the eye have to be learned in 25 lectures. We as medical men say that is an absolute impossibility, no matter how clever the student or how expert the lecturer. It is impossible to give any man adequate training in these subjects in such a short time.
  Mr. COVE: Is not one of the purposes of establishing registration to improve the qualifications of these people and, generally, to raise the standard?
  Dr. DAVIES: Possibly, and if a Bill were produced which merely set out definitely what the qualifications and training were to be, it would have an additional claim upon the attention of the House, but this Bill is vague and impracticable. The suggested board is to consist of 12 members, one of whom is to be nominated by the General Medical Council. I do not think for a moment that the General Medical Council would nominate a member. I think it would be without their jurisdiction. Eight members are to be members of various optical societies probably chosen by this joint board, but not giving any of the other organisations the right to be included. In two or three years, probably, the whole registration would get into the hands of this small joint council, to the detriment of the rest of the profession.
  Mr. COVE: What about the Medical Council?
  Dr. DAVIES: I do not want to criticise it from the medical point of view. I am taking up the attitude that there is a case for a Bill, but I maintain that those promoting the Bill are going much too far
  822
  when they claim that these opticians by their training are not only able to deal with errors of refraction, but also to detect any disease in the eye. There I join issue with them. I do not think the training which they get is sufficient to enable them to detect all kinds of diseases, and, from that point of view, as a medical man, I differ. But there is, undoubtedly, a place for the optician. We know it has been the practice for a long time for most patients to go to these gentlemen to have their eyes tested, and I believe that 90 per cent. of the eyes examined have no disease at all. It might, however, happen in some ease among the remaining small percentage that spectacles would be given to a man or a drug would be put into his eye which would do irreparable damage, and that is the point which this House ought to consider. The importance of the subject is increased by the fact that optical benefits are given by the approved societies, and the Minister of Health has to be certain that the insured people are getting efficient optical benefit with the minimum of danger. Money is being spent by the State and by the people themselves, and the approved societies naturally want to see that they are getting the best results for their money. I think the great difficulty has been the shortage of ophthalmic surgeons and the very high fees that are charged— fees which no approved society and few insured individuals can afford to pay regularly.
  The point to which this House might devote attention is whether there is no scheme whereby the claims of the doctors and of these opticians can be met. I say at once, that if the optician were to be satisfied with the purely refractive work there would not be a word to say against it; but the difficulty is that they claim to be able to detect disease and to send on any case of disease for medical treatment. But will they send on such eases? A young man who thinks he knows his work very well may come across a case of inflammation of the eye and may recommend the patient, in the first instance, to go to a medical man but if the patient says to him, "You know all about this. Cannot you do something yourself?" he may very well agree and treat the ease. They do treat such cases— chemist-opticians particularly— and there will be the temptation for an ambitious young man, anxious to get on,

  823
  to undertake a little more work than he ought to undertake and some day there will be an accident. If this council could be assured that their Members would only do the refractive work and nothing else, then I think it might be all right, but as long as they claim to be capable of detecting any form of disease in the eye which may be due to local conditions or general conditions, they are taking a stand which they cannot justify, which the Minister of Health ought not to approve of and to which I would not advise the approved societies to assent. The hon. Member for the Scottish Universities (Sir George Berry) who is an expert ophthalmic surgeon will probably tell the House from the medical point of view of the many dangers which are inherent in the present Bill. From the point of view of the benefit of the public and the necessity of safeguarding their interests and of seeing that thet best return is obtained for the money spent in optical benefit, I ask the House to refuse a Second Reading to the Bill until the Select Committee has reported.
  Sir GEORGE BERRY: I beg to second the Amendment.
  I do so, not because I have any personal interest in the matter, or any axe to grind, but because I am convinced that legislation on the lines proposed in the Bill would not be in the interests of the public. I admit at once that there is no reason why the public should not be assured of the services of properly qualified opticians. In some way or other the public should be able to discriminate between the skilled optician and the less qualified or unqualified vendor of spectacles. As matters stand at present, there are these different societies which have been mentioned who examine their members, and from whom the members get the right to put certain letters after their names which indicate that they have undergone a proper test according to the requirements of the society. I think that ought to be sufficient in the public interest.
  The need for optical benefit is now very much better realised than it was a generation or two ago. At that time spectacles were considered to do harm to the eyes, and on that account, even if they were required, were not used. Now the pendulum
  824
  seems to have swung rather in the opposite direction, and spectacles, however unsightly and for which there may be only the flimsiest pretence of necessity, are worn by a great number of people. We have just heard, for instance, of the very much bespectacled people of America. As I say, it was supposed at one time that spectacles did harm to the eyes, but there never was any real justification for that belief. Now the contention of a number of opticians is that, unless there is suitable correction of optical defects, more or less serious damage may be done to the eye. Let me tell the House that in my experience, which is fairly considerable, I have never known a case where spectacles, however unsuitable, did any serious harm to the eye at all. I mention that because the Seconder of the Motion for the Second Reading referred to the possibility of people becoming blind by wearing spectacles which cost 6d. instead of 6s. or a good deal more. That is an impossibility. It is an exaggeration. There is such a thing as a considerable amount of discomfort being caused by unsuitable spectacles, just as there is discomfort produced by wearing non-fitting boots or a non-fitting dental plate, but to say that there is any actual danger of serious injury to the eye is an exaggeration.
  Lieut.-Commander BURNEY: The hon. Member has so much knowledge of this subject that I would ask him whether it would be true to say that, if unsuitable spectacles were given to a person to correct, say, astigmatism, and he wore them for a year, they would not increase the defect from which he was suffering?
  Sir G. BERRY: Without answering that specific question, I do not agree that it would do any harm, but I would like to put the view before the House that, although spectacles, even if unsuitable, do not do harm, if they are suitable, they are capable of doing a great deal of good. In that way you can cure squint and double vision, you can prevent headaches, and you can, to a certain extent, arrest actual diseases of the eye, so that while the negative effects of wearing spectacles are negligible, the positive effects are, on the other hand, good, and that, to my mind, is the justification for the public having the services of skilled opticians. That, however, does not

  825
  justify, in my view, the legislation which it is proposed to introduce by this Bill— it does not justify going any further— for the simple reason that it is calculated to mislead the public to arouse in them a mistaken and, therefore, undesirable degree of the sense of security. The public cannot generally discriminate between ophthalmic benefit and optical benefit. Ophthalmic benefit is very much more comprehensive, even if we accept the definition of the term optometry which is given in the Bill. Real ophthalmic benefit can be got now, as has been pointed out, because under the National insurance Act some of the friendly societies are referring their members to ophthalmic surgeons whose names have been given in a list from the Ministry of Health. Consequently, the real ophthalmic benefit is available.
  I can corroborate what has already been said about the natural inference that the public makes when it is known to be the fact that such a large percentage as 95 per cent. of cases of eye trouble are cases of only optical defect, but the inference from that is that the trained optician is likely to be able, by the selection of proper glasses, to do all that is necessary for the individual. In point of fact, the skilled optician is perfectly competent to undertake the correction of optical defects. That is a very simple matter, and it is simple for this reason, that it is a matter which has been investigated by physicists, physiologists, and ophthalmic surgeons, and it is a matter of skill, which can be acquired in a few weeks or months, but the point of real importance, which has already been referred to, is that the eye is not only an optical instrument, one which, curiously enough, is less perfect in some respects than the instruments which are produced by human ingenuity, though in other respects, of course, it is more perfect than anything which exists, but the eye is also a percipient sense organ of most complex structure and functions, and it is also associated with other organs of the body. It is for that reason that the eye is subject to so many defects and diseases.
  Where failure of the sight is complained of, it means not only that there may be an optical defect, but that there may be disease, either local or intimately associated with some deranged functional activity or disease in other organs. The
  826
  optician, as has been said by the Mover of the Amendment, may be able to know of the existence of these diseases, and he may be able, perhaps, to discriminate in some cases between defects due to diseases of the eye and optical defects, but he cannot do so without being liable to make a great many mistakes, unless he has had the full training of a medical man. In fact, it is owing to this complexity of the eye that the medical curriculum of the universities and the different licensing bodies requires the student to take up the study of diseases of the eye only in the last six months of the time devoted to his studies. Before doing so, he has to study physics, physiology, pathology and medicine, and it is only on completion of these studies that he is able to understand their bearing upon functional or organic diseases of the brain, the spinal cord, and the sympathetic nervous system. Even then, the doctor who wishes to specialise in ophthalmic surgery has to undergo a very considerable supplementary training both theoretical and practical. The well-qualified optician's work is excellent and beneficial. But with full appreciation of that work, I nevertheless feel confident that it would be wrong to proceed with the Bill for the institution of a registered body which would not only create a monopoly but, by doing so, would give a false impression of security to the public. For these reasons, in addition to those which have been given by the hon. Member for Royton (Dr. Davies), I beg to support the Amendment.
  Mr. BARNES: I would like to support the Amendment, but I must confess that I do so for entirely different reasons from those which have been given by the hon. Members who have just spoken. I do not profess to be able to give any view with regard to the different sections of the great professions which are interested in this Measure. I wish to approach it from a rather wider ground than that of professional interest. I think every hon. Member will agree with the declaration of the hon. Member who moved this Bill, that the purpose of this Bill, and of similar Bills which aim to give a standard of service to the community, or to raise the qualifications of any trade or profession, should have the support of hon. Members on all sides of the House. Certainly the organisation for

  827
  which I can speak, the co-operative movement, places that in the forefront. We believe that the interests of the consumer, or the recipient, of services should be the primary governing consideration; that, whether the person is a butcher, a carpenter, a doctor or a solicitor, all those services should exist for the purposes of consumption, which represents life and living. From that point of view, I certainly support strongly and enthusiastically the principle that we should strive, by setting up standards of qualification in all phases of life, to improve service. I think that is essential in regard to eyesight, because I believe there is no physical defect that is so tragic as the loss of eyesight. The general statement would apply, from my point of view, even from a sentimental consideration, even more strongly to this particular Bill. But, having stated that, I cannot overlook the fact that very often there is an attempt to promote this object which eventually does not serve the object at all. It merely leads a profession into the status of a close corporation, and that is the point I want to emphasise in relation to this Bill. It appears to me that Parliament and the public are not giving sufficient consideration to the rapid tendency which has developed in the post-War period, on the part of a number of professions, to seek privileges that really place them in the category of close corporations.
  1.0 p.m
  While I am not opposed to this Bill, or to any similar Bill, such as the Dentists Bill or the Architects Bill or others of a similar character, I feel that the time has arrived when Parliament should review this development which is taking place, not in isolated cases such as we have considered, but as part of a broad, general policy in modern life, for the purpose of establishing certain governing conditions. That is the reason I support a proposal that the Bill should be considered by a Select Committee. I would like to go further and see the Government establish a Commission to consider how far these privileges can be given to the profession for the purpose of establishing standards of, conduct and service, but, at the same time, incorporating measures of public control which will prevent abuse. I have no hesitation in saying that, in my view, in regard to the powers of the medical
  828
  profession, the powers of the legal profession, and the powers given in the Dentists Act and Measures of that description, there is considerable abuse of the privileges which Parliament has conferred.
  As far as the co-operative movement is concerned, I would like to put one or two specific points to the promoters of the Bill. In the first place, we go all the way in an attempt to safeguard the community against the practices of quacks. One could apply that in far-reaching directions in other ways, but, keeping specifically to this Bill, we are with the promoters in safeguarding the community against quacks. Again, we believe in the standard of qualification that the promoters intend to promote. In the co-operative movement, we safeguard one or two very important factors We have a drapery department, a grocery department, and other departments, with fully-qualified men. After meeting their requirements in the way of salary or adequate wages— which is another governing condition of the co-operative movement— the mutual benefit that comes from these services we gather up and distribute to the members, as consumers, in the form of dividends. We admit that, whatever standard is necessary in any profession, we must conform to it. We demand than a working-class organisation should have the right to employ a member of one of these professions— if he conforms with the standards laid down for members of that profesion— giving him an adequate salary, in order that the members of that organisation may secure his services on terms of mutual benefit to themselves. We find that we cannot employ a solicitor at a fixed salary as we can employ a butcher, or a draper or grocer.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: But railway companies employ solicitors of their own.
  Mr. BARNES: We can employ a solicitor in that sense, but my point is that if a corporate body of working-class people, with tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of members, desires to give a legal service to its members through a solicitors' department, just as it gives them a grocery service or a drapery service, the payment in each individual case has to be based on the fees laid down by the profession. In other

  829
  words, all that that organisation is doing is to provide a business for an individual colicitor.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: You mean that you cannot put solicitors into panel practice.
  Mr. BARNES: My point is that we cannot get the ordinary benefits provided by a mutual aid organisation, because of the rules and regulations laid down by the profession. Why should a bricklayer, a grocer's assistant, a butcher's manager, or the manager of a drapery department, be on a different status from a solicitor and professional men of that class? We are opposed to the development of the principle of individual practice in those professions; it places those in the community who desire the services of those professional men at the mercy of the corporate body controlling that profession. Hon. Members spoke about the tyranny of trade unions and the privileges of trade unions. The few privileges and opportunities that working-class organisations like trade unions have under the law are now being taken away from them by the Party opposite; and many professional men on the opposite side of the House who support the Government in taking away those few privileges are here this afternoon supporting privileges which they deny to trade unions. In these Debates we wish to bring out contradictions of that sort. If it be right for the legal profession to have a standard of fees and a standard of qualifications, I say it is right for a carpenter or for workmen in other industries to be able to establish their standards by law.
  Another point I wish to emphasise is that no restrictions ought to be imposed which will close the avenue of entry to these professions to the children of working-class parents. That is a vital point to be considered in connection with Bills of this sort. Whilst a profession does not lay it down in so many words that the avenue of entry shall be closed to working-class children, yet in practice the standard of examination and the courses that have to be taken make these professions the privilege of the middle class.
  Mr. MELLER: Can the hon. Member name any profession which, by its rules or regulations, prevent or deter any boy
  830
  or girl from an elementary school, from having full opportunities to enter the profession?
  Mr. BARNES: I stated specifically that it is not in the rules and regulations that this barrier exists.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: Surely the hon. Member must know of distinguished men in all professions who have sprung from every line of life.
  Mr. BARNES: If I did not state it clearly at first, I desire to make it clear now, that I do not say that the rules and regulations embodied in Bills of this description are the hindrance, but that in practice, on account of the standard fees and other factors established by such legislation, it becomes increasingly difficult for children of the working classes to enter these professions, and it becomes increasingly easy for the professions to become more or less the preserve of what may be described as the middle class. In many of their departments co-operative societies employ qualified persons from certain professions, and children of working class parents can in that way find an entry into the profession without any fees and without any charges, and at the same, time get wages. Many working class families could not possibly send their children into a profession of this sort unless the child were able to earn a small wage towards meeting the expenses of the home; and in these departments, limited in number though they are, an opportunity is provided for the flow of working class children into professions of this sort.
  While I do not say it is the intention of the opticians to develop their profession on those lines, I think it is desirable that these points should be made in this Debate, in order that this point of view should be brought to the attention of the Government and the Members of the House. While the purpose of the Bill is right, and while, from the public point of view, we have a responsibility for seeing that the consumer gets what he pays for, and is not left at the mercy of quacks and frauds, there is a corresponding obligation upon Parliament to see that out of the privileges we give abuses are not allowed to develop.
  Mr. MELLER: I want to support the Bill. I do not think it is necessary to go over the details which have been put before us so fully and fairly by the hon. Member for Tynemouth (Mr. Russell), nor do I think it is necessary to discuss it very much from the medical point of view. Two hon. Members of the House who are members of the medical profession have spoken with very great fairness. If I understood their criticism aright, it is not that they object to the setting up of a body of persons who shall have some standard which is easily recognised and is a protection for the public, but that they fear that if we once set up a body such as this, if we give recognition to opticians, there is a danger that the opticians, having thus acquired a certain official status and recognition, will exceed the powers which they are seeking in this Bill, and will do something which is likely to prove dangerous to the people as a whole. That is a fair and reasonable criticism. If I thought this Bill was the outcome of a desire on the part of opticians to perform work which to-day is properly performed by the surgeon oculist I should oppose it at once; but I do not believe that is the intention behind the Bill.
  The promoters of the Bill have had to survive pretty close and fierce criticism before they could bring this Bill forward at all. It has had to be subject to inquiry, and at the present moment a close inquiry is being made into those claims. I am sure the Minister of Health is not willing to give his blessing to a Bill of this kind unless he is satisfied that the ultimate result is going to be to the advantage of the public as a whole. I am sorry we have to discuss this Bill without the advantages which would accrue from the recommendations of such a body as has been referred to. I think, however, that we ought to place before the House the views which we believe to be right in regard to this particular Measure. I think this Bill can only be considered in relation to the actual facts and circumstances under which optical advice is given at the present time. What has been the real practice for many years past? We are told to-day that there are very few skilled ophthalmic surgeons in the country, and that there is a totally insufficient number of them to meet the requirements of the mass of the people who require optical treatment.
  832
  Generally speaking, owing to the development of National Health Insurance and other provisions, it can hardly be said that poor people cannot obtain medical advice because they cannot afford to pay for it. The practice is that a person goes to the doctor and says, "I am troubled with my eyes," or "I have a headache," or something of that sort. Of course the medical practitioner is not as well qualified to determine whether the trouble in the eyes is due to some disease of the body, some error of refraction, or some trouble in regard to the organ about which he has been consulted.
  We have been told that the amount of instruction which the ordinary medical practitioner gets with regard to the 'treatment of the eye is comparatively small. It is true this subject comes within his period of training, but the instruction given is something considerably less than that which is given by one or two institutes who are now dealing with the question of examinations on this subject in order to determine whether a man should obtain the certificate issued by the two bodies which have been mentioned in this Debate. The medical practitioner, generally speaking, is less qualified in this respect than one of these opticians, unless he is a member of the Joint Council of Qualified Opticians, and he has obtained their certificate. In the majority of cases, the doctor gives a certificate to the effect that, in his opinion, the patient requires ophthalmic treatment, and when you inquire on what grounds the doctor has based that advice, you probably get no answer, or it will be to the effect that in the opinion of the doctor the person claiming is suffering from some trouble it the eyes, and should be seen by an ophthalmic surgeon who is the only man capable of dealing with that complaint. Certainly before the introduction of National Health Insurance, the practice in this country was very largely that if a man approached a doctor he would recommend them to see a certain optician, and unless the patient had the means to go to an ophthalmic surgeon, and unless he thought there was something seriously wrong with his eyes which required an ophthalmic surgeon, he would go to an optician for treatment.
  The opticians have done very well, certainly of late years since those organisations have been set up providing

  833
  examinations and tests as qualifications for opticians, and since then probably less errors have been committed than before. What does this Bill propose to do? What is the main object behind it? I think it has been said that one of its objects is to safeguard the public. The hon. Member for Tynemouth (Mr. Russell) said the object of the Bill was little more than to regulavrise what is going on at the present moment. What is going on now is that there is an increase in the number of persons who are coming forward and asking to have their qualifications tested, and who desire to obtain the certificate which this Bill gives. That is a further safeguard to the public. What this Bill does is what was done under the Dentists Act, under which you had a number of persons who were qualified to act as dentists, together with a number of persons who were brought in who were acting as dentists but who were not qualified by examination. Those persons who came in under the Dentists Act, 1921, and were not qualified dentists, had to satisfy the Board that by their experience and by the recommendations of qualified dentists practising in their neighbourhood they were persons who might safely be entrusted to carry on dental work.
  This Bill does more than that. It does not bring in all the persons who in the past have been practising as opticians. It says, "You may go on practising as you are doing, but the public will not accept a man as an optician whose skill and qualifications have not been certified." Such men must submit themselves to some test in order to show that they are qualified, and those who do not do this are the men we have to fear. I think that is a real safeguard for the people of this country. What will happen as a result of this Bill? First of all we shall have a status given to the man who is registered. The public do not always know the meaning of the initials behind men's names, but they will see on the optician's window, "Registered and qualified optician under the National Health Insurance Act," or under the Opticians Bill, and this will convey to those persons who come along for treatment that the optician he is consulting has stood some test in regard to his qualifications. It has been stated in this Debate that the people who are promoting this Bill represent but a small
  834
  portion of the total number of opticians in this country, and that they are allocating to themselves a claim which they ought never to have made. The Institute of Chemist Opticians— —
  Dr. DAVIES: What I said was that this was a small body numerically, but I was very careful not to judge their competency in any way, and I was merely speaking numerically.
  Mr. MELLER: I think the hon. Member said they were the only body holding certificates after examination. Let us examine that point for a moment. What is the certificate of examination? It is a certificate that they are qualified pharmacists, not opticians. One might as well put in a certificate in relation to any other profession, and say that, because a man has passed an examination, not for optical work but for some other object altogether, therefore he is a person who ought to be taken as being of first rank. I do not think my hon. Friend would suggest that for one moment. I think that probably the farthest that he would go would be to say that the chemist is a man who has had some technical training, and is probably better than the man who has merely been trained as a worker.
  Dr. DAVIES: I think the point is that the chemist optician is the only one who has a statutory examination; but opticians as a whole may pass an examination approved or carried out by themselves. In the case of the chemist, however, it is a statutory examination.
  Mr. MELLER: Again I am obliged to, my hon. Friend. But the statutory examination for which they sit is not an examination for testing their skill with regard to the supply of optical glasses.
  Dr. DAVIES: Quite so.
  Sir BASIL PETO: May I point out that the examination of a chemist in-includes are following matters: Propagation of light; laws of reflection and refraction; photometry; simple properties of mirrors, lenses and prisms; the eye as an optical instrument; correction of errors of vision by means of lenses All that is subject-matter which has to be included in the examination for a qualified chemist.
  Mr. MELLER: I am surprised to learn that the examination for a qualified chemist is so extensive as my hon. Friend says. I take his word for it. I should have thought, however, that probably that syllabus would include some subjects which a chemist might take, but which are optional. I take it that the main purpose of the chemist is to deal with dispensing, but what does this Bill propose? What is the Board of Examiners which is in operation at the present moment in connection with the institutes that are promoting this Bill, and which is to be continued in similar form if the Bill passes, and if this body is set up as laid down in the schedule to the Bill? It is to include examiners who are themselves ophthalmic surgeons— not outside persons at all, but men who are jealous of their profession and of the standing which they hold in the medical profession, and who are not likely to admit men to compete with them who are going to be a danger to the public and a danger to the practice of their own profession. The Measure, as it has been out lined already, shows very clearly that it is desirable that opticians who are dealing with this delicate organ of the body shall be so qualified and tested that people may with safety look to them for treatment.
  Some reference has been made to the position of approved societies, and the development which has taken place in the granting of ophthalmic benefit to insured persons as a result of the second valuation, and I think it is well that the House should know the position of the societies and the attitude the Minister has taken up on this matter. When the second valuation came along, and it was anticipated that there would be a large demand for additional benefits, including ophthalmic benefit, the Minister thought it desirable that there should be published a list of ophthalmic surgeons to whom cases of difficulty should be sent. But he did not withdraw from the societies under his scheme their right to send to opticians cases merely of errors of refraction; and I think that medical men in this House— and we have an eminent ophthalmic surgeon here— would not deny that a really qualified optician is quite as capable of dealing with an error of refraction as an ophthalmic surgeon. Therefore, it was a matter for the
  836
  societies to discriminate, because it was utterly impossible, having regard to the amount of money at their disposal, that every case requiring ophthalmic treatment should be sent to an ophthalmic surgeon. They have had to rely partly on the certificate of the medical practitioner, and, secondly, upon the skill of the optician.
  I speak from a very large experience in this matter, having myself had to deal with some thousands of applications in regard to ophthalmic benefit, and T have tested very closely indeed the advice which has been given by the medical practitioner and the result of the examination by the ophthalmic surgeon; and I am bound to say— and I say it as the result of a wide experience, my claim to which I think no hon. Member will deny— that I am confident in supporting a Measure of this kind. I believe the body which has promoted this Bill has endeavoured in all honesty, and with a desire to improve their profession and to safeguard the interests of the people of this country, to increase and enlarge by means of this Measure a body of persons who are eminently capable of dealing with simple errors of refraction. Further, I believe that these men have been so trained, and are honourable enough, and the advantages held out to them are so great, that they are not likely to err on the side of treating a case of disease in order to get payment for the spectacles.
  Hon. Members who know something of the relationship between ophthalmic surgeons and opticians will know that there is very close co-operation between them, and that ophthalmic surgeons to-day rely very largely upon the opticians, as medical specialists rely upon their students in the hospital, to send cases to them. What happens when a man sets up in Harley Street? A plate is not sufficient there; he relics upon the practice which has prevailed in the profession for many years, of students saying, "if you want to see a man as a specialist in so-and-so, my old master is the man to go to." That is the way in which their practice is built up. If the ophthalmic surgeon is satisfied with the way in which his prescriptions are carried out by the optician, he sends eases to the optician, and the optician, in return for the kindness thus rendered to him, sends cases to

  837
  the ophthalmic surgeon; and the result is very good for the people of the country as a whole. The optician is not going to risk his reputation by prescribing glasses in a case where he knows it would be a danger to prescribe, and he knows also that, in watching the interests of his patient and looking after the interests of the ophthalmic surgeon, both in the end will do well. Therefore, I say there is very little risk, if you have men with proper qualification's for testing eyes, that they will go beyond their province and do something that is likely to endanger the life or the health of the individual. I think I have said enough to express my view that the House will be well advised to support this Bill, if the Parliamentary Secretary is prepared to say that he can go forward with it. If he is not, I hope the House will reserve their judgment till some future time, and will come down ultimately on the side of a Bill of this kind.
  Mr. RHYS DAVIES: I rise to support the Amendment which has been moved by the hon. Member for Royton (Dr. V. Davies). I think it would be well if the House understood exactly what the Amendment means. It calls upon the House to decline to give a Second Reading to a Bill the subject-matter of which is, at the present time, being investigated by a Departmental Committee. I trust that every hon. Member will support that view, so that the Departmental Committee may first of all be able to inquire and report to the House any recommendations that it desires to make on the subject. This Bill, an the face of it, would seem to be very simple, but those who are compelled to listen to arguments from all the parties involved in this Measure will know how very difficult the problem becomes. I hesitate therefore to intervene in this discussion for that very reason. I would, however, like to say just one or two words. The Mover of the Second Reading hardly did justice to the Measure, and I do not think he helped the case one bit by asking us to bear in mind that the law in the United States provides for the registration of opticians. I know something about America. The distinction between the administration of American and British law is the difference between a Ford motor car and a Rolls-Royce. It does not weigh at all with me that,
  838
  because a thing has been done in America we should follow suit. We should rather do a thing on principle; as to whether it is right or wrong to do so; and we shall have to make up our minds later, when we receive a Report from the Departmental Committee, as to what should be done in this connection. As I have said, the hon. Gentleman who moved the Second Reading of the Bill hardly did justice to its Clauses. What I regard as the most important Clause of all is Clause 3. When the Bill has dealt with the register itself, it goes on to say:
  "Any person of or over the age of twenty-one years shall be entitled to be registered and to receive a certificate as a registered optical practitioner under this Act who satisfifies the Board"— —
  and so on; and then it says that one of the qualifications must be:
  "That he has been engaged in the practice of optometry in Great Britain during the period of five years next before the commencement of this Act."
  That, of course, follows the principle that has been laid down in connection with previous registers. With regard to the several organisations that are interested in this problem, the British Medical Association, naturally, takes the usual attitude towards this question— the attitude of malignant opposition to any progress of any kind anywhere. Consequently, I think we may dismiss the British Medical Association on that score. It is not that I want to be harsh towards the British Medical Association; it comprises a very large body of men who do great service to the community. But when any other organisation proposes to touch its preserves, it at once becomes the mightiest and most influential trade union organisation in this country; and I do not envy the task of any smaller body which attempts to compete in medicine or surgery with the British Medical Association. The optical practitioners, and all those who deal in spectacles and eye testing, have several organisations; but the body in which I am most interested is the one mentioned by the hon. and learned Member for Mitcham (Mr. Meller). In listening to arguments on this Measure, I find that the British Medical Association, as usual, stands its corner; the optical practitioners then come along, and the optical chemists and the spectacle makers too; but hardly anybody bothers about the consumer.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: Hear, hear!
  Mr. DAVIES: I am glad to have a Scotsman on my side on that point anyhow. I do not think I shall be far wrong if I say that this issue has been raised— and I am not going to commit myself to-day either in support of or opposition to the Measure, we shall have to do that later— I am satisfied that this issue has been raised simply because there are funds in hand which apparently must be dipped into by someone. The doctors were the first to teach the lesson. They declared a strike in 1912 even in breach of contract. When the National Health Insurance Act carne into operation they got their terms; and no Act of Parliament has been passed through this House to declare that that strike was illegal.
  Dr. V. DAVIES: I am glad we may count on the hon. Gentleman's support for the Bill.
  Mr. R. DAVIES: If the hon. Member, who is a medical man, will induce the British Medical Association to join the Trade Union Congress, we will then all join together. I am not so sure he will be able to do that. To me, the kernel of the problem is the several demands made on the funds of the Approved Societies, and the hon. Member opposite is as conversant as I am with that point.
  Mr. H. WILLIAMS: On a point of Order. As the hon. Gentleman is a member of the Departmental Committee, is it, strictly speaking, in order for him to express definite views on the Clauses of the Bill while he is sitting in a judicial capacity elsewhere?
  Mr. DEPUTY-SPEAKER: (Captain FitzRoy): I am not aware that there is anything out of order in the hon. Gentleman expressing his view, no matter what the situation is.
  Commander WILLIAMS: Is it not really almost in the position of a judicial body which is to give a very well-defined opinion, and is it not rather unusual, to say the least of it, for a member of it to take part in the discussion on the Bill?
  Mr. DEPUTY-SPEAKER: Whether it is unusual is quite another matter. I do not think it raises a point of Order.
  Mr. R. DAVIES: My object in rising was not to support or to oppose the Bill. All I desired to do was to appeal to the House, in view of the fact that there is a Departmental Committee sitting, to allow it to stand, or if at all possible to secure the adjournment of the Debate in order that we should deal with the recommendations of the Committee when they are made. I have no intention of entering into the merits or otherwise of the Bill, but, being of the same nationality as the hon. Member who has interrupted me, it is very difficult not to stray into these side issues. I trust the House will bear in mind what the Amendment is that we are discussing, and that we shall neither vote for or against the Bill until we receive the recommendations of the Departmental Committee.
  Sir K. WOOD: We have now had a considerable discussion and many points of view have been expressed and I hope I may make a few observations and then give the House a little advice. I should first like to, congratulate my hon. Friend on the very able and full speech he made in introducing the Bill. We are all unanimous that its subject-matter touches very closely indeed the question of the public health and on that account only it deserves consideration, because the preservation and improvement of sight is one of the things we must constantly seek to do. I suppose eyesight is certainly one of the most precious of our possessions. I should like to make one observation in case there is any misunderstanding outside the House with reference to my hon. Friend's statement as to the amount of defective vision and whether or not it is increasing. He quoted from a newspaper, which he has handed to me, which made the statement that there were some 15,000,000 people suffering from defective eyesight. It is a matter about which obviously it is impossible to give any exact estimation, but you get a very fair indication of the extent of defective vision from figures which the Board of Education have from time to time provided. In 1913 it was estimated that not less than 10 per cent. of the children of school age suffer from defective eyesight, while in many areas the percentage was as high as 25 per cent. In 1920 the average proportion requiring treatment and observation among schoolchildren was estimated at 10 to 15 per

  841
  cent. In 1923 myopia was found in about 10 per cent. of children at the school-leaving age. In 1923 some 135,000 children were ordered spectacles. The proportion of children with defective vision to the total number of children inspected in 1924 was 11· 1 per cent., and in 1925 the figure dropped back to 10· 2. Therefore I think the conclusion we can very fairly arrive at is that the prevalence of defective sight amongst school-children is fairly constant and is about 10 per cent. Last year there was some slight improvement but I do not know whether we can attach any importance to the figures. I think we may take it roughly as I have indicated. If you apply those figures to the population generally as a very fair estimate, and making certain allowances for age and occupation and matters of that kind, you can roughly estimate the number of persons with defective sight in England and Wales as about one in five.
  Mr. PETHICK-LAWRENCE: Is defective sight a technical term or would the hon. Gentleman explain a little more exactly. Is everyone who has to have glasses considered to have defective sight?
  Sir K. WOOD: I hesitate to give a definition, but I should say when a person requires treatment, and I suppose treatment of a, nature which would require some aid by means of glasses. If that is so there are probably not less than 8,000,000 people in the country who are affected. The general conclusion I should come to from the discussion we have had is that undoubtedly there is a case for something to be done, but there is considerable divergence of opinion as to the manner in which the problem should be approached, particularly from the point of view that has been advanced by the medical profession here to-day and on many occasions. It is true the doctors have urged, with a certain amount of weight, that there is an appreciable percentage of cases in which great harm may be done by an optician who, probably qualified so far as that particular aspect of the profession is concerned, might very well, through lack of other kinds of medical knowledge, overlook a treatment which might be necessary and which if not pursued might do a great deal of harm, either by wrong diagnosis or by using wrong spectacles. How far
  842
  that argument is valid, in my opinion and in that of the Minister of Health, can only really be ascertained by a full investigation of the facts. It is all the more important that there should be an impartial inquiry owing to the very large amount of money now being spent by approved societies on optical benefit. Ophthalmic treatment and optical appliances are included in the list of additional benefits which may be given by approved societies under the National Insurance Act, and it is regarded by the insured people as a most important benefit, which from the point of view of popularity only comes second to dental benefit. There is a very widespread demand for this benefit by insured persons. It is true that after the first valuation of approved societies there was only a sum of about £ 32,000 for this additional benefit, but since July, 1926, following upon the second valuation, ophthalmic schemes which have been sanctioned by my Department for approved societies have jumped from 500 to 5,800, and the money that is now allocated is no less than £ 420,000 a year. I mention that figure and the importance of the benefit in order that we may see the necessity of approaching the matter very carefully and to see that everything that is done will be done in the interest of the country as a whole. There are 12,000,000 persons who are now members of approved societies and branches which are able to give assistance by way of treatment or glasses. The practice at present is that an insured person has to get a written recommendation from a duly qualified medical practitioner before treatment is available, but there are many difficulties in connection with administration which hon. Members can find set out in the report of the Royal Commission.
  I think the question we have to face to-day is whether in so difficult and complex a matter as this undoubtedly is, from the various speeches we have heard, it is safe to give a Second Reading to the Bill or whether we should not leave the matter to the judgment and recommendation of the Departmental Committee. I do not say this House, if it likes, has not a perfect right to give a Second Reading to a Bill while the Committee is sitting, but as a Departmental Committee has been set up under the able chairmanship of the hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Rusholme

  843
  (Mr. Merriman), it would be a rash thing for us to give a Second Reading to the Bill. The terms of reference are to examine the Bill and to make recommendations, to say exactly what should be done and the manner in which, if the principle is accepted, it should be put into operation. I appeal to the promoters of the Bill whether under these circumstances they cannot well be content, as they have presented their case to the House and the country and advanced their arguments in favour of the Bill, to leave it to the Departmental Committee. It is a very excellent Committee. I do not thick there has been any criticism of it at all. If the Second Reading is carried, obviously a very embarrassing situation might be created and the Bill might very well reach a Standing Committee before the Departmental Committee has had time to consider the matter or frame its recommendations. I have had an opportunity of speaking to the Chairman of the Committee and he tells me they are already sitting and are making progress and are ready to come to an impartial judgment on the whole situation. In these circumstances, I venture to suggest to the House, and particularly to the promoters of the Bill, that it would be the right course for them, having presented their case to the House so effectively, not to proceed further with the Second Reading. I do not think that any of us, whatever our views upon the Bill, would desire to vote against the Bill proceeding further. I think Members of the House will agree that the promoters have very well justified their case in bringing this matter before the House. I think everyone will agree with that. Therefore, I hope that my hon. Friend who moved the Second Reading of this Bill so ably will be prepared to say, "We have had our opportunity. We have presented our case and in view of the fact that the Departmental Committee, in whom we have every confidence, have not given their decision, we will not ask the House to proceed further with the consideration of the Bill." I beg, respectfully, to make that suggestion to the promoters of the Bill.
  Mr. RUSSELL: In view of the statement which has just been made by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary
  844
  to the Ministry of Health, a statement which, I am sure, will be appreciated by the promoters of this Bill both for the encouragement it has given and the sympathy which it has expressed, I beg, on their behalf, to ask leave to withdraw the Bill.
  Mr. DEPUTY-SPEAKER: I understand that the Amendment must be withdrawn, first of all.
  Dr. DAVIES: I beg to ask leave to withdraw the Amendment.
  Major Sir RICHARD BARNETT: On a point of Order. Is it not competent on the Question, "That the Motion be by leave withdrawn," for me to address the House?
  Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
  Question again proposed, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
  Sir R. BARNETT: I venture to think that it would be better to give a Second Reading to this Bill and thus confirm the principle of the Bill and then to defer the Committee stage of the Bill until the Departmental Committee has reported. It is perfectly obvious that there is something here which needs a remedy, and the principle of the Bill might very well be confirmed by Second Reading this afternoon. My right hon. Friend opposite has said, "Oh let us adjourn this Bill until we have had the Report of the Departmental Committee." After exploring the hidden mysteries of the sympathetic strike until four o clock this morning it is no small ordeal to come down to this House to deal with any other Measure, but I considered it to be my duty to do so because I have been urged by many of my optician constituents to say a word about this Bill. I agree with what has been said about the 6d. shops that sell spectacles. That evil is not touched by this Bill. Not very long ago I happened to meet a friend who had fallen on evil days and noticed that he was wearing spectacles. I said, "Are those new?" He said, "I got them this morning for 6d. from So-and-so's stores." I threw them in the waste paper basket and sent the man to an optician who found that he was suffering from very bad astigmatism.
  2.0 p.m.
  I think that the hon. Member for Mitcham in an admirable speech put his

  845
  finger on the spot when he said that the dentists were a real analogy here. We do not allow anyone to call himself a dentist unless he is a qualified man, and we do not want the optician to call himself an optician unless he is also a qualified man. We want to get really qualified opticians who have passed an examination and who are able to detect disease where it exists and send the sufferers to the oculist. I think the House has been amazed this afternoon to hear from the Member for the Scottish Universities (Sir George Berry) that it does not matter what kind of spectacles a man has, they do not permanently injure his sight. That is an amazing proposition. He was challenged at once from these benches. He was asked whether it was not the case when men get wrong glasses that the astigmatism becomes very much worse. I do not want to see our people wholly blind or partially blind. Most people in this country at one stage in their life suffer from astigmatism. But disease of the eyes is a serious thing. Let us endeavour to provide a standard such as is set up by this Bill. I know it is very difficult for my hon. Friends who have moved the Second Beading of this Bill to resist the appeal of my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health. I suppose they cannot really persevere in resisting this appeal, but I do hope that it does not mean the shelving of this important question, because it is one that calls urgently for reform.
  Mr. DEPUTY-SPEAKER (Mr. James Hope): I think there is some doubt as to the procedure in this matter. The Amendment has been withdrawn but the Question now before the House is, "That the Bill be now read a Second time." It will be necessary to negative that Motion. That has not the same effect as carrying an adverse Resolution in the sense that the Bill be read a Second time upon this
  day six months. The only thing the House will decide is that the Bill be not read a Second time on this particular day.
  Commander WILLIAMS: I do not wish to enter into the Bill which has been very fully discussed, but I should like to say one word about a Minister coming here and proposing to defer a Bill because a Departmental Committee
  846
  is sitting on it. It is quite obvious, that as far as this particular Bill is concerned, the procedure is absolutely sound. I entirely agree with that procedure, but I do think, speaking purely from the House of Commons point of view, that if you can carry on this procedure you will see that it is possible for a Government to set up a. considerable number of Departmental Committees, and by that means be able to block a considerable amount of Private Members' legislation. At the present moment we are in the position of having probably the best Government within the memory of man. We have undoubtedly a very excellent Ministry of Health— —
  Mr. DEPUTY-SPEAKER: That opens up rather a wide subject.
  Commander WILLIAMS: I was rather illustrating perhaps the obvious. The point I wish to make is that I do not think the House ought to accept this Motion for withdrawal without some protest being made by some Member against the withdrawal of a Bill because a Departmental Committee has been set up. We are governed by precedents, and I raise my voice in protest against this method of withdrawal, not because I think it is wrong, but because I think it ought not to become a habit. Some of us ought to be able to say that, because we never know the iniquities that may come in the future.
  Mr. T. SHAW: I hope there will be no attempt made to take a Division on this Bill. I am entirely in favour of the principle of the Bill, coming as I do from a county which has an industry in which eyesight is probably of more importance than in most industries, and where in some branches of the trade almost every man has at a very early age to begin to wear spectacles. It of vital importance that, in a matter of this kind, we should have the very best chances of people getting the best results. I know that the passage of this Bill will probably increase the price of spectacles, and that there will be no more very cheap spectacles sold, but I also know that every man or woman who goes to a. skilled optician will have a chance of getting to know whether there is anything seriously wrong with the eyes.
  I do not think a great deal about the medical argument, not that I believe the medical argument is wrong, but because

  847
  although it may be the case that opticians occasionally make mistakes and do not send people to the doctor when they ought to do, we have innumerable cases where a visit to the optician results in an immediate visit to the specialist when there is something seriously the matter with the eyes and spectacles are no good. Therefore, what the doctor loses on the swings he 10 times over gains on the roundabouts. Although I know that it is likely that spectacles for the working people will cost more if this Bill becomes law, I think the fact that they will get skilled attention is worth infinitely more to them than the saving of a few coppers or a few shillings on a pair of spectacles. As one who from very early youth has had to rely on artificial aid to eyesight, I am keenly interested personally, and I am also interested because I belong to a trade where there is so much defect in eyesight owing to the nature of the trade.
  The only thing which I desire for the moment is how best to advance the consideration of this matter. The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health has spoken, and it is obvious that to force a decision against the Ministry is scarcely likely to advance the chances of the Bill. We have had a sympathetic speech from the Government bench, and a suggestion that the Government would rather the matter was considered by a Committee. As I believe that course will more quickly result in action in Parliament than by attempting to force a decision against the Ministry, I hope the House will allow the matter to rest where it is and allow the Committee to go on with its work. Possibly the Department itself, after receiving the report of the Committee, will make itself responsible for a Bill. That is the only way in which we can get a Bill through Parliament. Without the help of the Government, we cannot get time for the Bill. It seems to me so eminently reasonable to let things remain where they are without taking a Division, that I hope the House will not take a Division.
  Commander BURNEY: I should like to support the view put forward by the right hon. Gentleman. I came here today with the intention of supporting the Bill, but it is very difficult for a person who is not an expert in these matters to
  848
  ascertain all the implications involved in a Bill of this kind. We in this House have to look to the welfare of the community as a whole, and we are, in a sense, the referees between the opposing interests of those who are concerned in the science of optics. The speeches which have been made, especially the speech by the Seconder, have shown me that this Bill, as drafted, would hardly effect what the promoters require. The Seconder showed us various spectacles which he had bought at a very low price, and he stated that they were quite useless. This Bill does not do anything, as it is drafted, to prevent the sale of bad spectacles. Therefore, the suggestion which has been put forward by the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health, is one to which we should accede.
  A further matter that should be taken into consideration before the House passes judgment upon the Bill is the composition of the Board. I have had a letter from a constituent, and I expect other hon. Members who represent urban constituencies find that the majority of opticians live in those districts. My correspondent raises a rather important matter. He says:
  "Having passed the optical examinations mentioned, namely, 1, 2 and 3,I find that although I have 21 years' experience in optics and pharmacy, this Bill will class me as an unqualified optician and compel me to take a further examination to secure registration. As a pharmacist I naturally object to submitting myself to an examination conducted and held by a body of men of inferior education and no statutory qualification."
  It is not that he is objecting on the ground that he might not be able to pass the examination, but he is objecting to sitting for an examination conducted by persons who, according to his statement, are of inferior education, and have no statutory qualification. It seems to me from the speeches which have been made that the British Optical Association and the Spectaclemakers Company are the two societies which are wishing to forward this Bill. In all these various sections which are interested in optics, such as the College of Optics and the National Association, I would like to know to what section a man like Sir Richard Creuse, whose reputation is very high, belongs. Is that the type of man who will be concerned with the control of this body?

  849
  Unless the Board which is set up is one which has the full confidence not only of the medical profession but also of the optical profession, we shall not secure the object of the Bill, namely, to raise the standard of the optical profession. It is for that reason that I think the Government's attitude should be supported. There can be no doubt that the deliberations and recommendations of the Departmental Committee which has been set up, and which is now in operation, will be of great value to Members of this House and, although I came down to support the Bill, I agree that the best method of supporting it is to ask the promoters not to force a Second Reading this afternoon.
  Mr. A. V. ALEXANDER: I should not have intervened but for the fact that the hon. and gallant Member for South-West St. Pancras (Sir R. Barnett) referred to the standard set up in the Bill, and also to the standard in the Dentists Act. I take it the standard aimed at is the standard of the Dentists Act. It is as well to make it clear that whilst I am not holding altogether the views of those who have supported the Bill, I am prepared to support the main principle if there are considerable modifications from the very Act to which the hon. Member has referred. I have had some negotiations in regard to this Bill. When it first appeared there was scarcely a word in it which was not in the Dentists Act. It then included a Clause with regard to corporate bodies practising optometry, a very restrictive Clause. That Clause is now left out of the Bill as presented for Second Reading, but there are still Clauses in it which lead many of us to suppose that unless there are specific provisions laid down, and which ought to have been in the Bill put down for Second Reading, it would be very unwise for the House to give it a Second Reading now before it has been considered by the Departmental Committee.
  In order that the position may be perfectly clear before the Bill goes to the Departmental Committee, may I say that if you are going to give a corporate status to what is a new profession you you must protect the people who have been practising in that profession. We had similar legislation proposed as far
  850
  back as 1907– 1908 for another and much more powerful body, the Pharmaceutical Society. In that case you had the Act called the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908. It is laid down there very clearly that a corporate body may carry on a profession provided its members are registered and properly qualified. We desire that we shall have the ordinary right of citizens of this country not to be precluded from carrying on a department, which does in fact professional work, simply because we may not be able to put on the management committee of the working-class body qualified members of the profession dealing with that particular business. I want to make it perfectly clear that this point must be put to the Departmental Committee, it should have been in a Bill submitted for Second Reading, as it is a question of principle, and that is why I hope the House will not take the view of the hon. and gallant Member, for whom the House has so much respect. I hope the House will not accept his advice, but the advice given by the Deputy-Speaker to the promoters of the Bill to allow it to be formally negatived. It will not prejudice the consideration of the Bill in the Departmental Committee, and at the same time it will enable the Committee to realise that we have a point of view which we want to preserve.
  Question, "That the Bill be now read a Second time," put, and negatived.

  PROTECTION OF ANIMALS (AMENDMENT) BILL.
  Order for Second Reading read.
  Major McLEAN: I beg to move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
  The object of this Bill is to amend the Protection of Animals Act, t911, in a small but not unimportant detail.
  Section 8 of that Act provides that if any person
  "(b) shall knowingly put or place, or cause or procure any person to put or place, or knowingly be a party to the putting or placing, in or upon any land or building any poison, or any fluid or edible matter (not being sown seed or grain) which has been rendered poisonous, such person shall, upon summary conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds."

  851
  There is an important proviso to this Section which says:
  "Provided that, in any proceedings under paragraph (b) of this Section, it shall be a defence that the poison was placed by the accused for the purpose of destroying rats, mice or other small vermin, and that he took all reasonable precautions to prevent access thereto of dogs, cats, fowls or other domestic animals."
  He has to show that he took all reasonable precautions, and that he put down the poison merely for the purpose of destroying rats, mice and other small vermin. It is a principle of legal construction that where you specify one or more articles the general words which follow are somewhat limited by the specific words, and, therefore, from the point of view of construction this provision will probably mean that the accused has only the defence that he put down poison for the purpose of destroying rats, mice and small rodents. It is quite clear that it does not extend to putting down poison for the purpose of destroying insects. Since the Act was passed, only in the last three or four years, it has been found that one of the most effective ways of destroying these insect pests is by putting down diluted poison. In England if a farmer does that he has no defence under this provision, but the position is different in Scotland. In Scotland the Protection of Animals Act was brought in and passed in the year 1912, and it is quite clear that that Act is a second edition and an improvement on the English Act. The corresponding provision in the Scottish Act is:
  "Provided that, in any proceedings under paragraph (b) of this Section, it shall be a defence that the poison was placed by the accused for the purpose of destroying vermin, where such is found to be necessary in the interests of the public health, agriculture, or the preservation of other animals, domestic or wild, or for the purpose of manuring the land, and that he took all reasonable precautions to prevent access thereto of dogs, cats, fowls, and other domestic animals."
  The object of this Bill is to put exactly that provision into the English Act. It has worked well in Scotland since 1912. It has been well tried, and I think this House will be well advised to put a similar provision into the English Act. Let me say a word as to the meaning of the word "vermin"; whether it would cover the case of insects. I am
  852
  not going to trouble the House with a number of definitions from various dictionaries, I will take only one, the definition given in Skeats "Etymological Dictionary." It says:
  "Vermin— any small obnoxious insect or animal; little beasts engendered of corruption and filth as lice, fleas, ticks, mice rats."
  There are two or three different kinds of insect pests with which agriculturists and others are bothered very much at the present time. There are the leather-jacket, the cutworms, and one or two others. The particular remedy that I want to suggest is a remedy for the insect known as the leather-jacket, commonly known as the daddy-long-legs or crane fly. The name is derived from the tough and leathery nature of thy skin of the larva. The daddy-long-legs hatches out during the late summer or early autumn, beginning in June and ending about the end of September or beginning of October. Notwithstanding their name, the
  "daddies" are of both sexes. One of the first things that happens when a female "daddy" hatches out is that probably within the first 24 hours she lays anything from 300 to 500 eggs distributed all over the place. There is some evidence that later on the female can lay a second batch, and possibly a third of 300 to 500 eggs. These eggs hatch out in about a fortnight's time, and the larva state lasts for anything from nine to ten months, and even longer. The pupal state is very short indeed.
  The larva, which is the most important thing, lives on the roots of grasses and cereals, and to some extent on the roots of turnips, carrots and cabbages. The greatest amount of damage is done, especially to cereal crops, at the time when the grain is just germinating. The larva attacks the young roots, and in some cases it even attacks the seed when it is germinating, and, perhaps worst of all, it attacks the oat or corn crop just as it is sprouting out of the ground. The degree of damage done varies enormously. It may be nothing at all or it may mean a loss of two-thirds of a man's crop. In the case of turnips it has been found that the damage done sometimes necessitates the re-sowing of the crops two or three times, which is a very expensive business. The number of larvæ to the acre varies from nothing at all to something over 350,000. If the numbers are less than

  853
  50,000 to an acre, the damage is probably almost negligible. It is only when the numbers increase enormously that the damage is really important. As a rule the larvæ during the daytime feed underground on the roots, but they are in the habit of coming to the surface at night. That is the time when, I think, the pest can most successfully be attacked.
  A remedy which has been suggested is known as Paris Green, and, as hon. Members know, it is an arsenical compound. It was first used in Canada for the purpose of destroying caterpillars. Three or four years ago the County Instructor in Agriculture in Argyllshire— I think it was Mr. Hunter— tried this remedy for the purpose of destroying leather-jackets. He found it was a success. It was taken up by the West of Scotland Agricultural College, and later by the North of Scotland College of Agriculture. The latter college has published its conclusion only within the last few days. The remedy is applied in this way. You take 1 lb. of Paris Green and mix it with 25 lbs. or 30 lbs. of bran. In order to make the Green adhere to the bran you add one or two gallons of water to it. The addition of a little treacle makes the mixture more palatable to the grubs. That quantity is sufficient to dress a whole acre of land. The effect of it wears off very quickly indeed. The first shower of rain washes most of it into the ground. If you are to get the maximum effect you have to apply it to the land shortly before the grubs come to the surface, at sundown.
  I happened to be in Scotland last year and I came across a farmer who had applied this remedy some two years ago to his own crops, which had been very badly attacked by leather-jackets. He found that he had already lost about one-third of his crops, and one dressing of the remedy was applied in the evening. The following morning the grubs were lying in tens of thousands dead on the ground. There is no doubt at all that the experience in Scotland has shown that this is a very successful means of dealing with the grub. The question arises, is there any danger of this remedy hurting other creatures, particularly birds? I asked the farmer whether after his dressing he had seen any sick plover, rooks, starlings or pheasants or any birds that were likely to live on these grubs? He
  854
  told me that he had seen none at all. He added that the field he dressed was next door to the farmhouse and that his own fowls were feeding on the ground before and after the dressing, and he saw no ill results. His own pigeons also were feeding on the ground. I thought I would get some other evidence, and I sent for the gamekeepers on the land and asked them about their birds, the pheasants and partridges. They said there was no sign of any damage whatever.
  This remedy is also applicable to cutworms. Cutworm is the name usually applied to the lame of such moths as the turnip moth. The caterpillars or larvæ do a great deal of damage to root crops generally. It is also hoped to deal on similar lines with the wire-worm, which is a very injurious pest. They will not touch the bran, and, therefore, the remedy must he applied in some other way. Experiments are being made with rape cake as the bait. Remedies are not confined to Paris Green. Other solutions have been suggested, mainly, I think, on the ground that they are cheaper and no more harmful. Baits were made up of one part of sodium fluoride to 30 or 40 of bran, or one part of sodium fluosilicate to 50 parts of bran. All these remedies are illegal now in England, though they are perfectly legal in Scotland, and have been tried and found successful there. At one time the Minister of Agriculture here actually sent out a recommendation to farmers to apply the Paris Green remedy. It was then discovered that the use of it was illegal, and the recommendation was withdrawn. On all sides of the House we attach a great deal of importance to the value of scientific research as a help to agriculture. Here we have a remedy suggested as a result of scientific research, but, owing to the present state of the law, the farmer cannot apply it in England. I submit that it is our business to make that remedy available for all farmers.
  Mr. SMITH-CARINGTON: I beg to second the Motion.
  Farmers have a large number of troubles and disappointments to put up with, and not the least of them is this trouble with insect pests. It will be within the knowledge of Members that at a time when we had to make every effort to increase our food supplies during the War, fields were ploughed up and very

  855
  often the result of the first year's crop from those newly-broken fields was highly unsatisfactory, owing to the destruction caused by wire-worms. This Bill contemplates for the immediate present rather the leather-jacket and cut-worm. I join with my hon. Friend in the hope that we may also be able to find a remedy for the wire-worm, which probably causes more trouble in England than the other two pests mentioned. Like all insect pests, the degree of intensity varies very much in different seasons. I believe the leather-jacket thrives particularly if it is a wet season, whereas a good deal of strong sunshine is probably a preventive of that particular pest. There are at present no real remedies. There are various measures which can be taken, and which act as palliatives. One may adopt the natural remedy, and leave these insects to their natural enemies, such as the rooks. These birds are very helpful in that respect, and when the Rabbits and Rooks Measure comes up for consideration I, personally, shall listen with interest to hear what the expert evidence is as to the relative advantages and disadvantages of rooks. It may interest hon. Members to know that the pheasant is also a very helpful bird in dealing with some of our insect pests. The plover, which was discussed a good deal within recent weeks, is another valuable ally to the farmer.
  Apart from these natural enemies of the insects, something can be done by the farmers, but with only limited effect. If, for instance, grass land is kept short and well-eaten down and well-trodden, it becomes less attractive as a breeding-ground for the insects, and some good may result; but that remedy can only be applied by the farmer in a limited way, and it is only a question of stopping the insects from breeding in one field and pushing them on to an adjoining field. Rolling the land may, in a minor degree, bring about the destruction of insects, hut I think it is more valuable, because packing the surface of the ground, and making it hard also, renders the ground less attractive for the insects. Of course, something can also be done in regard to the varieties of seeds which are used, and we come back again to the question of the nature of the season, over which the farmer can have no control.
  856
  It, therefore, seems to me that the remedies which are, to some small extent, in the farmers' hands, are quite inadequate for the purpose of removing these pests, and we ought to give them every assistance by passing a useful Measure such as this to allow the freer use of insecticide in getting rid of these pests. The hon. and gallant Member for South-West Norfolk (Major McLean) has told us about Paris Green. That, I believe, is a particularly effective substance for this purpose, and in his admirable speech the hon. and gallant Member has given details of its success in Canada and Scotland. He does not, however, confine himself to that particular remedy, but suggests others which might be effective. We farmers are constantly being reproached for not using scientific methods. Here is an opportunity for the House, which always shows a practical interest in science, to give its blessing to a proposal which might be extremely helpful, and could be carried out without the danger of poisoning other animals. We are constantly being told of various quack remedies which will produce three blades of grass where one grew before. We know that that is only a flourish of speech, and that even the advocates of such a remedy do not expect so much from it. But the next best thing to increasing your crop is to save the crop you have got. Here is a direction in which, I think, we might very usefully apply these scientific methods. I would emphasise what the Mover has said, that although primarily- directed against leather-packets and cut-worms, this remedy could, by the work of the scientist in the laboratory, be extended in various other useful directions. In particular, I hope that its use can be made general for the destruction of the wire-worm, with which we are particularly troubled in some parts of England. I trust the House will give the Bill a Second Reading.
  Dr. SHIELS: I beg to move, to leave out the word "now," and at the end of the Question to add the words, "upon this day six months."
  I move the rejection of this Bill with regret, not only because of its object, but because I am much interested in the next Order on the Paper. I could not, however, allow it to go through without protest, because, in spite of its good object, I consider it to be rather a

  857
  dangerous Bill. We have been told that it seeks to give more opportunity to the farmer to protect his crops and trees against insects, but the actual terms of the Bill have a much wider scope. The Section of the original Act— the Protection of Animals Act, 1911— which is being replaced by this Bill, says:
  "Any person who shall knowingly put or place or cause or procure any person to put or place, or knowingly be a party to the putting or placing, in or upon any land or building any poison, or any fluid or edible matter (not being sown seed or grain) which has been rendered poisonous, such person shall upon summary conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds."
  This is the important part—
  "Provided that, in any proceedings under paragraph (b) of this section it shall be a defence that the poison was placed by the accused for the purpose of destroying rats, mice, or other small vermin, and that he took all reasonable precautions to prevent access thereto of dogs, cats, fowls or other domestic animals."
  This Bill says:
  "Provided that, in any proceedings under paragraph (b) of this section, it shall be a defence that the poison was placed by the accused for the purpose of destroying vermin, where such is found to be necessary in the interests of public health, agriculture, or the preservation of other animals, domestic or wild, or for the purpose of manuring the land, and that he took all reasonable precautions to prevent access thereto of dogs, cats, fowls, or other domestic animals."
  Here it will be noticed there is no guide as to what is meant by the word "vermin," and a great many justifications for the use of poison other than insect-destruction are inserted. I think it will be seen that the Bill as it stands goes very much further than protection against the leather-jacket or the various harmful worms. I am sure every hon. Member has very great sympathy with the difficulties of agriculturists, and would not willingly place any obstacle in their way, such as might seem to be placed by the position I take up, but I see no reason why this Bill should not have contained a quite specific statement as to protection against insects and worms, if that is what the Bill is meant for. There is no reason for the very wide and vague terms which are used. Scotland has been mentioned, but all that has been done in Scotland in connection with this matter is very far short of what this Bill permits to be brought about.
  858
  Since the Scottish Act was passed, if we take the point of public health, the Rats and Mice Destruction Act, 1919, has been passed, which deals with the question of vermin from the point of view of public health. Local authorities are very vigorously putting this Act into operation, and it seems to me that the argument that poison should be permitted to be used in the manner directed by this Bill in the interests of public health no longer holds. The fact is that at present "rats and mice and other small animals" gives a certain guide as to what is vermin, which includes rats and any pests of lower grade, but under this Bill we have no guide. We have had it indicated that insects and worm are meant, but everyone realises that the word "vermin" is a very wide term and might be made to cover any kind of animals or birds, and I certainly think that the definition in the existing Act is very much more satisfactory. If it is not so, I have no objection to insects being added to the definition but I have not heard of anyone suffering punishment for destroying insects.
  Then we are told the Bill is necessary for the preservation of domestic animals, but surely it is the worst way to attempt to save domestic animals by spreading poison about. It is a real danger to domestic animals, and I cannot see any argument in that connection at all. The only way to save domestic animals from their natural enemies is to have them sufficiently protected at night and to leave cats and dogs free. Wild animals are also mentioned, but what wild animals are intended to be protected by indiscriminate permission to spread poison about? It seems to me that wild birds could quite well be included in the term "vermin," and many other creatures to which farmers might have a particular objection. The way to deal with the question of harmful wild birds is the way which has already been taken by the Legislature, more or less satisfactorily, in the Wild Birds Protection Act, and not by the indiscriminate use of poison as permitted by this Bill. It must be remembered that the balance of nature is very important and is a very serious thing with which to interfere. While I grant that there is a special case against the insects such as have been named, and even for the use of Paris Green,

  859
  to permit measures against particular birds by individual farmers, is a very undesirable thing and cuts across bird protection legislation. And it has often been found that the destruction of birds supposed to be bad for farmers— it might be considered as vermin— has in the end been to the disadvantage of, agriculturists. The hon. Member who seconded the Bill gave a very good example of that in the fact that we are asked by certain people to assist in the widespread destruction of rooks, although the hon. Member has good evidence that rooks exercise a beneficent part in destroying insects.
  It will be found if one goes into the question of pests and their natural enemies, and seeks to step in here and there and adjust to what is supposed to be the proper balance, the results are often disastrous. I do feel, at any rate, that the practice of distributing poison widespread, even through whole fields of manure which would now be made possible, could be very dangerous for wild birds and other animals. The hon. and gallant Member who introduced the Bill said that in the use of Paris Green there had never been any fatalities. That might be, but this Bill does not limit the poison used to Paris Green, and we know that practically all these poisons are arsenical or strychnine poisons, and inflict a very cruel and painful death. Before the Protection of Animals Act was introduced, examples of considerable destruction of wild birds caused by the indiscriminate use of poison were quite well known. While I am very sympathetic with the hon. and gallant Member who introduced this Measure, and while I would even be prepared to co-operate gladly in specific measures against harmful insects, which involved the use of poison, I certainly could not be a party to the amending of an Act which has worked well for 16 years in the direction of permitting the scattering abroad of poisons, which might do damage to wild birds which we are seeking otherwise to protect, and which may also be a danger to domestic and wild animals.
  Amendment not Seconded.
  Mr. NOEL BUXTON: I. feel we must congratulate the Governmental party on this latest addition to their agricultural
  860
  programme. We have had this year, or are to have, rabbits, rooks, and other pests, and now we are to have the daddylong-legs, or, as the Americans very much more felicitously call it, the straddle-bug. It is certainly anomalous that while the English Ministry controls these matters in England and Scotland, the Scottish law should be different from the English in this sphere, and certainly it seems to me that it is only proper that the law should be brought into harmony for this purpose. I agree strongly with what was said by my hon. Friend the Member for East Edinburgh (Dr. Shiels) as to the necessity of being extremely cautious in regard to excessive facilities for destroying birds. Those of us who have looked at the exhibits of the Cambridge Agricultural Institute, for instance, at "Royal" shows and so on, have learned how certain birds may be injurious at one time of the year and beneficial at another, or how in the same season they may be injurious or beneficial according to the weather, and it is a highly delicate distinction that has to be drawn between the treatment of birds even at different times.
  But I do not see how we can do otherwise than adopt the provisions of this Bill for a particular economic purpose, which is a very important one. Research has been at work on this subject, and has arrived at this valuable remedy. The right hon. Gentleman the Minister of Agriculture will, perhaps, tell us a little more about research in the English Institute. The Scottish research world seems to have the honour of having been foremost in discovering the benefits of the Paris green method in regard to leather-jackets. I would like to know if this conforms to English experience quite fully. As to the provisions of the Scottish law, and to what the hon. Gentleman the Member for East Edinburgh (Dr. Shiels) has said as to the dangers which might be involved from his point of view, perhaps the Minister of Agriculture will tell us whether those dangers have been realised, or whether the difficulties have arisen. I feel that this is a Departmental Bill in effect. It is a Bill which is of a perfectly non-controversial character in a political sense, and it is based on objective experience. The crops which are affected by the proposal are becoming increasingly important. The cabbage crop is affected, and roots of all kinds,

  861
  as well as oats, and when we realise that the remedy which will be effected may be of high economic value, and that it can be carried through at as low a price as 6s. an acre, I think we must remove any provisions of the present law which stand in the way of its use. There is only the question remaining as to whether the English daddy-long-legs has the same characteristics and habits as the Scottish one. If he has, then I think the Bill is one which ought to be supported.
  Sir HENRY CAUTLEY: On behalf of everybody who is interested in agriculture, I welcome this Bill, and I was very sorry to hear the retrograde speech which was made by the hon. Member for East Edinburgh (Dr. Shiels). No greater assistance has been given to medicine than that which has been conferred by the destruction of insects.
  Dr. SHIELS: May I point out that my objection was that the Bill went far beyond insects? I do not object to its application to insects.
  3.0 p.m.
  Sir H. CAUTLEY: I am glad that the hon. Gentleman agrees with me that it is desirable to do everything possible to destroy these pests. May I point out that, under the law as it stands, it is possible to destroy objectionable vermin, like rats and mice, by means which require the use of a much more poisonous substance than would be required for insects? The same protection is included in this Bill as that which now applies in the case of Scotland. No danger or risk has been suffered, through the use of poison for the destruction of rodents, by cats, or dogs, or birds or any other animal. We wish to see this method of dealing with vermin extended to insects. I cannot understand why it should be said, when you are going to lay down poison in the most minute quantities for the destruction of insect pests, that there should be any danger. It has been suggested that this has not been done already in this country. But it has, It has been done by the use of the Paris Green method. It is common knowledge that sulphate of copper is used for the destruction of insects, and there are other poisonous substances used for the spraying of trees. It has been a surprise to me to hear that the use of Paris Green
  862
  is illegal in this country. The substance that is required for the spraying of fruit trees is poisonous to a small degree; it is so minute that it does not affect bird life, and where it is used in such quantities care is taken that poultry and various animals cannot get at the trees which are sprayed. I have never heard of birds being destroyed by the use of these substances. When I have used sulphate of copper, I have never heard of any bird life or any desirable life suffering by the use of it. This Bill provides for the saving of our crops from destruction by insect pests which in some parts of the country is really serious. I think it would be putting back the clock to reject this Bill, and I have great pleasure in supporting it.
  The MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE (Mr. Guinness): I think agriculture is under a debt of gratitude to the hon. Gentleman who has brought forward this Bill. I think the hon. Member for East Edinburgh (Dr. Shiels) exaggerates its possible effect when he refers to the danger which it may cause to the balance of nature. After all, Scotland has enjoyed the possibility of dealing with this pest of small vermin by means of poison for a good many years past. We have made inquiries from the Scottish Office, and we are assured that no trouble arising from the accidental poisoning of other animals has ever been brought to their notice. If the hon. Gentleman can show that the Bill as drafted goes too far, I am quite prepared on behalf of the Government, and I feel sure the promoter of the Bill is equally ready, to give consideration to any Amendment which will ensure that the Bill does not lead to any accident to other forms of life.
  The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Northern Norfolk (Mr. Buxton) asked whether any experiments had taken place in this country as to the effectiveness of this Paris Green method. He suggested that the method was discovered in Scotland. That I do not know; but I know it has been very extensively used in the United States of America. In this country experiments have gone on for some years. They were conducted in 7921 at the Ministry's Plant Pathological Laboratory at Harpenden; and in 1924– 25, when there was serious destruction of crops by cut worms and leather jackets,

  863
  the advisory entomologist to University College at Cardiff, Mr. Thompson, carried out some very satisfactory researches in Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire, achieving the destruction of from 80 per cent. to 90 per cent. of the leather jackets found in the ground. At Cannington Agricultural Institute, Somersetshire, experiments carried out at the beginning of the year before last showed that as a result of the application of Paris Green, 60,000 leather jackets were destroyed per acre of infested land. This method has, I think, been proved to be of great possible value to British agriculturists. I was impressed the other day by a statement made by Dr. Marshall, the Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, drawing attention to the curious ignorance on the part of the public here that insects are the greatest rivals to mankind for the control of the natural resources of the world. It is stimated that 10 per cent. of our agricultural output is destroyed by these insect pests, and therefore I am sure the hon. Member who moved the rejection of the Bill will not oppose the application of this method to insects provided it is limited to that purpose.
  My hon. and learned Friend the Member for Last Grinstead (Sir H. Cautley) was puzzled over the fact that sprays are universally used for fruit trees, and that, so far as he had heard, the legality of the practice had never been challenged. I do not know what the explanation may be. Perhaps he does not use his sprays entirely against insect pests. It may be they are partly directed against fungoid pests. I have not looked it up in the dictionary, and I do not know whether fungus is vermin. In any case this limitation only applies to vermin, and I do not think he would propose to apply it to fungus; but I do not feel capable of attempting to advise my hon. Friends on this kind of technicality.
  Sir H. CAUTLEY: I think under the Act of 1911 we are entitled to use poison against small rodents, not against vermin. That Act does not apply to insects at all; poison is used and is allowed for insects and fungoid of all kinds.
  Mr. GUINNESS: I think it is probable that a great many of us, unwittingly, often break the law. It seems that it is illegal to destroy cockroaches by poisoned
  864
  bait in our houses. I think it is desirable that that kind of practice should be legalised, and I do not think there is any danger to other animals. I am informed that the dressing with Paris Green and bran which is used in the case of cutworms is so slight that a pheasant would have to eat the bran spread over twelve square yards of ground to suffer any serious effect. I cannot imagine a pheasant would ever exercise sufficient patience to collect bran from such a large area as that. I think this Bill will bring a real economic advantage to the farmer. The lack of legal power for dealing with insect pests has caused the Ministry considerable inconvenience. We prepared a publication some years ago recommending these matters. Our attention was then drawn to the fact that they were probably illegal, and we were bound to withdraw that publication, and wait for an amendment of the law to draw the attention of farmers to these possibilities.
  Dr. SHIELS: At present the law applies to rats, mice or other small vermin. Surely that would include cockroaches and would it, not also include insects?
  Mr. GUINNESS: There is a rule of law known as ejusdem generis, which means that when that definition is put in it limits the original words to other words ejusdem generis, that is to say of the same kind. If you put in no definition, the provision would have had the widest application, but as rats and mice are mentioned this particular rule would almost be held to limit it to like animals. Cockroaches are not animals. I believe this small Measure will do something to help the farmer to wage a more successful war against some of his most dangerous enemies, and it will have the subsidiary advantage of preventing hon. Members from falling unwittingly into crime by killing the worms on their lawns with arsenic or using Keating's powder for domestic purposes.
  Sir H. CAUTLEY: I would like to ask if the Minister of Agriculture has been advised by his legal experts that vermin does not include insects.
  Mr. GUINNESS: I think there is no doubt that vermin includes insects.
  Sir ROBERT SANDERS: Very little opposition has been shown to this Bill, but I hope that in Committee it will be

  865
  made clear that it refers only to those noxious pests which we want to destroy, and does not refer to some of the larger animals as to which some people may be rather anxious when they see the terms of this Bill. I think that, if my right hon. Friend will see to that in Committee, he will find that this Bill is universally approved.
  Question, "That the Bill be now read a Second time," put, and agreed to.
  Bill committed to a Committee of the Whole House for Monday next (16th May).— [Major McLean.]

  GOVERNMENT OF SCOTLAND BILL.
  Order for Second Reading read.
  Mr. BARR: I beg to move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."
  At this hour of the day, my description of this Bill will not be a long one, and a long description is the less necessary because we have given a very full Memorandum as to the character of the Legislature which it is proposed to set up. The Legislature proposed is a single Chamber of 148 Members, elected from the present constituencies. It will have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of Scotland. The executive power will continue vested in the King, who will be represented in Scotland by a Lord High Commissioner. Administrative action will be through the Lord High Commissioner, advised by an Executive Committee of the Scottish Privy Council which is to be set up. Practically all subjects that are dealt with relating to Scotland in this Parliament, by this and the other House, will be dealt with in future by the Scottish Parliament, with the exception that the Army, Navy and Air Force, and questions of foreign policy, will be dealt with under a form of "Joint Services," for which the two countries will be responsible. In that connection a Joint Consultative Council will be set up which will apportion the cost that should be borne by the two countries, and will also declare rights and deal with any questions of difficulty.
  The Scottish Parliament will have power to levy taxes, and will have a Scottish Treasury; but, inasmuch as in
  866
  Scotland we always give service for anything received, it will defray the cost of national services under their control out of that Fund. There will be, instead of an appeal to the judicial House of Lords, a Supreme Judicial Court set up in Scotland as the last court of appeal. There will be a, right to petition His Majesty for leave to appeal to the Privy Council in the class of cases that now can be carried to the Privy Council. The representation of Scotland in this House will cease at the date when the Scottish Parliament is constituted. I may say, however, that in this regard we are not proposing the question which was found to be an exceedingly difficult one in connection with the Irish Home Rule discussion. We do not find that at the present time, with no scheme of devolution before the country, we could launch out into any constructive policy in that regard, but, should such a scheme be set up, and should there be a separation of purely Imperial affairs from those that are more local and are to be delegated to England, Scotland, Wales, or any other portions of the country that may be marked out, then, certainly, Scotland would desire to have a worthy part and share in the administration of those Imperial affairs, and also in the larger field covered by what we now know as the Commonwealth of Nations.
  The Bill proceeds on the principle of self-determination. It proceeds throughout on the basis of Scotland being a sovereign state. We may well wonder that separate legislatures for different parts of this country have not been set up sooner. On the 4th June, 1919, by 137 votes to 34, this House, in the interests of the Imperial Parliament having more time for general discussion of Imperial and general matters, remitted it to a, Committee, which came to be known as the Speaker's Conference, to go into details as to how the setting up of such separate legislatures or councils could be determined. In the end there was considerable difference of opinion as to the character and composition of the bodies that would be set up under this scheme of devolution, but there was no difference of opinion as to the advisability of relieving the Imperial Parliament of its present congestion, nor was there any difference of opinion that

  867
  Scotland should have such a legislature, and, in the interim, a council, as was proposed by the Speaker. The Financial Secretary to the Treasury is not present, or I should have liked to refer to the Memorandum which he appended to the Report of the Conference on that occasion, and for two reasons. In the first place, he made a remarkable admission in regard to the sentiment that prevailed in Scotland in regard to this matter— a remarkable admission, I would say, coming from one holding his political opinions, and so opposed as he was to any Measure of Home Rule. He said:
  "It was quickly made evident that, so far as Scotland and Wales are concerned, at all events, no scheme would be acceptable which failed to satisfy the sentiment of nationality."
  In the second place, he made a special difficulty on this account, that, if you had an Imperial Parliament which dealt with all British affairs— if you had in addition to, say, a Welsh and a Scottish Parliament, an English Parliament dealing with English local matters— those matters would be more entrancing and attractive than the matters that are dealt within an Imperial sense by the Imperial Parliament; therefore it would have the effect of diminishing the position and the prestige of Ministers of the Crown. The result would be that the Ministers of the subordinate Parliaments
  "would come to be looked upon as more important while the Ministers of the Crown would correspondingly decline in popular estimation."
  But I think, without any special reason of that kind, we have seen, and we see, how what has here been described to-day as the best Government in living memory has been able, without any artifice of that kind, to decline in the popular estimation.
  I should like to say a word on the demand for the Measure. It was as far back as 1889 that Dr. Clark brought forward a Measure of Scottish Home Rule. It was in an uncongenial atmosphere but, notwithstanding that, on the very first trial, so far as Scottish representation was concerned, he almost carried a majority, the Scottish Members voting being 22 against and 19 for. By 1912 there were 43 voting for Scottish Home Rule and only 6 against, and in 1919 we had 35 voting for it and only 1 against. On one occasion we had no
  868
  fewer than 13 Scottish unionist members voting for a Home Rule Measure. I would appeal to representatives of Scotland to be worthy of their noble past in this regard.
  What I have been showing is that, whether this House voted for or against Home Rule, ever since the first trial in 1899 we have had a large preponderance of Scottish representatives who took part in the vote going in favour of Home Rule. I find that the "Glasgow Herald" and other Scottish papers are indicating that the problem is already sufficiently met by the new status which has been given to the Secretary for Scotland. I think that really shows rather a low estimation of the vastness of the problem we have to deal with and a rather high estimation of the miracle that has been wrought by giving a new title to the Secretary for Scotland. This is not a political measure and the principles it embodies draw support from all sections of the community. I do not say that the Duke of Montrose is a supporter of this Measure, because he thinks the question has got into bad hands. That is how he describes it, without being perhaps too personal in his allusion. But he goes on to say very clearly that a great many good things would happen if there was such a measure in Scotland. He says for one thing we should have no Erribol cases, and I am sure that would be a great relief to the House of Commons— and that there would be no land raids, with the consequent frequent imprisonment of ex-service men and crofters. He uses these words:
  "I cannot believe that for all time coming Scottish affairs will continue to be settled by Englishmen in London."
  In many departments of our public life in Scotland we have peculiar laws and customs of our own. I take the land question, which presents vaster problems in Scotland than it does in England. I made a reference offhand the other day to a leading article in the "Glasgow Herald," because I thought it was very significant that a paper with such traditions and such a political outlook should use these terms. The article, which appeared on 2nd August, 1921, said that if sport were to be developed in the Highlands instead of land settlement the result would be that in the normal course more than half the

  869
  acreage would be permanently out of cultivation and it says:
  "Already in many wide stretches which once contained thousands of crofter families and hundreds of sheep farms, human society is represented only by a handful of gamekeepers. … A given acre of average quality will maintain ten times as many people under a decent crofting system, combined with sheep farming, as it would if it were given over entirely to sport. … All who have the welfare of rural Scotland at heart are agreed that drastic steps must be taken to free agriculture and rural life from the unprofitable incubus of excessive sport."
  I believe such drastic action will never be taken till we have such a Legislature as I am proposing. I need not quote the words which have been often repeated from the report of the Scottish Land Court in 1916 to the same effect. Not only have we a different system in rural areas with regard to land but in urban areas also. I should not give away a confidence but I had a conversation with a Member of the Front Bench not long ago and I found he did not know what a feu duty was, and when I explained it it was a revelation to him that it had anything to do with buildings or land. The question of housing presents a most grave problem in Scotland. We are waiting for the organisation, the supervision and the uplift which only a national Parliament could give. I have referred to the Church. If it had gone by the vote of the Scottish representatives in 1843 there would have been no disruption in the Church at all and the course of Church history would have been different; for 25 Scottish Members voted for Fox Moule's Motion and 12 against. With regard to education, we do not do any boasting. I have been told of a girl, who on being asked by a mistress why she did not mention when she was engaging her that she was Scotch, said "because I do not like to boast." I am not going to boast, but in regard to the Scottish Educational system I would like to read the words that Lord Macaulay, speaking of the Act of 1696, used in this House in 1847. He said:
  "An improvement such as the world had never seen took place in the moral and intellectual character of the people. Soon, in spite of the rigour of the climate, in spite of the sterility of the earth Scotland became a country which had no reason to envy the fairest portions of the globe."
  In regard to recent Acts, particularly of superannuation, we have been warned,
  870
  even by Labour Secretaries for Scotland and on all sides, that we must keep strictly in step with England. Owing to the custom by which we get 11/80ths of what is spent we have a Board of Education in Scotland which is parsimonious in the same sense and degree as that in England. I would like to say two other things. Our whole literature pulsates with the passion for Scottish freedom and Scottish nationality. Burns says:
  "The story of Wallace poured a tide of Scottish prejudice into my veins which will boil along there till the flood gates of life shut in eternal rest."
  On the 10th of April, 1790, he wrote to Mrs. Dunlop:—
  "Alas, have I often said to myself, what are all the boasted advantages which my country reaps from the Union that can counterbalance the annihilation of her independence and even her very name. I often repeat that couplet of my favourite poet, Goldsmith:
  'States of native liberty possessed,
  Though very poor, may yet be very blest.'
  Nothing can reconcile me to the common terms, 'English Ambassador,' 'English Court,' &c. And I am out of all patience to see that equivocal character, Hastings, impeached by the Commons of England. Tell me, my friend, is this weak?"
  The last point is that we are seeking to restore, in a more effective form I trust, the right that we have to the independent Parliament that was ours. That Parliament has an ancient and honourable history. It goes back to the year 1326. Its influence was impaired by the Union of the Crowns. James VI, writing from England, said:
  "Here I sit and govern Scotland with my pen. I write and it is done; and by the Clerk of the Council I govern Scotland now, which others could not do by the sword."
  These words would be very appropriate to the Secretary of State for Scotland, who is the James VI of our time. When that Parliament was taken from us, it was against the, protests of the whole nation. The Royal Burghs were against it. The General Assembly of the Church appointed a special National Fast. The Cameronians, the most stalwart of the Covenanters, to the number of 200 met in the streets of Dumfries and burned the Articles of Union at the Market Cross. In Glasgow, which has not altogether lost its sturdy character, there were riots, and Daniel Defoe said that Scotland had gone mad

  871
  against the Measure. Plato says that there is a certain divine madness and I believe that it was such madness which existed then. We lost the Parliament by wholesale bribery. A sum of £ 20,000 was paid to the Members of the Scottish Parliament. It is a humiliation to confess that they accepted it. [Laughter.] Yes, and the Englishmen who offered it were equally guilty. A sum of £ 30,000 was given to the Union Commissioners for their services, £ 250,000 to the Darien Company, and no less than £ 398,000 were given under the euphonious name of an equivalent grant. I would like to quote one verse from a poem of Robert Burns on this transaction:
  "What force or guile could not subdue,
  Through many warlike ages,
  Is wrought now by a coward few
  For hireling traitors' wages.
  The English steel we could disdain,
  Secure in valour's station;
  But English gold has been our bane,
  Such a parcel of rogues in a nation!"
  He does not define whether the nation he refers to is Scotland or England. On the occasion of almost the last meeting of the Scottish Parliament, on the 2nd November, 1706, when the Parliament was as good as lost, Lord Bellhaven said:
  "None can destroy Scotland, save Scotland's self."
  It is because we believe to-day that none can save Scotland but Scotland's self that we ask for a Second Reading of this Measure. Another famous saying was spoken by Lord Chancellor Seafield, on the 25th March, 1707, at the last meeting of the old Scottish Parliament, when he said:
  There is the end of an auld sang."
  Hon. Members will grant that there is nothing better for an old Scottish song than that it should be sung over again. We propose that it should be sung over again in richer, fuller and clearer notes, to call the people of Scotland to new hope and a higher and nobler endeavour.
  Mr. JOHNSTON: I beg to second the Motion which has been moved so eloquently by my hon. Friend. I only desire to ask the attention of the House for a few minutes in order that I may give the Secretary of State for Scotland an opportunity to throw his hat enthusiastically into the ring with ours, and let us have a unanimous Scotland for once.
  872
  On the last occasion that this Bill, or a similar Measure was before the House in 1924, we failed to get a Division, and I am not enthusiastic that we shall succeed to-day. But a Division will not be necessary if the Secretary of State for Scotland and right and hon. Gentlemen opposite will let us have this Second Reading by consent. Whatever differences of opinion we may have on the details of the Measure can quite easily be thrashed out in Committee.
  I would call attention of hon. Members opposite to the fact that as far back as the 4th June, 1919, they supported and voted for the appointment of a Speaker's Conference, setting up a Committee of Inquiry to see whether such a Measure as the one which my hon. Friend has moved would be practicable. The Speaker's Conference, composed of Members of all shades of political opinion in this House, arrived at what they call a large measure of agreement. There was general agreement, they said, upon all financial questions. They were unanimous on the question of the judiciary, and the only question upon which there was a division of opinion was the exact composition of the Parliament that was to be set up in Scotland. It was a question whether it was to be a Parliament, or whether large powers should be given to county councils, and other local authorities.
  I want to put another point of view this afternoon. Since 1919 there has been a constantly increasing drain upon the finances of Scotland through the exaction of legal expenses operating through this Parliamentary machine. The City I represent here has had to pay no less than £ 41,966 in order to obtain a Provisional Order giving them powers which they ought to have been able to have obtained in Scotland. The members of the Commission which conferred these powers were not at all acquainted with the local facts, they were utterly incapable of giving a reasonable decision on the questions submitted to them. But at the same time that English Members, utterly unaware of the facts, are sifting in judgment on local affairs in Scotland, at the same time that this farce is going on, local ratepayers in Scotland are being bled to the extent of large sums of money. Edinburgh and Leith have

  873
  had to pay for powers to amalgamate £ 51,771 in legal expenses at this end.
  The City of Glasgow came here a year ago for a Provisional Order, brought up witnesses, housed the men in hotels, hired Parliamentary counsel, and spent many days in giving evidence before three or four English Members of this House in Westminster Hall. And one of these English Members, who had to determine this question, actually thought that the town of Yoker was the name of a drink. It cost the municipal ratepayers of Glasgow alone no less than £ 46,308, not counting the town clerk's fees which have not yet been paid. This is very much like the bribery which occurred at the time when the Act of Union was passed. Apart from the cost to the municipal ratepayers of Glasgow, there is in addition to that the expenses incurred by parish councils, by the local education authorities, and by all the other local authorities, who were equally compelled to send witnesses here and pay their expenses. Probably there was a total cost of between £ 70,000 and £ 80,000 incurred to decide the simple question whether or not the City of Glasgow should be allowed to extend its boundaries. In face of these facts it is idle for this House to talk about economy; it is idle to talk about economy unless hon. Members are prepared to give greater powers to Scotsmen and Scots women to conduct their own affairs in their own country without being put to the unnecessary expense to which I have referred,
  The right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State for Scotland controls sixteen departments. He cannot do it; there is no human being capable of controlling sixteen departments. Scottish local Government is being further broken up. It is a fact that Scottish Boards are being broken up, and the right hon. Gentleman is bringing the officials down to Whitehall. I know he is not doing it in the first 24 hours, but everybody knows the ultimate purpose. The tendency is day after day and year after year to break up local control in Scotland. Hon. Members opposite broke it up by the Education Act of 1918. They are to smash it in the Poor Law proposals. Step by step they are taking away local control from Scotland. I submit that the time has come when this pooh-bah business, this conglomeration of sixteen offices in the person of one
  874
  individual, is an insult to a proud nation. It does not make for the better Government even of the British Empire. We cannot give enough time here to the discussion of Imperial affairs because of the consideration which must be given to petty affairs in Scotland, England and Wales. I remember reading of a little town in Argyllshire, Dunoon, which actually had to come to this House to get power to increase its pier dues from 1d. to 2d., and it cost the ratepayers the equivalent of 2d. rate for four years in order to pay the legal expenses incurred. I trust that the Secretary of State will to-day ennoble his office and enhance his own reputation— it badly requires it— and do something for our good old country by declaring that he gives his assent to the proposals of the Bill.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: I listened with great delight to the speech of the hon. Member for Motherwell (Mr. Barr). I think we have all enjoyed it. All Scotsmen especially enjoyed it, because it brought back so much of the ancient history that we learned in our youth. It is perfectly true criticism that at the time of the Act of Union Scotsmen were offered great bribes. There is no doubt about it. But I do not think it lies in the mouth of the hon. Member for Motherwell to criticise, because in this Bill he is offering the biggest bribe that has ever been offered to any Parliament, seeing that he proposes that there shall be no members for Scotland in this House. The Secretary of State for Scotland has been likened to James VI. That is rather cruel, because it is recorded in history that James VI was known as "the wisest fool in Christendom." How did the Union come to pass? There had been an age-long hostility between the two races, and I believe that the thrusting, dominating, tyrannical procedure of Edward I— Malleus Scotorum— was responsible for it. When I saw his gravestone, and saw on it the words Malleus Scotorum the "tide of Scottish prejudice" of which Burns speaks began to pour through my veins. The business of Edward I seems to have been to unite this island into one, and he proceeded to do it by exterminating the Welsh. Unfortunately he did not succeed. He was not up to the full standard of efficiency there. There was a great deal that he left undone, and we are still suffering for it to this day. He

  875
  did not meet with success in the northern part of this island. In fact he created such hostility and prejudice as accounted to a great extent for the divisions which existed between Scotland and England down through the centuries. Prior to the Scottish wars of independence, Scotland was the educated and civilised part of Great Britain— [HON. MEMBERS: "And is still!"]— and Englishmen were more or less savages. Well-to-do people in England sent their sons to Scotland to undergo some civilising process.
  That hostility developed, and there were constant wars and raids between the one country and the other until it came near the time of the legislative Act of Union, and after the Union of the Crowns. The state of feeling was so tense between the two countries that according to my study of history they would have been at war within a twelvemonth or less and there would have been the dreadful tragedy of a renewal of the war between Scotland and England. It was the knowledge of that fact by politicians of both countries— I suppose I can call them statesmen, seeing that they are dead— that led to the hurried Act of Union which I have no hesitation in agreeing with the hon. Member for Motherwell would not have been carried by the votes of the Scottish people. Lord Rosebery describes in his work on the poet Burns the feeling of depression and regret among the ordinary people of Scotland for a century after the Union until Burns came and then there grew again the spark of national spirit and aspiration. It was a tragic business for Scotland, but I think it was a good thing for the British Empire. It may have been a great hardship to Scotland that she was sacrificed to such an extent; but I look at this matter to some extent from the point of view of the Highlander, and I am not sure that the Highlanders have anything for which to thank the rest of Scotland. My reading leads me to believe that in 1745 there were no greater repressors and hunters-down of the poor Highlanders than the Lowland Scots. They were far more cruel and bloodthirsty than the English, and they assisted the Duke of Cumberland in his attempt to exterminate the Highlanders at a time when outrages were committed in the Highlands, and tragedies occurred
  876
  beside which the tragedies of the late War in Belgium pale into insignificance.
  Mr. KIRKWOOD: It was the Hanoverians.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: It was so bad that most of us, with a few of the most distinguished exceptions, went to America and the far West of Canada. I think the spirit that is given expression to in this Bill, the desire to have a little more control of our own affairs in some form of devolution, is perfectly sound, but the instances given by the hon. Member for Dundee (Mr. Johnston) are not going to help us. It is not the fault of the English Parliament that Scotsmen come to town for private Bills, but the fault of the local authorities. They can get Private Bill procedure in Scotland, but do you think the town councillors want to go to Edinburgh Or to Glasgow if they can get a jaunt to London for a few days? The whole business or a great portion of it can be done under the present procedure in Scotland, but the opportunities which have already been given are not fully exercised at all; if they were, a great mass of the expenditure might be saved. I agree with the hon. Member for Dundee that certainly the present procedure is far too costly and expensive, though it very often results in the distribution of considerable sums of money among a very deserving class, among whom there are a larger proportion of the unemployed than in almost any other industry. I refer to lawyers and skilled witnesses.
  Incidentally, I always think it is rather hard on those Members of Parliament who preside over Committees on private Bills to reflect that the lawyers and skilled witnesses who are pleading in front of them are getting large sums of money, while they themselves are getting nothing. I think this Bill is far too divisive in itself. After all, we are all put into one little island, and if you are to pass more and more laws it is a dangerous thing. The curse of the United States of America is that there they have something like a million and a half Statutes owing to there being so many States, with the result that nobody knows the law. It is difficult enough in this country, but if you have the Parliamentary machine constantly turning out new legislation the result will be the overwhelming of the legal profession. That

  877
  is a danger, and that is one of the reasons why I object to this Bill.
  Sir PATRICK FORD Sir PATRICK FORD rose— —
  HON. MEMBERS: Divide!
  Sir P. FORD: I am surprised at the levity with which some hon. Members opposite would wish us to dismiss such an important subject. It would be scandalous if the Debate were not allowed to go on before a decision was sought to be taken. I agree with my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Argyll (Mr. Macquisten) that there is great room for improvement in the procedure in regard to Scotland, but I am afraid this evil is not quite as easily dealt with as was suggested, because it is not a matter of Committee points. It is the whole structure of this Bill, which, I think, is wrongly conceived. I want to look ahead to the future, and I notice that more and more the little racial and local differences are tending to die out and merge— —
  Mr. STEPHEN Mr. STEPHEN rose in his place, and claimed to move, "That the Question be now put," but Mr. SPEAKER withheld his assent, and declined then to put that Question.
  Sir P. FORD: I was saying— —
  It being Four of the Clock the Debate stood adjourned.
  Debate to be resumed upon Monday next.
  The remaining Orders were read, and postponed.
  Whereupon Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House, without Question put, pursuant to Standing Order No. 3.
  Adjourned at One Minute after Four o'Clock until Monday next (16th May).

  S.S. "BARON FAIBLIE" (LASCAR CREW).
  S.S. "BARON FAIBLIE" (LASCAR CREW).
  UNEMPLOYMENT (DEVONPORT).
  UNEMPLOYMENT (DEVONPORT).
  ROYAL AIR FORCE (ACCIDENTS, TEMPLEBRUER AND NETHER- AVON).
  ROYAL AIR FORCE (ACCIDENTS, TEMPLEBRUER AND NETHER- AVON).
  AIR MINISTRY.
  AIR MINISTRY.
  ST. GILES'S ESTATE, LINCOLN.
  ST. GILES'S ESTATE, LINCOLN.
  FOREIGN OFFICE ARCHWAY.
  FOREIGN OFFICE ARCHWAY.
  NAVAL SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRS.
  NAVAL SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRS.
  CANADIAN CATTLE (IMPORT RESTRICTIONS).
  CANADIAN CATTLE (IMPORT RESTRICTIONS).