Sitting of 11 June 1873

MINUTES.
NEW WRIT ISSUED—For Roscommon, v. Colonel the Right hon. Fitzstephen French, deceased.
PUBLIC BILLS—Ordered—Conspiracy Law Amendment*.
Ordered—First Reading—Civil Bills, &c. (Ireland) * [187].
Second Reading—Roads and Bridges (Scotland) [45]; Factory Acts Amendment* [47], debate adjourned.
Committee—Prison Officers Superannuation (Ireland)* [142]—R.P.
Committee—Report—Grand Jury Presentments (Ireland)* [170].
Withdrawn—Local Government Provisional Orders (No. 4)* [174].

ROADS AND BRIDGES (SCOTLAND) BILL— [BILL 45.]

  SECOND READING.
  Order for Second Reading read.
  SIR ROBERT ANSTRUTHER,in moving that this Bill be now read the second time said, that his apology for having embarked in a measure of such magnitude was that he had for many years been engaged in the consideration of matters connected with road legislation; in connection with the noble Lord the Member for Haddingtonshire (Lord Elcho) in 1865; and subsequently as a member of the Turnpike Trusts Continuance Committee. In October last a meeting on this subject was held at Edinburgh, when a Resolution was almost unanimously passed in favour of such a measure as he now proposed, and he was requested to bring in a Bill accordingly; and although he was aware that, as a private Member, he was incompetent to carry through such a measure, he had not thought it right to refuse the request from such a quarter. So far as the principle of the Bill was concerned he was convinced that it ought to receive the sanction of the House. He did not desire to commit the House to the details of the measure, many of which were doubtless open to and would receive revision in Committee, should the Bill reach that stage, but it was not difficult to show that the principle of the Bill was such as the House might very fairly affirm, and such as had already received legislative sanction for England. The measure was founded on the Report

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  of a Royal Commission of 1859. The Commissioners stated in their Report the effect of the evidence they had received of the evils and inconveniences attending the toll system, and they added that the rapid extension of railways and the consequent diminution of the existing road traffic had materially altered the position of many trusts hitherto prosperous, and whose roads were in good condition, and they said that should there be any further fall of revenue, as was to be anticipated, there was reason to fear that the roads would soon be allowed to deteriorate. If this was true in 1859, it was quite as true and even more so in 1873. If the allocation of the tolls was unequal and unjust then, by what possibility could they be equal and just now? Since 1859 railways had so rapidly extended throughout the country that the argument of the Commissioners as to the result had been greatly strengthened; nor would it be difficult to show that both in Scotland and England the public mind was set upon an alteration of the system of road revenues. So strongly, indeed, did public opinion confirm the Report of the Royal Commission, that since it appeared no fewer that 14 counties in Scotland had, at very considerable expense, obtained private Acts almost exactly carrying out the principle recommended by the Commissioners, and contained in the Bill he was about to ask the House to read a second time. A statement had been prepared which showed the result in those counties which had adopted that principle; and though they did not in every ease bear out his conclusions, yet on the whole they were conclusively in his favour. For instance, in Banffshire, which before they got their private Act raised £3,665, the assessment in 1871 was £4,424; in Elginshire the sum raised by tolls in 1862 was £3,427, and the assessment in 1871 £4,480. Selkirk, again, was a very prominent example of the excellence of the new system as compared with the old. In 1867 the sum raised by tolls in Selkirk-shire was £1,007, and the sum raised for statute labour by the farmers and occupiers of land £2,430—making a total of £3,437. Under the new system the assessment was only £2,252; so that the occupiers who before paid the whole of £2,430 now only paid the half of £2,252, or £1,126. This being the case in Sel-
  798
  kirkshire, it was not unfair to assume that similar results, though probably not so large, would be found to obtain in other counties. The present Bill was practically, with certain amendments and improvements, the same as that introduced by the Lord Advocate in 1869, but it contained a clause which was not in the Bill of the Government, but which, he thought, was very important. One of the principal objections urged against a uniform rate of assessment of land and heritages was the inadequate share of taxation which would fall on mines, quarries, and public works, where the use of roads was very extensive, and the damage occasioned by the traffic was accordingly very great, and yet where the rental of the land was comparatively inconsiderable; and in order to meet the undeniable specialities of such cases, the Commissioners thought that such properties might be assessed at twice, or even three or four times the amount of the ordinary rate, as the ease might be, on a warrant from the Sheriff or other competent authority, grounded on the certificate of the surveyor, stating that the injury to the roads by the traffic had exceeded double or three or four times the amount of ordinary rate payable in respect of such properties. He had introduced a clause of that nature into this Bill, because he thought that without such a provision it would be impossible to obtain a fair amount of assessment on such properties. At the same time, he did not think it would have any extensive operation, because most large quarries and mines were provided with tramways and did not use the roads at all. The only other clause materially differing from the Government Bill of 1869 was the last, under which power was given to those counties which had abolished tolls, and which were now raising road-funds by assessment, to adopt the present measure in whole or in part, as might be deemed expedient. He did not conceal from himself that there were difficulties involved in the question, and that what might be simple in a small agricultural county might be very difficult in a large metropolitan county. The difficulties were not, however, insuperable, as was shown by the fact that in certain great centres of industry tolls had been abolished, and it was absurd to say that what was done in London could not be done in Glasgow. But of the difficulties by

  799
  which the question was beset the greatest was that of the debt existing in most cases; but those who were experienced in road legislation must know that a great deal of this difficulty was exaggerated—partly in order to frighten people from bringing forward these measures, and partly in order to maintain an effete system, which was found to suit the officials connected with it. The Commissioners stated the nominal total of the debt on roads and bridges in Scotland to be upwards of £2,300,000—and they added that a considerable portion of this must be regarded as of very doubtful value, much of it being entirely irrecoverable. This was especially the case with regard to the interest unpaid, which had in many cases been kept on the books of trusts without any expectation of its ever being realized, and there would be no doubt that a considerable amount of debt secured on the tolls was in a similar position. In Renfrew, for instance, the unpaid interest was £15,000, while the debt was stated at its full nominal value. The Commissioners said it was absolutely necessary to deal with the question of debt, and expressed their opinion that irrespective of any ulterior legislation, it was imperatively necessary that provision should be made for getting rid of this incubus. The Commissioners asserted that the debt ought to be apportioned equably over each county—which meant that the entire county ought to pay the county's debts. This seemed to be the only principle on which they ought to act. The cases of roads made for merely through traffic might complicate the matter a little, but he thought that on the whole, nothing could be fairer than to say that the debts of a county should be paid by the owners of land in that county. With regard to boroughs, the Commissioners proposed that all turnpike roads within borough boundaries should be handed over to the boroughs which should undertake their future maintenance, and also be liable for the burdens now resting upon them. It was only fair to say that in drafting the clauses of the Bill, he had not absolutely followed the Bill of 1869, on the recommendation of the Commissioners. The Commissioners laid down a rule for apportioning the debt according to the mileage; but in the Bill of 1869 it was found impossible to lay down a hard-and-fast line on this
  800
  question. There was, however, no reason, where the mileage system was deemed most equitable, why it should not be adopted; and, on the other hand, there was no reason why, in other cases, it should be made compulsory. What he proposed in the Bill was that these mileage questions should be laid before competent persons to be appointed as arbitrators, who would determine what was the fairest way in which the debt should be apportioned. The Commissioners recommended that a commission should be authorized to make a valuation of the debt. He thought he should be hardly treating his hon. and learned Friend the Member for Ayr (Mr. Craufurd) with proper respect if he omitted to notice the Amendment, or rather the Amendments he had placed on the Paper. The hon. and learned Gentleman had put on the Paper an Amendment, which the Speaker had decided could not be put to the House. This was unfortunate, because he (Sir Robert Anstruther) felt certain that as between the Motion for the second reading and that Amendment, the former would certainly have been preferred. His hon. and learned. Friend had since altered his Amendment into an acceptable form, and he (Sir Robert Anstruther) would read it as it had at first appeared, and as it was now worded. As first put forward, the Amendment was—
  "That this House declines to entertain any legislation involving new or additional local charges until the question of the relief to be granted from imperial funds to local taxation shall have been definitely settled."
  As the Amendment now appeared, it set forth—
  "That whereas the Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Bill involves the compulsory imposition of new local burdens, this House declines to entertain this Bill until the question of the relief to be granted from Imperial funds to local taxation shall have been definitely settled."
  Now, he was bound to admit that to a certain extent the Bill imposed a new burden, and. be admitted that, in his judgment, local taxation did require assistance from the Imperial funds; but he asked whether the hon. and learned Member for Ayr intended to say, that although by this Bill to a certain extent local taxation would be imposed, yet if they would show that the money would be economically and well spent, he would prevent the carrying of a measure which had the effect of bringing about a, say-

  801
  ing? The truth was, that the increase of local burdens under the Bill would be not so much an increase in fact as a variation of the incidence of taxation. It appeared that his hon. and learned Friend did not object to the proposal to abolish tolls; once on a time he was in favour of that being done, and of some more equitable system being adopted. His objection to the Bill was that it imposed new local burdens. But having taken the course of objecting to this Bill on the ground stated, the hon. Member ought to take the same course upon all other Bills relating to local burdens. But see what that would involve; almost every valuation Bill would be stopped. He would stop Bills emanating from the Treasury bench, Bills arising from below the gangway, and Bills from the other side of the House. They would have to stop the Juries Bill—indeed, it was whispered that it was stopped already—they would have to stop the Election Expenses Bill, the Bill for the education of Deaf Mutes, the Juries (Ireland) Bill, all the Provisional Orders Confirmations Bills, the Lord Advocate's Bill, and the Poor Law (Scotland) Bill. It was a pity the House took the trouble to throw out the hon. and learned Gentleman's Bill, because his own Amendment would have stopped it. It inferred an increase of local burdens, and his own Amendment would have prevented it from going on. That Amendment, as applied to his Bill, might succeed better than if it were applied to the Government and parties on both sides; but if his hon. and learned Friend did not succeed in destroying him before he destroyed the Prime Minister and everybody else, he (Sir Robert Anstruther) would then have a chance of carrying the second reading of his Bill. He would put himself in the hands of the Home Secretary. If the right hon. Gentleman would give him facilities for going into Committee on the Bill, he would endeavour to make such progress as he could; but, of course, everybody was aware how, in the present mode of conducting business in that House, it was impossible for a private Member to pass a Bill through Committee. If the right hon. Gentleman would give him assistance to pass the Bill through Committee, he would then recommend the whole matter to the consideration of Her Majesty's Government.
  802
  From the knowledge he had obtained of these Acts, he believed they were working well, and therefore it was not unreasonable to hope that the Government would take an early opportunity of dealing with what they considered to be a very important matter of Scotch legislation. The hon. Baronet concluded by moving the second reading of the Bill.
  MR. ORR EWING,in seconding the Motion, said, he would not enter into details, but would rather deal with general principles. The spirit of the Bill was that the present system of maintaining the roads was inadequate in its operation, expensive in its mode of collection and management, and also insufficient for maintaining the roads in a proper condition. Roads in Scotland were supported under two systems—one being the turnpike system, by which all those roads which used to be the principal links of the thoroughfares in the country were supported by tolls; and the other system was that known as the statute labour roads. These latter roads were under an Act which passed as far back as 1810. At that time the parts of Scotland in which these roads existed did so little trade that the cost of maintenance was perfectly insignificant. The conditions attached to the statute labour roads were that the landowners had the, power to manage them—they had the power of laying on the assessment, but the payment came out of the tenant-farmers of Scotland. One could hardly fancy at this time of day such a law could be allowed to exist, and that the parties who paid the tolls, which might be 3 per cent of their rental, should have no voice in the management of the roads; but such was the fact. In some parts these roads were very expensive—in some cases, though the assessment amounted to 3 per cent, the roads were actually impassable. In the county of Stirling the length of the roads under the turnpike system only amounted to 165 miles, while under the Statute Labour Acts there were 394 miles, or more than double that under the turnpike system. It was most unjust that such a system of maintaining the statute labour roads should exist. The assessments were also most unjust in their incidence. In one district of Stirling-shire, where the great bulk of the assessment was laid upon land and fell upon

  803
  the occupier, the valuation of public works and other heritages amounted to £43,000, while the assessment was laid upon £16,000 only; so that the tenant-farmers paid the whole, while those who used the roads most escaped. He should also support this Bill on the ground of the present system being expensive. It was also unequal. One man might have one or two tolls to pay, although he was only five or six miles from a city like Glasgow; whereas another, who might be as far removed from Glasgow, might have only one toll to pay, and perhaps none. He also believed that £3 per £100 was not sufficient for maintaining the roads. This Bill had for its object the total abolition of the toll system, and for raising a sufficient amount of money by assessment. Out of 33 counties 14 were supported by the system which this Bill provided, but there were still 19 counties where they supported the old toll system. He was warmly in favour of the Bill, and regretted that the hon. Baronet (Sir Robert Anstruther) should take so desponding a view of the probability of its passing this year. He hoped, however, that Lanark and Renfrew would be excepted from the Bill. These counties, having such a large number of people concentrated in boroughs and towns, were in such an exceptional position, that they might reasonably demand legislation specially adapted to their case. Indeed, he saw no chance of passing a Bill this year unless these counties were exempt from its operation. He was, however, quite at a loss to understand the object the hon. and learned Member for Ayr (Mr. Craufurd) had in view in the Amendment which he had placed on the Paper. While he (Mr. Orr Ewing) would willingly do anything to relieve local burdens, he was quite satisfied this Bill would be useful to farmers, who really were an important class; and, as it was not at all likely that the roads would be supported out of the Imperial Exchequer, it was but right that each county should support its own. He could not conceive the reason for the opposition of the hon. and learned Member to a Bill which he might say had the almost unanimous support of the people of Scotland—the conveners of Royal burghs—and the loss of which would disappoint almost the entire body of his fellow-countrymen.
  Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a second time."—(Sir Robert Anstruther).
  MR. CRAUFURDin rising to move the Amendment of which he had given Notice—
  "That whereas the Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Bill involves the compulsory imposition of new local burdens, this House declines to entertain this Bill until the question of the relief to be granted from Imperial funds to local taxation shall have been definitely settled."
  said, the hon. Gentleman opposite (Mr. Orr Ewing) was unable to see on what the Amendment was based. It was very simple. The hon. Baronet who had moved the second reading, said he (Mr. Craufurd) had been in past times, if not now, in favour of the abolition of tolls. He could say he had not changed his views on that subject, and he could still show that he possessed the merit of consistency, but he must say that he objected to the way in which this Bill proposed to deal with the question; but while he objected to this mode of dealing with the subject, he was prepared to accept any equitable method of getting rid of the evil against which the Bill was aimed. No doubt the feeling was very general throughout the country, and among those dignitaries which the hon. Member quoted with so much unction—the conveners of Royal burghs—for whom he felt the respect to which they were entitled, though he generally found them petitioning for objects which he believed to be in the wrong direction. If the hon. Member for Fifeshire (Sir Robert Anstruther) was obliged to him for changing his Amendment, he (Mr. Craufurd) was doubly obliged to the hon. Member for putting into his hands one of the most potent weapons he could have desired—namely, the Returns for the 14 or 15 counties who had adopted the new system. The hon. Member had referred to three only of these, and even these did not support his views. One of these, Banff, where they formerly raised £3,665, now raised by assessment £4,584. In another county they now raised £4,886, exclusive of bridges instead of £2,100 which had been paid by statute labour. In Aberdeenshire where they formerly raised £14,971 by tolls and statute labour they were now assessed at 6d. in the pound and expended no less than £21,685; and it was the same in other counties. In fact the hon. Mem-

  805
  ber had carefully omitted from his statement what was raised under the new burden. His objection to the Bill was that under this Bill there were no limits to the assessment and expenditure—there were no possible means for the ratepayers checking expenditure, and he was convinced that the effect of this legislation would be an immense increase of expenditure without any control over it. Why should the House sanction such an enormous increase of expenditure? As to the Royal Commission, there was a great deal to be said between the state of things in 1859 and the state of things now. It was one thing for a county of its own accord to come to Parliament and say the people were willing to tax themselves in this way, and that in their peculiar circumstances the recommendations of the Royal Commission would benefit them. But here the House was asked to deal by compulsion, and make people follow in the steps of other counties, notwithstanding that some of them had petitioned against this Bill in toto. It was necessary to remember that the circumstances of all counties were not the same, and that a system suitable for one might not be suitable for others. Yet this Bill proposed to apply compulsorily to counties whose circumstances were totally different from those that had obtained local Acts—the system of assessment adopted by the latter, simply because it had been found suitable for them. It was admitted that it was not applicable to some counties—Lanark and Renfrew for instance. Then why not leave it to the counties themselves to come here and get this Bill if they wanted it. If they had wanted it, he thought they would have come here before now. If they persisted in forcing it down their throats when they said it would not suit, and they did not want it—he thought they would impose on them a grievous hardship. The hon. Baronet (Sir Robert Anstruther) had had alluded to the inequality which might be produced by the 47th clause of his Bill. Now, it was partly on account of this very clause that he (Mr. Craufurd) objected to this Bill. He was opposed to any system by which they imposed upon people a charge for maintaining roads utterly disproportionate to the use they made of them. His hon. Friend said that those who used the roads ought to pay for them. He ad-
  806
  mitted it; but he believed the system of tolls was at least as equitable as that provided for by this Bill. And now as to the mode in which it was proposed to levy the assessments. Clause 41 said that the one-half should be paid by the proprietor, and the other half by the tenant. If this Bill had been proposed by a burgh Member, he should not have been surprised at an arrangement of this kind; but he wondered what his hon. Friend would say to the tenants among his constituents for supporting a scheme by which, in addition to paying poor rates and other things, they would have to pay the half of the assessment on roads? They paid only 1d. in the pound of income tax; under this Bill they would have to pay 3d. or 4d., not only on a third of their rental, but the whole amount. On the whole, he thought it would fall most hardly on the tenant farmers. His hon. Friend had referred to the Lord Advocate's Bill for 1869, and had claimed his Lordship's support for this measure. Now, he thought that the fact that the right hon. and learned Gentleman had given up the Bill showed that he had grown wiser as he had grown older, and that he had become convinced it was impossible to impose an assessment that would be equitable. He quite agreed that the matter was one which could only be dealt with satisfactorily by the Government, and he did not wish to detract from the labours of his hon. Friend, who had done his work in a most able manner, and deserved the gratitude of those who thought with him. He could not help referring for a moment to the Seconder of the Motion. He thought his hon. Friend the Member for Dumbartonshire (Mr. Orr Ewing) was hardly justified in being so severe on him for his Amendment. He confessed he could not follow his argument, that the Amendment, as originally proposed, would have blocked the way to all the legislation referred to. Putting aside the forms of the House, to which he had been obliged to conform, there was no difference in the Amendments. The principle in the two cases was the same, and the only effect of the alterations would be that he would have to repeat the Amendment to every other Bill he objected to on the same ground. He could not see how his Amendment in either the one form or the other would have interfered with

  807
  the Rating Bills of the Government or his own Poor Law Bill. In regard to the latter Bill, the hon. Baronet forgot that if he imposed new charges, he simultaneously had clauses giving relief, for he proposed to tax Government property, and he proposed likewise to get a subsidy for lunatics, and an allowance from the Imperial Fund for medical officers. This, however, was not the occasion to defend his Poor Law Bill. The effect of his Resolution was simply this—He wished the House to refuse to read the Bill a second time, because it imposed inequitably the charge of maintaining the roads in a way to create new local burdens. He thought it desirable to point out what the position of local taxation was, but he had no authentic information beyond the pamphlet he held in his hand. His right hon. Friend the First Lord of the Admiralty, who took up the question a few years ago, and presented to the House full statistics regarding taxation in England, had carefully avoided giving them anything but most general and, he must add, most useless information in regard to Scotland, and he was not aware that there had been any official supplement to that Return. He therefore had to confine himself to the information contained in the pamphlet to which he had referred. Now, shortly, what had been the results in Berwick as shown by the Returns obtained by the Commissioners. The county assessments for the county of Berwick had during the last 34 years increased 246 per cent, while the value of property in the same county in the same period had only increased 48 per cent. To his mind these figures spoke volumes as to the state of local taxation, and showed how enormously the local burdens were being increased. He was not maintaining that grants should be given out of the Imperial Fund for the support of the roads—though much might be said in favour of that—What he wanted was this—that they should settle how the local burdens were to be relieved before they imposed any new ones. He was quite satisfied the feeling of the country was strong against the inauguration of any more local government until an equitable adjustment of this pressing question had been made. He had heard the party of which he was a member decried because it failed to deal with this question. The education of the country was no doubt supple-
  808
  mented out of the Imperial Funds, and so was sanitary legislation supplemented; but what was wanted was that the whole subject should be taken up, and an understanding come to as to the proportions to be borne by the local and Imperial Exchequer. He did not bring forward his Amendment as any reflection on the Government. He was willing to accept a statement that it was first of all necessary to deal with the Bills now before Parliament. The Prime Minister had declared that the Government accepted the Resolution of last year, and he was willing to leave the matter in the hands of the Government, but he said—do not aggravate the evil; do not increase the burdens, and throw the ratepayers into despair by this legislation which was being forced on them year after year. The Prime Minister had only on the previous day admitted that it was right this principle should be adopted, and intimated that the Government would do what it could to get it acted upon. Under these circumstances, he was willing to leave the matter in the hands of the Government, and he did not see why they should hamper them by agreeing to the second reading of this Bill. The hon. and learned Gentleman then moved the Amendment of which he had given Notice.
  After a pause,
  LORD ELCHOseconded the Amendment.
  Amendment proposed,
  To leave out from the word "That" to the end of the Question, in order to add the words "whereas the Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Bill involves the compulsory imposition of new local burdens, this House declines to entertain this Bill until the question of the relief to be granted from Imperial funds to local taxation shall have been definitively settled,"—(Mr. Craufurd,)
  —instead thereof.
  Question proposed, "That the words proposed to be left out stand part of the Question."
  MR. M'LARENsaid, he felt a good deal surprised that the noble Lord should have seconded the Amendment, and rather thought that he had done so out of good nature, to prevent his hon. and learned Friend standing in the ignominious position of not having a Seconder—orperhaps that he had not had an opportunity of reading the Amendment. The Amendment was a very curious one. It desired the House to

  809
  express the opinion that until the question of the relief of local taxation was definitively settled we should do nothing in the way of legislation on this matter. Now, when would that question be definitively settled? He (Mr. M'Laren) did not believe it would be ever definitively settled, and therefore if they passed the Amendment they would never be able to deal with the question at all. They had heard of measures being delayed for such a reason for three or six months, but here they were asked to postpone dealing with the question till the end of the world. Then the Amendment spoke of the relief to be granted. What relief? Where was the Bill proposing to grant relief to local taxation in Scotland? There was a Bill providing for the relief of local taxation in England, but Clause 2, which was passed in Committee, set forth that it should not be applicable to Scotland and Ireland, and he was not aware of any Bill for granting relief to Scotland. It was therefore altogether irregular and improper to propose that this Bill should be postponed until a relief should, have been granted of which no one knew anything at all—unless his hon. and learned Friend himself had special information on the subject. On the merits he had gone into a great many questions. He (Mr. M'Laren) would not follow him into all these, but he would endeavour to state some circumstances to the House winch he thought it important for hon. Members to know. The hon. Gentleman had referred to the increased rates of assessment in certain counties. Now, there were four or five counties that never had tolls at all; there were others which had obtained Acts for abolishing tolls, and there were 15 now remaining which asked the benefit of a general Act His hon. and learned Friend said that it was found necessary to expend a great deal more under the systems of assessments, and had referred to the case of Renfrew as an example. Well, a Report had been drawn up by the authorities of that county, in which it was stated that £10,000 would be required annually for the next ten years to put certain roads in the same condition as the turnpike roads of the county. No doubt this was a great exaggeration; but admitting it to be true, how had the roads been allowed to get into such a disgraceful state of disrepair as that in which they now
  810
  stood? Was it not the result of the present system? It was just like a person coming into the possession of an estate where everything had been allowed to go to wreck and ruin. The new proprietor might have to spend two or three years' rent before he got any return, but it was not his management which was to blame for that state of matters. It was precisely the same in regard to the roads. The hon. and learned Member had spoken of this new expenditure which was required to bring things to an ordinary level, as if it were to be perpetual expenditure. This was most unfair, for while the first expenditure was necessary in order to put things right, there was no doubt whatever that it would have the result of greatly diminishing the expenditure in future years. His hon. and learned Friend had referred to a particular clause as imposing additional burdens on landowners and farmers; in fact, he had come forward as "the Farmers' Friend." Well, he (Mr. M'Laren) attended a meeting of the Chamber of Agriculture in Edinburgh which was almost exclusively composed of farmers, and it was unanimously of opinion that a Bill of this kind ought to be passed. Instead of being aggrieved parties, they were the great promoters of this Bill. Instead of being a Bill to impose burdens on land to an undue extent, it would bring in for the payment of assessments hundreds and thousands who never paid a toll in their lives. As the hon. Baronet said, those should pay for the roads who used them, and therefore the small occupier was justly called upon to pay for walking on them, though he might never have ridden in a carriage in his life. He admitted that there was some difficulty in regard to counties like Lanark, with large cities in their centres, and enormous debts, and he thought that if the authorities of Lanark and Glasgow thought fit to propose a clause providing that the Bill should not apply to the county in question, he should have no objection to it; but it was surely too much to ask that because the county of Lanark and the City of Glasgow did not want the Bill all the other counties in Scotland who desired such a Bill should be prevented from getting it. The increased expenditure which had been spoken of had been considerably exaggerated. The Returns for the county

  811
  of Berwick were said to show an increase of 250 per cent. That was a very high sounding statement, and was calculated to have a great effect on those who did not know the facts. But it was necessary to see what the rates were as well as the percentage. There was a Paper in the library giving an account of the rates levied in all the counties in England, and information both as to the character of the assessments and the rate per pound. Now, there were 15 evil-ties in Scotland that would be affected by this Bill. No doubt English Members would think from the statement of the hon. and learned Member for Ayr that the local taxation in Scotland was very much higher than in England. If they did so, they would make a great mistake. It appeared, from the Returns made by the Secretary of the Poor Law Board for 15 counties, commencing with Anglesea, that the average rate was 4s. all but a fraction. Deducting the poor rates all the ordinary rates amounted to 2s. in the pound. Hon. Members would, perhaps, be surprised to hear that the average rate of all the counties of Scotland affected by this Bill, not including the poor rate, was 3¾d. per pound, and the county of Berwick, with its flaming statement of increase of 250 per cent, paid 3½d. Then, with reference to the allegations that these rates have increased in far higher ratio than the property, he would mention that the valuation of these 15 counties had increased from £190,951—say £200,000—to £7,000,000, which was equal to thirty-six fold, or 3,600 per cent. In Ayrshire, the rate was 3d.; in Forfarshire, 2 2–15 d., and so on. But the result was an average of 3d. Now, take a year as a curious illustration. His hon. and learned Friend said he could get no authoritative Returns. Now, by request, every county sent to Oliver and Boyd's Almanac a statement of all rates levied, and the amount per pound. Taking the several rates for a year, the county rate was 4d., the police 1½d., the valuation roll ⅛d., prisons ⅛d., lunacy ⅝d., registration of votes ⅛d., and cattle disease ¼d.—altogether, 3d. per pound for all these charges. In Renfrew, the rates were for prisons 1d., police ld., cattle diseases ¼d., and county assessment ½d.,—in all, 3¼d. In the county of Edinburgh—the metropolitan county—it was still more curious. The rates there were—for prisons ¾d., police 1d., militia stores 1–24th, regis-
  812
  tration 1–24th, county rate ¼d., lunacy ½d., cattle diseases 1–12th—total 2d. 8–12ths. Yet, in England, 15 counties, as he had mentioned, paid on an average 2s. each. Now, as to the way the taxes were imposed, he would give an illustration of the anomalies the Bill would redress. There was in the county of Edinburgh a palatial residence which had been in recent time the residence of Royalty, and that was rated at £250 of rent. All that the noble Duke who owned it paid for relief of all these charges was 2d. 8–12ths on the £250, which was equal to a sum of £2 15 s. per year for rates. There was an hon. Member of this House who occupied a small residence in the same county not two miles from the ducal residence, and this House was rated at £170, but the rates were 1s. 9d. for ordinary purposes, and 7d. for water, making 2s. 4d., and he paid £19 6s., while the Duke paid £2 15 s. Then a house in the City he had the honour to represent, rated at £24, paid £2 16 s. a-year, or 1s. less than the Duke. The owner of such a house might be a clerk with a salary of £120, and yet he paid 1s. more to the local rates than the noble Duke he had referred to. That showed the wisdom of giving some relief. For the reasons he had given, he supported the second reading of the Bill.
  LORD ELCHOsaid, he admitted he had come to the House without the remotest intention of speaking on the Bill, but he felt bound to accept the challenge given him by the hon. Member for Edinburgh (Mr. M'Laren). He confessed the hon. Member was right in his conjectures that he had seconded the Amendment to prevent the debate breaking down, and that he had done so without knowing the terms in which the Amendment was couched. He was, however, perfectly cognizant of the nature of the Motion, and he had confidence in the legal and Parliamentary knowledge of the hon. Member for Ayr (Mr. Craufurd) to be convinced it would be worded in the best possible form. This was a compulsory Bill, and corresponded with the permissive Bill which he had himself vainly endeavoured to carry against the opposition of the city and county of Edinburgh and the county of Lanark and Glasgow. These two powerful communities were the stopping blocks to any general legislation on the subject; and, therefore, his own county taking a practical view of the subject, applied for

  813
  and obtained a special Act. Their main road was the principal communication between north and south, and was sufficiently maintained by tolls; but with the railways the traffic fell away, and they were compelled to a change of system. As to what the hon. Member had said about the Duke of Buccleuch, he had forgotten that his Grace likewise paid on every farm of his estate. The question, however, now at issue was not that stated by the hon. Member for Edinburgh, as to what was the best mode of maintaining the roads. There was a new element imported into this matter by the general Resolution which the House had passed in regard to local taxation; it was not a question of the rate of the taxes, but of the proportions which should be borne by the local and Imperial Exchequers. The House of Commons, by a large majority, had decided that this question should be gone into by the Government. The Government had not shirked the task—quite the contrary—they said they accepted the vote and were prepared to give effect to it, and all they stipulated was that they should he left to do it in their own way. After the speech delivered by the Prime Minister on the previous day, he maintained that the Government were not justified in supporting this Bill, or any Bill which proposed to impose additional taxation.
  GENERA1, SIR GEORGE BALFOURwould support the second reading of the Bill, in the hope that certain Amendments would be made in Committee. He claimed for the county of Kincardine, which he had the honour to represent, the credit of having taken the lead, or at least, of having been foremost in the list of counties in removing tolls, and particularly in reducing the rates at toll gates. Except in one part of the country, it was inexpensive to pass over the roads of Kincardineshire, for the toll rates were singularly low. It was also the desire of the county to effect the early removal of all toll-bars. The county had also the merit of having roads in proportion to the area of the county greater than in any other. There were about 500 miles of roads under management to about 388 square miles. These roads were also in very good condition, well looked after, and very fairly maintained. The economy in keeping up these roads was also shown by the Report of the Commission on Roads to be remarkably
  814
  low; indeed, the average rate per mile for maintenance was as low as in any of the Scotch counties. This was owing to the intelligent and efficient management of the communications of this county; and the result was brought about by confiding to those most interested in the roads—namely, the tenant farmers—the right to look after the roads. They had not hesitated to carry out amalgamation of roads under one Road Inspector, so as to diminish the cost of management and provide for efficient supervision over the communications within fixed areas. He had no doubt that with similar judicious arrangements throughout Scotland a very great reduction of expenditure on roads could be effected. No doubt, this Road Bill had defects, and when it got into Committee he would propose Amendments calculated to effect improvements in the management of roads of Scotland based on the experience of Kincardineshire. And on this understanding he would give his cordial support to the Bill of the hon. Baronet the Member for Fife.
  SIR EDWARD COLEBROOKEsaid, that the question was whether it was most expedient to support the roads and bridges of Scotland by a direct tax on property, or by means of tolls. For himself, while the present system of statute labour lasted, he would confine them to tolls. He admitted that there was great room for improvement, but in his own view those improvements could be carried into effect quite independently of anything in the Bill. He quite admitted that this was a difficult question to deal with in detail, but he did not think there were any difficulties which might not be removed in Committee. He admitted that there were some points which would have to be settled, and probably Lanarkshire and Edinburgh would have to be omitted; and there were many cases in which inequalities would have to be adjusted. It was unjust, for instance, in the case of great towns, that a large proportion of the assessment should fall upon its suburban districts—of course, it would be most unjust to call upon the counties to pay tolls for the convenience of the cities. They might just as well impose tolls on the cities for the support of the roads in the counties. He did not see that there was any ground whatever for interfering with the second reading of the Bill, it appearing

  815
  to him that the promoters of the measure were willing to make an exemption where anomalies such as he had referred to existed. There was another reason why he was unwilling to throw the Bill out, and that was the necessity of making some suitable provision in the case. At present the debts were on bonds given personally by the trustees, secured on the property of the trust. Now, he thought it most unjust that one class of property should bear the burdens which ought to be cast equally upon all, for the purpose of obtaining a benefit which was to be shared by all. For these reasons, he thought the Bill ought to receive the sanction of the House.
  MR. GLADSTONEsaid, that he did not rise to debate the merits of the Bill, because he did not think himself competent to do so, or to give any opinion which it was worth the while of the House to listen to; but he was anxious to make an explanation with reference to a declaration of his which appeared to have been seriously misapprehended by two hon. Friends. He understood that they put a construction upon some words that had fallen from him recently, assuming that he had entered into an obligation on the part of the Government that they would not, during the dependency of the general question of Local Taxation, make any proposal involving an addition to local burdens. It must be obvious that he could not have made any statement involving such a pledge, and that he could not have done so with consistency; because the Government had at that moment Bills before the House which did impose new local burdens—such as the rating of game, mines, woods, and other descriptions of property. What he did say was, that the Government had not overlooked the Resolution of last year, and that they were desirous to avoid raising any question which would interfere unnecessarily with the general question of Local Taxation. And, as an instance of that desire, he might remind the House that in the discussion on the Juries Bill he stated his hope that the Government would make such a proposal as would enable them to withdraw that portion of the measure which was opposed on that ground. He did not shrink from that declaration of the general intention and desire of the Government; but he did seriously deprecate any Resolution of the House that they will decline to entertain
  816
  any measure by which new local burdens shall be imposed or old ones shifted until a definite settlement of the whole question of Local Taxation shall have been arrived at.
  MR. ELLICEsaid, he did not object to the principle of the Bill, but he thought some of the proposals were highly objectionable, and must be altered in Committee. He did not know that it would be possible to introduce one uniform system into Scotland; but there could be no doubt that there was a general wish in Scotland that tolls should be abolished, and that the means of maintaining the roads should be by assessment. He would remind the House, however, that by the present method of raising revenue by tolls, a large proportion was obtained from the general public who actually used the roads; and a large part of this came from visitors. Of course, if they maintained the roads by assessment, that source of revenue would vanish. He thought there could be no doubt that there were exceptional cases in various localities, and that to apply one general rule to all would be to inflict great injustice, and that these places must be exempted from the operation of the Bill and dealt with separately. There was another point of importance, and that was the question of the debts of various trusts. The trustees of roads in Scotland stood on a different footing from the trustees of turnpike roads in England. The latter were secured on the proceeds of the trust, and the persons who lent the money considered the risk and the security; but in Scotland the money was lent on the personal bond of the trustee, and therefore the creditor was safe to be paid his money some time or other. But it did seem hard that one district of the county —take the county of Fife, for instance—should be saddled with a burden to pay the debt of another, and that would be the result of an uniform arrangement. He hoped the Government would accept the second reading of the Bill as an indication that the representatives of Scotland desired to have this matter fully considered and settled, and that they would take up the question themselves and introduce a more complete and perfect measure next Session.
  MR. SCOURFIELDsaid, there could be no doubt a toll was in theory more equitable than a rate, because the toll supposed that those paid for the road

  817
  who used the road, whereas a rate was founded upon the attractive principle of discharging your obligations by putting your hand into the pocket of your neighbour. On the other hand, there were incidental advantages which counterbalanced that—in Wales, for instance, the abolition of tolls had proved a great boon. The whole question was one of expediency rather than of principle.
  MR. BRUCEsaid, that it was his intention to vote for the second reading of the Bill, and he would state shortly why he proposed to do so. The subject had caused great excitement in Scotland, and as long ago as 15 years a Royal Commission was issued; and a former Government, of which he was a Member, had brought in a Bill on the subject. Not only that, but the Report of the Scotch Committee, who had made a long and exhaustive inquiry, was unanimous against the continuance of the system of tolls. But while he supported the second reading of the Bill, he by no means intended to pledge himself to the details. The county which he had the honour to represent—Renfrewshire—was in an exceptional condition, and so also, though not to the same degree, the county of Lanarkshire which was represented by his hon. Friend (Sir Edward Colebrooke). With respect to those two counties it seemed to him that it would be the duty of the Committee to consider any fair suggestion, and if the justice of their case was not met, it would be necessary to consider whether they should not be excluded from the operation of the Bill. For he agreed with the hon. Member for St. Andrews (Mr. Ellice) when he said, speaking generally, and not with respect only to these two counties, that in a measure of this kind exceptional cases should be exempted from the general rule. He quite agreed that there ought to be some change with reference to the debt on the trusts in Scotland. Altogether there were 160 trusts in Scotland, and in. 16 important counties the debt amounted to £357,000, while the interest had actually risen to £41,000. He thought the question raised by his hon. Friend (Sir Edward Colebrooke) as to the debt was a very proper one, and they ought to consider whether it was not possible to relieve the trustees of their personal responsibility for it—since there existed a common law obligation to repair the roads. In Wales a system not unlike the Scotch
  818
  system had been found utterly inadequate in many cases to keep up the roads. In consequence an Act was passed dealing with the six southern counties by which the trusts were consolidated and other arrangements made by means of which a small assessment was sufficient to extinguish the tolls. It might be desirable to consider whether in accordance with the suggestion of the hon. Member for Pembrokeshire (Mr. Scourfield), a similar arrangement for Scotland might not have a similar beneficial effect. It was argued that private Acts led to lavish expenditure and to the dissatisfaction of the people, but he did not think that result had followed in those counties which had obtained them. The Acts were similar in principle to the provisions of this Bill. Was there any proof whatever that any dissatisfaction existed at the prospect of this measure becoming law? On the contrary, those counties where the special Acts were in force were well satisfied with the present state of things, and none of them were willing to go back to the old state of things. There had been an increase in the cost of repairing the roads, but that was caused by a rise in the price of labour and material, and perhaps the increase in the population had something to do with it. But besides this there had been an improvement in the character of the roads, and it was a very poor way of looking at the question of economy to consider only increased expenditure without looking for the cause. Improvement of roads was a measure of economy. Increased means of locomotion, and the abolition of restrictions upon it were directly or indirectly a gain to the community; and considering with what spirit public affairs were managed in Scotland, it would be found that in this, as in all cases in which expenditure had been wisely made on a sound system, advantage would follow. It seemed to him that if the people of Scotland called for this measure as they did generally, it was not for the House of Commons to say their wishes should not be gratified. If they were prepared to meet the charge why should they not be allowed to do so? The difficulty now pending respecting the incidence of Imperial and local taxation should be settled as soon as possible; but the delay on this subject should not be used as an excuse for denying to any part of the Empire an

  819
  improvement in the administration of local affairs.
  SIR ROBERT ANSTRUTHER,in reply, said, that Returns he had received from counties in which private Acts containing provisions similar to this Bill were in operation fully bore out the statement of the Home Secretary. The statement that had been made to the effect that a very large proportion of the debt on Scotch roads had been secured on personal security of trustees was not correct. In Renfrew the amount of debt secured on personal security was £31,000, and on tolls, £91,000. In Lanark the sum on personal security was £18,000, and on tolls, £284,000. Throughout the whole of Scotland the amount of debt resting on personal security was only £223,000; whereas the amount of debt secured on tolls, and with which his noble Friend would have to deal next year, was £1,345,000.
  Question put.
  The House divided:—Ayes 124; Noes 115: Majority 9.
  Main Question put, and agreed to.
  Bill read a second time, and committed for Friday 27th June.

  FACTORY ACTS AMENDMENT BILL. [BILL 47.]
  (Mr. Mundella, Mr. Morley, Mr. Shaw, Mr. Philips, Mr. Cobbett, Mr. Anderson.)

  SECOND READING.
  Order for Second Reading read.
  MR. MUNDELLAin moving, "That the Bill be now read the second time," said, it was practically the same as that framed by the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State for the Home Department last year. He regretted that at that late hour (four o'clock) he should have been called upon to address the House upon a question of much magnitude and importance when there was a chance of the Bill being "talked out." He trusted, however, that as the measure had been postponed until the present time, when there was no chance of fully considering it that day, both sides of the House would agree to the adjournment of the debate, and that the Government would exert their influence to assist him to procure a full and fair discussion of the subject during the present Session. The whole of the factory workers of the kingdom took a deep and
  820
  intense interest in the Bill; but it was not the workers only; a considerable number of the employers were anxious for that legislation. He knew that he was incurring a grave responsibility in promoting the measure, more especially as it affected one of the largest and most important branches of industry in England; but it was urgent that legislation should speedily take place in the interests of the great body of people who were employed in textile factories. This country, in its textile industry, occupied a pre-eminence over the whole world, and that pre-eminence she had maintained against all competition. With that branch of industry he had been employed, in one capacity and another, all his life, so that he necessarily took a deep interest in all connected with it. The industry with which the Bill dealt employed 1,000,000 of persons in spinning, weaving, and production, and that number was quite irrespective of those engaged in the subsidiary and auxiliary branches of finishing and preparing the article for sale. The exports alone of their textiles had risen to the enormous and unparalleled sum of £120,000,000 a-year, and there was in addition a home trade which, with the exception of America, was unsurpassed by any home trade in the world. He left the House to form some impression from those figures of the extent and magnitude of that giant industry. He had not undertaken the responsibility of introducing the Bill without entertaining the deepest conviction as to its urgent need. He believed that in the interest of the health, the education, and the improved social condition of the vast mass of women and children employed in the factories of this country, the proposed legislation was imperatively called for. He had not lost sight of the economic side of the question; and he had time after time refused to deal with the question, until he had assured himself by personal investigation, and by what had taken place in other countries, that they were in a position to concede what the female and children workers of this country had reasonably demanded. A deputation of mill-owners who waited on the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State for the Home Department last year declared that the agitation on the subject was the work of the overlookers, who were paid weekly wages, and who would have as much for

  821
  9 as for 10 hours; that the women and children were not overworked, and were contented; and they prayed for inquiry. The right hon. Gentleman told that deputation, that inquiry had already been commenced, and that whatever might be the effect upon their individual interests or upon trade, if it should be clearly shown that the health and educational condition of the workers required fresh legislation, the Government would deem it their duty to institute that legislation. It had been insinuated in other quarters that the Bill was the work of the trades unions, and that it arose out of a jealousy of female labour. Its object was, it had been stated, to place a serious obstacle in the way of the employment of women. He thought he should be able to satisfy the House that there was no foundation for that statement. In another rather influential quarter it had been said that this was a party move. That could hardly be, when the Bill was supported by some hon. Members opposite; and, he deeply regretted to say, opposed by some Friends of his on his own side of the House. He could only say that on social questions he owed no allegiance to any party, and that he would co-operate with any leader of party or any ally who was prepared to assist in promoting the social well-being and prosperity of those in whom he took a deep interest. He regretted, moreover, that on that question he was opposed to some of his Friends on the benches below the gangway; but he would continue to be opposed to them as long as they took the cold-blooded, economist views they did. The object of the Bill was, to use the words of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Buckinghamshire (Mr. Disraeli), in reference to a large body of their fellow-subjects, to "effect a reduction in the hours of labour, and to humanize their toil." There was no industry which demanded such ceaseless and restless energy on the part of its workers as the textile industry. They laboured continuously from morning until night, and through winter and summer; and it might be said there was no rest to the soles of their feet. The evils of factory labour had been growing for years, and though those evils had been greatly ameliorated by the Act of 1847, the press of competition had very much intensified since then, and a very cruel system had been
  822
  invented in many cases, under which over-lookers were paid upon the out-put, and a condition of things, little short of slave-driving, had resulted there from. Well, he had introduced a Bill which, as well as himself, had been subjected to a great deal of criticism. In the first place, the Chamber of Commerce of Manchester took the alarm, and Mr. Hugh Mason, a model employer, delivered two presidential addresses on the subject. But he would by-and-by call Mr. Mason into court, and show that he was his strongest ally. The Chambers of Commerce throughout the kingdom, moved by the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, got an inquiry instituted, but were not satisfied with the result. The Professor of Political Economy at Oxford was very forcible in his condemnation of the Bill; so was the hon. Member for Brighton (Mr. Fawcett), and the estimable lady who bore his name had written a letter on the subject, of which he would only say that it was altogether mistaken. What were the provisions of the Bill? The first proposed to shorten the hours of labour of children, young persons, and women from 60 hours a-week to 54. The second provision would make "half time" less of a misnomer than it was now. In some instances "half time" meant 39 or 40 hours a-week; he would make it 33. His next proposition was, that the hours of labour should be between 7 in the morning and 6 in the evening, so that the hour saved should be in the morning. By his fourth proposition he would raise the age of "half-timers" from 8 to 10. He was perfectly aware that this last proposition was a very weak one, but it was the best which he could frame. His fifth proposal would raise the age of full-timers to 14, with a certain exception. No child would be allowed to work full time until it had reached the age of 14, unless a certain standard of education had been reached. If the third standard was attained by a child of 13, he was content that it should work full time. His last proposition was to abolish an old exemption in an Act of William IV. with regard to silk mills. Through some sort of Parliamentary tactics, silk mills obtained a certain exemption when the Factory Acts passed through Parliament; children were allowed to enter them as half-timers at 8 years of age, and, if 11 years old, to work for 60 hours a-week. Statistics

  823
  showed that 557,377 women and girls were employed in mills, of whom 184,000 were mothers of families. The question was, were these women, children, and young persons to be left to the mercy of "free contract," or was the measure of 1847 to be made complete? All the provisions of his Bill were recommended by the Commission instituted by the Home Office; the Commissioners were most competent men, and in their Report they stated that they were prepared to recommend that a reduction in the hours of labour should be made. That Report, however, had been most hardly treated by employers of labour outside Parliament, who impugned the personal conduct of the Commissioners, because their Report was against them; but he (Mr. Mundella) trusted the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State for the Home Department would stand up and defend their representations. There was no better official in existence than Dr. Bridges, and he had no doubt that Dr. Holms was equally to be relied upon. The Commissioners, like fair men, gave all the arguments for and against the Bill; but what did the employers do? Having picked out all the arguments against the Bill, omitting those on the other side, they published them with their own comments. On the other side, Mr. Mason, who he had before referred to, and who had reduced the hours of labour in his mills from 60 to 58 hours a-week, gave his opinion that the time had come when the hours of labour for children and young persons should be a little reduced, and for doing so he was hunted off the Manchester Exchange; but he added that it could not be done without the intervention of Parliament, and that the reduction should be to halftime. Mr. Redgrave expressed similar opinions, but he knew that the House had its own views on this subject. Nothing that he could say would fairly describe the neglected and miserable condition of children of 11 who had to work in a silk mill 60 hours a-week, no time for meals being deducted, and had to be up at 5 in the morning; and he was sorry to be compelled to say, what he thought a disgraceful thing—how women had to come to the mills through pouring rain, being afraid to be five minutes late lest they should be fined, and had to work in their wet clothes throughout the day. What could be the state of such children
  824
  as regarded cleanliness, and what could they be expected to learn in an evening school after the labours of the day? He would ask hon. Members, however, how they would like one of their own children of 9 or 11 years of age to be forced to come to the mill at 6 in the morning? As to the poor factory children going to night schools it was of no use, as they only sat down by the fire and fell asleep. And that was the system which was said to be essential to our national prosperity. ["Hear, hear!" and "No!"] Yes, it was stated by a Macclesfield manufacturer the other day that the trade of the country was in jeopardy, and would be ruined if the hours of children's labour were curtailed. At the Huddersfield Institution, it was ascertained that half the young women and children could not read or write. At the sewing school, out of 900 women who passed the school, not 100 could read or write, and that might be taken as the general educational average of the factory schools. The hours for women's labour were too long, and the strain on their energies too great. It was painful to see them in the early morning hurrying to the "leaving shop" to leave their children, and then hurrying on to their work. The woman was away from home 12 hours, whilst the man was only nine. What must be the condition of that woman's home under such circumstances? The average death-rate of infants under one year was in England and Wales 17,731 in 100,000; but in Stockport, in 1870–71, it was 24,350; Macclesfield, 18,877; Bolton, 21,750; Ashton, 22,300, and so on. Of 100,000 women between 15 and 55 the average death-rate in England and Wales was 919. In Stockport it was 1,198, in Halifax 1,205, in Huddersfield 1,101, in Ashton 1,191, and in Preston 1,229. In fact, there were from 40 to 50 per cent more deaths of women in these towns than in "the Black Country." In addition to all these, it appeared from a Return of the Factory Inspectors that the number of accidents in mills causing death had largely increased, the number in 1870 being no fewer than 373, while accidents causing injuries had increased from 9,000 to 18,000. For that state of things there was no remedy but the interference of Parliament, and it was for that interference that both master and men waited. The hon. Member for Brighton (Mr.

  825
  Fawcett) objected to the limitation of the hours of women's labour as placing restrictions on the employment of women all over the country, but as a matter of fact, the Bill would only bring factory labour up to a level with the general labour of the country. The idea, therefore that the Bill would interfere with the employment of women was simply an impossibility. Men might strike work, but women and children would remain under the operation of the existing Acts. Two objections were urged against the Bill. First, it was said it would interfere with female labour. That objection was insisted upon in a letter which appeared in The Times of Monday last, bearing the signature of Mrs. Fawcett, in which the writer stated that the inevitable result of the Bill must be one of two things—either to impose a legislative limit to labour of nine hours a-day over all the country, or place the most serious restriction and impediment to the employment of women. Now, it should be remembered that nine hours was at present the ordinary limit of labour in many parts of the country. The writer added that if it were illegal to employ women in factories more than nine hours a-day it would lead to one of two alternatives—starvation or prostitution. Now, with every respect to this lady, he must say there never was a greater mistake made in this world. He believed in his conscience that if the Bill were enacted tomorrow, so far from limiting, it would increase the demand for the labour of women. He appealed to all their experience in factory legislation. Every child taken out of the factory must be re-placed by an upward movement of female labour. There was a great scarcity of women in Lancashire, and it was quite common when a married factory worker applied for employment to say—"We will employ you, but you must bring your wife with you." It was well known also that trades unions were subscribing to get wives having daughters to emigrate, because there was a scarcity of women. He was not going to interfere with the labour of women. If the Bill did anything it would increase the demand for them. That was the opinion of Miss Emily Faithfull, who had done so much to promote the employment of women. Women had signed the Petitions in favour of this Bill to a very
  826
  large extent, and they had raised by subscription not less than three-fourths of the funds to meet the expenses of this movement. The second objection to the Bill was urged on the ground of foreign competition. With regard to that point, Mr. Romaine Callender and Mr. Hugh Mason had both laughed at its dangers, and scouted it as a reason against the reduction of the hours of labour, and both gentlemen had adopted the principle of the Bill in their own factories. Besides, notwithstanding all that had been done in the way of foreign competition, our export of cotton had increased in three years from 1,000 millions to 3,000 millions of yards. He (Mr. Mundella) had no fear of foreign competition, and mainly because he knew that the Englishman was the best worker in the world. If we would only educate our people foreign competition would have no chance against us. The factory with which he was himself connected had adopted the nine hours system, and it had been found, from the greater freshness and vigour of the hands, that the diminution in the hours of labour made scarcely any difference in the production of the machinery. Germany recently, and France at the present moment, had imposed fresh restrictions on juvenile female labour in factories, and he might congratulate himself that he had the support of the principal manufacturers in that House in the same direction. The limit proposed by this Bill would economize fuel, gas, and wear and tear of machinery, and the result would be as much, if not more, work in the 54 than in the 60 hours. Tie was sorry to have talked out his own Bill; but he hoped the House would assist him to get the question fairly discussed, and he rejoiced to believe that in this as in all other cases the sufferings of the distressed would not appeal to the British House of Commons in vain. In conclusion, he begged to move the second reading of the Bill.
  Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read the second time."—(Mr. Mundella.)
  MR. FAWCETT,who had a Notice of Motion on the Papers, to the effect—
  "That, in the opinion of this House, it is undesirable to sanction a measure which would discourage the employment of women, by subjecting their labour to a new legislative restric-

  827
  tion to which it was not proposed to subject the labour of men,"
  simply rose to say, in the few minutes which were left to him, that after the speech of the hon. Member for Sheffield (Mr. Mundella), extending over an hour and three-quarters, containing such sweeping accusations against large classes in this country—accusations which must be answered in that House—he hoped the Government would give some facilities for the resumption of the debate. The hon. Member called the opponents of the Bill cold-blooded economists. Need he tell the hon. Member that there were men going to oppose this Bill who had won a proud position in this country for their philanthropy and generosity? What would he say to the hon. Member for Halifax (Mr. Akroyd)? What right had the promoters of the Bill to arrogate to themselves a monopoly of humanity, generosity, and kindness towards the poor? Those who opposed the Bill were quite as anxious as its promoters, that the labouring population should not be overworked, and that their children should be properly educated; that the age of the children should be raised; and that factory inspection should become a reality. They believed, however, that the Bill was founded on a mistaken philanthropy; and there was nothing more mischievous than a meddlesome philanthropy. The Bill was a mixture emanating partly from trades unions who were jealous of women's labour, and an indirect and dishonest way of getting a Nine Hours Bill for all adults. He would substantiate both those positions on a future occasion.
  And it being a quarter of an hour before Six of the clock, the Debate stood adjourned till To-morrow.
  MR. DISRAELIasked the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State for the Home Department, to appoint a day for resuming the debate?
  MR. BRUCEsaid, it rested with the hon. Member for Sheffield (Mr. Mundella) to fix his own day.
  MR. DISRAELIcould not help thinking it would be convenient to the House to know to what day the debate would stand adjourned. The right hon. Gentleman said it was for the hon. Member for Sheffield (Mr. Mundella) to name the day, but that was a ceremony which
  828
  they all felt at this time of the Session was not a very substantial privilege. He thought, after the presentation of so many Petitions, emanating from so many thousands of their fellow-country-men, and remembering that this question was brought forward last year, and submitted to the investigation of a Commission, it was most desirable, and would be appreciated by the country as a gracious act on the part of the Government, if they would, not with standing the state of Public Business, fix some day for the resumption of this very interesting and important debate.
  MR. SPEAKERsaid, he must remind the right hon. Gentleman that, according to the Standing Orders of the House, the debate stood adjourned till to-morrow, when it would rest with the hon. Member for Sheffield to propose a day when it should be continued.
  MR. MUNDELLAsaid, that being so, to-morrow he would ask the Government whether they were prepared to make any arrangement for the continuance of the debate.

  CONSPIRACY LAW AMENDMENT BILL.
  On Motion of Mr. VERNON HARCOURT, Bill to amend the Law of Conspiracy as applied to Masters and Servants, ordered to be brought in by Mr. VERNON HARCOURT, Mr. MUNDELLA, Mr. RATHBONE, and Mr. JAMES.

  CIVIL BILLS, &C. (IRELAND) BILL.
  On Motion of Mr. DOWNING, Bill to amend the Act of the fourteenth and fifteenth years of Victoria, chapter fifty-seven, intituled "An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Civil Bills and Courts of Quarter Sessions in Ireland, and to transfer to the Assistant Barristers certain jurisdiction as to Insolvent Debtors," ordered to be brought in by Mr. DOWNING, Sir COLMAN O'LOGHLEN, Mr. SMITH BARRY, and Mr. WILLIAM SHAW.
  Bill presented, and read the first time. [Bill 187.]
  House adjourned at five minutes before Six o'clock.