Sitting of 8 August 1871

MINUTES.
SUPPLY—considered in Committee—ARMY ESTIMATES—NAVY ESTIMATES.
Resolutions [August 7] reported.
PUBLIC BILLS—Second Reading—Bishops Resignation Act (1869) Perpetuation* [283]; Elementary Education Act (1870) Amendment (No. 3)* [286]; Church Building Acts Amendment* [285].
Committee — Report — Union of Benefices Acts Amendment* [264]; Metropolis Water (No. 2) (re-comm.)* [257].
Considered as amended—Merchant Shipping Acts Amendment* [276].
Third Reading—Elections (Parliamentary and Municipal) [282]; Epping Forest* [224], and passed
Withdrawn — Registration of Voters (No. 2) (re-comm.)* [266].
The House met at Two of the clock.

IRELAND—TELEGRAPH EXTENSION IN CORK COUNTY.—QUESTION.
MR. M'CARTHY DOWNINGasked the Postmaster General, Whether he has seen a report of the proceedings of the Grand Jury of the county of Cork, which states that that body required that the Surveyors of the county should be paid by the Post Office department for inspecting the poles on which Telegraph Wires had been erected, in consequence of which Mr. Yates, who represented the Post Office authorities, stated "that the gentlemen who came to that decision may look on the extension of Telegraphy in the county of Cork as closed;" and if such report is correct; and, if it is, had the Grand Jury the right to pass such a resolution; and, whether they had or not, what action does he intend to take in the matter?
MR. MONSELL: Sir, the Grand Jury of Cork have decided, apparently in opposition to the opinion of their foreman and of a considerable minority of the Grand Jury, that their surveyors should inspect our telegraphs on the common roads in the county of Cork. We hold that this inspection by their surveyors is altogether unnecessary either for the public service or for the protection of the public. The Grand Jury have also decided that we shall pay for the inspection which we do not want, and which we hold to be unnecessary. As a matter of course, and as their foreman stated after they had passed the resolution, their resolution must be regarded merely as an expression of opinion on their part, and is not in any way binding on the Department. We shall not recognize the necessity for an inspection of our lines by their surveyors, and we shall not agree to pay their surveyors anything for the work which we do not require to be done. The consent of the Grand Jury to the erection of telegraph lines on the common roads in Cork is required; and if in future we require to obtain this consent, we shall apply to the Grand Jury for it. If they do not give us the consent, on them, and not on us,

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will rest any blame that may accrue from the non-erection of the telegraph lines which we desire to erect. Up to the present time we have their consent for the erection of all the lines that we at this moment contemplate erecting. It rests with the Grand Jury of Cork to say whether the extension of the telegraphs in the county of Cork beyond the limits at present contemplated by the Department shall or shall not be made; and, as it is for the benefit of the county of Cork and not for the benefit of the Government that these extensions are projected, we cannot doubt for one moment that the consent of the Grand Jury will be given when it is asked for.

MARRIAGE LAW.—QUESTION.
SIR DAVID WEDDERBURNasked Mr. Attorney General, Whether his attention has been directed to the report of a case recently decided in the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes, that of "Smith v. Reeves falsely called Smith," in which decree of nullity of marriage was pronounced because the bans had been published in the name of John Smith, the plaintiff's real name being John James Smith; whether such a state of the Law does not appear to him to demand reform; and, whether the intervention of the Law Officers of the Crown as public prosecutors is not called for in such cases, when the misrepresentation of the name has been made wilfully, and for the purpose of concealment?
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, in reply, said, he fancied there must be some inaccuracy in the recital given in the Question; but he admitted that our Marriage Law required re-consideration, and for his views on the subject he would refer the hon. Member to a speech two Sessions ago by the hon. and learned Member for Richmond (Sir Roundell Palmer), in the greater part of which he entirely concurred. As to the intervention of the Law Officers of the Crown in such a case as that named, the Law Officers were not public prosecutors; a Bill had been introduced to make the Attorney General one, but it had not passed. All Government prosecutions were instituted by the Home Office, and not by the Law Officers of the Crown.

PRISON MINISTERS BILL.—QUESTION.
MR. WHALLEYasked the Secretary of State for the Home Department, If he intends to proceed with the Prison Ministers Bill at this late period of the Session; and, if so, if he would state to the House the considerations which induce him to consider the measure as urgent?
MR. BRUCEsaid, the second reading of the Bill was down for Monday, when he hoped to have an opportunity of bringing it on. The urgency of the case depended upon those general considerations of justice, mercy, and humanity which induced the House some years ago to pass a measure on this subject that was undoubtedly imperfect. A Committee of the House had recommended an extension of the Act; the other House had approved such extension by passing this Bill; and he hoped this House would pass it too.
MR. NEWDEGATE: Sir, I wish for one moment to allude to a matter connected with the passage of this Bill through the House which has been touched upon by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Buckinghamshire, and commented upon by the right hon. Gentleman the Prime Minister. The right hon. Gentleman the First Lord of the Treasury admitted that he had threatened this House with a change of its forms in consequence of the conduct of hon. Members who sit principally on this side of the House, and I desire to call the attention of the House to the particular occasion on which the menace was used. How the right hon. Gentleman is to change the forms of the House without its consent, I know not; unless it is through the absolute command which he supposed he could exercise over the majority, but that menace was made, Sir, before the Bill went into Committee. And what was the occasion on which it was made? By some arrangement there was no debate on the second reading of this Bill. There were some hon. Members, however, including the Member for the Eastern Division of the West Riding (Mr. Fielden) and myself, with other hon. Members of this side of the House, who desired to take part in the debate, and we adopted a perfectly legitimate means of procuring a debate upon the principle of the Bill, but then the First Lord of the Treasury rose and

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threatened to change the forms of the House, unless we consented to yield our privileges. Seeing, then, that our discussions were commenced in Committee with a threat like this hanging over us, I ask whether it is not almost inevitable that certain feelings should enter into the discussion of every clause, and that Members should insist upon discussing the clauses, and endeavour not only to amend the form of the Bill, and thus to save the credit of the House, but also strive to vindicate the independence of the great body of Members of this House against an attempt at coercion I really think without parallel, far more audacious than the examples of coercion which have been adduced by the hon. Member for Merthyr Tydvil (Mr. H. Richard), on the part of the Court of Chancery over the tenants and farmers in Wales. I wish to call the attention of the House to this. I am weary of hearing hon. Members opposite proclaiming that the establishment of secret voting is to be the foundation of freedom. Why, this Bill has been canvassed and commented upon in the United States, and the Americans say that its stringent provisions, its attempts to enforce secrecy, are of such a character that they would not be submitted to by the people of the United States, who would consider such provisions a gross infraction of their freedom. I would advert to another circumstance, I adverted to this yesterday, but it was in a very thin House. It is well known that in the United States a system of coercion is practised under the Ballot, and more effectually practised when the Ballot has been most secret than when it has been most open. Under that system whole sections of voters are coerced into voting not only for an individual candidate, but for an entire list of candidates, which often include amongst them persons to whom they have the greatest objection. That is a known fact. It is admitted in the document which I read to the House; and to tell me that we are to promote the real freedom of the subject by adopting a system fraught with this covert coercion, which compels men to vote for candidates by the ticket or in the lump, is nothing else than to insult the understanding of those who know that this House has, by the measures it has adopted to secure purity of election, secured freedom, as far as it is possible
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to do so, in the election of Members of this House. With the view I suppose, however, of counteracting this American system of coercion what do we find in this Bill? We find that the regulations which are rendered necessary by its imperfect form and want of adequate details, are all to be made by a political officer of the Crown, a distinguished Member of this House, who must be a partisan. Nay, it may be that the Secretary of State, in whom this vast discretionary power of making rules which are to have the force of law, will be a Peer; and I ask whether a greater infraction of the whole system by which the freedom of election to this House has been secured, can be contemplated than is contemplated by the clause which enables a Secretary of State, it may be a Peer, and certainly a partisan, to frame rules which are to have the force of law in regulating the returns of Members to this House. I am sorry that what I said yesterday on this subject does not appear to have reached the public; but I will take care that it shall reach the public. The House of Lords has recently had experience of a rough exercise of the Prerogative, and when we hear ambiguous threats held out against that branch of the Legislature, if it exercises an independent judgment, following upon menaces to this House, I call upon the Peers, as I call upon every Member of this House, and every citizen, to repudiate this Bill, and thus secure the independence of both branches of the Legislature, which I hold to be deeply imperilled by the character of this Bill, which, in examination in the United States, has been condemned as containing provisions which the Republicans of that country would never submit to. I entertain a strong objection to the whole system of secrecy, because it tends only to promote the action of faction underground; secrecy is everywhere and always the forerunner of despotism, the precursor of a loss of freedom.
MR. SPEAKERsaid, the Bill stood for consideration on Monday next, and therefore it could not be discussed now.
MR. NEWDEGATEsaid, he was speaking of the manner in which the Order of the House had been used. The Bill was brought from the Lords on the 27th of March, it was printed on the 30th, and that morning at 3 o'clock the second reading was deferred for the 14th

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time. He was sure, from observations which had fallen from the Secretary of State, that he had postponed the Bill intentionally until a great number of Members had left town. He moved the adjournment of the House.
MR. WHALLEYsaid, he rose to offer further justification of the Question he had addressed to the Home Secretary. The considerations of humanity and justice pleaded by the right hon. Gentleman would be appreciated when it was remembered that a Return presented to that House showed that only 4 per cent of the Roman Catholic prisoners wished to have the ministrations, or, in other words, the control, of their priests. The Bill, therefore, was brought forward not on behalf of the prisoners, but solely on behalf of the priesthood.
MR. SPEAKERsaid, the hon. Member was expecting too much indulgence.
MR. WHALLEYsaid, his observations bore directly upon the very words of the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State's reply. The conduct of the Government with regard to this Bill was calculated to lower the character of the House and to deprive them of that moral influence and authority which were so beneficial in their legislation.
MR. COLLINSsaid, as one who supported the first Prison Ministers Bill, and in the West Riding had voted for the appointment of a Roman Catholic chaplain, he thought the House had some reason to complain of the postponement of a Bill of this magnitude, which involved the important principle of substituting compulsion for permission.
MR. HEYGATEsaid, that he, too, supported the original Prison Ministers Bill. He thought the Bill was one which could not be properly considered at the fag end of the Session.
Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH PERSIA.

  QUESTION.
  MR. EASTWICKasked the Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Whether, in accordance with the Recommendation of the Select Committee on the Diplomatic Service, it is intended to transfer the superintendence of our relations with Persia to the India Office, or if not, to reduce the amount paid by
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  India towards the expenses of the Mission at Teheran?
  VISCOUNT ENFIELD: No decision, Sir, has as yet been arrived at with respect to the important subject mentioned by the hon. Member; but I can repeat the assurance I gave a few weeks ago, that the various recommendations made by the Select Committee on the Diplomatic Service will receive during the Recess the careful consideration of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

PARLIAMENT—PROROGATION.

  QUESTION.
  MR. BOWRINGasked the First Lord of the Treasury, Whether he is prepared to advise Her Majesty not to prorogue Parliament until ample time has been given to the House of Lords for the fullest consideration of the provisions of the Ballot Bill, which, after Seventy Divisions in its favour in this House, is about to be submitted to their Lordships?
  MR. DISRAELI: I rise, Sir, on a point of Order with reference to this Question. It is not the custom of the House of Commons to describe the House of Peers as "their Lordships," and I very much object to the language in which the Question is put.
  MR. BOWRINGsaid, that the words "in another place" were originally inserted in the Question. No objection to those words was raised when he handed it in to the Clerk at the Table.
  MR. GLADSTONE: Sir, I am unwilling to interfere with the discussion of the grave point of Order raised by the right hon. Gentleman opposite, particularly as I do not perfectly well understand it. But with regard to the Question itself what I have to say is this. We are about to proceed to the third reading of the Elections (Parliamentary and Municipal) Bill, and it is supposed that that will be disposed of to-day, and the Bill sent to the House of Lords. The state of business in Parliament is now such as to enable us to form approximately some idea of, though not to state with certainty, the time at which the Prorogation will take place. At any rate, it is such as to enable the Government to form an idea of the minimum period which must elapse before we can advise Her Majesty to prorogue Parliament, quite without reference to the reception of the Elections Bill in the House of Lords. I may say

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  in answer to my hon. Friend that I see no likelihood whatever that we can advise Her Majesty in the present state of business to prorogue Parliament until ample time, so far as we are able to judge, has been given to the House of Lords for the fullest consideration of the provisions of the Ballot Bill. When I use the expression "ample time," of course I have no means of judging what time is likely to be required, except that which the public have; but it seems to me quite sufficient after observing from the records of the House of Lords the time which they have generally thought it necessary to spend on Bills which in importance and difficulty may fairly be compared to this.

NAVY—TURRET SHIPS.

  QUESTION.
  MR. SAMUELSONasked the First Lord of the Admiralty, Whether the experiments in 1865 with 250 lb shot against the turrets of the Royal Sovereign were deemed to be conclusive as to the efficiency of revolving turrets under fire; whether there is not information to show that the turrets of several of the American monitors were so injured by the fire of the Confederate batteries as to become unworkable; whether it is not true that both Mr. Reed and Sir Spencer Robinson adopted the system of revolving turrets with reluctance; and, whether any further experiments are in contemplation against revolving turrets, in situ with the heavy ordnance introduced into the Navy since 1865, before the numerous turret ships now building are allowed to be completed?
  MR. GOSCHENreplied that the efficiency of a turret depended on two considerations—first, that it should not be penetrated by projectiles; and, secondly, that it should be able to revolve under all circumstances. As regards the penetrability of the turrets, he believed the experiments had been satisfactory. These experiments had been continued, and at Shoeburyness lately further experiments were made to test the penetrability of turrets with the newest and the heaviest guns. With regard, however, to the possibility of a turret being in the course of an action jammed by projectiles, it could not be said with certainty that the experiments of 1865 had been conclusive. There was doubtless a possibility that if a
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  projectile struck a turret in action under certain circumstances the turret might be jammed, and this was one of the points which ought to be considered when comparing turret ships with broadside ships. It was true that the turrets of several of the American monitors were so injured by the fire of the Confederate batteries as to become unworkable; but at the present time our turrets were constructed on a different principle. In American ships the turret was placed upon a single spindle, the result being that the strain was very great, and that a comparatively slight shock might cause the turret to be jammed; but in the vessels now being constructed the turrets rested on a broad base and cone rollers, so that the weight was distributed over a great space. It would, therefore, require a concurrence of extraordinary circumstances to jam the turret. The armour-plates, also, had been lowered another foot. If experiments were made it might perhaps be shown that a turret might, under some circumstances, be jammed. That difficulty had been faced, he believed, by the Committee on Designs, and by all who had anything to do with turret ships; but they considered the chance of such a thing occurring to be very slight. There were 99 chances out of 100 that the danger would not arise; while, on the other hand, the advantages possessed by turret ships were very great. It was not intended to make any new experiments, because none could be conclusive without risking the destruction of one of the new turrets. As to the opinions of Mr. Reed and Sir Spencer Robinson, he would rather refer to the published views of those gentlemen than state what they were in answer to a Question.

IRELAND — RIOTS IN PHŒNIX PARK, DUBLIN.—QUESTION.
MR. CALLANasked the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Whether he sanctioned the issuing of the proclamation or notice signed Edward Hornsby, secretary of the Commissioners of Public Works, Ireland; and, if so, whether, being the only responsible Minister of the Crown in Ireland on Saturday last, the date of the issuing of the said proclamation or notice, he, as Chief Secretary for Ireland, is prepared to defend the conduct of the authorities and accept the responsibility

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of the action taken thereon; and, whether he is prepared to state in what capacity and under the provisions of what statute Edward Hornsby was authorized to issue instructions to the police to prevent the holding a public meeting convened for a legal purpose?
THE MARQUESS OF HARTINGTON: Sir, the notice referred to by the hon. Member, as signed by the Secretary to the Board of Works in Ireland, was issued by direction of the Lord Lieutenant, and with my knowledge and concurrence. With reference to the other Questions put by the hon. Member, I may remark that the hon. Member for Kilkenny (Sir John Gray) has given Notice of his intention to call the attention of the House on Friday next to the occurrences in Dublin on Sunday last; and it seems to me it would be desirable that I should postpone until then any further explanation, which, indeed, could hardly be given within the limits of a reply to a Question. I observe that the hon. Members for Dublin and Dundalk have also given Notice of their intention to ask Questions on the subject next Thursday, and I trust they will consider whether they will consent to postpone those Questions until the subject is discussed on Friday.

FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS ACTS AMENDMENT BILL.—QUESTION.
MR. HEYGATEasked the Secretary of State for the Home Department, Whether, before proceeding with the Committee on the Factories and Workshops Amendment Bill, he will lay upon the Table of the House any Return in possession of the Government showing the number of Workshops which will come under the provisions of the Bill?
MR. BRUCE, in reply, said, a Return on the subject would be laid on the Table in the course of the day.

REGISTRATION OF VOTERS BILL.

  QUESTION.
  MR. COLLINSbegged to ask the senior Member for Chelsea, Whether, looking to the period of the Session, it would not be advisable to withdraw the Registration of Voters Bill, with a view to introducing it early next Session?
  SIR CHARLES W. DILKEsaid, in reply, that when a few days back a similar Question was put to him, he had answered
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  that the opposition to the Bill now being confined to points of detail, and the Bill already having passed through Committee, he hoped to be able to go on with it; but, inasmuch as since that time he had not been able to find a day upon which to proceed with the Bill, he was compelled to withdraw it with a view to introducing it early next Session.

ELECTIONS (PARLIAMENTARY AND MUNICIPAL) BILL— [BILL 282.]
(Mr. William Edward Forster, Mr. Secretary Bruce, The Marquess of Hartington.)
ELECTIONS (PARLIAMENTARY AND MUNICIPAL) BILL— [BILL 282.]

  THIRD READING.
  Order for Third Reading read.
  MR. DISRAELI: This, Mr. Speaker, is a Motion for the Third Reading of a Bill which has exercised a remarkable influence on the present Session of Parliament. It is owing to this Bill that the course of procedure in this House has been, on the whole, one which everybody deplores, and which some persons look upon as disastrous. It is owing to this Bill that the House of Commons has been deprived of its highest political privilege and noblest function—that of controlling the expenditure of the public money. It is owing to this Bill that the Committee of Supply has been virtually closed during the whole Session of Parliament to the representatives of the people. It is owing to this Bill that many measures of great importance and of probable advantage to the country have been stopped, and especially that course of legislation, in my opinion, much the most important, which concerns the health of the population, a subject which year after year has increased in significance, and which, I think, every reasonable man will, upon reflection, agree must be placed in the highest class of national interests, because, after all, if it be true, as some men of high scientific reputation have declared, that there is a physical degeneracy in the race of this country, immense responsibility rests upon Government and Parliament, under these circumstances, if they omit to apply those remedies which wise and well-considered legislation would enable them to offer. All these objects have been lost in consequence of this Bill.
  I will enter into this question fairly, and I do not mean to say there may

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  not be reasons for introducing and proceeding with this Bill, which reasons might have outweighed all those considerations to which I have referred. The Government have very frequently informed us what was the reason, the foremost and paramount reason, which induced them to introduce this Bill, and to persist in passing it through the House of Commons. The Minister in charge of the Bill (Mr. W. E. Forster) frequently—though not so frequently of late as in the earlier part of the proceedings—took opportunities of informing the House that the Government deprecated as much as we did the postponement of important measures, many of which had been brought in by his own Colleagues, but that the unanimous voice of the constituencies must be listened to. That voice of the constituencies was alleged to be irresistible, and, consequently, it was necessary to bring in this Bill, which I will popularly describe, in accordance with the last definition of it by the Prime Minister himself, as a Bill for the introduction of secret voting. I confess I have always been special in regard to the plea of the Government and that prime reason for introducing this measure. I had as much interest in the last General Election, probably, as any Gentleman in this House, and I probably know as much of previous General Elections as most Members. I watched with vigilant anxiety the proceedings at the last General Election, and certainly, although my information was obtained, as I thought, from the best quarters, and my own observations were unceasing, I had no idea till it was authoritatively announced by the Minister in charge of the Bill that vote by ballot, or secret voting, or whatever other name may be popularly adopted, was the great issue upon which the voice of the country was asked, and upon which it decided. I was under the very contrary impression, and I took occasion to say so recently to the right hon. Gentleman, although my statement was received with some scepticism. Upon subjects of this kind we ought to arrive at an accurate opinion respecting the feeling of the country, and when, therefore, we are told that this Bill has been introduced, and, as I think, prematurely pressed, because there was an irresistible demand for it on the part of the constituencies, and because that desire could
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  not be gratified in the first two Sessions of this Parliament, as the House had to deal with still more imminent and important subjects, it is just as well that we should arrive at as sound an opinion on the matter as the facts will permit. Now, Sir, my position is this—that there was no irresistible demand on the part of the country, as exhibited by the conduct of the constituencies during the last General Election, on the subject of the Ballot. I will place before the House the result of my inquiries, which have been made in a manner which I think both sides of the House will admit to be fair, and which I can assure them I intended to be fair. In the first place, I have had placed before me a complete collection of the addresses of Members at that time. That collection has been made, and has been read by me recently without passion. I give credit for every Gentleman who in his address announced that he solicited the suffrages of the constituency he addressed on the ground of his being a supporter of the Ballot. It was, however, suggested to me that this would be a fallacious test, as many Gentlemen pledged themselves to their intended constituents in favour of the Ballot who did not express that opinion in their addresses. I have endeavoured, with the help of those who have assisted me in this undertaking, to meet that suggestion, and accordingly we have examined, so far as we could, the speeches delivered by hon. Gentlemen to their constituents during the Elections. It is true that there were candidates who did not pledge themselves in their addresses in favour of the Ballot; but whether it was second thoughts, or whether it was considered wise and prudential to have a reserve, they did pledge themselves to the Ballot in their speeches to their constituents. I therefore give credit for those Members who, in their speeches to their constituents, declared themselves to be in favour of the Ballot. I have also put down as pledged to the Ballot every Member of the late Parliament who was returned to the present Parliament and who had at anytime voted for the Ballot. I think the House will agree with me that these are elements for arriving at a conclusion that may be fairly accepted by the House. That they may be incomplete and even inaccurate in some instances I do not deny; but that inaccuracy and incompleteness are,

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  as compared with the general result, altogether trivial. And I think, therefore, we may fairly conclude that the general result is one that we may confide in as emblematic of that irresistible demand of the constituencies which rendered it necessary that the Government should introduce this measure at the commencement of the Session, and ultimately persist in carrying it on to the great disturbance of Public Business and the great disadvantage of the State, in a manner also which, as I think, is not to the credit of the Government, and which, as they would have us believe—though I shall endeavour in the course of my observations to show that there is little foundation for the charge—is not for the credit of the House of Commons. Now what is the result of this analysis? We find that in England and Wales there were pledged to the Ballot under these three tests 123 Members; in Scotland there were 16, and in Ireland 12, making in all 151, or not one-fourth of the House of Commons. And yet we have been assured, night after night—first of all, perhaps, with some bravado, but afterwards with an air of conviction—that it was on account of the irresistible demonstration of feeling at the last General Election, in consequence of an irresistible demand and an unmistakable tone in the voice of the constituencies, that this measure has been introduced, the introduction of which has proved so disadvantageous, as I think, to the public interests.
  On the ground, therefore, that there was no public exigency to justify its introduction, I regret that the Government took this course. But I regret it also on another ground; and that ground is that, in my mind, the public opinion of this country, and especially the opinion of Parliament, was not sufficiently matured on this subject to allow us to deal with it with success and satisfaction. ["Oh!"] Now, I know, for I have experienced it before, the common-place outcry with which an observation of that kind is met. "What," it is said, "the opinion of Parliament not matured upon the question of the Ballot, which for 40 years has been before us? When should opinion be matured, if, under such circumstances, after such a period, and after such a trial, we have not arrived at the necessary ripeness for a practical solution?"
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  It is very true that for a considerable time — we will say some 35 or 40 years — what is called the Ballot has been a portion of the Parliamentary programme of many Sessions. But it has been a mere abstract and general question, a discussion of the comparative merits of open and secret voting—a question discussed like a school boy's theme—ut declamatio fiat. But there never was any business underlying these discussions; nobody gave them any practical application. This is the first Parliament in which the question has been looked on practically, and it is the first Parliament in which the difficulties of the subject, when looked at closely, have become apparent. The moment you begin to examine the subject with a view to taking action upon it, you find how little experience you possess of the matter with which you are dealing, and that the matter itself is one of immense intricacy. I do not know that I could present to the House a more satisfactory proof of that assertion than the fact that when we had read the Bill a second time — or rather upon a subsequent stage of the Bill, which both sides had agreed should be treated as equivalent to the second reading—a vast number of Amendments were immediately put upon the Notice Paper, by Members on both sides of the House, even before the House went into Committee. I had occasion this morning to look over the Parliamentary Paper which was delivered before we went into Committee; in fact, the first Paper of Amendments that was circulated upon this Bill, and I observed that there were 110 Amendments of which Notice was given by hon. Gentlemen opposite. Of course, from this side there was not a less number, so that at the very beginning there were not less than 220 or 230 Amendments, fairly divided between Gentlemen on both sides of the House, and that number was afterwards considerably increased. With many of those Amendments I could not agree. Of several suggested on my own side of the House I could not approve, and from probably a much greater number of those proposed on the other side of the House I was a dissentient. But this I will say, speaking generally of all those Amendments, that they were essentially practical Amendments; that they were criticisms which had fairly grown out of the

  1101
  study of the Bill, and in the conscientious opinion of those who proposed them were suggestions which would benefit the Bill, and render it a more satisfactory and a more working scheme. For instance, I take the Amendments moved by the hon. Gentleman opposite, the Member for Bedford (Mr. Whitbread.) He was a Member of the Select Committee, and not the least valuable Member of that Committee, upon the results of whose labours and researches this Bill was ultimately framed. The Member for Bedford gave notice of a considerable series of Amendments on many important points; amendments which, no doubt, from their peculiar character, must have led to considerable discussion and remark. It cannot for a moment be supposed that a man like the Member for Bedford would propose Amendments on a subject of this nature, which had so greatly engaged his attention, without a deep conviction of the value of the suggestions which he had to make. If an hon. Member feels a conviction that his views on particular points of projected legislation are of such value as to justify him in giving notice of his intention to submit them for our consideration, I am at a loss to understand by what casuistry a man thus circumstanced can feel justified in withdrawing those Amendments from the consideration of the Committee, and so far permitting a measure that has been introduced to be carried through this House with all those crudities which he has discovered and criticised, and for which he himself has pointed out a remedy before it becomes the law of the land. Well, it was under these circumstances, with a Bill before us upon which Amendments in great numbers had been proposed, equally by Gentlemen on both sides of the House, with the prospect, certainly, of great labours, but also with the consolatory and compensatory prospect that we should, at least, have the advantage of a well-criticised and matured Bill, that we should have the benefit of the acumen and experience of Members of this House—it was under these circumstances that one of the most remarkable incidents that I can well recollect in public life occurred. The right hon. Gentleman opposite the First Minister called together suddenly a meeting of his party. Now, when a Minister calls a meeting of his party,
  1102
  something serious, of course, is intended; and sometimes something serious has happened. They are expedients which no Leader of a party would lightly have recourse to; they are instruments only to be used in an exigency, and no doubt their effects are generally considerable. They are occasions when a Leader appeals to his party to support him without too severe a criticism on his public conduct. He acknowledges that in the difficult task of leading a party in the House of Commons he may have committed errors, but the occasion has arrived when he must appeal to the sympathy of his supporters. And, generally speaking, a Leader who deserves to be a Leader would not under those circumstances appeal in vain. Nothing of this kind, so far as the circumstances have reached us, occurred on the present occasion. The hon. Gentlemen opposite were not incited to make speeches in favour of their Leader, but, on the contrary, the right hon. Gentleman seems to have adopted as the foundation of the discipline of his party the principle of Pythagoras, that the basis of success was silence. I thought at the time that the prototype adopted by the right hon. Gentleman was not a happy one; because, as far as we can have accurate information of what occurred at so remote a period as that in which Pythagoras lived, it is understood that he was not a disciple of the Ballot. I believe the most learned commentators on his career are of opinion that he would not have supported this Bill — at least if his great apothegm be rightly interpreted—"Beware of beans." It was quite clear that the opposition to the Bill, after this meeting of the right hon. Gentleman's, would arise from two main causes. One was from the defects of the Bill itself, upon which the sense of the House had been expressed in the number of Amendments equally proposed from both sides of the House; and, secondly, as a consequence of this Pythagorean initiation, there would naturally be on this side of the House some feeling of resentment and some determination to vindicate the constitutional privileges of the House of Commons. Therefore, it was quite clear that the right hon. Gentleman, in taking the course which he unfortunately adopted, took a course which rather tended to aggravate the Opposition which the defects of

  1103
  the Bill would insure him from both sides of the House.
  In looking to the causes of that opposition which has led to such serious charges against the House of Commons by persons of authority I would call attention to this fact — that the Bill to the third reading of which we are now called on to agree had two principles or features which were entirely new. They were not included in the Bill of last year, and, as far as we know, those principles have always been inexorably opposed by Her Majesty's Government. The first was the guarantee of absolute secrecy. Now, that was a very grave matter. It could only be obtained by giving up all attempts at checking personation, and by announcing that absolute secrecy was of such importance in the opinion of the Minister that personation, as the lesser evil, must in future be allowed to pass with impunity. Well, that was a startling principle, and not being included in the late Bill, it was one which the right hon. Gentleman might suppose would occasion opposition. He might also have supposed—indeed he might have conceded—that this opposition was not in itself unreasonable, inasmuch as the Bill of the preceding year, brought in by his own Government, did not sanction this principle of absolute secrecy, but did take measures, if possible, to baffle personation. Now, the second great and new feature in this Bill, which the right hon. Gentleman, I think, might have supposed was one which justified opposition and criticism, was that of charging the expense of elections upon the rates. He might have known that a large party in this House, if not the majority of the House, were opposed to a proposal which they believed to be equivalent to the introduction of the principle of the payment of Members. And he can hardly, I think, have failed to be aware that a considerable number of Members, even on his own side of the House, objected to this proposal on financial grounds, at a time especially when the burden on the rates of this country had become a grievance which it is impossible can be borne much longer without alleviation. Certainly, no wise Minister, I should think, would attempt to increase those burdens. Yet I believe we have had three attempts to do so in the course of the present Session.
  1104
  I say, then, when you come to consider the opposition to this Bill, the Bill itself was so drawn that from its leading features it was impossible that many Amendments should not be made; and it is to me remarkable that Her Majesty's Government, under these circumstances, should have taken such an early opportunity in the labours of the Committee to impute charges of faction to the only portion of the House which, in this early portion of the labours of the Committee, could open their mouths upon the subject.
  If the House will permit me, and with what, taking into account the nature of the subject, I trust will prove to be considerable brevity, I propose upon the occasion of the third reading of this Bill to try the justness of the charges—for they are very grave charges—which have been made. While the House was busied upon a measure which, whatever may be our opinion of its merits, all will agree to be one of primary importance, the Advisers of Her Majesty, night after night, have taken every opportunity of inveighing against the House of Commons because they were performing their duties as representatives of the people in criticising—not with any opposition to its principle, for we had got far beyond that, and were in Committee upon the Bill, but in criticising the details of a measure involving matters of infinite intricacy, and of incalculable moment to the interests of all classes of the people. It was in this state of affairs, to which we are not yet used—[Mr. GLADSTONE here made some gesture.] The right hon. Gentleman smiles at my description; but before I end he will probably find that I shall touch upon some grave subjects which he will have to notice in a different vein. I will endeavour, if the House will allow me, to meet this accusation of the Government without equivocation. There were some Amendments of an important nature to this Bill, which were moved from the bench upon which I sit. The principal ones were those by which we proposed that there should be an increase of polling-places, and which provided for all the consequences of that principle being accepted. The proposition was received coldly by the Government, but warmly by the House upon both sides, and was ultimately adopted by the Government.

  1105
  Under these circumstances, I think the right hon. Gentleman, or the Minister in charge of the Bill, could not be justified for a moment in describing these suggestions as factious. Then there were also the labours of a Gentleman who took a very active and most useful part in the criticisms on this Bill, and who, I believe, proposed more Amendments than any Member in the House—my hon. Friend the Member for Chippenham (Mr. Goldney). Many of his Amendments were accepted by the Government, and all the Amendments which he proposed, though the justness of them might not be fully acknowledged by the Government, were admitted to be suggestions which deserved the utmost consideration. There were, however, other hon. Members, the justice of whose opposition was not as unequivocally acknowledged, and in consequence of whose conduct in this respect the House of Commons has been held up to public scorn. I refer—I will say it without the slightest reserve—to the conduct of some hon. Friends of mine, and others who sit below the gangway on this side of the House. There is the hon. Member for York (Mr. J. Lowther), the hon. Member for Whitehaven (Mr. Cavendish Bentinck), and the hon. Gentleman who represents the University of Cambridge (Mr. Beresford Hope). [Cheers.] That is exactly what I wanted; I wanted that cheer to show that I am justified in the observations that I am going to make of a vindicatory character. I have examined with impartiality—and it is possible to be impartial, even though one may be sitting on this bench—I have examined the conduct of these Gentlemen with reference to their Amendments, and to what occurred in this House upon them, and I will put briefly before the House what happened on the two most important questions that came before the Committee—that is to say, Clause 2, as to Nominations, and Clause 3, as to Secret Voting. We were labouring upon Clause 2 for three Sittings—I will not say nights, because that is a well-understood Parliamentary phrase that in these days we ought to divest ourselves of—there were three Sittings in which my hon. Friends to whom I have referred took a leading part. And what occurred? For it is only after the event that we can take
  1106
  general views. In the heat of details it is quite impossible to come to a just conclusion. There were, as I have said, three Sittings, in which we were employed upon the clause as to nominations. The clause completely broke down the first day. That was the first result of the critical examination of my hon. Friends. At the end of the first day, upon Sub-section 5, the Minister who had charge of the Bill acknowledged that difficulties had been started which he could not meet, and which required time for consideration. Accordingly, he himself moved to report Progress. Now, that is the first day of faction. I put it to the House—speaking with equal confidence to those who are opposite as to those who are behind me, whatever may be their opinion as to the merits of the measure itself, for it is the conduct of the House of Commons, and that alone, that I am now concerned to vindicate—I put it to the House of Commons whether, so far as the first day of the three Sittings is concerned, what I have stated is not a complete vindication of the conduct of my hon. Friends. Now, what of the other days? At the next Sitting the Minister who had charge of the Bill, which had broken down the first day, and who himself had been obliged to ask his own Committee to report Progress, brought forward a new proposal. What can be more natural than that the House should submit to severe analysis a clause suddenly substituted by a Minister for one that had been abandoned, when the substituted clause could have had only 24 hours' consideration, or, indeed, only half that time; for we probably separated at 2 o'clock in the morning, and met again at 2 o'clock next day? This clause was submitted to most severe analysis. And what was the result? Amendments were brought forward by my hon. Friends to whom I have particularly referred, and the clause was modified in deference to their Amendments. Now, is that faction? Of that second clause, Sub-section 7, as it now stands in the Bill, is entirely their Amendment; and Sub-section 9 was struck out on the Motion of the hon. and learned Member for Salford (Mr. Charley). This Clause 2 was substantially altered in Committee. Of 13 sub-sections, six were amended and two were struck out; that occupied three days. And this is conduct which has been menaced by the

  1107
  First Minster of the Crown. I say that the whole House has been menaced. The right hon. Gentleman told us it would be necessary to deprive Parliament of its privileges. [Mr. GLADSTONE: On what occasion?] I am quoting your own words. You said it would be necessary to re-consider the privileges of Parliament. [Mr. GLADSTONE: Not in reference to this Bill.] The right hon. Gentleman says he menaced us upon another Bill. The whole Session has been a Session of menace. I took a more charitable view of the right hon. Gentleman's conduct than he does himself. Notwithstanding the interruptions of the First Minister, I must continue that vindication which is necessary, not merely of my political Friends, but of the House of Commons; and I would offer it as readily for hon. Gentlemen opposite if they were attacked, and if they would permit me to do so, as I do for those with whom I act. The reputation of the House of Commons is as dear to me as it is to them; I believe there is only one individual to whom it is not dear. I now come to the 3rd clause, which provides for secret voting. It was discussed during eight Sittings, from the 11th to the 24th of July. No doubt the time of eight Sittings is much to give to a clause; but when you consider that this clause was the essence of the Bill, that it gave rise to considerations of the utmost importance, that on a right understanding upon these points depended the success of the measure as regards its passage through this House, and that the passing of the measure must be followed by very considerable consequences to the country, I think the House will agree with me that in the fact that the discussion of the clause occupied eight Sittings there is nothing in itself essentially obstructive. Let us see what was done in those eight Sittings. I again refer particularly to those Gentlemen who sit below the gangway on this side, and whose conduct with regard to the 2nd clause I think I have entirely vindicated. The hon. Member for York (Mr. J. Lowther) and others principally urged four objections against this clause. They said, first, that if secret voting were to be adopted the form of the ballot used in Melbourne was preferable to that of South Australia; second, that the Government plan was so clumsy and intricate, that votes, even if electors were
  1108
  not physically incapacitated, would be thrown away; third, that no proper provision was made to enable illiterate persons to vote; and, fourth, that personation was, in fact, legalized. All the Amendments which were moved below the gangway on this side of the House were based upon these four principles. What was the result? A comparison of the amended with the original Bill will show that, of the 23 original sub-sections, eight were amended and one was thrown out. And, what is not less important, these admissions were made by the Government:—First, the Minister who had charge of the Bill acknowledged that his form of ballot paper would not do, and therefore he had to substitute a new form; second, that the votes of personators could not be removed from the poll; third, that illiterate persons could not vote with any certainty. If the Amendments founded upon the four objections I have stated had been carried the Bill was lost, and therefore the House, in forming an opinion as to the fruitfulness of the labours of the Committee, must not dwell on the number of the Amendments that were defeated or were successful, because the existence of the Bill depended upon the questions involved. I say, considering that that clause was the vital clause of the Bill, when we find that the result of this criticism was that eight of the subsections were amended and one was thrown out, and that there were elicited these three important admissions, which were never acknowledged when we were discussing the Bill upon its principle—namely, that personation must be submitted to with impunity, that illiterate persons must take the chance of being disfranchised, and that the ballot paper, so carefully drafted by the Government, must be withdrawn, re-modelled, and re-constituted—all the labours of those eight Sittings were not fruitless, and the exertions that were made were not only justifiable, but were most laudable.
  Now, Sir, I have tested the conduct of the House of Commons upon this Bill, as far as we have proceeded, I hope in an impartial manner. I have shown that the Amendments that were proposed on this bench were Amendments that the Government accepted, and therefore, of course, there is no charge against us. I have particularly

  1109
  distinguished the Amendments of the hon. Member for Chippenham (Mr. Goldney) because it might have been said if I had mixed all the Amendments up together I was attempting to veil the labours of my hon. Friend the Member for York (Mr. J. Lowther), and others below the gangway. I have tested, examined candidly and completely, by an appeal to facts, by an analysis the accuracy of which cannot be questioned, and the fairness of which every candid and honourable mind can judge of, the conduct of these hon. Gentlemen with respect to the nomination and the secret voting clauses, and I ask the House whether I have not shown, not only that their conduct was justifiable, that they did their duty in a laudable manner, and that the result of their labours has been most beneficial and advantageous, but that they would have forfeited all claim to their character as independent Members of this House if they had been frightened by the menaces of the Minister, and had forborne to do their duty. These eight days spent upon the cardinal clause to introduce secret voting brought us up to the 27th of July; and on that day the Minister in charge of the Bill gave up several important clauses—[Mr. W. E. FORSTER: Only two]—which I do not dwell upon in detail, because I have already trespassed upon the House longer than I intended. On the 31st of July the right hon. Gentleman the First Minister—I forget whether in the morning or in the evening, one gets so confused with these long and extra Sittings—threatened us with an autumnal Session. Now, Sir, I never took any part with respect to the intimations and insinuations upon that subject. I listened to them with much amazement; and, in the midst of our arid and anxious labours, I confess there was a relief in watching the countenances of ingenuous Members on that side of the House. I never believed in an October Session; I believe very few Members did; I have no doubt the right hon. Gentleman the First Minister did, because the right hon. Gentleman, with his impetuous disposition, is the slave of passionate convictions. I have no doubt that at the moment he was perfectly sincere, and intended that we should have an autumnal Session; but I looked upon that as only one of those nervous eccentricities which sometimes mar the
  1110
  transcendent abilities of the right hon. Gentleman. I never thought it would come to anything serious. I thought that to adjourn Parliament towards the end of August, which it must have been under any circumstances, to meet again in October, when a jaded Ministry would meet a discontented House of Commons, involved a prospect which no wise Minister would precipitate. Well, on the 31st of July, in the morning, we were—I will not say "threatened," because I understand there is an objection to the use of the word, but it was mentioned in a manner which might have frightened anyone who had not had some experience of the House of Commons, that we were to have an October meeting; and that was followed in the evening by a defeat of Ministers by an overwhelming majority upon one of the most important sections of the Bill. On the Ministry having been defeated in the evening, by this overwhelming majority, led by some of their own supporters, and after this terrible announcement in the morning of an autumnal Session, the right hon. Gentleman rose; and almost for the first time in my life, sitting opposite to him, I felt frightened out of my senses, and almost thought we were going to have an autumnal Session; but, on the contrary, the right hon. Gentleman, meek as a lamb, and in a commendable tone, complimented the Committee upon their labours, and also—the language was scarcely Parliamentary—on their politeness; and from that moment everything seemed to go on swimmingly, and we had no more threats and no more allusions to a possible autumn Session. On the following day, the 1st of August, the Minister in charge of the Bill gave up another covey of clauses—22, 23, and 24—[Mr. W. E. FORSTER: I passed them all.] We struck out Clause 25. [Mr. W. E. FORSTER: That I had given Notice of.] That only shows that if the Pythagorean system had really been persisted in, and if we had had no criticism whatever in Committee, all these clauses that were struck out would have been part of the Bill at the present moment. The evening of the day was entirely occupied by the publichouse clause; that, unfortunately, was not struck out; the unfortunate licensed victuallers of England seem to me to be the class selected this Session to be baited by Her Majesty's Ministers. They had escaped,

  1111
  as they supposed, a great danger; and they could hardly imagine that there was lurking in the provisions of a Bill for secret voting this assault upon the interests of their time-honoured, craft. During the discussion upon that celebrated publichouse clause, I think the Minister in charge of the Bill changed his opinion not less than six times; from that fact the House and the country can judge of the value of his proposals, but I say that the Minister who changes his opinion six times upon one clause is a Minister who ought to encourage and not discourage criticism in Committee. On the 3rd of August one penal clause was rejected, and another was modified, both I believe on the Motion of hon. Members below the gangway.
  I have now brought the House to the end of the labours of the Committee on the 3rd of August; and I think I may venture to say that not so much time after all was occupied in the consideration of this Bill as was spent upon the Education Bill of last year. I think less time might have been occupied if the right hon. Gentleman in charge of the Bill had enjoyed the assistance of the Law Officers of the Crown. I think that, upon a measure of this kind, they should be at hand to assist the Minister. Unquestionably we had the advantage of the help of two legal Gentleman, the hon. and learned Members for Oxford and Taunton (Mr. Vernon Harcourt and Mr. James), and I am very glad to acknowledge my sense of the value of the assistance rendered to the House by both those hon. Members; they are both distinguished in different branches of the law; but I am sure they will not be offended if I say that neither of them has obtained fame in the mere drafting of Bills; and, therefore, whatever the value of the assistance they gave, I do not think it ought to have allowed the Government to dispense with the habitual presence and assistance of the Law Advisers of the Crown. I have placed before the House my general views of the labours of the Committee; and, unless I may have made some little lapsus about the clauses at the end of my observations, I am not aware I have made any statement which is not perfectly accurate. As regards the conduct of hon. Members, I am glad to say that, during the last fortnight of our labours, that silence, that mysterious silence, was
  1112
  suddenly broken. Hon. Members will recollect a little story in Munchausen's Travels. Amid much talking there is silence under a frost, for the accents were frozen; the frost subsides, and it is astonishing what entertaining sounds are suddenly heard. So it was in Committee, when the Pythagorean system was no longer persisted in. The labours of the Committee, as I have said, on both sides, were laudable labours, and were immensely advantageous, and it is to be recollected that one of the most important clauses in the Bill was thrown out upon the Motion of the hon. and learned Member for Taunton (Mr. James), seconded, I believe, by the hon. and learned Member for Oxford (Mr. V. Harcourt). Now, I ask the House calmly to consider whether the conduct of themselves as a Committee upon this Bill is what they ought to look back upon with any feelings of reproach. On the contrary, I say the labours of Committee have seldom been more valuable and useful; and those labours have been performed under circumstances of sacrifice and annoyance, because there were hon. Gentlemen on both sides who themselves had important questions to bring forward, and were prevented doing so by the continuance of this Committee, besides which great public questions, in which hon. Gentlemen on both sides of the House are equally interested, have not received consideration in the present Session. I ask, then, whether a Minister is justified in holding up to public contempt the conduct of this House, and its labours in Committee, when those labours have been of that discriminating character I have shown them to be; and, above all, whether the person to hold us up to public disrespect for such a course of conduct is the right hon. Gentleman opposite, whether with respect to this Bill or to the other Bill as to which he says he menaced Parliament. The right hon. Gentleman is not only Prime Minister of England, he is also Leader of the House of Commons — a not less eminent position; he is the champion of our rights, and ought to be the guardian of our interests and of our honour. If he thinks the conduct of this House, or of any part of it, is not such as will redound to its reputation for discretion and good judgment, he is certainly not

  1113
  to show himself insensible to such a lamentable circumstance, but he should veil our backsliding and speak of it in the accents of mournfulness rather than of reproach; but instead of that the right hon. Gentleman thinks the way to manage the House of Commons if we do not do exactly as he wishes, is to get up and scold us — to rate and revile us. I must protest against this. I must protest when, as in the present instance, so erroneous an impression has gone forth to the country of the labours of the Committee on the Ballot Bill, and when I say, without fear of contradiction from any impartial man, that the labour of both sides of the House has redounded to their own honour and to the public advantage. This Bill is probably about soon to leave us. I regret its introduction, not merely on the grounds I have referred to, but because, generally speaking, I think it a retrograde measure. We have been now for nearly 50 years trying to get politics out of holes and corners. We began by getting them out of Old Sarum and Gatton. There was real "secret voting." I acknowledge that 35 or 40 years ago there was a plausible case to be made out for the Ballot; and I think the case for the Ballot might be strong, if the principle be just that the franchise is a trust—a principle in politics which has unfortunately been accepted by this House for a long time, and which those who have been great leaders of opinion have promulgated, but against which I have always protested, because, if the elector is a trustee, he may fairly say—"If there is a trust there must be unlimited confidence; you have confided to me this office, and I ask of you, the State, in turn to protect me in its exercise; and I cannot be protected unless I have the advantage of recording my vote without being responsible to anyone; you have chosen me to be your trustee, I demand that I may be allowed completely to fulfil that trust." But, Sir, all that is past; it is acknowledged now that the franchise is not a trust, but that it is a political privilege, and, like all political privileges, it must be exercised for the common good, and cannot be exercised for the common good unless it is exercised publicly. The moment you had a qualified but largely expanded constituency, you altered all the conditions of the case. If you
  1114
  pass this Bill, you will be taking a retrograde step in divorcing political life from publicity. Without publicity there can be no public spirit, and without public spirit every nation must decay.
  MR. GLADSTONE: Sir, I will not pretend on the present occasion to follow the right hon. Gentleman (Mr. Disraeli) into what he is pleased, in the richness of his reading, to term the Pythagorian principle. He has been kind enough to make over to me a portion of the wealth of his own imagination; at least I presume it is his own; at any rate it is none of mine. I introduced no reference or allusion whatever to Pythagoras in any of the proceedings, to which I have been a party, on the Ballot Bill. If I had studied to commend the dignity of silence, I should not have gone so far back, but should have used the works of an eloquent and powerful writer of the present day—I mean Mr. Carlyle—who I think inculcates what he forcibly terms the worship of the eternal silence, and in various forms of speech of which he is so great a master impresses the observance that is due to that divinity. However, I did nothing of the kind. I have confined myself to very few and very simple words upon this Bill; and I rarely have been more astonished than at the charges against not only the Government, but against myself in particular—I may say against myself exclusively—on which the right hon. Gentleman has founded the principal portion of his speech, and nearly all the pointed witticisms which so much relieved its delivery and entertained his audience. The right hon. Gentleman began by describing the mischief which has been caused by this Bill, and with formidable iteration he has told us—"It is owing to this Bill that legislation has been neglected. It is owing to this Bill that the House of Commons has been prevented from having any control over the expenditure of the country. It is owing to this Bill that numerous other deplorable evils have been incurred." With respect to the recital of these evils I have to complain, but only in a mild form, of the strain of exaggeration which has become, I fear, in a great degree habitual with the right hon. Gentleman when he seeks for rhetorical effect. The right hon. Gentleman says we ought to betake ourselves to sanitary legislation—as undoubtedly we ought—because it

  1115
  is held that the people are in course of physical degeneracy. That is what I call exaggeration. The right hon. Gentleman is probably not aware that the tables of mortality show a progressive lengthening of life; and I know not by what system of philosophy, Pythagorean or any other, the right hon. Gentleman reconciles this progressive elongation of the term of life, which I trust will be further continued, with the physical degeneracy that he thought it necessary to quote in order to recommend what in itself is a perfectly rational proposition, but too simple for the taste of the right hon. Gentleman—namely, that sanitary legislation has great claims upon our attention. In the same way the right hon. Gentleman spoke of the total loss and abandonment of control by the House of Commons over the expenditure of the country, knowing as he did that by far the greater part of the expenditure of the country had been long ago disposed of. At the same time I fully admit that after we strip his phrases of their exaggeration, there is left behind a substratum of truth in the fact which we join with him in regretting, that the final dealing with important portions of the Estimates has been postponed until a period inconveniently late. All this, says the right hon. Gentleman, is owing to this Bill. Now, let us consider for a little how far this is the case. This Bill, as he says, has been the immediate cause and occasion of those mischiefs. So, if you are driven by a crowd to the edge of a precipice, and have the misfortune to tumble over and break your neck, it is owing to the pressure of the man who is next to you in the crowd that the calamity befalls you. But let us look back a little further than to the man next in the crowd, and let us ask, as I shall presently, whether it was really the contents and substance of this Bill that have placed the House in its recent difficulties, or whether that has been owing to other causes. I will refer to that subject further when I come to deal with an astonishing error made by the right hon. Gentleman with respect to myself. But to proceed. Well, Sir, having shown the amount of public mischief that had been incurred for the sake of this Bill, the right hon. Gentleman went on to say that this Bill was pressed forward by us on the pretence that there is an irresistible demand for it on the
  1116
  part of the constituencies. It is one of the arts of a rhetorician, when he undertakes to give a fair representation of his adversary's argument, to avoid giving the whole of that argument, and in a selection of its parts to choose those with which it is easy to deal. Therefore, the right hon. Gentleman seized on an expression—and I am ready to defend the expression—which on a single occasion fell from my right hon. Friend near me (Mr. W. E. Forster) with respect to an irresistible or general demand of the constituencies, or some phrase in that sense, and overlooked altogether all the other vindications which have been given of this Bill. There is one vindication of this Bill especially of which he has taken no notice, and that is the vast admission of persons of the more helpless classes of the community into the constituencies. That is a point which I own has operated much more upon me than what may be called the general or irresistible demand of the constituencies. And has the right hon. Gentleman no indication of the feeling of the constituencies better than the somewhat frigid figures that he elaborately tricked together from addresses and speeches at the General Election? Has he no more living and forcible and natural indications by which to guide his judgment upon this subject than he could derive from the portentous labour he has undergone? And I beg to offer him my most sincere commiseration on reading through, as he says he has done, not only all the addresses issued by Liberal candidates to their constituents, but likewise all the speeches in which those addresses were unfolded and explained. The right hon. Gentleman might have learnt a great deal more at a much smaller expenditure of time from one of the Members for Stockport (Mr. Tipping) who sits on his own side of the House. Let him ask that hon. Member for the feeling of his constituency, and he will, I have no doubt, tell him, as he told the Committee on the Ballot Bill, that the late Reform Bill enfranchised, I think, 2,000 new electors of Stockport, and that although they differed on all other subjects, whether they were Liberal or Conservative, Whig, Tory, Radical, or Democrat, they all agreed that they ought to be protected by the Ballot in the exercise of the franchise. I recommend that speech to the recollection

  1117
  of the right hon. Gentleman. I cannot suppose he overlooked it. In the very dispassionate review he made of the feelings of the constituencies he cannot have overlooked such a speech coming from one of his own political adherents. I trust the summary I have given of it will assist the right hon. Gentleman to sound political conclusions. But is there no other mode of judging of the opinions of the constituencies but by addresses and speeches three years old, in which, I think, the right hon. Gentleman has, to use an expression which was a very great favourite among his Friends, been "meddling and muddling" on the present occasion? No one has contended that the Ballot Bill was the question on which the last Election turned, nor is it a question which has been taken up in preference to all others by the Government. It is, to say the least, but the fifth in point of time among questions of the highest order and of the greatest difficulty with which the Government has attempted to deal. And what indications have we had of the feelings of the constituencies on the subject? Why, Sir, we have had the best of all indications in the conduct of Members of the House. The right hon. Gentleman has made no allusion to that conduct, not because he is not given to observe such signs; on the Army Bill he was sufficiently quick to notice it, and when charges were made of unusual resistance and obstruction to that Bill the right hon. Gentleman said—"Yes; I admit much resistance has been offered to you, but look at your dwindling majorities; you began with a majority commensurate with that with which you came from the hustings, but you have gone down to 80, 60, 40, and 16." I think some division furnished the right hon. Gentleman with a still lower figure, and he fixed his eye on these diminishing majorities as a sign of weakness on the part of the Government with respect to that measure, which, however, I do not admit. Why does not the right hon. Gentlemen observe that we have had, as was observed by the hon. Member for Exeter (Mr. Bowring) more than seventy divisions on the Ballot Bill, and that in those divisions from first to last the majority of the House of Commons has acted with a uniformity and a determition never surpassed during any portion of the proceedings of this Parliament,
  1118
  not even on divisions on the measure for the disestablishment of the Irish Church? There, Sir, is evidence of the feeling of the country. The right hon. Gentleman is great when it suits him upon the high character of the House of Commons, and the dignity and importance of its functions; but what becomes of that high character and dignity if he is thus to overlook this singular union and decision with which the greater portion of the representatives of the people are acting, and to go back to addresses and election speeches to find the evidence which he thinks alone worthy of being embodied in the substance of his oration? The right hon. Gentleman has taken the opportunity, in many parts of his speech, and no one can blame him for it, of reciting the grounds on which he has objected to the passing of this Bill. He thinks it a retrograde measure, and not sustained by the matured opinion of the country. He is, of course, justified in leaving the recollection of these assertions upon the minds of his adherents as the valedictory address to the measure before it passes to the House of Lords. But now we come to the main part of the speech of the right hon. Gentleman. He says the injunction of silence was delivered in some mysterious manner to the majority, and was acted upon by them; and he tells us that the silence which he observed on the part of the majority tended to lengthen the speeches on the other side of the House. That is not the practical lesson I have derived from Parliamentary experience; but this is a minor point. The right hon. Gentleman referred to various passages in the Bill, and with strange exaggeration asserted that the Government has at length admitted that personation is to be allowed to go on with impunity, and he found this was a proposition so telling and so suitable for his purpose that he took occasion to reiterate it in the course of his speech. The right hon. Gentleman has attended a considerable part of the sittings of the Committee, and I want to know in what portion of his attendance here or in what organ of information does he find the statement that the Government have admitted that personation is to be allowed to go on with impunity? The right hon. Gentleman is fond enough of quoting when quoting serves his purpose, and long observation makes me well aware

  1119
  that when the right hon. Gentleman does not quote he has very good reason for not doing so. He did not quote on this occasion; he gave no reference of a distinct or definite kind for the statement; and I have no hesitation in saying that neither my right hon. Friend near me (Mr. W. E. Forster), in whose hands we have been glad, and, I think, wisely glad, to leave the expression of our sentiments on the clauses of this Bill, nor any other Member of the Government has ever made any such admission. We have used no such words and entertained no such sentiments, nor have we used any words which would give the right hon. Gentleman the smallest excuse for imputing such a sentiment to us. The declaration made by my right hon. Friend near me respecting personation was that, so far from its being allowed to go on with impunity, it would receive a heavier blow from the measure now before us than it has ever yet received from any legislative enactment. In the same way the right hon. Gentleman says the proposal with respect to polling-places was mentioned to the House, received with favour on both sides of the House, looked on with coldness by the Government, but was ultimately accepted. What does the right hon. Gentleman mean by ultimately accepted? I am not far wrong if I say that within one hour from the time the proposal respecting polling-places was first made it was accepted by the Government. The Government never doubted the propriety of increasing the number of polling-places; it hesitated only because it did not want to load the Bill; but as soon as it found the proposal was acceptable to both sides of the House, and would not delay the Bill it was adopted. I will not follow the right hon. Gentleman through what I may call the apologetical portions of his speech, but I may ask the House to consider why the right hon. Gentleman thought it necessary to enter upon that apology, and to show, with a detail that in any other hands than his would have been wearisome, and in his was ample, what had been done upon each clause, how many Amendments there were, how many were accepted, how many nights were taken up with particular clauses, how many hours were consumed each night, and so forth. The reason advanced by the right hon. Gentleman would have been perfectly sufficient if it had been
  1120
  true. In the first place he said the Government had made the most serious charges founded on the nature of the opposition to the Bill, and had charged the opponents of the Bill night after night with factious proceedings; a statement he repeated again and again in great variety of form. At last, having been put forward without being fastened on anyone in particular, it was fastened on me. I challenged the right hon. Gentleman to give me a single instance in which I had made that charge, and the right hon. Gentleman totally failed to do so. I now challenge him again. He has delivered me a lecture on the duties of the Leader of the House. He says—It is not right for you to be always threatening the House of Commons; the business of the Leader of the House is to palliate even its backslidings and to be the guardian of its honour. Excellent doctrine, without doubt; but where is the justifying ground of the accusation of the right hon. Gentleman, and when have I complained of factious opposition to this Bill? Is the right hon. Gentleman prepared to answer that question or not? [A pause.] I have a right to an answer. He has accused me of having made the complaint, and I have a right to an answer. [A. pause.] If the right hon. Gentlemen does not chose to give me an answer the cause is that there is not a shadow of foundation for the statement. I have never accused the opponents to the Bill of faction. ["Oh!"] It is easy to make that reply, but will the hon. Member who makes it rise in his place and say when, where, and in what terms the accusation was made? That is a perfectly fair question to put, and I should be glad to see the smallest indication of a disposition to give me an answer. To characterize the general opposition to this Bill as factious would, in my opinion, be unjust. I do not think it has been factious. There have been times when particular portions of that opposition have begun to wear an aspect as if they were likely to grow into that character. I remember on one occasion, the House having once before gone into Committee, the Motion that the Chairman leave the Chair was opposed, and by one speech in particular of a most extraordinary character, wholly irrelevant to the subject-matter in hand, and of a nature in other respects which I characterized as well as I could at the time; and on that

  1121
  occasion I stated that these things were becoming serious, that the privileges and powers of the House had been strained during this Session—for I did not even then allude to the particular proceeding. [Mr. DISRAELI: A general menace.] We will come to that by-and-by. I thank the right hon. Gentleman for what he courteously calls his interruption. I added that if the same conduct were persevered in in future the House must renounce its duties, or it would be compelled to do that which I regarded as a serious evil—re-consider its Rules. I am perfectly ready to justify that. It was a declaration delivered before the Committee commenced its labours on this Bill. It therefore could have had no reference whatever to those labours, and no such declaration has ever proceeded from me with respect to those labours, and therefore the statement of the right hon. Gentleman that I had applied this description to the labours of the Opposition in discussing the clauses of this Bill is a statement which, until he justifies it, must stand as having been made without a shadow of evidence to support it. With regard to that opposition, after the admission I have made, it will, perhaps, be invidious to go into detail. I admit that there have been times when I thought the proceedings of the Opposition somewhat remarkable. I have seen Tellers come up to this Table hardly able to control their laughter, and I have seen Members come to this House to attempt a count, and, on failing, make Motions upon the Bill, hardly able for laughter to explain their Amendments. I wish neither to overstate nor to understate the case. I think that to proceedings of that kind objection may be taken; but upon the whole I admit that there have been a number of points of difficulty in the adjustment of a measure of this nature. These required full consideration; it was quite right that they should have it; and neither in my mind nor on my lips has there been the absurd idea which the right hon. Gentleman thought fit to impute to me. Sir, with respect to the principal justification of the words which I have here quoted, and which I myself believe to be the only words that have had reference to that subject, they refer to the conduct pursued with regard to a former measure—a single measure, and not with regard to the Session in general. I will not enter
  1122
  into details. I do not wish to prejudice this case or to exasperate controversy by introducing new ones; but this I did and do undoubtedly say, that, with reference to the discussions on the Army Bill, there is a most grave issue in the hands of the country to try. The opponents of that Bill admitted the nature of the opposition they offered to it to be peculiar and unusual. Those were the strongest epithets which in this House were ever, I think, applied to it by Members of the Government—the strongest, certainty, ever applied to it by me. It was peculiar and unusual in a very high degree. They defended themselves for offering that opposition by throwing back the responsibility on the Government. I will not say which is right; but of this there is no doubt whatever, that whether the responsibility of that opposition lay with the Government, as they think, or lay with those who made it, the result to the country was that business was reduced to a condition in this House such as was never seen before. The clauses and Amendments in the Committee of this House were discussed in a manner never before adopted, within the recollection, I believe, of anyone who sits here. The character and credit of this House were seriously compromised, and those who have seen it were justified in saying, as I said, in temperate terms, that the fact that circumstances of that kind had occurred, which, if continued, would bring into view the question whether this House would not be obliged to re-consider some of its Rules with reference to the conduct of business. Well, I think I have now dealt as far as I can with the charge of the right hon. Gentleman. But the right hon. Gentleman, who was very severe upon the Pythagoreanism of this side of the House, is himself Pythagorean enough when I ask him to justify the charges he has made; and he has good reason for being so, for he knows it cannot be done. [Mr. DISRAELI was understood to say: You have done it.] I thank the right hon. Gentleman for his second interruption. Let us see. His charge was that I had applied those threats to the opposition on the clauses of the Ballot Bill. The only quotation that can be produced refers to a period before that opposition began, and when it was therefore impossible it could refer to that. But I wish to go further than

  1123
  merely delivering a niggard admission that much of that opposition has been perfectly warrantable. I think that much of the discussion has really been valuable, and that the Government are under obligations to those who assisted them in bringing this Bill to a state of maturity. Whatever complaints I may be justified in making of the speech of the right hon. Gentleman, I desire to notice one valuable result of that speech. He has gone in detail through the clauses of the Bill; he has almost fought over again the battles that were waged on its clauses, its sentences, and its lines; he has shown with what patient, with what laborious, with what an indefatigable consideration all portions of this House devoted themselves to the improvement of the structure of the measure. He would have been justified in saying that rarely indeed, if ever, have greater pains been taken by the Members of this House—by most of them with very little simultaneous effusion of eloquence—but by the Members of this House at large, for the purpose of introducing into a measure the Amendments which might be necessary to render it efficacious and make it faultless. He has shown, and he knows perfectly well, that all this has been done by the House; and I may add that it has been at sacrifices of labour and of personal convenience such as have, perhaps, never been exceeded. Sir, in this way, at least, the House of Commons has testified to its own sincerity, and ought to be above the charges of the right hon. Gentleman. In this way this House has shown that when it sends this measure to the House of Lords it will send it possessed of every title that a measure can possess to a respectful and also to a favourable attention. It is the old favourite of the mass of people, and especially of the weaker portion of the constituencies. In some cases, as we know from the speech of the hon. Member for Stockport (Mr. Tipping), it has united the opinion of those who are united in nothing else. If the Liberal majority of this House has been scattered or disorganized in any degree or as to any portion of it on the Army Bill, it has had the effect of rallying and consolidating that majority. It has received—not from that Liberal majority alone, not from my right hon. Friend (Mr. W. E. Forster) alone, but from this House at large, a free, an unsparing,
  1124
  a generous devotion of time without stint or measure for the purpose of bringing the Bill to a state worthy of the object it professes—namely, that of increasing the securities for the freedom of the people. If these things are true—and that they are true is known—as to a large portion of them that they are true is shown and proved by the very speech of the right hon. Gentleman opposite—and if we, after six months of unwearied labour, sitting for about one-third part of each 24 hours during all the principal days of the week—if we have not grudged that expenditure of time for such a purpose, he would, indeed, be an ill friend to the other branch of the Legislature, more happy than we in the lightness of its labours, who would say that it has undergone such a process of exhaustion that it will be unable to recognize these titles of the measure to its candid and its favourable attention, but will put in what I must call the little paltry plea of time against taking into its view, weighing, examining, considering, amending if it can, and dealing with as the circumstances may demand, a Bill with respect to which the sentiments of the representatives of the people have been so emphatically shown, and with respect to which also it never can be doubted that it must shortly take its place, and take its place for ever, upon the Statute Book of the country.
  MR. BERESFORD HOPE: In one respect the speech of my right hon. Friend at the head of the Government has been very satisfactory to that band of independent Members who from no personal or interested motive, but simply from the desire to do justice to a great question, have been toiling afternoon after afternoon, and night after night, before not only silent, but empty benches upon the clauses of the Ballot Bill. Like a distinguished character, more ancient than even Pythagoras, the First Minister of the Crown has on this occasion not denounced our band, but has mounted the height to bless it altogether, and has acquitted us of factious conduct. The right hon. Gentleman indeed modified his praise by the grave charge that our Tellers had once or twice smiled as they went up to the Table. Whether that was so or not I cannot say; but at any rate it is a poor heart that never rejoices; and

  1125
  if after many weeks of anxious criticism and discussion we were never to be allowed to unbend or to relax our features for a moment, the slavery of this House must be even more intolerable than I still believe it to be. My right hon. Friend has also implied that we have gone to the verge of something very awful and very wicked in attempting "counts-out;" but after severely lecturing the right hon. Member for Buckinghamshire (Mr. Disraeli) upon exaggeration, my right hon. Friend has strayed somewhat in the same direction himself. There have, I believe, been only two attempts to "count" on the Bill. One of them was a friendly monition to hon. Gentlemen opposite that when a great question like this was under discussion, the House itself, and not the dining room, was the proper place for them to be in. The otter count was tried on a Tuesday evening, and was distinguished by this remarkable circumstance—that the House was so worn out and exhausted by the labours of the Morning Sitting that it could not get to work again till twenty minutes after the proper time; and the hon. Member who then moved the "count" probably wanted to test the reality of the great zeal and earnestness and devotion that the Liberal party are supposed by the right hon. Gentleman to entertain for this subject. My right hon. Friend has in the present instance, and not for the first time, fallen into error by measuring other men after his own standard—Caput inter nubile tollit. He is apt to work himself up and become dreadfully earnest about things which are frequently not worthy the earnestness of his great intellect, and then he is totally unable to see how halfhearted and careless the party is which he imagines he has made partaker of his own earnestness. The Prime Minister has accordingly now spoken in some of his grandest and most solemn sentences of the real unanimity and devotion that, as he thinks, have been displayed in favour of the Ballot, and has pictured an anxious House of Commons and an eager people looking for the passing of the measure. The truth is, that the right hon. Gentleman is under the error of attributing all his own newborn zeal to the mass of his followers, the fact being that the greater part of them have been restlessly behind him
  1126
  half enamoured by his vehemence, half astonished at his philosophic flights, and capable of nothing but voting as they were bidden. The right hon. Gentleman has drawn a glowing picture of a united Liberal party, and a breathless country waiting for the passing of the Ballot Bill. It will be my duty to rub a little of the gilt off that gingerbread. The right hon. Gentleman denies having ever used menaces to the House in regard to the Bill; but in making the denial he has taken care to recall what he did say about the forms of the House being stretched, and to point out that he uttered the sentence before the Committee was fairly afloat; so by his own showing, his reference to the forms of the House being stretched was not a hasty expression struck out in the heat of debate, but was deliberately, and by premeditation addressed to us as a schoolmaster might admonish his pupils before they set to work, with a warning of the uncertainty of the Saturday's holiday. The right hon. Gentleman gave us in fact that kind of intimation of possible coming events which men of spirit resent, and which is never efficacious, because it is too transparent, and only provokes those whom it is intended to daunt. Now, the right hon. Gentleman has confessed that the Opposition was not guilty of factiousness in regard to the Bill; but I should like to ask him for an explanation of the tattling, whispering, underground imputations against us which have gone on among hon. Gentlemen opposite during the time that the Bill was in Committee. Again, the right hon. Gentleman has said that all had gone well this Session until the Army Bill. I would remind him that two or three other things had happened before it. Has my right hon. Friend forgotten a district in Ireland named Westmeath? Has he forgotten the tax upon matches—the attempt to double the succession duty in a direct line—the increase of the income tax? It was on the Budget that the business of the Session first made shipwreck; it was the failure of the Government upon those very financial matters on which they were fondly believed to be most strong that first disarranged the course of legislation, and first made the world doubt the stability of the Administration—in fact, the Ministerial Megæra had set out on its voyage in a crippled state. Those

  1127
  were the storms which it first encountered, and from that date the vessel shipped heavier and heavier seas, until at length it is barely able to land its exhausted crew upon the St. Paul's Island of a very late Prorogation. The right hon. Gentleman tells us that he has to a great extent been converted to the Ballot by the speech of the hon. Member for Stockport (Mr. Tipping) from the Conservative benches; but has he forgotten what has been said by the hon. Members for South-west Lancashire, for Liverpool, and for other constituencies, greater, more powerful, and more prosperous than Stockport? According to the late Census, in the North of England there are only two or three manufacturing towns which have shown a decadence and a diminished population, and among them are Ashton and Stockport, the Conservative Members for which have stood distinct from their compeers in supporting the Ballot. I venture therefore to assert that the confusion of ideas favourable to the Ballot which exists in such places, is connected with their general malaise and discontent at finding themselves outstripped in honourable competition by the larger and more prosperous towns, rather than to the formation of any fixed and irrevocable opinion. Well, the right hon. Gentleman went on to say that upon the Ballot the unanimity of the Liberal party has been as striking as it was upon the question of the Irish Church. Now, I have myself been present at, I believe, all the 70 divisions, which, as I learn, have taken place over the Bill, and I would inquire, relative to "the boasted zeal" and unanimity of the Liberal party in the House on this question, whether it is not the fact that three-fourths of the divisions which have occurred have been taken in Houses of fewer than 200 Members? And has not that party been represented in the House night after night by from 100 to 120, of whom 30 or 40 have been sitting silent and sulky during the discussions, while the rest came pouring in like a horde of Janissaries from the dining room, and the newspaper room, and the tea room, and the library, and the smoking room at the bidding of the hon. Member for Shaftesbury (Mr. Glyn) whenever a division bell rang, without any care of their own as to the subject of the division, or any knowledge of what the
  1128
  debates had been? In one very recent division the Government have been beaten by a majority of 96; but, without referring further to that enormous breakdown, I may mention that on the publichouse clause in one division the Ayes were 93 and the Noes 128. In that case the Government, which boasted a normal majority of 120, had only a majority of 35; and in a subsequent division it fell to only 22—namely, 114 for and 92 against. Even yesterday, in a flogged House, when a division was taken on the Report, on the same 27th clause, the Members were 70 on one side and 30 on the other. So much for the extraordinary zeal and devotion of the Liberal party. The right hon. Gentleman has said much as to the great concessions made by the Government in regard to polling-places; but it should be remembered that as to Scotland the Government resisted the concession which it had yielded to England and to Ireland. The Lord Advocate, who had continued contending with all the dignity proper to the mysterious office he holds, which seems to unite that of Minister, Law Officer, and dispenser general of patronage in Scotland, finding that insuperable difficulties would attach to the proposal, had to beat a precipitate retreat, without so much as taking the sense of the House. The truth is, that my right hon. Friend let the cat out of the bag in his eloquent peroration, when he told us that the Ballot was necessary to unite the Liberal party. That process of uniting the Liberal party is one of the most mysterious things in nature. The Liberal party seems to have a strange tendency to split up. I do not think it is a good geological formation. There appears to be a great many "faults" in it, and few elements of adhesion; in short, to use the word in its geological sense—there is too much "dirt" mixed with the strata of stone, and the combination produces a material that is useful neither for building nor mending the roads, nor any other purpose. When people are getting tired of useless legislation, and begin to think that practical business is better than everlasting talk, something or other that is not expected or wanted by the country is brought forward, people are flogged into the House, and eloquent addresses to human and all the highest things, not only on earth but regions far above the earth,

  1129
  are delivered to us. When we ask why is all this done, we are told that the Liberal party has to be united by some patent cement, and all cement, as we know, wears out in time. That process of uniting it may be a very good thing for the Liberal party itself; but the system of bringing in measures not with a view to the benefit of the country, but for the object of setting up a party, is the chief source of the political evils under which we are now labouring. The discussions on this Bill have lasted some six weeks, and the country continues profoundly indifferent whether or no this shall be one of the four great Bills which will receive the Royal Assent. My right hon. Friend, when he talked of those four Bills, forgot how he bore witness against himself as to the superfluity of legislative exertion which the very numbers indicate. There have been meetings respecting the endowments of Royal personages—meetings in favour of those who are now suffering from their own misconduct—something is known about match-boxes, and a great deal has been said about the sale of two acres and a half of land adjoining the Thames Embankment; but for this blessed panacea of the Ballot there has been no spontaneous display of feeling on the part of the people of England, while the zeal of hon. Members opposite has been notoriously and ostentatiously lukewarm in its favour. The measure has been pushed forward as a desperate attempt to unite the Liberal party. I accept the exoneration of that party in the House with which I am connected on the part of my right hon. Friend; but I accept it as the condemnation from his own mouth of a Government which so late in the Session has forced on a measure which has compelled so many hon. Gentlemen to sit on and to criticise it day after day, and week after week, in the hope of amending its faulty and inconsistent clauses.
  SIR WILFRID LAWSONsaid, he was a very warm supporter of this Bill, although he had not as yet spoken in its favour. Her Majesty's Government had been charged with having thrown over all legislation during the present Session, in order to press forward one or two favourite measures; but, the fact was that they had introduced no less than 133 Bills since the commencement of the Session. For his part, he should have
  1130
  preferred that all those measures should have been lost rather than the Ballot Bill should not have been carried. Whatever mistakes the Government might have been guilty of, they deserved the thanks of the country for having pressed forward this measure with energy. The question of the Ballot had occupied the attention of the Liberal party during the last 40 years, and the great bulk of the party had always voted in favour of it. Last Session no less than 218 Members of that House had signed a Memorial to the First Minister of the Crown in favour of the introduction of a measure which would carry out the principle of secret voting. No Petitions had been got up in favour of this Bill, because in all the large constituencies the Ballot formed a part of their political creed; and a man no more thought of petitioning in its favour than he did of petitioning in favour of his religion. It would not have done to dally with the question any longer. Had not the right hon. Gentleman introduced this measure during the present Session, he would have forfeited the support of all the large constituencies which had expressed their approval of the Bill introduced by the Vice President of the Council, which they thought required no improvement. Although he (Sir Wilfrid Lawson) regretted the loss of the clause which would have thrown the expenses of the election on the community, the great thing, after all, was secret voting; and the people felt that when once that was established, all the other reforms which they desired would follow as a matter of course. They were now about to part from this measure, and both its friends and its foes must be glad to see the last of it. Some persons, however, had expressed an opinion that all the labour of the last six weeks upon this Bill would be thrown away, on the ground that the other House of Parliament intended to reject the measure after a trifling discussion; but he, for one, trusted that their Lordships would have too much consideration for the desire of the people to take such a step. Even if the worst should come to the worst, and the Bill should suffer shipwreck in "another place," the people of this country, who had watched the conduct of the First Minister of the Crown in a period of emergency and trial, felt satisfied that he would not desert them, but would

  1131
  take such good and wise measures as might appear to him to be necessary to prevent the labour of their representatives from being thrown away, and themselves from being deprived of their just rights. The greatest honour would attach to the right hon. Gentleman, if it were found that he had established that freedom of election which was the best security for order and for good Government in this country.
  MR. SCOURFIELDsaid, the hon. Member who had just sat down had expressed his regret that the election expenses were not to be thrown on the community. Now he (Mr. Scourfield) objected to the use of the word "community" in that sense. The attempt was to throw the expenses on a limited part of the community only. There was one clause in which he had himself been able to effect some improvement, and that was the clause imposing such heavy penalties. He did not think that secrecy ought to be elevated into a great moral principle, the violation of which should subject parties to the infliction of severe penalties. The provisions imposing such penalties would have become little more than a dead letter, for he believed that in such cases juries would never have convicted. Although he objected to the Bill, he thought it most desirable that such measures should be in the hands of those who had a conscientious belief in what they were doing. Before the Ballot was tried in this country he should like a preliminary trial of its working to be had in that House on some occasion when a Vote of Want of Confidence was moved.
  MR. RICHARD: Sir, as I have not hitherto taken any part of the discussion of this Bill I trust the House, with its usual kind indulgence, will permit me to offer a few observations at the present stage of our proceedings in the interest of that particular part of the country with which I am more immediately connected, and where, unhappily, recent and painful and abundant evidence has been given to prove that some protection to the voter of the nature provided by this measure is a matter of urgent and imperative necessity. I have been much struck in the course of these discussions with the quiet manner in which hon. Gentlemen opposite have assumed a great deal of what they were most bound to prove. One of their assumptions
  1132
  has been this—that the evils for which the Ballot is intended as a remedy have disappeared, or almost disappeared, from our electoral system. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Buckinghamshire (Mr. Disraeli) has repeatedly told the House, especially as regards landlord coercion—the exercise of undue influence by landlords over their tenants, that the idea was perfectly chimerical and groundless—that no such thing now existed anywhere. Perhaps I could hardly expect that so distinguished a Member of this House as the right hon. Gentleman should pay much heed to what has been said by so humble an individual as myself. But there are some hon. Gentlemen here who will probably remember that during the first Session of the present Parliament I called the attention of the House to what had taken place in some parts of the Principality of Wales immediately after the last General Election. I told the House how a large number of notices to quit had been served by landlords on their tenants, a number far in excess of anything previously known in that part of the country, and served according to the implicit and universal belief of the country on account of the votes they had recorded at the Election. Whether it was owing to the discussion that then took place in this House, or, as I prefer to believe, owing to a return to a better mind of some of the landlords themselves, a considerable number of those notices were withdrawn or suffered to lapse. Unhappily, however, many of them were rigorously and ruthlessly enforced, insomuch that some scores of men were turned out of house and home, had to sell their stock and furniture for what they could bring—respectable farmers in some instances being reduced to the condition of cottagers and day labourers, and indebted to the charity of neighbours for the shelter of a roof beneath which to hide their own heads and those of their children during the ensuing winter. And what aggravated the injury and injustice was this: that for all the industry, labour, and capital invested by these men in permanent improvements of the land, and of the houses on the land, they received no adequate compensation, and in many instances no compensation whatever. I wish to guard myself, as I have always guarded myself, carefully when speaking on this subject here or elsewhere, against being supposed

  1133
  to bring sweeping and indiscriminate charges against all Welsh landlords, or against all Conservative Welsh landlords. I stated before what it gives me pleasure now to repeat, that there were some Conservative landlords who acted a perfectly fair and honourable part, and gave their tenants to understand beforehand that they were entirely at liberty to follow their own views and feelings in the disposal of their votes. And there were others, a much larger number, who, though they strained their influence to the utmost before and during the Election, yet afterwards, though their party may have suffered defeat, scorned the mean revenge of inflicting material injury or ruin upon poor men who had been guilty of no offence but a courageous fidelity to their political convictions. But there were others, for whom I feel no respect, and to whom I owe no quarter, who did unquestionably use their power as owners of the soil to punish men who had dared to exercise their own judgment and conscience in the discharge of a duty devolved upon them by their country. These events produced great agitation and excitement in Wales, and a fund was started which ultimately reached to nearly £4,000, not to compensate these men for what they had suffered—for how can you compensate a man whom you take and pull up by the roots from the land on which he has lived all his life, and turn him and his family homeless and helpless on the world?—but as an expression of sympathy from their countrymen, and as affording some temporary succour to them in their distress. And the best proof of the genuineness and reality of the cases was this—that by far the most liberal contributions to the fund were made in the immediate neighbourhoods where these cases had occurred, and where all the facts and circumstances were intimately known to the contributors. Some allusions have been made to these events in Wales during the debates on the present Bill. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for New Shoreham (Mr. S. Cave), whom I regret not to see in his place, stated that sometimes changes of tenancy took place owing to bad farming and other cause which were attributed to political reasons. "It is notorious," continued the right hon. Gentleman, "that such was the character of many cases in Wales of which
  1134
  much political capital was made at the last Election." Now, as these evictions took place since the Election, it is not easy to see how political capital could have been made out of them at the Election. But I should like to have asked the right hon. Gentleman where was it notorious that such as he described was the character of the evictions in Wales. It may have been notorious in Sussex, but I can assure the House that the reverse was notorious in Wales. There, hundreds of thousands of people believe as firmly as they believe anything, that these tenants were expelled to punish them, and to warn others to beware of rebelling against the authority of their landlords in political matters. If I am asked what proof I have that the evictions took place for political reasons, my answer in this:—I may not be able to produce technical legal evidence such as would suffice to convict an offender in a Court of Law. The men who do these things take care not to bring themselves within reach of the law. They do not write on the back of the notices to quit—"You receive this because you voted for Mr. Such-an-one, or refused to vote for Mr. Such-another." But when we find men evicted who had been, or whose ancestors had been, in occupation of the same land for 20, 40, 50, 80, 100, and, in one instance that came within my knowledge, for 200 years unmolested—when we find men evicted who had punctually paid their rents to the uttermost farthing, against whom no complaints had ever previously been made, either as respects the quality of their husbandry or the fulfilment of their covenants with their landlords—when we find among them men who were universally acknowledged to be among the best farmers in the neighbourhood—and when we find this taking place immediately after a hotly-contested election, during which every species of influence was brought to bear upon these men by their landlords and their landlords' wives, and their landlords' party, to induce them to vote in accordance with their landlords' wishes—including in some cases a very distinct menace of what would befall them if they refused compliance—when we know that all these solicitations were resolutely resisted, and that the notices to quit followed in due course, I say I have evidence enough to carry moral conviction to every rational and impartial mind that

  1135
  these men were turned out of their farms, not because they were bad farmers, but because they were honest men who had a conscience, and who dared to exercise it in the discharge of their political duties. And the same thing is still going on. Last year and this year two fresh batches of tenants had been expelled. I should like to state these facts to the House. [No, no!"] Hon. Gentlemen on the front bench below the gangway cry "No, no;" but they at least have had their innings sufficiently often during these debates, and have no right to be impatient with us on this side. I will state these facts in the language of a most competent witness, an intelligent gentleman who lives in the immediate neighbourhood where the events occurred, and who has taken great pains to acquaint himself with all the circumstances. I must, however, premise that there is this peculiarity about these cases, that the estates to which I refer are in Chancery, and the injunctions for disposition are alleged to have been issued by that Court. It is impossible to believe that the Court of Chancery could have used its authority, or suffered it to be used, as an instrument of political persecution. I hope that the statement of the facts in this House will lead to some explanation. Last year there were five tenants evicted on an estate. ["Name, name!"] The name of the estate is Llanfair. These are the circumstances. In March, notices were served upon the tenants with assurances that it was simply the usual step attending re-valuation. In the course of the summer the advance in rent was announced, coupled with a wish that the tenants should proceed with their farming operations as usual, inasmuch that they were to have the first offer. Within some six weeks of Michaelmas a message was sent round that the Court had instructed the receiver that these five farms were not on any terms to be re-let to the old tenants. They were, therefore, compelled to sell by auction and leave their farms without a farthing compensation for labour and capital invested in the soil. Of these five, four had voted for the Liberal and the fifth had refused to vote for the Conservative candidate. Two or three weeks ago, on an adjoining estate, when the tenants waited upon the receiver under the Court of Chancery to take their farms after re-valuation and a considerable
  1136
  advance in the rent, eight of them were told it was the injunction of the Court that they were not to have their holdings at all. These eight tenants were all noted Liberals, some of them excellent farmers, and most had been subject to a strenous canvass by the young heir and his trustee, besides being visited by the sub-agent previous to the election of 1868. In March they were told the notices were merely formal, and that they should proceed with the farming operations as usual. All the eight were well known, and some of them leading Liberals in the neighbourhood, and voted in 1868 for the Liberal candidate for Cardiganshire. Two other tenants who voted for the Liberal candidate at the General Election, but who abstained from voting at the late school board contest, when much pressure were used on the Conservative side and political animosities ran high, had been allowed to remain on their farms; while only one, who both voted in the Liberal interests in 1868, and for the school board in the current year, still continued in possession of his farm at a much advanced rent. Some explanation of these events may be possible that shall be satisfactory. But it cannot be denied that at present they look eminently suspicious. If anything could add to my sense of the cruelty of these practices it is the knowledge I have of the character of the men against whom they are directed. A more peaceable, loyal, law-abiding, and religious class of men is not to be found in the United Kingdom than are these Welsh farmers. And such is the general character of my countrymen. You send your Judges of Assize from England to our country year by year, and their testimony is uniformly that of delighted astonishment at the paucity and almost total absence of serious crime in many parts of the Principality. Let me call particular attention to the case of Cardiganshire. That county was the scene of the worst class of the political persecutions of which I have spoken. There were between 40 and 50 cases of evictions or oppression of other sort, and some of them under circumstances of peculiarly exasperating character. We know what would have taken place in Ireland under such circumstances. The Irish people would have taken the matter into their own hands. And I am not at all sure that something of the same sort would not have taken

  1137
  place in England, for John Bull is by no means so long suffering an animal under provocation as he sometimes takes the credit of being. But what did take place in Cardiganshire? When the Judge went down to the Assizes immediately after these evictions, there was not a single prisoner to be tried. Mr. Justice Hannen, in charging the Grand Jury, said that a perfecly clear calendar was a circumstance he had never before met with since he had been on the Bench, and he understood from his brother Judges "that only in the Principality of Wales was such a thing known, and that there it was frequent." And yet these are the people who are worried and persecuted in the manner I have described. But why is it that the Welsh people are so patient and forbearing? Not because they do not feel intensely these wrongs; but it may be ascribed to two causes. First, the moral and religious influence exercised over them by the Dissenting chapels and Sunday schools, and by which their minds have become largely imbued with the principles and precepts of Christianity. But there was another cause in this instance. They believed that there were some of us who would take care that their case should be fairly stated to this House, and that Parliament, if it did not grant them redress for the past wrongs they had endured, would interpose its protection as a shield to them against future wrongs. We ventured to promise them that the legislature would pass a Ballot Law, under shelter of which they might hereafter freely and securely exercise the franchise which it had conferred upon them. But if you disappoint them, it is impossible to say what may happen. If another General Election takes place without the Ballot, and is followed by similar scenes to those I have described, we cannot tell what men, stung to desperation and hopeless of redress, may be driven to. One thing I believe is certain, that there will arise throughout the Principality a cry loud, clamorous, importunate for a Tenant Right Law for Wales, such as you have given to Ireland, and for the same reasons. So far as Wales is concerned, I plead for the Ballot as much in the interest of the landlords as of the tenants. I am confident that after a while they would feel the system of secret voting a great relief to themselves. I believe the Welsh landlords, as a class, are
  1138
  as kind-hearted and good-tempered a body of men as are to be found anywhere, disposed in general to be lenient and liberal to their tenants, apart from this malignant political element infused into the relations of the two classes. And when once they became convinced that it was useless to try to control the votes of their tenants they would give up the attempt, and acquiesce in the view that the franchise belongs to the person and not to the land. The most intelligent and reflecting among them must be convinced that the times are passed never to return which they may be disposed to call the good old times, but which I call times of ignorance and darkness, when landlords could expect to summon and lead their tenants to the poll in servile subjection, as the feudal chief could summon his armed retainers to the battlefield. Anything, therefore, that would take out of their way the temptation to attempt the impracticable would be an advantage to all parties. It would remove the occasion of a good deal of bitterness and bad blood; it would, to use a celebrated expression of Dr. Chalmer's, sweeten the breath of society, and establish harmony between classes of the community, harmony between whom is essential to the well-being, the security, and the prosperity of the country.
  MR. J. LOWTHER: Sir, I will not follow the hon. Gentleman (Mr. Richard) into a discussion as to the tenure of land in Wales, but I may remind him that coercion, as he calls it, or influence, is not wholly confined to the landlord class. In Wales, at any rate, it is to some extent shared by the class to which, I believe, he himself belongs — I mean those exercising a sacred calling. But I do not take pleasure in thrashing a dead horse, and therefore I will not endeavour to drive still further home the nails which are already deeply imbedded in the coffin of this ill-fated Bill. My object in rising was to notice the reference which has been made by the right hon. Gentleman at the head of the Government to the feeling which exists among the constituencies of the country in regard to this Bill. I would point out that the right hon. Gentleman never mentioned one instance of any spontaneous enthusiasm in favour of the Bill, with the solitary exception of the borough of Stockport. Now, I have been making inquiries and diligently

  1139
  reading the newspapers in order to obtain such information as I could get on this point, and I find that the Bill has been the subject of discussion, and that resolutions have been passed upon it at various meetings of working men. I admit that it was a matter of considerable difficulty even to obtain that information, for I turned over page after page of the papers, full of what to me was irrelevant matter, before I could reach those items of intelligence which I was in search of. I found, for instance, plenty of correspondence relating to the succession duty, and filled with fears of an increased taxation or of removal of exemptions, with indignant remonstrances against a tax on matches. I also found that the Secretary of State for the Home Department was becoming a subject of interest. It was asked whether the right hon. Gentleman was in his senses especially in regard to the Licensing Bill—and now that I have mentioned the measure, I would suggest to the right hon. Gentleman that he should take into his serious consideration during the Recess the framing of a Bill imposing a statutable penalty onall future reference to the subject, and the proceeds of the fines might be fitly devoted to the erection of a statue to himself on the scene of his latest triumph facing Lord Nelson's monument. Then I came upon articles and letters on the subject of Army re-organization, but no doubt if the Secretary of State for War were present he would point triumphantly to the Berkshire medal glittering on his breast, and soon dispose of that matter. I also found columns of print on the subject of naval stores and naval administration, but no doubt the First Lord of the Admiralty can point to the bottom of the deep and say—"If we have fewer stores, there are fewer ships that require to be filled; and if we are only left to ourselves a little longer we shall have still less than we have at present." But at last I came upon one meeting on the Ballot Bill. It was a meeting of the Patriotic Association of Hatton Garden, held last Thursday, and was not a meeting of Conservatives, but of those who are in accord with the general policy of Her Majesty's Government, and some of the leading members of the independent Liberal party were present. A resolution was moved by Mr. Odger, and seconded by Mr. Weston
  1140
  —who, by the way, likened the First Lord of the Treasury to a statesman whose advice, two centuries ago, did not add to the political any more than to the personal convenience of his Sovereign—and the resolution, which was carried, condemned the Ballot Bill as a piece of legislation adapted to the middle and upper classes, and calculated to exclude working men candidates. The concluding words of the resolution—"And the Bill is therefore unworthy of the support of the people, and is a disgrace to a reformed Parliament," I entirely endorse. And now I should not like to sit down without expressing my sense of the uniform consideration and courtesy which has been extended by the right hon. Gentleman who has had charge of the measure to those who, sitting on this side of the House, have during the progress of the Bill taken part in the discussion.
  MR. HEYGATEsaid, there was one thing which, in his opinion, would amply justify the House of Lords in refusing to entertain this measure at this late period of the Session, and that was the solemn silence with which it had been received on the opposite side of the House, hon. Gentlemen opposite having studiously avoided taking any part in the important deliberations which the House had been engaged in for the last few weeks.
  MR. J. B. SMITHsaid, he had taken no part in the discussion of that Bill because his opinions were so well known by his uniform support of the Ballot during the 24 years he had had the honour of a seat in that House; but he thought, in fairness to his hon. Colleague (Mr. Tipping), though differing from him on other questions, he was bound to confirm the opinion which he had expressed of the strong feeling among the electors of Stockport in favour of the Ballot, and perhaps the cause of that feeling would be best explained by an anecdote. When he (Mr. J. B. Smith) first became a candidate for Stockport, and was one day canvassing the electors in company with his friends, they called at a house where he was told the elector was a very earnest free trader. They knocked at the door for a long time, but nobody answered. At length a woman opened the door, just sufficiently to show her head, when they inquired if the master was in. She answered—"Yes; but you cannot see him." "Why?"

  1141
  "I won't let you see him." "But we want to speak to him." The poor woman burst into tears, declaring her husband should not see us. It was her duty to take care of the children; that he had voted for Mr. Cobden, in consequence of which his master had turned him away, and, work being then very scarce, it was 12 months before he got another place, and during all that time she and the children had to starve. She added that her husband was as big a fool as ever he was, and he would go and do the same again if she would let him; but she must take care of the children and she would not let him vote at all. The people of Stockport were justly proud of having sent to Parliament, in spite of that oppressive intimidation, so distinguished a Representative as Mr. Cobden, and they desired to elect whom they pleased, without being obliged to make such sacrifices of their livelihood and independence as in times past. His hon. Friend the Member for the University of Cambridge (Mr. Beresford Hope) had said that Stockport was one of the few towns in the North whose population had declined since the last Census, and he regretted to say that was true. But it was not, as his hon. Friend seemed to insinuate, because the people were strongly in favour of the Ballot, but because there was chiefly one trade carried on in the borough. The consequence was that they suffered more from the cotton famine than any other town in the district. He was happy to say, however, that prosperity was returning, the empty houses were being filled; the taxpaying population were increasing; and he had been informed only a few days ago that there would probably be 2,000 more electors placed on the register than there were at the last election. With these observations, which he felt it his duty to make, he would not further delay the third reading of the Bill.
  MR. NEWDEGATEsaid, the Prime Minister had admitted that he had threatened the House with a change in its forms in consequence of the conduct of hon. Gentlemen, principally on that—the Opposition—side of the House. How the right hon. Gentleman was to change the forms of the House without its own consent he did not know; but the occasion when the menace was uttered was just before going into Committee on this
  1142
  Bill. There was no debate on the second reading of the Bill, and as certain hon. Gentlemen desired to debate its principle, his hon. Friend the Member for the North-east Riding of Yorkshire (Mr. J. Fielden) and himself (Mr. Newdegate) adopted perfectly legitimate means for procuring the debate. When a Minister made such a threat it was inevitable that certain feelings should enter into the discussion of every clause of the Bill, and that Members should insist, not only on amending its form, but should so act as to save the credit of the House generally, and to vindicate the independence of a large number of hon. Members against a coercion more audacious than anything adduced by the hon. Member for Merthyr Tydvil (Mr. Richard) as having been put forward by the Court of Chancery in Wales. He was weary of hearing hon. Members proclaim that the establishment of secret voting would be the foundation of electoral freedom; but the criticism which the Bill had evoked in the United States did not justify that view, and it was declared that the stringent provisions for enforcing secrecy would not be submitted to there, and would be regarded as a gross outrage on liberty. It was indeed well known that coercion was practised in America under the Ballot—and practised all the more effectually where the Ballot was most secret—persons being forced to vote, not for a single candidate, but for a list of candidates—amongst whom might be men towards whom they entertained a strong dislike. With the view, perhaps, of guarding against this, and supplying the want of completeness and adequate finish of details, regulations which would shape the proceedings at elections were to be made by a distinguished Member of that House—a political officer of the Government—who must of necessity be a partisan. Could there be a more dangerous innovation in respect of that system by which the freedom of that House had been secured? The House of Lords had recently experienced a harsh exercise of the Prerogative, and when threats were used against that House he would call upon them to throw out the Bill, and thus secure the independence of both branches of the Legislature—an independence seriously imperilled by provisions to which the Republicans of the United States would, according to the

  1143
  testimony of their own writers, never the whole system of secrecy. It tended to promote faction underground. It was everywhere and always the forerunner of despotism; the sure precursor of lost freedom.
  MR. W. E. FORSTERsaid, he did not rise to answer the charge that in the Bill they were handing over to a political officer the power of controlling elections. So extravagant a notion hardly required refutation, and he stated last night that the provisions referred to could not be supposed to bestow any such functions, for the action of the Secretary of State under the Bill was simply administrative. The hon. Member (Mr. Newdegate) was, of course, strictly within his right. Yet he (Mr. W. E. Forster) would remind him that this was the third time he had brought the subject before their attention, and that on neither of the two previous occasions had he chosen to test the judgment of the House. He thought also the hon. Member was mistaken in his allusions to the remarks of the First Minister of the Crown, made on an occasion when both his right hon. Friend and, he believed, some Members on both sides of the House thought the Rules of the House were being disregarded. That an adherence to the general Rules of the House was desirable was all that had been expressed by his right hon. Friend, whose remarks had nothing whatever to do with this Bill.
  MR. NEWDEGATEsaid, he was not likely to forget the occasion on which the First Minister told the House that it would probably become necessary to reconsider its forms.
  MR. W. E. FORSTERsaid, his right hon. Friend meant that it was desirable for the House to consider whether its Rules should be broken. In the debate that day hon. Members opposite seemed to have misconceived the opinion of the country in reference to this measure. The right hon. Gentleman (Mr. Disraeli), the hon. Member for York (Mr. J. Lowther), and the hon. Member for the University of Cambridge (Mr. B. Hope), all seemed to think because there had not been a large number of public meetings, or because a large number of Petitions had not been presented to the House, hon. Members had been voting in ignorance of the wishes of their constituents; but the real fact was that the constituencies so relied upon hon. Members carrying
  1144
  out their wishes that they felt it to be an insult to remind them of their desires. The hon. Member for Cambridge University had taken comfort in referring to the two last divisions — that on the publichouses clause, in which the proportion was 70 to 30, rather, one would think, a good proportion; and that on the clause throwing the expenses on the constituencies, in which the Government was defeated. But the diminished majority and the defeat were really proofs of how completely hon. Members represented the wishes of their constituents; for though the last case was one in which the Government took a deep interest, they were yet unable in regard to it to control those who generally supported them, which showed that the recurring majorities on the main principles of the measure, were not due to party discipline. He should be sorry to let this Bill go to the other branch of the Legislature without expressing the opinion that the country was determined to have it passed. Whatever might be its immediate fate—and he confessed he was more sanguine on that point than many of his hon. Friends—there could be no doubt that in a few months it would become law. With respect to the changes which had been made in the Bill since its introduction, the Government had been glad to accept Amendments from both sides of the House, but in its main provisions—namely, the abolition of public nominations and the establishment of secret voting—the Bill had not been substantially altered, for the Amendment to the nominations clause did not affect the principle of the measure. The right hon. Gentleman (Mr. Disraeli) seemed to think that the Government had been humiliated by having to accept those Amendments, but he would remind the right hon. Gentleman of what had occurred when his last Reform Bill was before the House. Two lessons were taught by the progress of that measure—one, that suggestions and Amendments should be accepted from all parts of the House, and the other that there should be no departure from the principle of the Bill. With respect to this measure, he was grateful for the improvements that had been made; but as regarded the main principles of the Ballot, the Bill left the House very much as it was introduced. He regretted the de-submit. He had a strong opinion against

  1145
  feat of the Government proposal to throw the expenses of elections on the constituencies, because he thought the time had come when there ought to be no excuse for any class of persons excluding themselves from the heart of the political life of the country, and he was sanguine that before long Parliament and the country would be of the same opinion. Another matter, that relating to Election Petitions, they had postponed until next Session, when it would be considered in conjunction with another measure. The Bill would leave this House with efficient working provisions, and he did not doubt that in "another place" it would be fully discussed. That was to be expected from the past conduct of Members of the other branch of the Legislature, and because this Bill, which would be sent up to them after a long and careful investigation in the House of Commons, was one especially affecting that House, whose Members were chosen by the constituencies for whom this Bill was designed.
  MR. BAILLIE COCHRANEsaid, he regretted the injudicious tone in which the right hon. Gentleman (Mr. W. E. Forster) had referred to the reception of this measure in the other House. With respect to the Ballot itself, he could only repeat his belief that it would be Conservative in its operation, would protect the minorities in large constituencies against the tyranny of majorities, and would tend to weaken the influence of trade unions. He regretted that the Government had not brought in a pure and simple Ballot Bill, which could have been sent up to the House of Lords at an earlier period; besides which this Bill was so complicated that it would be necessary to provide teachers to educate the people before they could understand it. It had been stated that through many of the clauses a coach and six could be driven, but that others would be upset by a donkey cart. The House of Lords would be justified in not accepting in the middle of August, and passing in two or three nights, a Bill which had occupied the House of Commons for three months; in addition to which this Bill was so complicated that it would be necessary to bring in another to repeal or re-model it.
  Bill read the third time and passed.

BISHOPS RESIGNATION ACT (1869) PERPETUATION BILL— [BILL 283.]

  [Lords.] SECOND READING.
  Order for Second Reading read.
  Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a second time."—(Mr. Beresford Hope.)
  MR. DICKINSONsaid, he must oppose the Motion. He thought the Bill should be brought before them when it could be discussed. The House ought to know how the original Act had worked, and he would suggest that this Bill ought not to be hurried through the House, but that it would be sufficient to add it to the Annual Continuance Bill instead of making it perpetual.
  MR. GLADSTONEsaid, the Bill consisted of two parts—one dealing with the resignation of Bishops, and the other relating to the appointment of Bishops coadjutors. With regard to the latter, no instance had occurred, since the House passed the Bill originally, of its being brought into operation, but nothing had occurred to throw suspicion on its principle. The part having reference to the resignation of Bishops had worked satisfactorily. Under its clauses, two Bishops had resigned because of age, and their duties had been fulfilled by more vigorous men—a most desirable thing in an age when the episcopal office had become one of the most active that could be filled. Bishop Short, of St. Asaph, and Bishop Sumner, of Winchester, had resigned, and a third, Bishop Philpotts, had taken the formal steps for resigning, when his life was—he could not say cut short, for he was 90 years of age—but brought to a termination. If the second reading were taken now, there was no objection to let the Bill stand for Committee on Friday, and probably they would learn in the meantime whether it was desirable to make any Amendment in it. He (Mr. Gladstone) did not think it would be advisable to alter the character of the Bill, unless such was the general wish of the House; but if any alteration were necessary it could be made on going into Committee.
  Bill read a second time, and committed for Friday.

SUPPLY.
Order for Committee read.
Motion made, and Question proposed, "That Mr. Speaker do now leave the Chair."

NAVAL POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT.

  OBSERVATIONS.
  MR. CORRYsaid, that the subject of the Notice which stood in his name divided itself into two branches, the first relating to the policy of the Government with respect to the dockyards, and the second to the building and repairing of ships of war. One of the evil consequences of postponing the discussion of the Estimates to the end of the Session was that it was necessary to bring them on at hours which left but little time for their consideration, and as it was now 9 o'clock, these two questions could not be adequately discussed before the usual hour of adjournment. The more convenient course for him to take would, therefore, be to deal with but one branch of his Notice to-night, and he would at present treat only of the policy of the Government in building our ships of war. In moving the Navy Estimates, the First Lord of the Admiralty said that we required practically three classes of ships. That we required large fighting ships to maintain our supremacy at sea—that in large fighting ships we were very strong, and that we ought therefore to concentrate our efforts on building rapid corvettes for the protection of our trade, and gunboats to protect our shores. There was no doubt that the first object of the Admiralty ought to be to secure our supremacy at sea, but if it had been secured, it had been entirely owing to the policy of the late Government. When Lord Derby came into office in 1866, England, according to Sir Spencer Robinson's Report, had 22 and France 20 first-class armoured ships built and building, but the Report added that the actual force of the French first-class vessels was greater than ours because four English were inferior in strength to any four French ships that could be selected. Of second and third-class vessels England had only 12, while France had 23, giving a total to England of 34, and to France of 43. But that state of things, as regarded what the First Lord called "large
  1148
  fighting ships," was reversed by the policy of the late Government. In our two Estimates we provided for seven powerful broadsided and three turret-ships, which gave us a superiority over the French Navy — not so much numerical as of actual power. When the late First Lord of the Admiralty came into office he adopted a new classification of iron-clad ships according to their offensive and defensive power, and we had now nine armour-clad ships of war of the first and second-class; but of these no less than seven were added by the late Government. But although these vessels had secured our positive superiority over any other Navy, he utterly denied that we were entitled to consider that at the present moment we were, relatively, exceedingly strong in ships of that description. The theory had been brought forward by the First Lord of the Admiralty, and by the Prime Minister, that the strength of the Navy was to be measured by its capacity to defend our shores. In the course of the last Session the Prime Minister, alluding to the reductions effected by the Government in the squadrons on foreign stations, asked of what use for naval defence was the system of dotting our vessels over the whole globe. But it was an erroneous notion to suppose that an Empire on which, as we were told, the sun never set, could be defended by ships stationed between the Foreland and and Cape Clear. It showed an ignorance of naval history to speak as the right hon. Gentleman had done. Other nations, with colonies and trade comparatively insignificant, might concentrate, but we must distribute not only our frigates and corvettes, but our ships of the most powerful classes. What had been the distribution of our line-of-battle ships in the last four great naval wars? In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, we had, as he had ascertained from official documents, 101 line-of-battle ships in sea-service commission, of which only 34 were at home, while 67 were on foreign service, or, as the First Lord of the Treasury would say, "dotted over the whole globe." In the American War, in 1783, we had 112 in commission, of which only 32 were at home and 73 were on foreign service. In 1799, during the Great War, we had 120 in commission, of which only 35 were at home and 85 were

  1149
  on foreign service; and in 1809 we had 113 in commission, of which only 39 were at home, while 74 were on foreign service. In short, during the last 100 years it was found necessary to detach two-thirds of our largest, and a far greater proportion of our smaller, ships for service abroad. The present number of our sea-going iron-clads, large and small, including the Monarch, but excluding the Devastation and the Thunderer, for he hoped that no First Lord of the Admiralty would ever venture to employ such ships at sea, was 34, and if we were involved to-morrow in a war, especially against a combination of naval Powers, the First Lord of the Admiralty might find it rather a difficult matter to say how he would distribute them so as to protect essential interests. Could the right hon. Gentleman say how many of the 34 he would keep in the Channel, how many he would send to the North Sea, the Mediterranean, the Coast of America, India, Australia, China? It should be borne in mind that our Colonial Empire as well as our commerce, had been enormously increased during the present century. A new Empire almost had sprung into existence at the antipodes, and the opening of the Suez Canal made it more important than ever that we should retain the command of the Mediterranean. There was a fallacy in the argument that our Navy was never so strong as now. He admitted that the Monarch and Sultan might destroy all the line-of-battle ships that fought at Trafalgar. But it should be remembered that other nations had built the same class of iron-clads that we had, and, compared with other Navies, our Navy was weaker than before the introduction of iron-clads. While positively we were stronger, we were relatively weaker than before. Formerly it was an axiom—and even Mr. Cobden had expressed the opinion—that our Navy should be nearly twice as strong as that of any other nation; but that was far from being the case now. It was a great mistake to suppose that we had nothing to fear from a combination of Powers. He could not say what the naval force of other nations was at this moment; but when he left the Admiralty in 1868, it appeared from official Reports, that France, Italy, Austria, Spain, Denmark, Russia, and Prussia had 52 iron-clads
  1150
  of the first and second-class built and building. That was exclusive of the United States, which had not done much in that direction. Still the force of our Navy was clearly superior to that of any other Power. But for this the country was indebted to the late Government, and if it had not been for our policy, the armoured Navy of France would have been stronger than ours last August on the breaking out of the war. We had been told that our naval power had increased concurrently with reduction of expenditure. The First Lord of the Admiralty had said—"We shall at the end of the year—that is, at the end of last March—be infinitely more powerful than at the beginning;" and he enumerated the ships added during the last financial year — Vanguard, Iron Duke, Sultan, Glatton, Swiftsure, Triumph, Hotspur, armour-clads; Druid, Tenedos, Woodlark, and five gunboats. But he did not add that nearly the whole of these ships were due not to the present Government, but to their predecessors in office. He had taken out the tonnage and the horsepower of each of the above vessels added to the Navy in 1870–71. The aggregate was 30,244 tons and 6,425 horse-power. Of the total tonnage of 30,244 tons, 29,184 tons were due to the late Government, and 1,060 to the present Government. Of the total horse-power of 6,425, 6,300 horse-power was due to the Conservative, and 125 to the present Government. It was quite true that the Navy was far more powerful than at the beginning of the last financial year. But he knew the reason why; and it certainly was not due to the policy of the present Government. His noble Friend the Foreign Secretary had mentioned in "another place" that the American Admiral Rogers had told him that there was no Navy equal to that of England. He hoped the noble Earl had the candour to inform Admiral Rogers that the present Government did not claim any credit for that, but that it was entirely due to their predecessors in office. It was needless to say, notwithstanding, that the naval policy of the late Government had been attacked by "the croakers," and he was accused for not paying more attention to coast defence. He had, however, a limit to his means of expenditure, and he thought that to restore England to the command of the seas was

  1151
  his first duty, and that he endeavoured to do by building the powerful sea-going ships he had mentioned. But he was blamed for not having built cruising ships like the Captain. He was always in favour of trying the experiment of low freeboard turret-ships, but he did not wish to rush into the building of such ships before the experiment had been fairly tried at sea. He did not wish to "take a leap in the dark," and to spend millions of money and endanger thousands of valuable lives before he knew what he was about. The croakers would not have been more satisfied if he had built turret ships like the Monarch, which they designated a burlesque of the turret principle. Nothing would have satisfied them but Captains. He thought he had reason to congratulate the country and himself that he had not yielded to pressure, and that he had refused to build a class of ships respecting which he had the gravest doubts as to their safety as cruisers. The vocabulary of vituperation, and even insult, had been ransacked against him; but he was determined not to surrender his better judgment to clamour, and it was a gratifying retrospect to him that he had declined to adopt a policy which would have left England inferior to her old rival in a Fleet fit to be trusted at sea. The present First Lord of the Admiralty was now able to devote his attention to coast defence, and to the building of swift cruisers, entirely owing to the policy of the late Government. Their ships, however, did not escape the common lot. They were no sooner in the water than the harpies defiled them in every way, and when one ship was named the Audacious it was sarcastically remarked—"You do well to call her the Audacious, because of the audacity of building such a ship," and the vivacious critic added that the whole class were the derision of naval men. But it would be interesting to the public to know that these ships were not deserving of the character which "the croakers" gave them. He had a letter from an officer of great experience, one of the best seamen in the Navy, who was on board the Vanguard, one of the Audacious class, during severe trials in the Atlantic in November and December, and he had borne the very strongest testimony to her success, especially as regarded her stability, which had been questioned.
  1152
  He would read a short extract from this letter—
  "You will be glad to hear that the Vanguard in all essential features turned out a most powerful and effective ship of war, and especially as to her stability and rolling easily, was entirely satisfactory, and I am able to remove the impression that the Vanguard class are unsafe, because the Iuvincible heeled 17 degrees to starboard, with none of her lower weights in, though all the top weights were, even to her sails, being bent. The morning after we left Devonport there was a high sea on the starboard quarter, the sea was washing over the main-deck battery ports, but the upper deck battery 12-ton guns were cast loose and worked, and certainly under circumstances that I have never seen heavy guns worked before—in fact, I do not know of any other ship that could have worked her guns in such weather. We put into Vigo to let our friends know there was no cause for alarm on account of any deficiency in stability, after which we cruised for ten days before reaching Lisbon, during which we had some of the worst weather I ever witnessed. She was very easy in all her motions; but I think she is overmasted, from the relief experienced when the upper masts were sent down."
  He quite concurred in that opinion, and was glad to hear that that defect was to be remedied. The letter then adverted to her "splendid steaming powers," and added—
  "The main-deck battery guns—in fact, every gun in the ship—was worked, and target practice took place when a line-of-battle ship would not have been able to open her lower-deck ports. The upper-deck guns, 300 pounders (which are as heavy as the main-deck) can be fired at 90½ degrees ahead and astern, the shot crossing about 600 yards from the ship. No other ships in the world possess these powers."
  Subsequently the Iron Duke, another of the same class, was tried, and a Rear Admiral who visited her after her return, writes that the captain and other officers reported of her in the most favourable manner. He says—
  "It is only bare justice to the abused Audacious class to bear the foregoing testimony to facts, resulting from experience, in opposition to views based upon groundless speculation and false hypothesis."
  So much for the derision of all naval men which these vessels were asserted to be. As to the Vanguard the following report appeared in The Times—
  "The Vanguard has proved a remarkably stiff ship. In a breeze of 24 hours' duration—force of wind from 5 to 8—she carried royals the whole time and tacked in 4½ minutes in a seaway which few wooden frigates would have gone round in. She wears easily in six minutes. The greatest roll never exceeded 17 degrees, nor the steady heel of the ship 11 degrees. The officers speak in the highest terms of the comfort and stability of these ships, and express the most perfect confidence in their sea-going qualities."

  1153
  The late Government had given the country six of these ships, besides the Sultan, of a still more powerful class, and two turret-ships—the Hotspur and Glatton. The third—the Captain—had unhappily been lost. We had been anathematized for refusing to multiply Captains before the principle on which she was built had been tested at sea; but he would leave the House and the country to decide which was the wisest policy. Whatever else it may have done or left undone, England was still mistress of the seas. The Prime Minister was in the habit of taunting us with our profligate Estimates. He (Mr. Corry) pointed to the result, and that was the answer he gave him. Having placed our sea-going Navy in a satisfactory position it was his intention to pause until the Admiralty had had a trial of the Captain and the Monarch, and had ascertained whether the turret principle could be safely applied to sea-going ships; and, if so, whether the freeboard should be high or low, and this policy had been endorsed by some of the first and most able officers of the Navy, whose opinions he laid before Parliament in 1868. Unfortunately the late First Lord adopted a different course, and the first thing he did on coming into office was to call upon Sir Spencer Robinson and Mr. Reed to build impossible ships. Sir Spencer Robinson said—
  "We were asked to consent to a novel and impracticable design. We remonstrated. We pointed out the impossibility that that design could give any satisfaction to the Navy or to the country, and it was abandoned."
  Then followed the design for the Thunderer and the Devastation. He (Mr. Corry) thought those ships were of so dangerous a character that he divided the House against them. Of course, he knew he could have no chance of success against the majority at the command of the Government; but he could say — Liberavi animam meam, and, if they should come to sorrow, no share of the responsibility could rest with him. The late First Lord met his objections in a somewhat disingenuous manner. They were as follows:—First, the extreme lowness of the freeboard; second, the absence of masts and sails, making them, as he considered, dangerous as sea-going vessels; third, the great draught of water, which made them unfit for coast defence. Well, on meeting
  1154
  my objections, the right hon. Gentleman quoted high authority. He said he had referred the question to the Committee presided over by Lord Lauderdale, and of which Sir William Fairbairn was a member; that Lord Lauderdale, as a Member of a former turret-ship Committee, had expressed great doubts as to the possibility of constructing any sea-going turret ship; that, knowing Lord Lauderdale entertained this opinion, he would not quote him, although he had concurred in the Memorandum signed by the other gentlemen. The natural inference was that Lord Lauderdale had, at least, no special objection to these ships. But to his surprise, on reading The Times of the 31st of last March, he found a report of a speech by Lord Lauderdale in "another place," in which he said—
  "When these plans were drawn out the then First Lord asked me with seven or eight brother officers to give an opinion upon them. On being told the vessels were to be regular sea-going ships, I objected that, if forced against a heavy sea, they would founder, and I objected not only to the low freeboard, but to the absence of masts, and to the draught of water, which was 26 feet."
  These were precisely the objections he (Mr. Corry) urged. Lord Lauderdale added—
  "My views were endorsed by Sir William Fairbairn, who said he was not a sailor, but that such vessels if forced against a sea would go under as they could not go over it. It would, he said, be a sort of submarine navigation."
  In the Minute of the late First Lord of the Admiralty on the loss of the Captain, he stated that the Reports of the Chief Constructor and Controller on the design for these ships were submitted to a Committee consisting of Admiral Lord Lauderdale, Sir William Fairbairn, and others, and the design was approved by them. And yet here we had the declaration of Lord Lauderdale and Sir William Fairbairn that they entertained the strongest objection to them. The late Controller of the Navy, in a Paper adverting to these ships, seemed to think that his hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Stamford (Sir John Hay) and himself were the only persons who entertained a doubt of the admirable qualities of this class of vessels. He had already quoted the high opinion of Lord Lauderdale, and he had the opinion of several of the most distinguished men in the Navy in support of his views. One Admiral, speaking of ships of the

  1155
  Devastation class, told him that, in his opinion, they would prove worse coffins than the Captain, and that on account of the lowness of the freeboard the water must smother them, and being so low forward they could not be forced against a heavy sea, which would expose them to great risk in a heavy gale on a lee shore. Another Admiral who had seen a great deal of service, and who was one of the best sailors in the Navy, had written to him—
  "I cannot bring myself to believe in the safety of the new low freeboard ships. All very well in a moderate gale; but get them into a heavy or a cross sea, and I fear they may fail. An iron-clad, with its heavy armour, does not rise to the sea either so quickly or with the buoyancy of the old ships. When going down from a sea they settle in the hollow, and the seas rise up on each side to the tops of the gangways, but are kept out by the ship's high sides. But then seas would break on board these low freeboard ships, and the weight of water thus thrown on the deck might smother them unless they have spare displacement. Again, these ships, so low forward, could not be forced against a sea if it became necessary to do so."
  He had also obtained the opinion of another flag officer, a first-rate seaman. Writing on the Devastation and her class, he says—
  "It appears that, as originally designed, neither of these vessels can be considered safe as sea-boats or as fighting vessels. The Devastation as a ram is dangerously weak in structure of fore body, and her low freeboard is a feature incompatible with sea-going qualities. Their stability is compromised—that is to say, in heavy seas there is reason to fear they might turn over, especially if the bilge pieces were gone, which might happen from the ship passing over a wreck or taking the ground. The question of no mast at all is, in my opinion, an element of danger without sufficient remuneration."
  In 1869 the argument he had used was that the Admiralty should have a little patience, until the result of the experiment of the Captain and Monarch was known; but he had been told that ships of the Devastation class were so unlike the Captain that there was no similarity between the two, and that no light could be thrown on them by any results of the trial of the Captain. But what happened? These ships were commenced early in 1869, and the work went on swimmingly till 1870. But what happened in 1870? In that year the Captain unfortunately went down, and all of a sudden the Admiralty became inspired with new-born zeal for accommodation for the officers, and some modifications were required in these ships for the purpose of improving
  1156
  it. It was singular that this should have been coincident with the loss of the Captain. But that was not the real reason. The loss of the Captain suggested doubts as to the safety of low freeboard ships at sea. That was the real reason, as was, indeed, admitted by Sir Spencer Robinson himself, who says, in a Paper laid before the Duke of Somerset's Committee—
  "The improvement we thought of rather took away from the characteristics of the ship as a low freeboard ship. It added, however, very much to her security in a seaway, and, although deprived of Mr. Reed's valuable assistance, we came to the conclusion to recommend it."
  He (Mr. Corry) looked upon this as an illustration of the wisdom of the waiting policy on which he had determined. These modifications were being carried out in the Devastation, and raised the vanishing stability of that vessel from 43 degrees of inclination to 55 degrees. Now, this he maintained was entirely suggested by the loss of the Captain. But the wisdom of his waiting policy was proved more conclusively from the case of the Fury, which the late First Lord had described last year as an improved Devastation. The Devastation and Thunderer were too far advanced to be stopped; but, fortunately, the Fury had made little progress, and she was actually suspended. That one word was a complete justification of his waiting policy, and it was clear these vessels would never have been ordered if his more prudent intentions had been adopted by his successor. The present First Lord of the Admiralty had quoted extracts from the Report of the Committee of Designs, now sitting at the Admiralty, favourable to the safety of these vessels; but that Report completely damned them with faint praise. It stated that—
  "The fact had necessarily been present to their minds that the Devastation, as well as her sister ship, was already in a very advanced state."
  But they studiously abstained from committing themselves to the opinion that their design was
  "a type for future vessels, or fully satisfied the principles which should regulate the form and type of war ships to be built for the service of the country."
  This was not very encouraging. Only three so-called sea-going armoured ships had been provided for in the Estimates of the present Government. Of these, one, after the fate of the Captain, had been greatly altered, with a view to give

  1157
  her greater safety; the second was left to take her chance, and the third had been altogether suspended. He confessed he would not be willing to take his chance on board such vessels, and he might safely predict that no more of them would be added to the Navy. Besides these ships the Government had laid down four armoured vessels with low freeboard for coast defence. They were called the Cyclops class, and were ordered under pressure of war. In his opinion they were of a most unsatisfactory character. The great argument in favour of a low freeboard always was that the greater smallness of the space to be protected admitted of the armour-plating being thicker in proportion. But these ships were of a retrograde character, because though they had a low freeboard they only received the same thickness of armour as the high freeboard ships of the latest construction. When the Glatton was ordered by the late Board, it was known that the French Navy had guns which penetrated armour-plates of 10 inches at reasonable distances, and therefore it was not considered safe to give her armour-plates of less than 12 inches in thickness. Two turrets would have involved a reduction of the armour plates, or an increase of size and expense, which was not considered advisable for coast defence, and so it was resolved to give her one turret with two 25-ton guns, so that she was to carry the thickest plating, and the heaviest guns then contemplated. But the ships of the Cyclops class carried only 8 inches of armour and guns of 18 tons, which was exactly the same as he (Mr. Corry), had given to the Sultan, which was a high freeboard ship. This was a sacrifice to obtain a second turret, an advantage, as he thought, purchased at too great a cost of defensive as well as offensive power. He admitted the desirability of having two turrets, two strings as it were to the bow; but he thought that was not so necessary in the case of a coast defence ship as in the case of a cruising ship. He would have preferred a single turret and thicker plating and heavier guns to two turrets and lighter armour and lighter guns. Even if necessary he should have increased the dimensions of the ships by giving them more beam and supplying them with heavier armour and heavier guns. Besides, these vessels were defective in
  1158
  sea-going qualities; the vanishing stability of the Cyclops being much less than the Glatton. In the case of the Cyclops it was 39 degrees, and in the case of the Glatton it was 47 degrees. The Cyclops was almost identical with the Cerberus, but the Cerberus had this advantage, that before she left Chatham, where she was fitted, she was raised and had a higher freeboard given her for the passage out. But the lieutenant who took charge of her on her voyage to Australia wrote to the effect that she had experienced bad weather in the Bay of Biscay, and that she rolled 40 degrees each way, and pitched tremendously. The sailors deserted wholesale at Malta in consequence of her bad seagoing qualities, and three of them were imprisoned for so doing. In introducing the Navy Estimates the First Lord quoted from the Report of the Committee on Designs, who stated that "the Cyclops class might be regarded as safe and stable ships," but he omitted the statement which followed, to the effect that they might be so regarded
  "under any condition of wind and sea, as intended for coast defence, and only to make passages from one port to another in favourable weather."
  Even for coast defence, therefore, those ships were mere fine weather ships, and he maintained that the country had a right to expect something more from vessels of 2,000 tons. He now desired to say a few words upon the Committee of Designs that had been appointed, which was a somewhat delicate subject. He had the greatest respect individually for all the members of it, but it ought to be free from all suspicion of influence, and it was very significant that in the correspondence relative to the dismissal of Sir Spencer Robinson, the latter stated—
  "On the 2nd of November Mr. Childers asked my advice as to the appointment of a Royal Commission, or some Committee not described, to inquire into the want of special ships for the iron-clad Navy. I suggested a Royal Commission. He objected to a Royal Commission on the ground that it would be undoubtedly hostile to the Admiralty, and said 'a Royal Commission is not considered advisable by the Government.'"
  But in the name of common sense why should a Commission, appointed by the Government, be hostile to the Admiralty? If for "hostile" we read "impartial" he thought they would have the true meaning of the objection.

  1159
  It must be remembered that this Committee was to inquire not only into the safety of the ships, but that the Government itself was on trial as well. Yet how was that Committee constituted? The Chairman held high office in the Government, another member held office in the Board of Admiralty, another also had an Admiralty appointment, and the former secretary of the Committee—who had since become a member of it, and he was informed took the chair in the Chairman's absence, was also in the employment of the Admiralty. And where did they meet? There was something in the locus in quo, and it was rather surprising to learn that they met in the Board room of the Admiralty, to which their Lordships had constant access at all hours. [Mr. GOSCHEN: We were very anxious that they should not meet there.] He was glad to hear it. He contended that that inquiry ought to have had the dignity and independence of a Royal Commission. At the present moment the strides of invention in shipbuilding were enormous; the difficulties of the subject were great; and nothing but an exhaustive investigation would satisfy the public mind. But the Committee was not unfettered as to its powers of inquiry and suggestion. It was only competent to it to report upon the designs submitted to it, and it had no power of initiating suggestions, although one of the most important question of the day was one on which great difference of opinion existed—namely, what types of vessels should be adopted for coast and harbour defence—on which they had been told the efforts of the Admiralty were to be concentrated? The importance to the First Lord of having the best advice upon this matter was much increased by the fact of the Admiralty having lost the services of Sir Spencer Robinson and Mr. Reed. He respected the ability of the Controller and of the gentlemen who formed the Council of Construction, but he thought they hardly held such a position that the country would be satisfied to leave to them the whole question of our coast defence, on which millions were going to be spent, and he therefore hoped that the First Lord would consider this matter, and obtain the best scientific and practical advice that was at his command. Before he sat down, there was one other point he must refer to—namely, the armament of our ships of war—in respect
  1160
  of which the Admiralty had been very remiss. The late Government had paid great attention to this subject by the adoption of heavy guns andiron gun-carriages, and by increasing the power of the armament on the upper-deck of armoured ships. The Hector, the Valiant, and the Resistance had been thus armed. He had doubled the power of the Northumberland by the substitution of 9-ton guns for 6½-ton, and the Lord Warden and the Lord Clyde were also provided with two 12-ton and 14 9-ton guns instead of 6½ ton. But he regretted to learn that since that period the improvements of the armaments had not been progressing satisfactorily, that neither the Achilles, nor the Minotaur, nor the Agincourt, the two last sister ships to the Northumberland, had been re-armed, and that no steps had been taken to arm the bows of the Pallas or the Bellerophon with 12-ton guns, although a perfect system of working the heaviest guns had been introduced by Captain Scott, to whom the country owed a great debt of obligation. He desired especially to direct the attention of the right hon. Gentleman to this point, for the power of a Navy was dependent on the armament of the ships which composed it, of which we had examples in some of the engagements during our last war with the United States of North America. He would not now press for the production of any Correspondence, but would be content with having called attention to the important subjects to which he had referred in the course of his observations.
  MR. GOSCHENsaid, he had listened with considerable satisfaction to that portion of the right hon. Gentleman's (Mr. Corry's) speech in which he had described the ships built by his own Board of Admiralty; and although he had heard a great many criticisms upon those ships he did not intend to follow the example set by the right hon. Gentleman, and praise all the ships built by his political friends and condemn all the ships built by his political opponents. The only result of such an example, if generally followed, would be to create wide-spread dissatisfaction with the entire Navy. It was, however, a fact that those who condemned the ships of the present Administration condemned also the ships built by the right hon. Gentleman: when they did the latter they were regarded by the right hon. Gentleman

  1161
  as "croakers," when the former he looked upon them as wise and independent critics. If any set of vessels had been subjected to a good deal of adverse criticism it was those of the Audacious type, of which there were six; but, for his own part, he (Mr. Goschen) considered them to be a very valuable class, and a great addition to our Navy. Nor did he share the opinion that they were dangerous, though if he had desired to retaliate on the right hon. Gentleman there would have been no difficulty in finding ample authorities for the purpose. It was too generally forgotten, in the criticisms passed as to particular vessels, that you could not construct vessels equally good for all services—that if you wanted a fast cruiser she must necessarily be defective in heavy armament. The right hon. Gentleman compared the Cerberus with the Cyclops, and had argued from the passage of the Cerberus to Malta that danger would attend the employment of the Cyclops as a sea-going vessel. The Cyclops, however, was constructed for coast defence. As far as the right hon. Gentleman had been able, he had tried to make British seamen discontented, and to induce them to refuse to serve on board vessels like the Cyclops. [Sir JOHN HAY: And a good thing too.] He was astonished to hear any Admiral endorse such a doctrine, and a British Admiral suggest that a British seaman should refuse, if ordered, to serve in a ship even if he believed it to be dangerous. It would be an evil day for us when the British sailor should refuse to go into any ship into which he was ordered on such grounds as the hon. and gallant Baronet seemed to approve. He was glad to know that there were officers of equal reputation and ability with the hon. and gallant Baronet, and men of great scientific acquirements, who did not take the same view as the hon. and gallant Baronet. The right hon. Gentleman's opinions with regard to the excellence of all the ships constructed under his administration—with regard to the Audacious class, for instance—were not shared by every scientific authority.
  MR. CORRYsaid, there had been no experiments.
  MR. GOSCHEN: Then how was the heeling over of 17 degrees discovered?
  MR. CORRYsaid, if the right hon. Gentleman had listened to his (Mr.
  1162
  Corry's) observations he would not have been in any difficulty.
  MR. GOSCHENsaid, he had listened most carefully, because it was a subject that he had made it his business very particularly to study. He believed he was right in saying that these ships heeled over to a degree hitherto unknown in such a kind of ship.
  MR. CORRY: Yes; when sailing without ballast.
  MR. GOSCHENsaid, that that was so, and he was now obliged to say what he should not otherwise have said. The fact was, an error was made in the construction of these ships, and it was found necessary that they should carry 300 tons of ballast, for without it they had heeled over to such a degree that no doubt the hon. and gallant Baronet opposite would, under other circumstances, have argued that it would be dangerous for British seamen to go to sea in them.
  SIR JOHN HAYbegged to say that the right hon. Gentleman was putting into his mouth words that he never used, and never intended to use.
  MR. GOSCHENsaid, that they had no right in criticising ships that were built for a particular purpose, to compare them with others that were built for another purpose. The Cyclops was not built for sea service, but for coast defence. The Government had been anxious to obtain the well-weighed opinions of men of high scientific and professional acquirements upon the subject of this class of ships, and he hoped that their opinions might be favourable with respect to the fitness of the ships for the particular purpose for which they were designed. The right hon. Gentleman pointed to the state of the British Navy, as compared with that of foreign Powers, and claimed great credit for his Administration on account of the valuable ships he had added to the Navy. No doubt the right hon. Gentleman had made great additions, but how had he made them? By commencing in one year an enormous amount of work and spreading it over two, three, and even four years, leaving the completion to his successors and claiming the credit of the whole. [Mr. CORRY: It was the present Admiralty that spread them over such a length of time.] The right hon. Gentleman, at all events, expended on these vessels all the money he took on their account, and more, too, and yet the

  1163
  present Admiralty were even now completing ships which were laid down by the right hon. Gentleman, among others the Glatton and the Hotspur. Thus the right hon. Gentleman could not complain that they had not initiated a policy of their own. The fact was, that the right hon. Gentleman had to a great extent tied down the hands of the present Administration, and claimed the credit of all he approved in these ships, assigning the portion which he disapproved to his successors. The Government were carrying out the views of the right hon. Gentleman. [Mr. CORRY: Very slowly.] The right hon. Gentleman had never complained that there was not enough money spent. He (Mr. Goschen) did not think that his right hon. Friend the Member for Pontefract (Mr. Childers) had ever offered any factious opposition during the time that the right hon. Gentleman was in office; but rather that the right hon. Gentleman met with candid and constant support at the hands of his right hon. Friend. There were many occasions when his right hon. Friend rendered valuable assistance to the right hon. Gentleman; but he doubted whether the right hon. Gentleman had rendered any assistance to his right hon. Friend in return. The programme of ships laid down by the right hon. Gentleman opposite was a large one, and many of them had since been improved. In spite, however, of the condemnation which the vessels had received, he believed that the ships of the Audacious class would prove valuable additions to our Navy when they were properly ballasted and masted. [Mr. CORRY: I never masted them.] But they were masted by the gentleman who designed them, and whose designs the right hon. Gentleman approved. The right hon. Gentleman must not first claim the credit of laying down ships and then impugn their fitness when completed. He wished to hear what were the opinions of the right hon. Gentleman as to the Glatton and the Hotspur. Were they more sea-going ships than the Cyclops? [Mr. CORRY said, they had more stability.] He had seen criticisms of the Glatton and Hotspur as damaging as any which could be produced with reference to the Cyclops, though in neither case were these vessels designed for anything but coast defence. He believed those vessels also would be valuable additions
  1164
  to the Navy of the country. He was not going to quote opinions against those ships, and he hoped that the fear which had been expressed concerning them would not be realized. The misapprehension which existed arose from the misconception to which he had already alluded as to the difference between sea-going ships and those which were intended for home service. It was important that the public should know this. They should know that vessels designed for one service were not specially fitted for another. The right hon. Gentleman had compared the Cyclops class with several vessels that he (Mr. Corry) built, and especially with the Sultan. But there was really no comparison between the two vessels. The Cyclops was not intended for a fast sea-going ship. She drew less water than the Sultan, and was altogether a lighter vessel. The Sultan drew 27 feet of water, and the Cyclops only 15 feet. Why did the right hon. Gentleman compare things so dissimilar? Why could not the Cyclops carry heavier armour? Because she wanted a lighter draught of water. The Cyclops was intended for a totally different purpose from that to which the Sultan would be put. In considering the qualities of ships too much stress could not be laid on the importance of remembering that speed, fighting power, light draught, and heavy armour could not be combined in one ship. Ships of light draught and high speed were needed for obvious purposes; ships of heavy armour, low freeboard, and low draught were also useful for a definite purpose; their qualities could not be combined, and to compare such ships as the right hon. Gentleman had compared the Cyclops and the Sultan was misleading the public. And if criticism of that character was to go on—if one were to criticise the Glatton, another the Hotspur, and another the Cyclops, not on the basis of the purpose for which they were designed, and for which each would be found admirably adapted, but because they did not possess qualities which would altogether unfit them for the purposes for which they were designed—not only would the country be misled, but the confidence of seamen would be shaken. The Sultan was intended for service on the ocean, and though her armour might be penetrated by some of our extraordinary ordnance she would

  1165
  be a formidable vessel for ordinary purposes. The Devastation, on the other hand, was rather fit for Channel service. She was heavily armoured, and though capable of going to sea he would prefer to keep her at home. The right hon. Gentleman, in criticising the laying down of the Devastation by the right hon. Member for Pontefract, had said the fate of the Captain should have taught a lesson with respect to the Devastation; but did the right hon. Gentleman believe that if the Captain had been an unmasted ship she would have gone down? If the Captain was lost by carrying too much sail, the lesson of her fate would not apply to the Devastation, because the Devastation carried no sail; she was an unmasted ship. It was not to be supposed that she was a vessel which would, in the ordinary course, be sent to America or the Cape. His idea respecting that vessel was that she was the most powerful ship in the world, upon which this country might confidently depend to cope with almost any squadron that could be brought against her. The right hon. Gentleman had said she could not bear up against heavy seas; but it was not on occasions of heavy seas that an invading fleet would approach our shores, and certainly the Devastation would be able to stand any sea that could be withstood by an invading fleet.
  SIR JOHN HAY: The great object of building the Devastation was that she should be able to go to all parts of the world, carrying a great amount of coal.
  MR. GOSCHENsaid, he believed the hon. and gallant Member would find she could do so. If he (Mr. Goschen) was the First Lord of the Admiralty in time of war he should keep the Devastation in the Channel—[Sir JOHN HAY: And a very good thing too]—because he believed that would be her proper place, as there was no ship and no fleet could meet her. With the Devastation, the Thunderer, and the Fury in the Channel, there would be no ground to fear any fleet whatever. They alone would be a match for anything that could be brought against them, while our broadside ships would be able to go into any seas, and be a match for anything they would find there. Even supposing that such ships as the Devastation could not cross the Atlantic, was it not a great advantage to have them in
  1166
  our own waters? The Devastation was, in fact, a splendid offensive ship for defensive purposes. Critics expected that all our ships should be qualified to sail in any gale and fight in any seas; but what of our opponents? What seagoing ships had other nations got to require these qualities in our heavy armour-plated vessels? The Americans had not a single sea-going broadside iron-clad; all their armour-clads were monitors, which could not leave the coast. Russia was similarly situated; but we had a whole fleet of broadsides and strong iron-clads. He hoped the right hon. Gentleman was as glad as he (Mr. Goschen) was that those two great countries, with whose combined force they were constantly menaced, had not ironclads to reach these shores. Power was relative. And not only had we 34 iron-clads, but we might rely alike on their individual character and aggregate force. There were no ships like the Sultan, the Hercules, and the Monarch amongst foreign fleets. There was, perhaps, one ship, which he would not name, quite as good as the Hercules, but standing alone in the country to which it belonged. [Sir JOHN HAY: And one in Turkey.] True; but he thought those isolated vessels were not calculated to cause us any alarm. It was not only in the fact that we had 34 iron-clads that our security lay, but because our ships were diverse in character. Some were capable of sailing in any seas; others, more powerful vessels, would form an outer line of coast defence; and our most powerful vessels, of which the Devastation was chief, would form the inner line of coast defence. It was in this that our strength lay, and not only in the fact that we had more ships than our neighbours. It was unwise and dangerous to attempt to force the Admiralty or any Administration into attempting to combine incompatible qualities in the same ship. He gave the right hon. Gentleman every credit for what he did when in office. The right hon. Gentleman made a valuable addition to the gunboats of the Navy, and also laid down some valuable ships for cruising purposes, though he fully mortgaged succeeding years. He did not wish to attack the right hon. Gentleman; but he regretted that when the right hon. Gentleman came to criticise his predecessor (Mr. Childers), he abandoned the temperate spirit in which he had previously spoken.

  1167
  His first reference was to the Devastation, which he (Mr. Goschen) had answered to the best of his ability. And he (Mr. Goschen) believed that in the Cyclops class of ships valuable additions had been made to the Navy. The right hon. Gentleman had referred to one other point—namely, the appointment of the Committee on Designs. He (Mr. Goschen) had been very anxious that the Committee should come to the end of its labours so that the Admiralty might have the advantage of its investigations in respect to ships not yet completed and to the work on which the Admiralty was engaged. But if the advice of the right hon. Gentleman had been followed, and every possible kind of ship had been referred to that Committee in detail, its inquiries would never have closed and they would not have got its Report by the end of the Session, as there was now a prospect of their doing. He thought the right hon. Gentleman had rather unjustly depreciated that Committee, for a more independent Committee had never sat. He had a very different opinion of them from that of the right hon. Gentleman, who thought that they would be influenced by the fact that they were appointed by the Government. The official Members of it were in a very small minority, and the object of the Government had been to secure as impartial a Report as possible. He was sorry the right hon. Gentleman had somewhat disparaged the Committee, otherwise he should have told the House that while criticising the ships on some accounts, the Committee congratulated the Admiralty on the great ability of Mr. Barnaby's department, and thought the country fortunate in having such officers. It was of the utmost importance to get as independent an opinion as possible; and he would entreat the right hon. Gentleman opposite not to make a party question of the question of shipbuilding. [Mr. CORRY made a sign of dissent.] The right hon. Gentleman shook his head; but he (Mr. Goschen) thought that praising every ship built during one's own Administration and condemning every ship built during that of another Government was apt to give that impression. They should look not only for the faults but for the virtues of a ship, and one Administration should not make it a point to blame what had been done by
  1168
  its predecessors or successors. Advice from the right hon. Gentleman opposite or from any competent source as to shipbuilding would always be received with the greatest readiness by the present Government. They would act on the best advice they could get. The matter at stake was so great that every sacrifice would be made to secure the assistance of the greatest talent and scientific acquirements which could possibly be obtained. At the same time, among their professional advisers the Board of Admiralty had men of great ability and trustworthiness, and he believed that, as they had followed the advice of many of the same persons as had advised the right hon. Gentleman, the criticisms which the right hon. Gentleman had brought forward against the ships now being constructed were scarcely fair, and ought not to be accepted by the country.
  SIR JOHN HAYsaid, that his right hon. Friend (Mr. Corry) and others who thought it necessary in the interest of the country to criticise the ships lately laid down threw no blame on the right hon. Gentleman (Mr. Goschen), the criticism of his right hon. Friend being entirely applied to ships laid down, and to the mode of investigating these ships undertaken, before the right hon. Gentleman acceded to office. His right hon. Friend's statement with regard to sea-going ships was directed to the unseaworthiness of low freeboard ships—he made no charge with regard to high sea-going ships, and the question at issue was wholly as to the new type of ship, which had sprung up within a very recent period, and which, as sea-going ships, had been rashly adopted by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Pontefract (Mr. Childers) without sufficient experience or trial. Now, he (Sir John Hay) had some right to speak on this subject, having had a great deal to do with the first example of a low freeboard ship built—the Affondatore—which was built several years ago for the Italian Navy, and was sent, under the command of Admiral Persana, into the Adriatic, where she was used, in the Battle of Lissa. It was thought she would work great wonders. But he had the advantage of speaking to a most distinguished naval officer, Admiral Tegetthoff, Admiral of the Austrian Fleet, who told him after the battle that at no time during that action had he feared that vessel

  1169
  after he had seen her, as there was no time in which he could not have run her down. The Affondatore went down at her anchorage in the harbour of Ancona. She was a first experiment and a terrible failure, and from that time he (Sir John Hay) felt that it would be unjust for him to advocate the building of low freeboard ships — although he had always advocated the class of turretships — for sea-going purposes. They must make their ships safe at sea at the sacrifice of low freeboard. He had frequently urged at the Admiralty that if the turret system were adopted, as he thought it should be, it must be not in low but in high freeboard ships in which the safety of the vessel herself, of her crew, and of the gun for which she was created should be assured. He had never allowed any party prejudices to interfere with the advice which he had felt it his duty to tender to the House. With regard to the Devastation class, the hon. Member for East Derbyshire (Captain F. Egerton) justified the building of these ships. The right hon. Member for Pontefract had told the House they were to carry some 1,200 tons of coal, to cross the Atlantic, go through all kinds of perilous seas, fight an action, and then come back again; and there was a communiqué in an influential journal that the Fury was the joint creation of the First Lord of the Admiralty and the right hon. Member for Pontefract. Six months afterwards, to their astonishment, and very much to the advantage of the country, it was found that this ship, which had some eminent parentage, had come to the birth, and had not strength to bring forth. The Devastation and the Thunderer were in the process of building, and one was to be completed according to the original design, while the other was to be altered very considerably. The alterations from the original design which were being made in the case of the Devastation, though stated to be for the purpose of fitting her for a warm climate, were really, he believed, for the purpose of safety; but he wished to point out that the building of the deck cabins destroyed the great advantages of impregnability, and the power of depressing the guns. He was glad to hear that ships of 27 feet draught were to be used in the Channel, and he quite agreed that they would be very formidable there against a hostile fleet;
  1170
  but the House must remember that though the right hon. Gentleman the First Lord of the Admiralty was about to apply them to a purpose for which they would be valuable and useful, though expensive, that was not the purpose for which they were designed by the right hon. Member for Pontefract. These ships could be used for the defence of the Channel, and he thought they might be safely navigated to the Mediterranean, and that they would be valuable adjuncts of sea-going ships. They might be useful for the defence of Gibraltar and Malta, and on parts of the European coast where the water was sufficiently deep. Ships of the Glatton class would, however, be cheaper, and were better adapted for coast and home defence, because they drew only 19 feet of water, whereas the Devastation and the Thunderer drew 27 or 28 feet. The Glatton and the Hotspur could not be navigated with safety in a heavy sea, but they would be most useful in shallow waters against any fleet that might attack us; and, moreover, seven ships of their class might be built for the cost of three of the Devastation class, while their plates would be much thicker, and they would draw less water than the latter. It had been stated that the object of giving the Devastation such a great draught of water was to enable her to carry 1,100 or 1,200 tons of coal; but what was the use of such a large coal-carrying power to a vessel that was never intended to be employed for purposes other than mere coast defence? [Mr. GOSCHEN said, the vessel might be sent to the Baltic.] No seaman would like to take a ship drawing 27 feet of water into the Baltic. He agreed with what had fallen from the hon. Member for Liverpool (Mr. Graves), that the £290,000 spent on the Devastation would have been better employed had it been expended in providing gun boats at £8,000 each. It would be very desirable to have a number of these gunboats carrying a single gun, for the defence of our harbours. The Devastation could not navigate the Channel into the harbour at Liverpool for the purpose of defence at all times of tide. Such a class of gunboats might be attached to the different ports, so that they could not be sent away, and could be manned by the Naval Reserve, and then they would always be at hand in case of emergency. If such a course had been adopted, much

  1171
  would have been done to prevent a recurrence of the panics which were so frequent in this country. With regard to the Cyclops class, of which we had four building, some members of the Committee which sat upon those vessels differed as to their fitness; and Sir William Thompson, the distinguished President of the British Association, in one of the Reports expressed the opinion that there would be danger that when exposed to the action of certain synchronous waves, under certain conditions, they would commence swinging like a pendulum, and would eventually roll over. It was for this reason that he (Sir John Hay) had ventured to urge that until this fault were corrected it would not be right to place our officers and men in such ships, because the circumstances were not unusual in which they would become very dangerous vessels. The opinion of those members of the Committee who were so far favourable to these ships was to this effect—"They are good ships, but do not build any more of them." He had called attention to these matters without any animus whatever against the right hon. Gentleman opposite (Mr. Goschen), who seemed to be doing his best; but, on the whole, knowing something about these matters, he must say that the right hon. Gentleman's predecessor (Mr. Childers) had done much to ruin the Navy in very many particulars. It could not have been right to spend £900,000 on building three ships of the Devastation type. The right hon. Gentleman opposite had now, with frankness and candour, admitted that these ships were not fit to go to sea, and that he considered those ships fit only for the defence of the Channel or to perform some duties abroad, having been first sent carefully out. [Mr. GOSCHEN: The Glatton.] The Glatton was not built for the same purpose as the Devastation and other ships of her class, because it was never intended that she should proceed to sea, or to be used for anything but the protection of harbours, such as Malta and Gibraltar. The Hotspur also was to be used in a somewhat similar way by being attached to a fleet in the narrow seas, and used as a ram. These ships were not so liable to roll over so easily as those of the Cyclops class—they would face waves of a more unusual character before they would incur the same danger. He agreed with Mr. Reed that the four
  1172
  vessels to which he had referred should be tried only in the neighbourhood of our own coast in waters for which they were intended. If sent to the open sea, they would be liable to become coffins for our brave seamen. In making this statement he had merely referred to facts that were contained in Papers laid upon the Table of the House, and he trusted that he had in no way overstated the case. It had been said that the Cyclops class were similar to those of the Cerberus, which had gone to Melbourne; but it must be remembered that she also had top-sides deck and bulwarks placed upon her, and in that way she was navigated in a condition in which she could not have been fought. Even with this assistance the Cerberus had an alarming voyage, and the men, alarmed at the fate of the Captain, deserted in great numbers at Malta. The ship, however, was, in fact, so protected by the alterations that had been made that their alarm was unnecessary, and all they would have had to incur was discomfort, and not peril. The Abyssinia and the Magdala, which had been built for the defence of Bombay harbour, had been fitted up before they were sent to sea with high bulwarks and decks, so as to render them seaworthy. No doubt ships of the Cyclops class would be very useful for harbour duty; but the right hon. Gentleman should think twice before he sent them into the open sea.
  MR. GOURLEYsaid, that the country would wish to know what return they had for the £10,000,000 of money which was spent annually upon the Navy, and his own impression was that no adequate return was obtained for that expenditure. As to the manning of the Fleet, he did not know where the men voted for were or what they were doing. The total number was 61,000, but that was only on paper. It seemed to him that many of them would, to use an aphorism, be found playing at hide-and-seek, and he doubted whether, in the event of war, they would be forthcoming. It was supposed that in case of emergency we should have 390 war vessels; but a good many of them were mere steam-tugs, and in the gross number were included the Queen's yachts, the training ships, and hulks in our various harbours. Many of them were vessels which in time of war would themselves require protection instead of giving it. He believed

  1173
  there were only 35 or 40 actual fighting ships in the Navy altogether.
  MR. GOSCHENsaid, there were 34 iron-clads; but those were in addition to the gunboats, corvettes, and vessels of other classes.
  MR. GOURLEYsaid, the others were not vessels which we could use if engaged in actual warfare with maritime countries. What we wanted were ships capable of being used in this manner, and capable, at the same time, of defending our colonies, our trade, and of being used generally for every maritime purpose. The right hon. Gentleman must have gained some experience from the Franco-German War of the uselessness of great iron-clad vessels. They were drawn up in line fronting particular parts of the coast which they threatened, but they were unable to accomplish anything whatever. The same thing happened to our own vessels in the Baltic and the Black Sea, and would happen again if hon. and right hon. Gentlemen at opposite sides of the House confined themselves to criticising vessels of each other's build in place of procuring for the nation vessels of the class required for home and commercial purposes of defence. We required a smaller class of swift iron-clad, ships, which would be capable of acting efficiently in shallow waters, and which could be used, not only for defensive, but for offensive purposes. What we had a right to expect in case of emergency was that we should possess a naval force able to cope with that of any other naval Power in the world.
  CAPTAIN F. EGERTONsaid, he believed that the Devastation and Thunderer class of ships were fit for any emergency of war. The iron-clad ships were valuable for the various purposes for which they were intended. The hon. Member who had last spoken treated all unarmoured ships with contempt; but they were precisely the class of light active vessels which were found so generally useful for defending our colonies and our commerce in distant oceans; and, for his own part, he believed their number ought to be increased. Unarmoured vessels could carry more guns and make longer voyages, and also afford greater facilities for training and exercising men at sea, than the very best class of iron-clads hitherto constructed. As to vessels with a low freeboard, it was fair
  1174
  to remember that at least two of the American monitors had crossed the Atlantic, and though the Monadnock and the Miantonomah might not be comfortable vessels at sea in a head wind, they could not be spoken of as absolutely unsafe. He should like to see the hydraulic-power vessels tried more by the Admiralty.
  MR. F. STANLEYsaid, in reference to the American monitors, to which the hon. and gallant Member (Captain F. Egerton) referred as being fit to cross the sea, it should be recollected that they were nursed across the Atlantic by other vessels of a more seaworthy character. He wished to ask the Government for some information as to the results of the experiment, first tried, he believed, in the Northumberland, of reducing the weight of the iron plates at the bow and stern of the ship, thereby reducing the strain. Questions, he believed, had been started in scientific circles as to whether accidents to the Minotaur and the Agincourt might not have arisen from the circumstance that this proceeding had been lost sight of. The late First Lord of the Admiralty, he knew, had at one time his attention very much directed to the concentration of vessels of the same type and class for the purpose of manœuvring together, according to the practice of foreign nations. He should be glad if the right hon. Gentleman opposite could also give the House some information on this point.
  LORD HENRY SCOTTsaid, that he agreed in the policy laid down by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Tyrone (Mr. Corry). He thought it of importance to know whether the Devastation and Thunderer class had fulfilled the expectations with regard to speed. He wished also to support the suggestions of his hon. Friend the Member for East Derbyshire (Captain F. Egerton), as to experiments with hydraulic vessels.
  MR. GRAVESsaid, he could not help remembering the distinct assurance given last year by the First Lord of the Admiralty that vessels of the Thunderer and Devastation class had been built for sea-going purposes and distant stations, having the capacity of carrying some 1,500 or 1,600 tons of coal. But now the whole scene appeared to be shifted, and those vessels were represented as intended merely for harbour or coast

  1175
  defensive purposes. He wished to know the reason of this change. He believed they were designed and laid down to be cruising vessels to any part of the world, so they had been represented by the First Lord of the Admiralty last year, and he wanted to know the cause of the discrepancy between the statement of last year and this. After the immense expenditure on these vessels, and as there were only three home ports where they could be utilized, he thought the House and the country were entitled to some explanation on this subject.
  MR. SHAW LEFEVREsaid, in answer to the question of the hon. Member for North Lancashire (Mr. F. Stanley), he had to observe that the Agincourt and Minotaur had been proved to be very strong vessels; and Reports which had recently been made upon them stated that even if the strain had been four times greater than it was no damage would have resulted. The accident to the Agincourt had shown the great strength of the vessel. With regard to manœuvring the Fleets together, arrangements had been made under which the Mediterranean, the Channel, the Flying Squadron, and the Reserve Squadron would meet and manœuvre together. As to the Devastation and Thunderer, it was intended that they should reach a speed of 12 knots an hour. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Pontefract (Mr. Childers) stated last year that these vessels were built to go long voyages at sea, and no doubt they would be fit for or capable of that service, and going into action in distant seas, carrying as they did a large amount of coal. But they were never intended as sea-going or cruising vessels in the old sense of the term. They were reserved for Channel purposes, where they could compete with any other vessels that could be brought to bear against them. That was not inconsistent with the statement of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Pontefract, that they would be able to sail to any part of the world, and after taking part in any battle return to this country.

CASE OF GEORGE MACKEY.

  ADDRESS FOR PAPERS.
  MR. NEWDEGATE: Sir, I have several times postponed, in the absence of the right hon. Gentleman the Home
  1176
  Secretary, the Notice which stands on the Paper in my name; and as I have the advantage now of seeing him in his place, I cannot reconcile it to my sense of duty to defer this subject any longer. The question is one which affects the jurisdiction that the right hon. Gentleman exercises, as possessing the power of remitting sentences—that is, sentences passed by the Courts of this country. I have not myself hitherto appeared in the cause of leniency in my comments upon the exercise of this power, for I have twice brought before the House cases in which a Home Secretary, the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of Oxford (Mr. G. Hardy) in the first instance, and in the second the right hon. Gentleman who now fills the office, have, in the opinion of many persons, unduly remitted sentences where convictions for murder had been obtained, and capital sentences had been passed in the county, part of which I represent. I do not know that there is any other Member of this House who has had to bring forward cases of this description, and I have brought them, forward for this reason—there is a great power vested in the Home Secretary. He can supersede the sentence passed by a Judge. He can supersede a conviction obtained from any jury. He can mitigate or annul the sentence pronounced upon any crime; and the question that I ask the House and myself is this, whether this power is to be exercised irresponsibly. I know that the right hon. Gentleman the Home Secretary holds that, after he has consulted the Judge who has tried a case, he has a right to be governed by the opinion of that learned person, and that upon the representation of the Judge, after he has reviewed the sentence passed by himself, the Home Secretary is justified in giving effect to the second judgment of that Judge. I think, Sir, that this is a very questionable course. Nay, even a dangerous course; dangerous, that is, to the administration of justice, dangerous to the best interests of society. But the case which I now bring before the House, in moving for the Papers connected with it, is a case in which no Judge has intervened. It is the case of a trial at the Winchester Quarter Sessions, and the sentence which has been pronounced is the sentence merely of a Chairman of Quarter Sessions, who

  1177
  may be a very competent person for aught I know, though I think I shall be able to show the House that in this instance he has proceeded upon very questionable principles. A Chairman of Quarter Sessions has power to grant a case—if the counsel employed for the defence of a prisoner applies for a case to be submitted to a superior Court; the Chairman can also refuse a case, and in this instance the Chairman, Mr. Melville Portal, refused to permit his judgment to be reviewed by any superior tribunal. This power to refuse a case is an exceptional privilege, and I think a very questionable privilege, when exercised by Chairmen of Quarter Sessions; for I hold that most of them not being professionally trained, when their judgment is disputed there ought to be some ready and not very expensive means by which that judgment can of right be brought Tinder review, whether with or without their consent. Now, the case to which I advert is this. There is a person of the name of Mackey; and this person has been in the habit of giving lectures as a Protestant lecturer; and the House will remember this, that it has several times had before it the case of a person of the name of Murphy, who was also in the habit of giving lectures in the Protestant sense, and that I formerly brought the treatment of that person before the House when he had been attacked by mobs, and had not received the protection from the police that he ought to have received. At length the late Mayor of Birmingham thought fit to arrest this person as he was on his way to attend a meeting in the Town Hall, convened to consider the propriety or impropriety of disestablishing the Irish Church. This Mr. Murphy was, at that time, a ratepayer in Birmingham, and the Mayor had him arrested as he was entering the Town Hall. I brought that case, Sir, before the House in the Session of 1869 by introducing a Motion to the effect that the conduct of the right hon. Gentleman the present Home Secretary, by sanctioning unlawful interruptions of Mr. Murphy's lectures, and in supporting the Mayor of Birmingham in arresting Mr. Murphy, amounted to an undue interference with the right of free discussion and with liberty of the subject. I will read the terms of my Motion to the House. They were these—
  1178
  "That the right of free speech is one of the most important safeguards of good Government, and that attacks upon this right are therefore dangerous to the welfare of the State: that the recent conduct of the Home Secretary in preventing free discussion of important topics was, in fact, an attack opon this great safeguard of freedom, and is therefore deserving reprehension by this House; that this conduct of the Home Secretary has proved especially mischievous, since it has led to breaches of the law on the part of official persons, more particularly by the Mayor of Birmingham, who caused the arrest of an innocent person for the purpose of preventing what to him was distasteful discussion."
  Well, Sir, the right hon. Gentleman brought down his majority—the majority who usually support the Government—and they negatived the Motion which begins with the assertion that the right of freedom of speech is one of the most important safeguards of good Government, and that attacks upon this right are therefore dangerous to the welfare of the State. The particular instance on which my Motion was founded was the arrest of Mr. Murphy; and what has happened? The majority of this House were, as I said, brought down to negative my Motion; and so they did, but afterwards the case of Mr. Murphy was brought before the Court of Assize at Warwick, and the Mayor of Birmingham had to pay £50 for his interference. Therefore, at the instance of the present Home Secretary, this House has passed a Resolution in direct opposition to a decision of the Courts of Law, which has never been questioned; has negatived a Resolution which affirmed this—that the right of free speech is not an essential safeguard for the freedom of the subject in this country. I only advert to this circumstance in order to show the House the lengths to which the right hon. Gentleman has induced the House to go, with the object of putting down the right of freedom of speech in these lectures. In 1869, in answer to a Question put to him in this House, the right hon. Gentleman said he was perfectly aware that the Mayor of Birmingham had acted, in the arrest of Mr. Murphy, upon no known statute; but he believed that the Mayor was acting upon the great principle—Salus populi suprema lex. This dictum of the right hon. Gentleman did not satisfy the Court of Assize, and the conduct of the Mayor was formally condemned. But to revert to the case of this person Mackey. He has now been for more than six months a prisoner under

  1179
  the following circumstances. He gave a lecture at the commencement of the year 1870, in which he referred to a work upon the Confessional, showing the doctrine of the Confessional, and the teaching of the Church of Rome with respect to the Confessional which this work was an expurgated edition of a pamphlet known as the Confessional Unmasked, exposed and condemned. It was not the same work as had been brought before the Court of Queen's Bench. It was, I repeat, an expurgated edition; but, in consequence of his references to this work, and in consequence of his having sold this expurgated copy, this person was committed for trial at the Winchester Quarter Sessions. Now, I have often heard it said in this House that Quarter Sessions law is not very good law, and I must say, judging from this case, that it is certainly very questionable law; but that to which I am about to refer is, I believe, a total exception to the usual practice of the Courts of Quarter Sessions. I will read a short statement which will place the House in possession of the facts of the case more quickly than if I were to narrate them myself. The statement contain the substance of one of the Papers which I desire that the right hon. Gentleman should produce to the House, in order to enable the House to exercise its judgment with reference to the refusal of the right hon. Gentleman to grant any remission of the sentence passed upon this prisoner Mackey. I regret to understand the right hon. Gentleman intends to withhold these Papers from the House, from which I now read an extract—
  "I beg most earnestly to direct your attention to the case of George Mackey now a prisoner in Winchester Gaol; in connection therewith I forward three Petitions to Her Majesty, signed by 12,462 persons, or thereabouts, praying for inquiry into his case, with a view to his release. George Mackey was arraigned at the Quarter Sessions, Winchester on the 18th of October, 1870. The offence charged was the sale at Lymington of a pamphlet entitled and known as The Morality of Romish Devotion, or the Confessional Unmasked, showing the depravity of the Romish priesthood and the iniquity of the Confessional, alleged to be an obscene publication, though consisting of extracts from Romish canonists, casuists, and theologians. The said George Mackey is a lecturer on Protestantism. The jury, after five hours' consultation, could not agree and were discharged."
  Now, this was the first trial for the same offence of the prisoner Mackey; I
  1180
  am referring to the circumstances of this trial before the Quarter Sessions at Winchester in 1870, when the jury could not agree. They were 11 to 1 for an acquittal, as appeared after the trial; so the Chairman of the Quarter Sessions, Mr. Melville Portal, felt obliged to discharge them, retaining the prisoner under bail, however, for a fresh trial at the next Sessions, when, under very peculiar circumstances, as I shall show—and I say it advisedly—the Chairman obtained a conviction. The document continues—
  "The said George Mackey was bound over to appear and take his trial at the next Quarter Sessions—to wit, January 3rd, 1871; on the second trial the said George Mackey was found guilty, and by the Chairman of Quarter Sessions, Melville Portal, Esq., was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in Winchester Gaol, which punishment he is now undergoing. On the second trial there was an informality in procedure; the jury were not sworn. There was, in a strictly legal sense, no trial. This circumstance is verified by the affidavit on oath of Robert Steele, which was duly forwarded on January 9th of this year to the Home Office, by Samuel Kydd, Esq., barrister-at-law, who was counsel for the prisoner on the occasion referred to. A copy of the said affidavit is herewith inclosed. There is also inclosed a solemn declaration of Samuel Hirst, as to the contents of the alleged obscene pamphlet, for the sale of which the said George Mackey was convicted as aforesaid. At the close of the second trial the prisoner's counsel asked the Court for a case for the Court of Criminal Appeal on the following points:—1st, that, under the terms of the indictment, the intention of the defendant was a question for the jury, and had been withdrawn from them; 2nd, that the whole book was for the consideration of the jury, and the Chairman had directed their attention to only two passages which he had marked."
  Therefore, this man has now been in prison six months for circulating a book of which the Chairman of Quarter Sessions would allow the jury to consider but two sentences—
  "3rd, that the Chairman had improperly told the jury that the terms of the indictment had no meaning of a kind requiring their attention."
  Let the House conceive a trial in which the Judge declares to the jury, that they were not to try the prisoner on the indictment which had been lodged for the prosecution, but were to try him upon a fictitious indictment invented by himself! This document continues—
  "The Chairman refused a case for the Court of Criminal Appeal. The punishment appears excessive compared with the alleged offence. George Mackey was avowedly anxious, as a Protestant lecturer, to expose what he designated the evils of Popery and the Confessional. If in prosecuting

  1181
  this duty he sold a book the sale of which, under the circumstances already stated, was found by a jury to be a misdemeanour, a punishment sufficient to operate as a warning was all that the law, as the guardian of the interests of society, could reasonably require. It has pleased Her Majesty to extend her Royal clemency to prisoners undergoing imprisonment in various gaols for crimes that, in their character and objects, appeared to have been heinous. It is hoped that it may be made to appear that the Royal clemency might, for satisfactory reasons, be extended to George Mackey, who, in the pursuit of a legitimate ulterior object, may have committed an offence, but without evil intent or proved injury to the morals or rights of any of Her Majesty's subjects."
  Now, I wish to recall the attention of the House to the fact that, in two cases of murder, it has been my duty to impugn the judgment of Home Secretaries, in the last instance that of the right hon. Gentleman the present Home Secretary. Both these crimes were committed in the county which I represent, and in the second instance the right hon. Gentleman commuted the penalty of death to no more than one years' imprisonment! Yet here is the case of the disputed trial of a man for circulating a pamphlet, which is called obscene, but which has never been pronounced obscene by any Court of Law whatever; this man has been imprisoned, not for three months, but for six, and the right hon. Gentleman refuses any relief, and I understand means to refuse the production of the Paper from which I have read an extract to the House. As I doubted some of these statements I applied to the counsel in the case, because, although I was acquainted with the exact character of the first trial when the jury could not agree through an attested report, the second trial was, unfortunately, not reported, and I have here a letter from the counsel in the case, which runs in these terms—
  "July 4th, 1871.
  "Dear Sir,—So far as I know, there is no report of George Mackey's second trial, except notices in newspapers. You ask me specially about the summing up of the evidence to the jury. If you have a report of the first trial you can understand the case on the second trial. The summing up was substantially the same in both cases, with two distinctions. It was on the second trial more adverse in tone and matter to the prisoner, and only two passages in the book were pointed out to the jury. On the first trial the whole book was submitted to the jury. Possibly you are not aware that I wrote to Mr. Bruce and the Chairman of Quarter Sessions, Melville Portal, Esq., on the second trial.—I am, your obedient servant,
  "(Signed) SAMUEL KYDD."
  This letter is addressed to myself. I subsequently asked why Mackey did not appeal to the superior Courts, and the answer I received was that it was owing to his poverty, that he had already had the expense of two trials. I understand that there is a plea, an excuse to be put in with reference to the allegation, that the jury were not sworn on the second trial. I will answer that plea by anticipation. The offence for which Mackey was to be tried was a misdemeanour, and I hear it will be alleged that the jury were sworn in the morning before the prisoner or his counsel had reached the Court, and that the swearing of the jury once is usually held to suffice for the trial of all cases of misdemeanour standing for trial during the day. Practically that may, to a certain extent, be true; but where the prisoner has reason to believe that there is a malicious bias against him in the mind of any of the jury, he has a right to demand that the jury shall be sworn in his presence, because in case bias is proved against any juryman, although the trial is for misdemeanour, the prisoner has the right of challenge. I cannot positively say that the jury were never sworn. There is a rumour that they were sworn in the morning, before the trial of the misdemeanants commenced; but I know this—that from the time that the prisoner appeared in Court in answer to his recognizances, and that from the time his counsel appeared, the jury were not sworn, and that therefore the prisoner was deprived of the right of challenge, after having, on the first trial, been deprived of an acquittal through the obstinacy of one juryman only against the opinion of eleven. Now, I think that these facts constitute peculiarities in this case, and such peculiarities as, I trust, seldom characterize trials at Quarter Sessions. I am an old magistrate myself, and in my experience I do not remember such a case as this. The counsel for the prisoner tells me that I am to judge by the first trial of the conduct of the second. I regret extremely that the circumstances of the prisoner and his poverty did not admit of his having a reporter present at the second trial; but I will trouble the House by giving them a sample of the manner in which the jury were charged by the Chairman of Quarter Sessions at the first trial.

  1183
  This is an extract from, the report of his Charge to the jury—
  "Then the counsel says, although it (the book) is obscene, it is not offered by the prisoner for the purpose of doing harm, but of doing good. But the law of the case is simple: in the eyes of the law the hawking about of an obscene thing is illegal—the hawking is illegal."
  Why, Sir, I put it to the House that if you were thus to try the Bible, to judge of the whole Bible from two or three selected extracts, the Bible itself might be held to be an obscene book, and the hawking of it a crime. Mr. Melville Portal thus proceeded with his charge. He continued—
  "We do not care whether the person intended to improve the population or to demoralize them. We have nothing to do with any particular views of his. He must be responsible for his act; and if he does that which is calculated to corrupt them he is responsible for these acts; and we care nothing about his intentions."
  In another paragraph the Chairman goes on to state that the book was the book which had been condemned as obscene before the Court of Queen's Bench. Sir, it was nothing of the kind. The counsel for the prisoner happened to have been counsel in that case also, and he informed the Chairman during his charge that it was not the same book; but Mr. Melville Portal proceeded without reference to this information in the same line of argument. And what did he say?—
  "The Chief Justice says that it is no answer to the publication of an obscene book, that the intention is good."
  Mr. Portal had been informed that these books were not the same; nevertheless, he still cites the judgment of the Court of Queen's Bench on a different book, not the book then before him. Again, he says—"You have nothing to do with the intention of the prisoner at the bar." Sir, this is in contravention of the first principles of English jurisprudence. It is malice and intention that constitute crime, and I will show the House that it is so stated in the indictment, which the Chairman wished the jury to put aside and not to consider on the trial. Again, Mr. Melville Portal said—
  "The one only question is, whether that book is obscene. Consider what these passages are; and if you think these passages to be obscene, then you have nothing to do with the intentions of the prisoner."
  Mr. Portal enforced this dictum on the jury—that is, the jury on the first trial; but it happened that the foreman of that jury was a sensible man, and after the
  1184
  jury had retired the foreman came back into Court, and said—"The jury would like to hear the indictment read again." I have a copy of the indictment here. ["Oh, oh!"] The House will excuse me. I have to bring a legal question under their cognizance, and they must excuse me for stating the terms of the indictment. The terms of the indictment are these—
  "That George Mackey, late of the parish of Lymington, in the county of Southampton, being a scandalous and evil-disposed person."
  ["Hear!"] I say "hear!"—
  "That George Mackey, late of the parish of Lymington, in the said county of Southampton, being a scandalous and evil-disposed person, and devising, contriving and intending the morals, as well of youth as of divers other liege subjects of our said lady the Queen, to debauch and corrupt, on the 24th day of August, 1870, in a certain open and public place, to wit, the Town Hall of Lymington, unlawfully, wilfully, maliciously and scandalously did sell and utter."
  Again—
  "That the said George Mackey being a scandalous and evil-disposed person, and devising and contriving and intending the morals, as well of youth as of divers other liege subjects of our said lady the Queen, to debauch and corrupt, on the day and year aforesaid, in a certain open and public place, to wit, the Town Hall of Lymington, unlawfully, wickedly, maliciously and scandalously did expose and offer for sale," &c.
  Clearly, then, the offence set out in the indictment was the intending to corrupt and debauch by the sale of this publication. Well, the Chairman was very unwilling that the indictment should be produced, and what did he say? The jury had come back, and the foreman said—"The jury would like to hear the indictment read again." The Chairman: "The whole of it?" Foreman: "Yes, the whole of it." The Chairman then read the indictment in full, but added further, "That is a mere form." Yes, the indictment upon which this man was tried was declared by the Chairman to be "a mere form."
  "The real offence," he went on, "is offering for sale an obscene and immoral publication. You have but one single point to consider, whether the prisoner did offer an obscene book. You have nothing to do with his intention."
  The report of the case proceeds—
  "At the rising of the Court, the jury having been locked up more than five hours, the Chairman sent for them a second time, and asked were they likely to agree? The foreman said he thought not. The Chairman had previously learnt that 11 of the jury were for the defendant, and that only one was disposed to carry out the wishes of the Court. The Chairman said: 'Suppose they

  1185
  were locked up another five hours, was there any prospect of their agreeing in the meantime?' The foreman: 'It all depends upon our friend here.' Counsel on both sides consenting to their discharge they were discharged accordingly."
  That was the manner in which the jury were charged, and the first trial conducted, and I have read to you the testimony of the counsel for the prisoner that the defects of that charge and of the procedure were exaggerated on the second trial. I have also shown the House that the Chairman distinctly told the jury at the first trial that the terms of the indictment were not matter for their consideration. Well, then, I will proceed. ["Oh, oh!"] Hon. Members may dislike to have these defects in the administration of the law brought before the House; but inasmuch as there is a jurisdiction in the Home Secretary to mitigate the sentences of the Courts of Justice, and the Home Secretary is responsible to no tribunal whatever except this House, I feel it to be my duty to bring this subject under the consideration of the House, because there is no other tribunal to which this prisoner Mackey can now appeal. Not long after the man had been in prison it appears to have been discovered by the Home Secretary that there is a society in London called "The Protestant Evangelical Mission and Electoral Union," who were in possession of some copies of the same pamphlet, for circulating which Mackey has now undergone six months' imprisonment. The police were sent to the office of that society to seize any copies that they could find there, and the secretary of the society, a Mr. Steele, was brought before a police magistrate, Sir Thomas Henry, for having committed, as alleged, something like the same offence as Mackey. Sir Thomas Henry heard the case; the same counsel who defended Mackey on both trials attended at the police Court and applied to Sir Thomas Henry to grant a case for the superior Courts. Sir Thomas Henry is, as is well known, a barrister of eminence, accustomed to judicial proceedings, and without the slightest hesitation he granted a case for the superior Courts. Let the House observe this—that Sir Thomas Henry granted an appeal in a case analagous to that in which the Chairman of the Quarter Sessions at Winchester had refused to grant a case. Therefore you have the judgment of an educated barrister
  1186
  to set against the judgment of Mr. Melville Portal, that this is a kind of case which ought to have been sent for trial to a superior Court. The matter does not rest here. This work—and I have seen it, I speak of the pamphlet—for selling which Mr. Mackey is imprisoned, contains scarcely anything but verified extracts from Roman Catholic works of devotion, which I have seen and compared, and they are true extracts, perfectly true extracts, and the translations have been verified, not only by myself, but by experts. I hold in my hand an account of the visit of the police, in the case of Steele, to the office of the Protestant Electoral Union, on the 26th of January, 1871, when they went there to seize the books of the society, and amongst the books they desired to seize was the report of the trial of this George Mackey, and they seized that report. Now, conceive this—that a verified and attested report of the trial of George Mackey, that is, of the first trial, when the jury could not agree, was held to be so indecent a production, and so vicious that, under the directions of the Home Secretary, the police were ordered to seize it, although the reports of trials are privileged. I presume there is not another instance on record in which the verified report of a trial has been treated as a publication which the Home Secretary has a right to seize. Well, Sir, whilst the police were searching in this place they took 12 or 20 copies of specimens of various editions of The Confessional Unmasked. They were about to take a copy of Den's Theology, and another of The Garden of the Soul, and another of Bailly.
  "The secretary asked the officers not to take the specimen copies, as they were neither for sale nor exhibition, but only for private use. They said they must do their duty. The secretary pointed out Den's The Garden of the Soul and Bailly as originals, from which the extracts contained in The Confessional Unmasked were taken. Inspector Brennan then removed Den's from the bookcase to the floor; but on Inspector Mulvany saying that they (these books) could be bought at any shop—any theological book shop—they were not taken away. The police officers left about half-past 4 o'clock."
  Now these books are the originals, from which the extracts in Mr. Mackey's book were made, and the police would not seize the originals, though they seized the report of the trial, because some extracts from those originals were quoted

  1187
  at the trial, but they left those originals, the Roman Catholic works, behind them. Does not the House perceive how this cuts? I have some extracts here from the work called The Garden of the Soul, but they are so foul that I shall not read them to the House. I hesitate not to declare, however, that the questions suggested in that work are as gross, and the teaching more dangerous—nay, far more dangerous in the sense of its corrupting influence—than anything that appears in the book for circulating which Mackey has been six months in prison. Yet we have the statement of the police that these very books are to be bought at any theological bookseller's; and I have also heard an hon. Member of this House complain from his place here that this very work, The Garden of the Soul, had been thrust by a Roman Catholic priest into the hands of his daughter, she being a Protestant, against her will and without her knowledge. I allude to my friend Sir John Tyrrell, then Member for Essex; and I cite this because the Roman Catholic priests are permitted to place the originals, including the very extracts which have been condemned, in the hands of Protestant ladies, as one of them did place The Garden of the Soul in the hands of the Protestant daughter of a Protestant father, that father being a Member of this House. Sir John Tyrrell came down to the House and exposed the practice, yet this practice is sanctioned by the law, and if any man objects to it openly, as Mackey did, if he produces extracts from those works which are sold by Roman Catholic publishers, and thrust into the hands of Protestant ladies by Roman Catholic priests; if any man publishes those extracts for the purpose of reprobation, he is to be imprisoned, whilst the Roman Catholic publisher, and the Popish priest is to go free! Now, in Russia, there is a law against proselytism, and it was chiefly for violating that law in the case of the son of Prince Gallitzin, in the year 1820, that the Jesuits were expelled from the Russian Empire. I say, then, if you are to proceed upon any principle of equity or justice, you should pass a law against proselytism, such as the law in Russia, and forbid the thrusting of this Garden of the Soul, with its foul teaching, into the hands of Protestant ladies, or you are not justified in
  1188
  imprisoning Mackey. Enact the law which exists in Russia and you would act fairly; but until you have passed such a law you have no right to allow the Romish priest and the Roman Catholic publisher to disseminate with impunity the very doctrines for the open denunciation of which you imprison a Protestant lecturer; and now, when he is in prison, and an appeal is made to the Home Secretary in his behalf, you seem disposed to ignore it, although the right hon. Gentleman has remitted the punishment of death in the case of murders, and in one case, to which I have adverted, commuted the punishment of death to imprisonment for one year. Can there, then, be any justice in right hon. Gentlemen insisting upon keeping the Protestant lecturer tight in prison and refusing him relief? Where, I ask, is the justice or equity of such a course as that? In the case of a disputed trial, where the subject-matter of that trial in an analogous case is still pending before the superior Courts of Law, because bail has not been found for this prisoner, subsequent to the expiration of his sentence, the Home Secretary has no pity upon him. He will hold him in prison, and thus sanctions the whole of those questionable proceedings at this Court of Quarter Session. But the right hon. Gentleman seems to think that this matters not; the right hon. Gentleman seems to be determined to act upon a code of his own invention, founded upon the maxim—Salus populi suprema lex; he is acting according to his own interpretation of his own maxim, which interpretation has been condemned by the Court of Assize in the case of the trial of the Mayor of Birmingham for arresting Murphy, an imprisonment which the Home Secretary had virtually sanctioned, and induced the majority of this House to sanction. Sir, if ever there was a case in which this House ought to demand the Papers relating to it, and inform itself of the manner in which the Home Secretary is exercising his functions, it is this case of Mackey. I seek, then, for the production of the Papers connected with this case. I am unwilling to detain the House, having given no more than a fair outline of the circumstances of the case, but I repeat this—the man is a poor man, who is now in prison, and his friends believed

  1189
  and hoped that the right hon. Gentleman would exercise in his favour the power of remission, which he is known to possess; the more so after Sir Thomas Henry decided that the illegality of this pamphlet which Mackey had sold was so questionable that it should be referred to the superior Courts of Law. But the right hon. Gentleman the Home Secretary, who is ready to remit the punishment of murderers, is so bitterly adverse to the refutation of these Roman Catholic doctrines that he is deaf to every solicitation of mercy, and determined that this sentence shall be pursued to its bitter extremity against this poor man. I now beg to move for the Papers of which I have given Notice.
  Amendment proposed,
  To leave out from the word "That" to the end of the Question, in order to add the words "an humble Address be presented to Her Majesty, that She will be graciously pleased to give directions that there be laid before this House, a Copy of Correspondence between the counsel and friends of George Mackey, now a prisoner at Winchester, and the Home Secretary, referring to the alleged offence, trial, and sentence of the said George Mackey; together with Copies of any Memorials or Petitions relating to the above case,"—(Mr. Newdegate,)
  —instead thereof.
  LORD HENRY SCOTT, regretting that the hon. Member for North Warwickshire (Mr. Newdegate) had brought the case forward, said, he wished to say a word in defence of the magistrate whose conduct had been impugned. There was no doubt that this Mackey, who had been imprisoned for circulating an indecent publication, could have obtained his freedom if he had chosen to bind himself over not to commit the offence again. It was well known that Mackey had been supported by a very wealthy and influential association, who not only undertook his defence, but would readily supply any money that he might need. He (Lord Henry Scott) would leave the general facts of the case to the Secretary of State for the Home Department; but his object in rising was to defend the magistrate who had tried the case, and who had done everything that was right and proper. Many of the statements made by the hon. Member for North Warwickshire were not strictly in accordance with the fact.
  MR. NEWDEGATErose amidst loud cries of "Order!"
  MR. SPEAKERsaid, that the noble Lord was in possession of the House; and, unless he desired to give way, the hon. Member was not in a position to address the House until the noble Lord had concluded.
  LORD HENRY SCOTTsaid, he should be sorry to say anything that the hon. Member could call in question as a matter of fact. All he wished to do was to justify the action of the committing magistrate, whose proceedings had been perfectly regular, and who was not only a just and honourable man, but an able man, and had done nothing whatever which was not strictly in accordance with his duty.
  MR. NEWDEGATEsaid, he had been contradicted on a matter of fact. He affirmed on the authority of the counsel in the case—[Cries of "Order, order!"]—
  MR. SPEAKERsaid, the hon. Member was at liberty to explain, but not to reply.
  MR. WHALLEYsaid, he believed that a more gross violation of duty had never been committed by any Judge or magistrate than by the magistrate in question, and there never had been a case which more demanded the sympathy and support of the House than this case of Mr. Mackey. It was well known that if anyone ought to be imprisoned for this work, he (Mr. Whalley) ought to be imprisoned. He, to a certain extent, was particeps criminis, and men of high social position in this country had co-operated in circulating The Confessional Unmasked. The decision given in the Court of Queen's Bench with reference to that work was one which sent a shudder through Westminster Hall.
  MR. BRUCEsaid, that he had often heard Secretaries of State challenged for remission of sentences, but this was the first time he remembered that a Home Secretary had been censured, as he had been, for refusing to interfere with the decision of a Judge. He had exercised his judgment to the best of his ability upon this question, and must decline to enter upon any defence of his own conduct further than to say that a more distorted statement of the principles on which he had acted it was impossible for any Member to have given utterance to in that House. The charge

  1191
  against the Chairman of the Quarter Sessions was substantially that he had acted in accordance with the law as laid down in the Court of Queen's Bench. He felt bound to say the Judge could not do anything else than what he had done, because everything that was foul and vile in The Confessional Unmasked was to be found in the pamphlet, for the sale of which this sentence was passed. It was impossible for any man, woman, or child to read that publication without having his or her mind contaminated, and it was no answer to say that it was a controversial book. The man Mackey had previously suffered imprisonment for an entirely different offence. He (Mr. Bruce) was perfectly satisfied that the trial was a fair one, and the sentence just, and that there was no ground for his interference. It was true he had, in the case referred to by the hon. Member for North Warwickshire, commuted a sentence for murder; but that was in a case in which the Judge disagreed with the jury; and he thought it was most unfair to contrast his conduct in this case in declining to reverse the sentence of a Judge, and his intervention in a case in which the Judge spontaneously communicated with him, and specially recommended the exercise of the Prerogative. There was nothing in the Correspondence to justify departure from the rule with reference to such documents, the publication of which would involve the reprinting of the objectionable book; and as to the other Papers the hon. Member (Mr. Newdegate) already possessed them.
  Question, "That the words proposed to be left out stand part of the Question," put, and agreed to.

SUPPLY—NAVY ESTIMATES.
SUPPLY—considered in Committee.
(In the Committee.)
MR. MUNTZsaid, he must protest against taking the Votes at a time when they could not be discussed, and hoped it would not be done another year. He objected to the voting away of millions of money at half-past 2 o'clock in the morning.
SIR JOHN HAYsaid, that the right hon. Member for Tyrone (Mr. Corry) had gone through the Votes carefully, and was of opinion that there were six on
1192
which discussion would be required when they were taken up to-morrow; but they followed those which the Government proposed to take now.

(1.) £18,021, Marine Divisions.

(2.) £67,600, Medicines, Medical Stores, &c.

(3.) £16,005, Martial Law and Law Charges.

(4.) £109,617, Miscellaneous Services.

(5.) £633,785, Military Pensions and Allowances.

(6.) £312,237, Civil Pensions.

(7.) £173,150, Freight, Victualling, and Conveyance of Troops.

Resolutions to be reported To-morrow;
Committee to sit again To-morrow.

EPPING FOREST BILL— [BILL 224.]
(Mr. Ayrton, Mr. William Henry Gladstone.)
EPPING FOREST BILL— [BILL 224.]

  THIRD READING.
  Order for Third Reading read.
  Motion made, "That the Bill be now read the third time" (Queen's Consent signified).
  Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read the third time."
  MR. ALDERMAN W. LAWRENCEsaid, he rose to move that the Bill be re-committed, with a view to insert a clause giving power to the Corporation of London to appear before the Disafforesting Commissioners, and take the best means to secure the forest as a recreation ground for the inhabitants of the Metropolis. He made the Motion principally in the interest of the inhabitants of the East-end. The Corporation of London had always taken the greatest interest in the preservation of Epping Forest, and inasmuch as any scheme they might submit would be bound to have the sanction of the House, no harm could be done by the insertion of the clause. He was quite surprised that the Government should oppose the Motion.
  Amendment proposed, to leave out from the words "Bill be" to the end of the Question, in order to add the word "re-committed,"—(Mr. Alderman Lawrence,)—instead thereof.
  MR. AYRTONopposed the Motion on the ground, first, that the Corporation were entitled to be present at the meetings of the Commission to assert their rights, but could not be permitted to go

  1193
  before them to propose a scheme. The law had vested that power in the Board of Works, and furnished it with the means necessary to give effect to any scheme proposed by the Commissioners and sanctioned by the House. After that scheme had been framed it would be the duty of the Government to introduce a Bill to carry it into effect. But a graver objection remained. The Corporation of London proposed to provide the funds for the preservation of Epping Forest as an open space by imposing an entirely new tax on the food of the people. [Mr. Alderman W. LAWRENCE: No, that is not so.] The deputation which went to him proposed to impose a tax on the food imported into the Metropolis, and which of necessity would fall heavier on the poor than the rich. Moreover, it was exceedingly questionable whether they had power to impose any such tax. It had been reported against by the Commission over which Sir George Lewis presided, and when it was resisted by a wealthy firm they abandoned it. Nothing could be more objectionable than to impose such a tax for such a purpose, and certainly it could not be allowed that they should introduce any such clause into this Bill. Neither the Metropolitan Board nor the House would consent that the funds for the proposed scheme should be found from such a source. With respect to their proposal to take part in the proceedings of the Commission, they might be present to assert their rights in the ordinary way, but not to appear in any other capacity. If the Metropolitan Board of Works failed in their duty, there would be ample time to take exception to their scheme when it came before Parliament. He denied in the strongest terms that either the First Minister of the Crown or the Government generally were averse to the preservation of Epping Forest as an open space for the recreation of the people of the Metropolis, and would point out that in 1866 he brought in a Bill for the preservation of the metropolitan commons, which contained ample provisions for the preservation of this among other open spaces, but it was the House of Lords who rejected those provisions which he considered the most valuable in the Bill. The whole management of the open spaces of the Metropolis was given by that measure to the Metropolitan Board of Works, and there
  1194
  could be no exception made with respect to Epping Forest. For these reasons he opposed the Motion.
  Question put, "That the words proposed to be left out stand part of the Question."
  The House divided:—Ayes 45; Noes 14: Majority 31.
  Main Question put, and agreed to.
  Bill read the third time, and passed.
  House adjourned at a quarter after Three o'clock in the morning.

MINUTES.
PUBLIC BILLS—First Reading—Beerhouses (Ireland)* (306); County Boundaries (Ireland)* (307); Elections (Parliamentary and Municipal) (308).
Second Reading—Prince Arthur's Annuity (300); House of Commons (Witnesses) (198); Reductions ex capite lecti Abolition (292); Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes* (102); Telegraph (Money)* (293); Summary Jurisdiction, &c. (Ireland)* (301).
Committee — Limited Owners Residence Act (1870) Amendment* (280); Sunday Observance Prosecutions* (290–305).
Committee — Report — Industrial and Provident Societies Amendment* (279); Local Government Board* (291); Public Libraries Act (1855) Amendment* (269).
Report—Friendly Societies Commission* (284–304); Lodgers Goods Protection* (302).

PRINCE ARTHUR'S ANNUITY BILL.
(The Earl Granville.)
PRINCE ARTHUR'S ANNUITY BILL.

  (NO. 300.) SECOND READING.
  Order of the Day for the Second Reading, read.
  EARL GRANVILLE, in moving that the Bill be now read the second time, said, he thought it unnecessary, after

  1065
  the Address unanimously adopted by their Lordships last week, to make any observations upon it.
  Moved, "That the Bill be now read 2a."—(The Earl Granville.)
  LORD ORANMORE AND BROWNEsaid, he had felt it his duty at the beginning of the present Session to address a few remarks to their Lordships with regard to the Message from Her Most Gracious Majesty touching the proposed allowance to Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise. He had then asked their Lordships to contradict or correct him if he had not conveyed himself with that respect and attachment to the person of Her Majesty, as well as to the high position she filled, or if he had not expressed what was the public opinion in regard to Her Majesty's retirement. None of their Lordships had then called in question what he had stated, and he thought himself perfectly entitled to infer from their silence that they gave their assent to his remarks. Having arrived at that point, their Lordships might think that he would show better discretion in not going further; but the question was now very difficult and serious, and was ventilated in every public paper, as well as in the other House of Parliament; and as public opinion was becoming stronger every day in regard to it, he thought that if their Lordships ignored the matter altogether the public would say that they had no sympathy with what people were saying, and that they thought more of convenience and etiquette than the real interests of the country. But the matter was worthy of very serious consideration, and he regretted that it was not brought before their Lordships by some one whose expression of opinion would give more weight to it. As the restrictions of party prevented others from doing so, he deemed it his duty, to the best of his power, to call their Lordships' attention to this all-important subject. There was one reason why the public would think their Lordships were less able than the younger generation to appreciate the public feeling in connection with this subject. Most of their Lordships, like himself, had attained a middle age, and would remember the time when Her Majesty came to the Throne, and by her presence amongst them, and by the exercise of her public virtues, how she attached
  1066
  all classes of the community to her person. This was not a mere matter of form, but a matter of deep feeling. Her Majesty was accustomed then to be seen constantly in public, and no one returned more gracefully or more graciously the salutations of the people who came to greet her. He knew—as all their Lordships must know—that everyone of a large crowd went home to their families and said they had seen the Queen, and that she had bowed to them; each took the compliment to himself, and henceforth there was a personal interest which connected them with their most gracious Sovereign. Unfortunately, circumstances occurred which obliged Her Majesty to retire from public for a certain time; but the public had long been most anxious that she should return amongst them and be known of them, for the rising generation had no personal knowledge of Her Majesty, and knew her only through the reports of the public papers. There was another matter which arose in connection with this subject, and they saw it daily touched on in the public papers. They saw Imperial and Royal personages in this country lodged in hotels about the town, and going about in hired carriages, while the public were asking whether we had become so parsimonious that the Royal visitors coming to this country could not be properly entertained? Now, the question here arose with whom did the blame lie? Did it lie with the Sovereign, or with the constitutional advisers of the Sovereign? There was no doubt in the world that the blame lay with Her Majesty's Government, with Her Majesty's Ministers, because Her Majesty had no responsibility except through her constitutional advisers. But, while acknowledging this constitutional doctrine, the public desired that the personal opinions, and the personal wisdom of the Sovereign, should have some bearing, as one of the great powers of the State, on public matters; and the result of Her Majesty's total retirement was that she was now so shut up in one political atmosphere that none other approached her, and she was totally unaware and uninformed of what was the public opinion on this and other important matters. If Her Majesty were mixing, as she had formerly done, in the world, she would meet statesmen and men of all parties, and know what the public

  1067
  opinion was, and not merely the opinion of one political party. Nor were these times when this question could slumber; it was a question which must be met; and when they considered what was the character of that great statesman who was at the head of Her Majesty's affairs, they must be more careful in doing their utmost to make Her Majesty acquainted with public opinion. The Prime Minister was a man of undoubted and, perhaps, unbounded ability; but he (Lord Oranmore and Browne) had heard that his (Mr. Gladstone's) best friends had often said of him—and he spoke of the Prime Minster specially and not of Her Majesty's Government, because he was held to deal with his Colleagues with not much more consideration than he dealt with this House—that his mind was so enlarged by the quantity of information he had acquired on every matter that he had the greatest possible difficulty in making up his mind as to what was right or wrong. At any rate one thing was certain; the Prime Minister had shown that he had not great respect for any of our institutions, for there was not one institution of the country which had not been shaken since Her Majesty's present Government came into power. Through an Act of the Session before last a shake was given to the Protestant institutions under which Her Majesty sat on the Throne. By an Act of the last Session a shake was given to the security of property; and the other day, by the manner in which the Prerogative was exercised, another shake was given to the privileges of this House and to the Crown itself, for the statement in the other night's debate that the Royal Warrant abolishing purchase, however unintentionally on the part of Her Majesty's Government, was brought about, by misrepresentation to the Sovereign, had not been denied. It was brought about by representing to the Sovereign that she acted under statute, whereas she acted solely on her Prerogative. There was a slur inflicted by the exercise of this Prerogative on the decision which had been arrived at by this House, so thus another shake had been given to another institution of the country. They knew that the Army was in a disordered state; they knew the Navy was in the same state; they knew the disorder which prevailed in the other House of Parliament,
  1068
  which was wanting the exercise of a mind that could govern men. When they considered that all our institutions had been more or less disturbed or shaken, it was most important that they should endeavour to secure that public opinion should reach the Throne. If Her Majesty's Ministers had conveyed public opinion to the Throne, there was not the least reason to doubt that Her Most Gracious Majesty, with that conscientiousness which she had always shown, would sacrifice her own pleasure for the public good, and that she would before that have acceded to the strong and earnest desire on the part of the people that she should be more among us, and that she should thereby secure the continuance of that cordial goodwill which had so long existed between her and the people of this country, and which was the solidest foundation of the Throne itself.
  EARL GRANVILLE: I venture to protost against the doctrine laid down by the noble Lord at the beginning of his remarks, that whenever he makes observations, however relevant or irrelevant they may be to the subject before the House, if other Peers do not immediately challenge the view which he takes your Lordships unanimously acquiesce in it. With regard to the relevancy of his speech on the second reading of a Bill introduced in pursuance of an Address unanimously and cordially agreed to by your Lordships on both sides of the House, the noble Lord apparently thought it his duty—being, as he told us, almost the only organ of public opinion that could reach Her Majesty—to read a lecture to the Sovereign, to discuss in terms which I might almost say were offensive and impertinent the personal character of Mr. Gladstone.
  LORD ORANMORE AND BROWNE: I rise to Order, and to ask whether that is a word which can be used consistently with the Rules of the House?
  EARL GRANVILLE: If there is any word more Parliamentary meaning the same thing, I will use it.
  THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY: I think the noble Earl, who so constantly appeals to the Standing Orders, should withdraw the word "impertinent."
  EARL GRANVILLE: I am quite ready to withdraw the term impertinent; but I certainly cannot substitute pertinent

  1069
  for it. The noble Lord chooses to discuss Mr. Gladstone's personal character, and to announce to these benches that he treats his own Colleagues with a want of consideration. He then, in the playful manner which has become so natural and easy to him, describes Mr. Gladstone as absolutely without the power of making up his mind, in consequence of the vast amount of information stored in his head. I can only say that, on nearly every point on which he has touched, the noble Lord has shown that it is not that vast amount of information which prevents his taking a line which is quite his own. With regard to the Sovereign, the noble Lord has himself acknowledged that it is a very delicate question to discuss the personal character of the Queen, and what Her Majesty ought or ought not to do. He talks of Her Majesty only getting information from one political party. Now, one of the characteristics of the Sovereign, to which I am sure all who have ever been called to her councils will testify, is that whatever party may be in in power, she ever holds the most open and confidential communications with them; and, more than this, without in any degree acting in a manner liable to misconstruction, she does see the Leaders of the party in opposition to the Government. I do not know anytime of her life when Her Majesty has given more attention than she does at present to the current business of the State, or when the interest she takes in all Parliamentary and administrative measures, the knowledge she takes care to possess on all important measures, whether home or foreign, and the supervision she exercises ever all appointments to be made and honours to be distributed, have been more strikingly shown. I quite admit—and we as much as anyone regret it—that she does not show herself as much among us as we should wish; but I think it is a great thing to say of any Monarch that that is the only reproach which her people have ever addressed to her. That, moreover, is a thing which depends very much on Her Majesty's own estimate, and that of her medical advisers, of her bodily strength and power, and of how far she can do it. To introduce the subject, however, I think your Lordships will agree with me, would have been unbecoming, particularly this year, when Her Majesty made an effort which
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  even in the happiest times, and under the guidance of her late Consort, was always an immense effort, and one made with great difficulty—I mean the opening of Parliament in person, and when Her Majesty has on other public occasions shown herself to her people. I can only say that I trust as time goes on Her Majesty will have increased opportunities of showing herself to the public; but I am quite sure that without previous inquiry, and with only the very superficial information which the noble Lord possesses, it is not for this House to lay down precise rules for the personal conduct of Her Majesty.
  THE DUKE OF RICHMOND: I have no intention of going into the merits or demerits of the Prime Minister, the condition of the Army and Navy, or the general topics to which the noble Lord (Lord Oranmore and Browne) has referred; but I am bound to corroborate most distinctly the noble Earl's (Earl Granville's) statement by testifying to the great cordiality with which we on this side of the House are always received by Her Majesty. I was not a very long time in office, but I can say this—and I think I am speaking the opinion of all with whom I had the honour of acting—that on all occasions, from the time we took office to the time we left it, Her Majesty treated us invariably in the most frank and open manner possible.
  Motion agreed to; Bill read 2a accordingly, and committed to a Committee of the Whole House on Thursday next.

HOUSE OF COMMONS (WITNESSES) BILL.
(No. 198.) (The Lord Chancellor.)
HOUSE OF COMMONS (WITNESSES) BILL.

  ADJOURNED DEBATE RESUMED.
  Order of the Day for resuming the adjourned debate [August 3] on the Motion for the Second Reading, read; debate resumed accordingly.
  THE LORD CHANCELLORsaid, that the withdrawal of the threatened opposition to the measure, made it unnecessary for him to explain it at great length. This House had always possessed the power of administering an oath to persons examined, whether by the Whole House or by Committees, though in the latter case it was long necessary to administer it at the Bar of the House. The House of Commons,

  1071
  feeling the want of this power very inconvenient, claimed it on more than one occasion; but after much controversy it was abandoned, if it had ever existed, and was not exercised for a considerable time, till, on Controverted Elections being referred by the Grenville Act to Committees of the House, power was given to them to administer an oath. Now on local Bills, discrepancies were found to arise between the evidence of witnesses given before the House of Commons' Committees without an oath, and that given before Committees of this House on oath. A Bill was accordingly passed not long since, enabling House of Commons' Committees to administer an oath in such cases, as also to enable witnesses before the Lords' Committees to swear witnesses themselves, instead of at the Bar of the House. In 1869 an Act of Pains and Penalties, introduced into the other House, raised the question whether it was right to take unsworn evidence in support of it. It was consequently referred to a Committee, including Mr. Disraeli, Mr. Henley, Mr. Walpole, Mr. Hardy, Mr. Bouverie, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General for Ireland, Colonel Wilson-Patten, Mr. Kinglake, and others. Persons better acquainted with constitutional usages could hardly have been selected. Sir Erskine May, Colonel Wilson-Patten, the Speaker, and Viscount Eversley were examined, and the Committee unanimously recommended the introduction of a Bill of this kind, pointing out in their Report that, in cases of personal liberty or privilege, and of charges against Corporations, Judges, and Members of Parliament it was not expedient that the House of Commons should receive evidence not on oath. The opposition to the Bill in this House was founded on an apprehension that the jurisdiction of the other House might thereby be extended to other subjects, and to meet any such misgivings he proposed to add in Committee a clause in these words—
  "Nothing in this Act contained shall be held to confer any additional power or privilege on the Commons House of Parliament with reference to impeachment or other criminal jurisdiction or otherwise howsoever than is herein expressly enacted."
  THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURYjustified his original opposition to the Bill on the ground that had it been urgent it would not have been delayed two years
  1072
  or laid six weeks on the Table without any intimation that the Government intended to adopt it, and that the usual course of communicating to their Lordships the evidence on which it was founded not having been taken, he had not been aware of the existence of any grievance. He should have been satisfied with moving an Amendment in Committee, but for the fact that Amendments in this House, not made at the instance of the Government, were generally rejected by the other House, and not insisted upon by the few Peers who attended at the close of the Session. The House of Commons had for many years carefully kept within the limits of constitutional usage; but he had feared that the wide phraseology of the Bill might, under different circumstances and in different times, be made the basis of a new power or Prerogative, and a claim to criminal jurisdiction. There could be no objection to removing any impediment in the way of the numerous and onerous duties of that House; but he complained of the Bill having been pressed at this period of the Session, and without information. The clause proposed by the Government would not be of much value as an operative one, nor, indeed, would any enactment if ever the House of Commons were inclined to exceed its jurisdiction; but it would be a protest against any misuser of this new privilege, and he should therefore not persevere in his opposition to the measure.
  EARL GRANVILLEremarked that the noble Marquess's Motion for the rejection of a Bill founded on the unanimous recommendation of leading men of both sides of the House of Commons, and designed to give that House a power already possessed by their Lordships, was a somewhat unlucky sequence to the eloquent, and, doubtless, sincere eulogium passed, on that House by the noble and learned Lord (Lord Cairns) who, perhaps, with a view of remedying some observations of a different character recently made in this House, took great care to explain that their Lordships' opposition was directed against the Government and not against the Commons. Whether or not an oath was the best way of eliciting the truth, it was obviously unjust for their Lordships to continue to exercise the privilege and to deny it to the Commons,

  1073
  who had 20 times as many Committees, on the Reports of which legislation constantly proceeded. Such a course would have shown extraordinary jealousy, and he was therefore glad that the Bill was to pass with an Amendment which appeared to him to be worth very little one way or the other, but meant, if anything, that the noble Marquess could not let it pass without some superficial show of jealousy lest the power should be misused. The delay, of which the noble Marquess complained, arose from one of the most occupied men in the House of Commons forgetting to send a message to the most occupied man in this House, the noble Earl expressed surprise at the noble Marquess considering their Lordships unable to carry any Amendment they thought necessary in Committee. On a recent occasion, 162 Members of the Conservative majority presented themselves, a considerable portion of whom had not voted in the House twice, while a still larger proportion had not done a stitch of Parliamentary work. Considering what power their Lordships had to defeat the Government or obstruct legislation, it was strange that the noble Marquess should think them so impotent.
  THE DUKE OF RICHMONDsaid, that the noble Earl had remarked that a large majority of the Peers who voted against the Government the other night never came to the House. He hoped the noble Earl would allow him to say that the majority was composed to a considerable extent of noble Lords who sat on the Liberal side, and who usually supported the Government, and that its largeness was owing not so much to the number of the Conservative Peers as to the number of Liberal Peers who declined to vote.
  LORD REDESDALEsaid, this was not a small matter, and if the proposition had been made 20 years ago it would have been rejected. The Constitution had gone on hitherto without the Commons possessing the powers proposed to be granted, and they did not seem to have suffered much. Under these circumstances, he thought it could not have been expected that the Bill should pass without comment.
  THE LORD CHANCELLORobserved that there had been mutual concessions in regard to this power. He had abstained from saying anything about the
  1074
  value of oaths in obtaining testimony, for that was a subject on which there might be differences of opinion; but he thought the House of Commons would do well to exercise this power rarely in the examination of witnesses before Committees on Local Bills, and that this House should also pursue a like policy.
  LORD CHELMSFORDsaid, it should be remembered in justification of the course taken by the noble Marquess (the Marquess of Salisbury) that at the time he gave Notice of his Motion their Lordships had received no evidence of the necessity of this power being given at this particular time to the House of Commons. That House had endeavoured to obtain such a power in an indirect way for a considerable time. They used to get the oath administered by any Member of the House who was a Justice of the Peace, but that was an irregular proceeding. Then they tried to get the oath administered by one of the Judges; and next they wished to have their witnesses sworn before their Lordships' House. That proposal was not consented to, and from 1757 down to the present time there had been no attempt made to obtain the power of examining witnesses on oath. He was very much disposed, until he saw the Report of the Committee on the evidence on which it was founded, to follow the noble Marquess in the course he proceeded to adopt; but he was now perfectly satisfied, that this was a proper power for the House of Commons to possess, and he was glad to consent to the second reading.
  LORD LYVEDENregarded the noble Marquess's (the Marquess of Salisbury's) notice to throw out the Bill as an interference with the House of Commons in the management of its own concerns, and was glad the question had been amicably settled. As to what had passed between the Leaders of both sides of the House, he presumed it was a preliminary skirmish to the engagement of Thursday next, when it would be seen whether the Conservative Peers again mustered.
  THE EARL OF LONGFORDsaid, he thought noble Lords on the back benches, as well as those on the front benches, should protest against the observations of the noble Earl (Earl Granville), who seemed to think their Lordships ought not to vote against him. He knew it

  1075
  was assumed in some quarters that all public virtue and political sagacity rested with the Government side of the House; he could not hold out hopes that those who differed would withdraw their opposition; in fact, he rather thought that the noble Earl would have an early opportunity of seeing that the Conservative Peers were prepared to support their opinions.
  Motion agreed, to; Bill read 2a accordingly, and committed to a Committee of the Whole House on Thursday next.

REDUCTIONS EX CAPITE LECTI ABOLITION BILL—(No. 292.)
(The Lord Chancellor.)
REDUCTIONS EX CAPITE LECTI ABOLITION BILL—(No. 292.)

  SECOND READING.
  Order of the Day for the Second Reading, read.
  THE LORD CHANCELLOR, in moving that the Bill be now read the second time, stated that its object was to alter the law of Scotland, under which a person who being ill executed an instrument affecting any heritable property, could only hope to have it carried into effect in the event of his surviving its execution by 60 days. This law had doubtless been intended to prevent undue influence being brought to bear upon persons weakened by illness in regard to the disposition of their property; but he apprehended that those other provisions of the law existing in Scotland as well as in England, by which, on proof of undue influence of that kind, deeds might be set aside, was much more satisfactory than this crude arrangement. This Bill, which would place the law on a surer basis by leaving it to others to prove the exercise of improper influence, had, as he was informed, the sanction of the present Lord Advocate and the Lord Advocate of the last Government.
  LORD COLONSAYpointed out that this law, which had long existed in Scotland, was intended not only to protect the heir-at-law against the influence which might be exercised upon his dying ancestor to induce him to make unfair dispositions of his property in favour of religious communities, charitable institutions, or other relatives, but also to protect the dying man from being disquieted by the importunities of selfish or designing parties. He quoted the opinions of Lord Hardwicke and Lord Eldon in favour of the law, and stated
  1076
  that, while he thought there were particulars in which the law should undergo alteration, he desired to see the principle of it retained, and hoped that the Bill would be so amended as to afford some protection to absent heirs and dying persons. In Scotland there was no other law of mortmain.
  THE EARL OF HARROWBYsaid, he thought this a very serious question. The feeling in Scotland was very strong on the subject. The present law protected death-beds from importunities which might otherwise be used, greatly to the injury of relatives, for augmenting the resources of an unendowed church.
  VISCOUNT MELVILLEconsidered the law a most beneficial one, and the country was well satisfied with it.
  THE LORD CHANCELLORobserved that under the present law a person apparently in articulo mortis, and really desirous of providing for younger children, had no means of doing so unless he recovered from the disease with which he had been stricken, for if he died of that disease within 60 days his testamentary disposition was utterly void; but, as if to show the anomaly of the law, if he recovered from that disease and died of any other disease or by accident the will was good. What uncertainty and litigation must not such a state of the law produce; and was it reasonable or desirable that it should be maintained? He should be happy to consider any clause which the noble and learned Lord (Lord Colonsay) might propose.
  LORD ROMILLYsuggested that in Committee his noble and learned Friend (Lord Colonsay) should introduce a clause similar to that adjusted in the law relating to successions in India, when the noble Viscount (Viscount Halifax) was Secretary of State, to this effect—that if any person who had relatives, as near as a nephew or niece, made a will in favour of any charity or public institution, and did not enrol it 12 months before his death, the will should be void. He was informed that provision had been attended with considerable success in India, and was very much approved.
  On Question? "That the Bill be now read 2a" agreed to; Bill read 2a accordingly, and committed to a Committee of the Whole House on Friday next.

THE IRISH CHURCH ACT.—QUESTION.
THE EARL OF LIMERICKasked, Whether Her Majesty's Government have considered the propriety of any alterations in the terms for the sale of tithe rent-charges laid down in the Irish Church Act, and whether commutations of tithe rent-charges under the provisions of the Irish Church Act will all be calculated from one day, provided that there has been no unnecessary delay on the part of the persons commuting, and, if so, from what day?
LORD DUFFERIN, in reply to the first Question of the noble Earl, said, that the subject referred to was under the consideration of the Government; but he thought that they would not be able to deal with it in the present Session. Two Bills relating to the subject had been introduced into the other House that Session; but he was instructed to say that neither of them proposed to solve the difficulty in a satisfactory manner. In regard to the second Question of the noble Earl he had to say that arrangements for the payment of the borrowed money by instalments would take effect on the 1st May preceding the day on which the application should have been made at the office of the Tithe Rent-charge Commissioners.

NAVY—LOSS OF THE "MEGÆRA."

  QUESTION.
  VISCOUNT MELVILLErose to put a Question to Her Majesty's Government on the subject of the loss of Her Majesty's troop-ship Megæra. The noble Viscount said, it might be recollected that at an early part of the Session a discussion arose in the House of Commons as to the capacity of the Megæra to undertake a sea voyage, it being then alleged that she leaked from stem to stern, and was altogether unfit to make the voyage for which she was destined. That statement was contradicted, and the Megæra proceeded to Plymouth, making such a dreadful passage that her decks were completely covered with water. From Plymouth the Megæra went to Queenstown, and the officer commanding the ship reported the state of the vessel to the Admiral there, representing that the water was passing over the main-deck, that the ports leaked, and that the discomfort on board was very great. The
  1078
  Admiral, under these circumstances, inspected the vessel, and ordered 100 tons of her stores to be discharged from her, with a view to lightening her. It appeared that in 1866 Mr. Reed inspected the Megæra, and it was reported from Woolwich that she might be seaworthy for eighteen months or two years, and for only short service, and not for a distant voyage. At the time when the complaints to which he had referred were made, Mr. Baxter—who, it had been stated, was responsible, and not the First Naval Lord, for the administration of the Navy in the absence of the First Lord of the Admiralty—declared that the statement of the unseaworthiness of the Megæra was totally untrue. However, the result was now known, and it appeared that the vessel was excessively worn out, and had on board somewhere about 300 seamen and officers beyond her regular crew at the time of the disaster. The number of men was altogether beyond what she was calculated to carry, and it now appeared that a report was made to the effect that her boilers were only fit for service for one year. Notwithstanding that report, she was sent out on a long voyage, in the course of which she somehow or other sprang a leak, and the crew and passengers were cast upon a volcanic island, with what means of subsistence he did not know. He had seen a letter in the newspaper stating that there was plenty of fish there and hot water to cook them in, and he hoped to hear that that statement was accurate. He should like to know who signed the order, and who was responsible for this vessel being sent to sea. On the occasion of a Court Martial being held on account of the loss of the vessel, their Lordships were aware that it was not the persons who sent the vessel to sea who were tried, but it was the unfortunate officer commanding the ship who was made to suffer all the obloquy, annoyance, and expense, attached to a trial by Court Martial. He should be glad to know what was the condition of the unfortunate crew and passengers, and what steps had been taken to relieve them?
  THE EARL OF CAMPERDOWNadmitted the extreme gravity of the matter brought under their Lordships' notice, and if he did not discuss it at great length it was because their Lordships had an opportunity of seeing all the

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  documents connected with it in the newspapers of that morning. But the Admiralty were not in a position to form a proper opinion as to the causes of the disaster which befell the vessel. On the 13th of January the Admiralty telegraphed to Sheerness to ascertain whether, if the Megæra were wanted for nine months' service, she was in a fit state to undertake it, and what time would be required before she could receive her crew and a large body of supernumeraries. She had on board 342 men, and more than once she had carried about 400 men, and one occasion 424, and therefore could not be said to be excessively overloaded. On the 17th of January the Megæra was reported to be a good seaboat, and, although more than 20 years old, sound and strong, her boilers, however, being described as only fit for one year's service. On the 23rd of January the Commander-in-Chief at Sheerness was asked whether she could take 300 men, and he replied that she could, and 350 tons of stores. The Commander-in-Chief at Queenstown telegraphed stating that the Megæra had put into that port in consequence of leaking from her main-deck ports. He was afterwards directed to use his discretion in lightening the vessel, and, having taken out 127 tons from the 350 on board, and landed four of the officers who were proceeding in her, he reported that she was fit to undertake the service on which she had been ordered. Admiral Codrington was also requested to report upon certain statements which had appeared in the newspapers, and said he had heard nothing about the alleged leaking or unseaworthiness of the vessel. When the cargo had been removed, the Commander-in-Chief at Queenstown telegraphed—"Shall she proceed?" and the Admiralty replied—"Certainly, if you approve." It was not correct to suppose that the draught of water of the Megæra on this occasion—16·6 forward and 17·1 aft—was greater than it had been on many previous occasions; and as to the two defects which had been then brought to the notice of the Admiralty—leakage at the main-deck ports and the presence of too much cargo—both were dealt with, and it was with the approval of the officer commanding at Queenstown that the Megæra finally went to sea. Of course, such a matter as the sufficiency of the iron plates of
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  the vessel could not be examined by the Commander-in-Chief there, who would naturally look to the Construction department of the Admiralty at the port from which the ship sailed. 127 tons were taken out of the ship at Queenstown, three more at Ascension, and 55 at the Cape. The vessel could not, therefore, have been too deep in the water when she left the Cape. As to the general character of the ship before her employment upon this service, the Admiralty had reports since 1865 from three captains and two staff commanders, who all agreed that she seemed to be strong and well-built, and that she was a good seaboat in heavy weather. The last of these reports was given in 1870. Admiral Forbes and the captain superintendent at Sheerness both said they had not the slightest doubt as to her seaworthiness, and should have no objection to take a voyage in her themselves. Of her seaworthiness no doubt appeared to have ever been entertained. The noble Viscount had asked what amount of provisions the Megæra was likely to have on board when she left the Cape. The vessel was well provisioned when she left Queenstown; she would replenish at the Cape, and would probably then have as much as when she left Queenstown. She had also on leaving Queenstown her full complement of coals, and would take in more at Ascension and the Cape, so that she would probably have her full complement on leaving the Cape. The noble Viscount had asked who signed the order sending her to sea. He could not undertake to say with precision, and thought he had better defer an answer to this Question. The Admiralty calculated that assistance would reach the crew on the 24th of this month, at which time it was expected the Rinaldo would reach the island from Singapore with provisions; but in any case the Peninsular and Oriental steamer Malacca would arrive at St. Paul's from Hong Kong on the 29th, so that help would certainly arrive at about the end of the month. Fortunately, in addition to her own sails, there were on board other sails for vessels on the Australian station, so that the belief at the Admiralty was that the officers and seamen would find no want of canvas under which to encamp. The important point in connection with the unseaworthiness of the vessel was the thinness of the plates, and Mr. Reed

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  had written a letter in which he stated that in 1866 he inspected the Megæra, and reported her fit for 18 months' service, after certain repairs were executed, arguing that the Admiralty ought, therefore, to have understood that, at the end of the period thus mentioned, the Megæra was not fit to be retained any longer in the service. Now, it frequently happened that estimates were made for the repairs of vessels, and it was said that they would be serviceable for a certain time; but when that time had expired the ship was not condemned, she was put into dock and again reported on; and it was not till then that the question was discussed whether she was or was not worn out. On this particular occasion the officers at Woolwich sent in a supplementary estimate amounting to £250, reporting the bottom to be in good condition, and the plates there three-eighths of an inch thick, but adding that the plates between wind and water all round the vessel were very thin, and that although the officers considered she would, with the repairs recommended, be fit for temporary service, she would require to be doubled in the parts above named. That was the report to the Constructor's department from Woolwich, and upon it the Chief Constructor reported that he had made a careful examination of the ship, and was of opinion that this supplementary estimate should be allowed, as the ship might remain fit for service for eighteen months or two years longer when repaired. Mr. Reed did not say that at the end of that period she would be unfit for further service, and at the end of that term, in the natural course of things, the vessel would be reported on again. What happened? Did Mr. Reed, at the end of 1868, call the attention of the Admiralty to the fact that she was not fit for service any longer, and ought to be condemned? Not at all. In 1868 the Megæra went from Devonport to Rio, from Rio to Ascension; again from Plymouth to Rio, and from Rio to Ascension. In 1869 she went from England to Rio, from Rio to the Falkland Islands and Ascension, and also went to Sierra Leone. In 1870 an estimate was sent from Sheerness for her repair, and £954 was asked for, the officers at Sheerness reporting that the vessel required to be docked, and that her bottom was said to be very thin in many places. They were asked to revise
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  their estimate, which was thought a large one. They did so, and then reported that the bottom was in a better condition than was expected, so that they would be able to reduce the estimate to £787, and that reduced estimate was approved by Mr. Reed. In 1870 the Megæra came into collision with another vessel. Again Mr. Reed directed repairs, and from Sheerness the report came that there were no defects in her machinery, and that she was ready for another year's service; and, in fact, in the course of 1870 she made several voyages to and from Malta. It was much to be regretted that the attention of the Admiralty was not specifically called to the report of the Sheerness officers upon which Mr. Reed said that, if certain repairs were executed, the Megæra would be fit for 18 months' service. It was also to be regretted that this report was never mentioned between 1866 and 1870, during all which years the attention of the Admiralty was called on no one occasion to the fact that her plates were thin. No doubt a Court Martial would be held upon Captain Thrupp; but it had been already stated in "another place" that a most strict inquiry would be made into this most unusual and extraordinary calamity. Of course, at present nothing could be known with certainty as to the cause; but assuming that a hole had come in the centre of one of the plates of the vessel, that was a most unprecedented circumstance, and would form the subject of a most careful and considerate investigation. Until, however, they know with certainty what had caused the leak and the loss of the vessel, it would not be right to indulge in conjectures. He had now stated the facts of the case exactly as they were in the possession of the Admiralty, and in due time he would be prepared to defend the course which they had pursued. In conclusion, he had simply to ask their Lordships to suspend their judgment, for they were as yet unacquainted with the actual circumstances which had led to the loss of the ship. It must be borne in mind that the report of 1866 related to the plates which were near the water-line, and he thought it might be assumed that the defect had occurred somewhere near the bottom of the vessel. If it had occurred near the water-line it would in all probability have been remedied in some such way as to enable

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  her to proceed on her voyage, unless, indeed, it happened to be of a very serious character.
  THE DUKE OF RICHMONDthanked the noble Earl for the candid and straightforward manner in which he had answered the Questions which had been put to him by his noble Friend (Viscount Melville.) He did not, he might add, propose on the present occasion to enter into a discussion on the supposed or probable cause of the very lamentable accident which had befallen the Megæra. He must, however, observe that he thought the conduct of the Admiralty—he would not say what part of it—was most unsatisfactory as regarded that ship. He had not read anything which had been published in the newspapers on the subject, so that he could comment with the utmost impartiality on the statement which their Lordships had just heard. According to the noble Earl's own showing, the Megæra had been examined in 1866, and was then reported to be capable of eighteen months' or two years' service with repairs. That would bring her down to the middle of 1868, and she afterwards performed voyages in various parts of the globe, and the noble Earl had read several reports to show that up to 1870 she was considered to be seaworthy. In 1870, however, so far as he could see, was to be found the origin of the whole mischief. In that year a report was sent to the Admiralty describing certain defects in her, it being stated, among other things, that she was thin in various places.
  THE EARL OF CAMPERDOWN: It was said that her bottom was stated to be very thin in various places; but that when she was put into dock it was found to be better than had been expected.
  THE DUKE OF RICHMONDobserved that the impression which had been conveyed to him by the statement of the noble Earl was that a report had been sent into the Admiralty to the effect that the vessel was believed to be thin in various places. That being so, an estimate was made for her repair, but that estimate was pronounced to be excessive.
  THE EARL OF CAMPERDOWN: It was simply ordered to be re-considered.
  THE DUKE OF RICHMOND: But with a view, he apprehended to its being reduced, not increased. The estimate was reduced and the repairs were effected,
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  and then she was looked upon as being capable of doing only one year's service. Now, that he regarded as an unfortunate circumstance, and as one which might perhaps have led to the disaster which their Lordships and the country now so much deplored.
  VISCOUNT HALIFAXpointed out that the estimate was reduced in 1870 because it was found that the whole of the repairs for which it had been made were not necessary. When the vessel was taken into dock it was discovered that her bottom was in a much better condition than had been expected, and she was, after the repairs had been executed, reported to be fit for special service and quite seaworthy. It was, of course, impossible at the present to say what the precise cause of the accident was, and he hoped their Lordships would therefore suspend their judgment.
  THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURYsaid, it was quite clear the Megæra was a suspected vessel in 1870, and that when it was reported that her bottom was thin, and an estimate was sent in for the purpose of repairing it, the officers of the department were instructed to re-consider that estimate. He must also remark that throughout the course of the discussions on the subject the duty of the Government, or the responsible officers of the Crown, appeared to be thrown on the irresponsible or permanent officers. The Government tried to defend themselves by referring to the reports of competent men, on whose advice they contended they were bound to rely. The weakness of that defence would, however, be at once perceived when it was remembered how matters really stood. The permanent officers were made distinctly to understand that they must reconsider their original estimate; it was re-considered, and a year after a hole was found in the bottom of the ship. Of course the work might be done at a cheaper rate and yet done well; but it was not at all improbable that the reports of the officers were biassed by the knowledge that they would best please their superiors by reducing the estimate. The case, indeed, afforded another instance of that false economy which, at an early period of their existence, the Government deemed it necessary to pursue. He could not help thinking that the course of retrenchment on which they had entered in consequence of the

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  pledges which had been given when they were last before the country had had a very injurious effect on the two services, the Megæra being one of the subjects on which they operated. It was but too probable that the political necessities of noble Lords opposite in 1868, and the unfortunate policy which resulted from them, were the causes which led to the present disaster.
  THE EARL OF CAMPERDOWNsaid, the original estimate for repairing of the Megæra was £954, and the revised estimate £787, and the noble Marquess assumed that the small difference between these two sums led to the loss of the Megæra.

ELECTIONS (PARLIAMENARY AND MUNICIPAL) BILL.
(The Lord President.)
ELECTIONS (PARLIAMENARY AND MUNICIPAL) BILL.

  FIRST READING. NOTICE.
  Bill brought from the Commons; read 1a.
  THE EARL OF SHAFTESBURY: I beg to give Notice that on the Motion for the second reading of this Bill I shall move that it be read a second time that day six months. I shall do so, not on the merits of the question, but because the Bill comes up to us at a time of the year when it is impossible we can give it fair consideration.
  Bill to be read 2a on Thursday next. (No. 308.)
  House adjourned at Eight o'clock, 'till Thursday next, a quarter before Five o'clock.