Sitting of 19 July 1864

MINUTES.
SELECT COMMITTEE—Report—Patent Office Library and Museum* (No. 504).
SUPPLY—Resolutions [July 18] reported*—Army and Navy Expenditure (1862–3); Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) [Advances].
WAYS AND MEANS—Resolutions [July l8] reported.
PUBLIC BILLS—Ordered—Consolidated Fund (Appropriation)*; Bribery at Elections*; Poor Relief (Metropolis); Stamp Duties Act (1864) Amendment*.
First Reading—Consolidated Fund (Appropriation)*; Stamp Duties Act (1864) Amendment * [Bill 225]; Poor Relief (Metropolis)* [Bill 224]; Bribery at Elections* [Bill 227].
Second Reading—Bank Post Bills (Ireland)* [Bill 211]; Cathedral Minor Corporations* [Bill 220]; Poor Removal* [Bill 222].
Committee—Improvement of Land Act (1864)* [Bill 187]; Contagious Diseases* [Bill 212] re-committed; Indian Medical Service [Bill 213]—R. P.; Criminal Justice Act (1865) Extension* [Bill 201] re-committed; Public Works (Manufacturing Districts)* [Bill 204]; West Indian Incumbered Estates Act Amendment* [Bill 215]; Exchequer Bonds (£1,600,000)* [Bill 217]; Clerks of the Peace Removal* [Bill 209]; Armagh Archiepiscopal Revenues* [Bill 202].
Report—Improvement of Land Act (1864)* [Bill 187]; Contagious Diseases* [Bill 212]; Pilotage Order Confirmation (No. 2)* [Bill 184]; Criminal Justice Act (1865) Extension* [Bill 201]; Public Works (Manufacturing Districts)* [Bill 204]; West Indian Incumbered Estates Act Amendment* [Bill 215]; Exchequer Bonds (£1,600,000)* [Bill 217]; Clerks of the Peace Removal* [Bill 209]; Armagh Archiepiscopal Revenues* [Bill 202].
Considered as amended—New Zealand (Guarantee of Loan)* [Bill 150]; Westminster Bridge Traffic * [Bill 205].
Third Reading—Drainage and Improvement of Lands (Ireland) Supplemental * [Bill 207].
Withdrawn—Forfeiture of Lands and Goods* [Bill 21]; Church of England Estates* [Bill 127]; Costs Security* [Bill 58]; Joint Stock Companies (Voting Papers)* [Bill 198]; Justices of the Peace Procedure* [Bill 138].
The House met at Twelve of the clock.

SUPPLY—REPORT
Resolutions [July 18] reported.
SIR HENRY WILLOUGHBYsaid, he wished to know, whether the Vote for £2,000 for the Ashantee war was merely an estimate, or represented money already expended? He also wished to know in what position the Government stood with regard to the general expenses of the Ashantee war, and more particularly the power lodged in the hands of Governor Pine, of meeting his necessities by a recourse to the Treasury chest. He thought that some more stringent Resolutions ought to be passed to prevent Colonial Governors from resorting to the Treasury chest without the previous sanction of the Government at home.
MR. PEELsaid, that in the absence of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and also of the Under Secretary, it was difficult to give the hon. Baronet the information for which he asked. His (Mr. Peel's) recollection of the particular item was, that it was an expenditure which had already been incurred. Money was advanced out of the Treasury chest during the last year which had been repaid from the Vote. That had necessarily caused an excess on the Vote, which had now to be made good. The Governors of colonies were not permitted, except in extreme cases, to pay advances out of the Treasury chest. In emergencies, however, they had authority under the standing regulations to obtain that money.
SIR JOHN TRELAWNYsaid, he believed the result of such a regulation would be that Colonial Governors could avail themselves of the aid which they could obtain from the Treasury chest whenever they pleased without this country knowing anything of it for two years.
Resolutions agreed to.

INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE BILL

  [BILL 213.] COMMITTEE
  Bill considered in Committee.
  (In the Committee.)
  Clause 1 agreed to.
  Clause 2 (The Secretary of State for India in Council empowered to make Regulations for the Medical Service of Her Majesty's Forces in India, and to empower the Authorities in India to make similar Regulations).
  MR. HENNESSYsaid, he thought that

  1703
  a certain number of appointments should be given as the result of competitive examinations. He did not wish to oppose the Bill in a factious spirit, but he should feel himself compelled to oppose it unless the right hon. Baronet would consent to give some assurance that the competitive system would not be entirely abandoned.
  SIR CHARLES WOODsaid, he had no wish to abolish the competitive examinations, but he desired to extend to the medical service in India the same advantages as those enjoyed by the Queen's service, and the proposal of the Bill was that any assistant-surgeon in the Queen's army—all of whom had obtained their appointments by competition—might, if he so pleased, volunteer into the Indian army.
  COLONEL NORTHsaid, that the deficiency of medical officers in the army was so great that acting assistant-surgeons had lately been introduced—a class of medical officers never before heard of.
  MR. LONGFIELDsaid, he thought that the competitive system could only have failed from the standard of examination being too high, or the pay too low, and the Bill did not do anything to effect improvements in either of these directions.
  SIR CHARLES WOODsaid, that the position of the officers had been bettered both as to rank and pay.
  COLONEL SYKEScomplained that many of the Natives of India who were in every respect well qualified for the posts were prevented from entering the service from the prejudice which existed against the colour of their skins.
  MR. HENNESSYsaid, he regarded the Bill as substituting the old system of patronage for the competitive examination, which had been found to work so admirably, and he should therefore move that the House report Progress.
  COLONEL DICKSONsaid, he did not see how the difficulty in filling up the vacancies in the Queen's army would be remedied by allowing officers to volunteer into the Indian service.
  SIR CHARLES WOODsaid, he would consent to insert a proviso in the Bill enacting that all the regulations referring to the appointment of medical officers should be submitted to Parliament.
  MR. COLLINSsaid, he thought that no action should be taken upon the regulations until they had been before the House one month.
  SIR CHARLES WOODsaid, he could not agree to the proposition of the hon.
  1704
  Member. The regulations should be submitted to the House after they had come into operation.
  Motion made, and Question put, "That the Chairman do report Progress, and ask leave to sit again."—(Mr. Hennessy.)
  The Committee divided:—Ayes 6; Noes 43: Majority 37.
  SIR CHARLES WOODsaid, he proposed to submit the regulations to Parliament within fourteen days after they were made, provided Parliament were sitting, and if not, within fourteen days after the next meeting of Parliament.
  Amendment proposed,
  At the end of the Clause, to add the words "Provided always, That all such regulations shall be laid before Parliament within fourteen days after the meeting thereof, if Parliament be sitting, and if Parliament be not sitting, then within fourteen days after the next meeting thereof."—(Sir Charles Wood.)
  Question proposed, "That those words be there added."
  MR. HENNESSY MR. HENNESSY moved as an Amendment the insertion of words suspending the operation of the regulations until they had been a fortnight before the House.
  Amendment proposed to the said proposed Amendment, to leave out the word "all," and insert the word "no,"—(Mr. Hennessy,)—instead thereof.
  Question put, "That the word 'all' stand part of the said proposed Amendment."
  The Committee divided:—Ayes 24; Noes 7: Majority 17.
  And it appearing that 40 Members were not present, the Chairman left the Chair.
  Mr. SPEAKER resumed the Chair.
  House counted, and 40 Members being present,
  Bill further considered in Committee.
  (In the Committee.)
  Question again put, "That the word 'all' stand part of the said proposed Amendment."
  The Committee divided:—Ayes 34; Noes 11: Majority 23.
  MR. HENNESSYcomplained that the majority of those who had heard the discussion had voted with him, but that his Amendment had been lost in consequence of a number of hon. Members having come down from the Committee rooms. The

  1705
  Bill was passed at one o'clock that morning, and was now hurried through Committee. It proposed entirely to abolish competitive examination, and, knowing how many of his young countrymen obtained the appointments under the present system, he believed he was only doing his duty in resisting it to the utmost.
  SIR CHARLES WOODsaid, he would stand by his Motion.
  Question put, "That those words be there added."
  The Committee divided:—Ayes 30; Noes 6: Majority 24.
  Question proposed, "That the Clause, as amended, stand part of the Bill."
  House resumed.
  Committee report Progress; to sit again this day.

COMPLAINTS OF THE CUSTOMS OFFICERS.—QUESTION
MR. C. TURNERsaid, he wished to ask the Secretary to the Treasury, Whether it is the intention of the Government to take into consideration the various Petitions presented to this House by the Customs Employés, with a view to the removal of the grievances complained of by assimilating the pay and classification of the Customs to the pay and classification of the Inland Revenue and other similar Departments of the Public Service?
MR. PEELreplied that there was no standard of pay and classification in the Public Service which could be applied to all offices indiscriminately without reference to the nature and the responsibility of the duties to be performed. The practice was to grant to each office a number of clerks and rates of pay, which were considered adequate to obtain an efficient body of servants. He thought it far better that such office should have the salaries of the clerks it required fixed with reference to its own particular requirements rather than with reference to the practice adopted in any other public Department. During the last year the officers of the Customs had memorialised the Treasury for an improvement in their condition; and while in some cases the Lords of the Treasury had not seen their way to comply with the application, in other cases they had not only added to the emoluments of the officers but accelerated their promotion, and he hoped very considerably ameliorated their position.

THE YORKSHIRE RESERVOIRS

  QUESTION
  MR. FERRANDsaid, he rose to ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, Whether he did not communicate with the Mayor of Bradford, two years ago, on the dangerous state of the Doe Park Reservoir, who replied that it had been emptied, and should not be again filled until the embankment was secure; whether Mr. Rawlinson, the Government Inspector, has not reported to the Home Office that "this Reservoir has been full and overflowing several times; on some occasions it has been full, or nearly full, for several successive weeks; and there is a dangerous leak beneath the main embankment, and that the Reservoir is in a dangerous state;" whether he has not also reported that "the bye-wash space should be increased at the several Bradford Reservoirs, and that such floods as occurred in July, 1855, ought to be guarded against in future;" and whether, after this Government Report, and the danger to which hundreds of persons have been exposed by the non-fulfilled pledge of the Mayor of Bradford, it is not the official duty of the Secretary of State for the Home Department to exercise his authority to protect them from danger in future; and whether he will not incur grave responsibility if he fails to do so?
  SIR GEORGE GREY,in reply, said, he had communicated with the Mayor of Bradford in March, 1862, with reference to the Doe Park Reservoir, who informed him that the water was let off, and that the Waterworks Committee proposed to examine the reservoir on the next day, accompanied by their engineer; and that every precaution would be taken to secure the safety of the public. He afterwards received the Report of the engineer, who stated the instructions he had given to the contractor as to some alterations, which he trusted would prove entirely effective. The engineer did not say that the reservoir would not again be filled till the embankment was secure, but it was obvious that it could not be so filled until the alterations in progress were completed. No further complaint of this reservoir was made until March in the present year, when Mr. Rawlinson was directed to inspect it. His Report was on the table of the House and could be referred to by any hon. Member. A copy was sent to the Mayor of Bradford. The hon. Gentleman (Mr. Ferrand) was mis-

  1707
  taken in supposing that the Secretary of State had any official authority to insure the safety of reservoirs. He could only, as in this case, call the attention of the persons under whose charge they were to any alleged defects in their construction, and on those persons alone rested the responsibility of making them secure. At the time of Mr. Rawlinson's inspection of the Doe Park Reservoir it was empty. He reported that both at Doe Park and Barden there was a leakage, that the work of repair would be heavy in both instances, but that he was assured that it should be complete. With those exceptions he reported that the Bradford Reservoirs and works had been well devised, and appeared to be well executed.
  MR. W. E. FORSTERasked, Whether the right hon. Gentleman did not think it would be desirable to appoint a Commission, composed of engineers, to inquire into the best mode of constructing reservoirs in future?
  SIR GEORGE GREYsaid, he had not lost sight of the suggestions which had been made on the subject; but the Government had not come to any decision with respect to it.

MR. ARNOLD AND THE POLICE

  QUESTION
  MR. WHALLEYsaid, he would bog to ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, Whether Police Constable 244 B, as to whom Mr. Arnold, the Magistrate at Westminster Police Court, publicly stated on two several occasions in the month of May last, that he would not believe him on his oath, was still continued in the Force?
  SIR GEORGE GREYsaid, in reply, that that police constable was still in the force, and that he thought it would be a gross injustice to dismiss him. No reason had been assigned by Mr. Arnold for the opinion he was said to have expressed, and he (Sir George Grey) could see no good ground for that opinion.
  MR. WHALLEYsaid, he wished to know, Whether any further inquiry was to be made in regard to Mr. Arnold?
  SIR GEORGE GREYsaid, he did not think there was any ground for inquiry. He had notified to Mr. Arnold that if he or any other magistrate desired to bring any misconduct on the part of a constable under the notice of the Commissioners, he should enter it in the charge-sheet expressly provided for the purpose.

DENMARK AND GERMANY—THE PRUSSIANS AND THE NORWEGIAN MAIL STEAMER "VIKEN."—QUESTION
MR. WYLDsaid, he wished to ask the Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, If Her Majesty's Government have received any information of an attack made by the Prussian troops upon the Norwegian Royal Mail steamer Viken (sailing from Christiania to Lubeck) whilst landing passengers at Frederickshaven in Jutland on the morning of the 13th of July, on which occasion the lives of some British subjects who were on board were seriously endangered?
MR. LAYARDsaid, in reply, that the Government had received information that some Prussian troops had fired upon this mail steamer; but he had not heard that there were any English passengers on board, or that she was landing any passengers. The fact appeared to be that the Prussian troops had mistaken the vessel, and thought she was a Danish vessel carrying troops. But the Swedish Minister had addressed a Note to the Prussian Government on the subject, and they had promised that an inquiry should be made into the case.
MR. WYLDsaid, it was quite a mistake to suppose there were no English passengers on board the steamer. There were several English passengers, and one of them was nearly wounded by a bullet which was fired from the Prussian vessel.

CANADA—THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES.—QUESTION
SIR JOHN WALSHsaid, he would beg to ask the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Whether he will have any objection to lay upon the table of the House the Despatches recently received from the Governor General of Canada, and the other Governors Of our North American Colonies, relative to the recent Ministerial Changes and the project of a Federal Union of those Colonies; and whether it is his intention, before the close of the Session, to make any statement, or to afford any information to the House on the important legislative crisis which appears to be impending in the constitution of those Colonies?
MR. CARDWELLsaid, in reply, that a new Government having been formed in Canada by a union between the two parties into which the Assembly was

1709
divided, the intention of the new Government to mature, during the recess, measures for an important purpose, namely, for settling the constitutional difficulties which had prevailed in the Upper and Lower Provinces, by what they called the federative principle, applied to Canada itself, with a provision for the future reception into the Union of the maritime provinces of the North Western territory. He understood it was their intention, after maturing those measures, to communicate with the Home Government on the subject; but as those measures had not yet been framed, it was manifestly not in his (Mr. Cardwell's) power to give any information on the subject.

LUNATIC ASYLUMS (IRELAND),

  QUESTION,
  MR. BLAKEsaid, he rose to ask the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Whether his attention has been called to the fact that, in the month of April last, a lunatic named Alexander Eiffe, committed on the usual certificates to the public and private Lunatic Asylum of Lucan, county of Dublin, was forcibly removed by two bailiffs from thence for debt to Kilmainham Gaol, which caused his death within six weeks after his arrest; and whether he will consult with the Law Officers of the Crown as to the desirability of having such a change made in the Law as would prevent, under similar circumstances, a person from being removed from a Lunatic Asylum to a prison?
  SIR ROBERT PEELsaid, in reply, that as the Lucan Asylum was a private establishment, the Government could not interfere under the circumstances. He would, however, consult with the Law Officers of the Crown, as to whether any steps could be taken on the subject in regard to the future.

FORTS ON THE GOLD COAST,

  QUESTION,
  MR. C. P. BERKELEYsaid, he would beg to ask the Secretary of State for the Colonies, If any account can be given of the sum of £4,000, which has been annually voted for fifty years for the repairs and maintenance of Forts and Establishments on the Gold Coast, which Ports are now reported by Commodore Wilmot to be in a "dilapidated condition, and to require great repairs," very little attention
  1710
  seeming to have been paid to them for years past?
  MR. CARDWELLreplied, that the £4,000, which had long been contributed for the purpose stated, had been carried to the receipt side of the financial accounts of the Gold Coast, and formed part of the general revenue of the settlement.

TROOPS FOR JAPAN

  QUESTION,
  MR. SEYMOUR FITZGERALDsaid, he rose to ask the noble Lord the Under Secretary of State for War, Whether it is the case that a regiment has been ordered from Hong Kong to Japan on the requisition of Sir Rutherford Alcock; and, if so, whether he can explain for what purpose these troops are required?
  THE MARQUESS OF HARTINGTON,in reply, said, a despatch had been received from General Brown at Hong Kong, stating that a requisition had arrived from Sir Rutherford Alcock for the remaining companies of the 2nd battalion of the 20th regiment, then stationed at Hong Kong, to be sent to him at Yokohama. General Brown said that the requisition would be complied with as soon as transports could be obtained.
  MR. SEYMOUR FITZGERALDsaid, he wished to know whether there is any statement in the despatch as to the object for which the troops are required in Japan?
  THE MARQUESS OF HARTINGTONsaid, that Sir Rutherford Alcock spoke only in general terms of the state of affairs at present existing in Japan.
  SIR JOHN PAKINGTON: How many men are going?
  THE MARQUESS OF HARTINGTON: Six companies.
  LORD NAASsaid, he would beg to give notice that on the Motion for Adjournment next Friday, he would call the attention of the House to this expedition to Japan, and ask the Government what, is the precise object in view?
  MR. COBDENsaid, he did not understand how many men were to be sent to Yokohama.
  THE MARQUESS OF HARTINGTONsaid, he could not speak exactly as to the number of men, but he believed that there were two companies already at Yokohama, and the remainder of the troops would be six companies, or probably about 800 men.
  MR. SEYMOUR FITZGERALDsaid, he wished to ask the Secretary to the Admiralty, whether it is true that a considerable force of marines was also under orders for Japan?
  LORD CLARENCE PAGETsaid, he was not then in a position to answer the question. Perhaps the hon. Gentleman would repeat it on Thursday.

CONVENT SCHOOLS (IRELAND)

  QUESTION
  MR. HENNESSYsaid, he wished to ask the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Whether he has re-considered the statement he made the other night, that there was a convent school in the King's County which had been reported on unfavourably?
  SIR ROBERT PEELsaid, that since the hon. Gentleman's question had been last put to him he had looked more carefully into the matter, and had found that the school of which the Inspector had reported unfavourably was situated, not in the county which the hon. Gentleman represented, but in the Queen's County.

PAPER MANUFACTURE

  SELECT COMMITTEE MOVED FOR
  MR. MAGUIRE*rose to move for a Select Committee to inquire into the position of the paper manufacture of Great Britain and Ireland with respect to foreign taxation. A great and grievous wrong had, he said, been done by the Government and Parliament to an important branch of British industry, and that industry now appealed through him to the Government and to Parliament for consideration, and, if possible, for redress. The importance of the interest which he represented might be indicated by a few facts and figures. The capital embarked in the paper trade was no less than £7,000,000; it employed directly or indirectly about 100,000 persons, and at least 200,000 persons were, through the workmen and their families, dependent on its continuance and prosperity. If he judged of the wages by the annual production of the trade, he found that from £1,000,000 to £1,500,000 was diffused throughout the rural districts of the country in wages to operatives. Such, then, was the trade which had been sacrificed, not to free trade, but to the mere claptrap-cry of free trade, and, indeed, to what seemed to be rather exceptional and aggressive protection than to real free trade. In the year
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  1860, or previous to the Government proposal of that year, paper was liable to two duties, the Excise duty and the Customs duty. Three halfpence in the pound represented the Excise duty, and 1d. the Customs duty. The Customs duty was a duty wisely imposed, not as a protection to the British trader, but as an equivalent for the tax imposed by foreigners on rags imported into this country from foreign countries. That duty was revised in 1853, when the present Chancellor of the Exchequer held the office which he now filled; and Mr. Wilson, one of the most determined free traders that ever held office under any free trade Government, considered that 1d. in the pound was only a fair equivalent for the rag duty. Hon. Members who knew anything of the paper trade knew that rags were an essential necessity to the paper manufacturer. In fact, good paper could not be manufactured without rags. Paper could be made from various fibres and other articles, but, to use the words of Mr. Wrigley, "Rags will always be the sheet-anchor of the paper manufacturer." They were the raw material which the manufacturers could most readily obtain, and so long as they continued to be used, so long would a certain quantity or proportion of that material be introduced from other countries to supply the wants of the British paper manufacturers. It took a ton and a half of rags of the best quality to make a ton of fine paper, and it required two tons of the lowest description of rags to make a ton of an inferior class of paper. Therefore, when a duty of £5, £6, or even £9 was imposed on a ton of rags, such a duty must have a considerable effect upon a ton of paper. If a foreigner was able to buy his rags from £5 to £9 a ton lower than the British manufacturer, he must always have an advantage over the British manufacturer which no amount of skill, energy, or capital could overcome. The anticipations of the trade with regard to the disastrous effect of the policy of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, by which they were recklessly exposed to this unfair competition, had been more than fully realized. The rag duty levied at the present moment on the export of rags in Russia was £6 5s. a ton; in Sweden the exportation was free; in Prussia and all through the Zollverein the duty was £9 3s.; in Holland, £4 18 s.; in Austria, £7 5s.; in Italy, £3 5s., although formerly only £1 12 s. 8d. In France, where the exportation was for-

  1713
  merly prohibited, the duty was now £5 per ton; in Belgium, £5; and in Portugal, £6. Therefore, he was quite correct in saying that the rag duty now ranged from £4 to £9, and upon a ton of paper it necessarily operated as a duty ranging from £6 to £14. In 1860 the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed to abolish the Excise duty on paper. He (Mr. Maguire) went with the right hon. Gentleman in that proposal. The only question to be considered at that time was one of revenue—whether it was wise, under the circumstances, to take so much from the taxes or revenue of the country as the right hon. Gentleman proposed to take? It was generally admitted that the question resolved itself into that one narrow point; indeed, the House had on two previous occasions passed a Resolution in favour of the abolition of the duty. He (Mr. Maguire) supported the right hon. Gentleman, because he considered his proposal to be a wise one, and that it would be not only beneficial to the manufacturer but advantageous to the consumer. Circumstances which had occurred since then proved that there had been no loss to the revenue which had not been more than made up by the expanding industry of the country, and it was also proved that the consumer had had the full advantage of the reduction. If the right hon. Gentleman had been wise at that time, there was not one of his prophecies which might not have been realized. But the right hon. Gentleman, by dealing as he did with the question of the Customs duty as against the foreign rag tax, prevented the prophecies he had made from being realized; and so far from doing a benefit to the trade, he inflicted upon it—no doubt unconsciously and in ignorance—one of the greatest evils which was ever inflicted by a British minister upon any branch of native industry. The right hon. Gentleman made an eloquent speech on the occasion of his proposing the abolition of the Excise duty, in the course of which he said that one of the advantages would be that
  "We should not merely stimulate the process of massing people in the great centres of industry, but should create a demand for labour all over the country. Where there are streams, villages, pure air, and tolerable access, there are the places where the paper manufacture tends to establish itself. I want to see, and I do not despair of seeing, these village mills spring up again and flourish."
  The right hon. Gentleman at that time expressed the greatest sympathy for the
  1714
  smaller class of millowners, for he complained that the trade was gradually being absorbed into the hands of those who were possessed of large capital. It was for the House to say whether the anticipations of the right hon. Gentleman had been realized. When the right hon. Gentleman made that speech, and when it became known afterwards that he was going to abolish the Customs duty, and to leave the British manufacturers at the mercy of foreigners who taxed British manufactures for the benefit of their own people, great alarm was felt in the trade. From that moment the lobby became crowded with persons interested in the trade, whose interests were endangered by the policy of the right hon. Gentleman. They said that they were no enemies to free trade, and he (Mr. Maguire) asserted that they were not. They asked for nothing that would be a violation of the principles of free trade. Without going to Mr. M'Culloch or Mr. Mill, or any of those great authorities, he would simply appeal to his hon. Friend the Member for Rochdale (Mr. Cobden), who might be called the father of free trade in that House, and who in speaking upon the question of the malt tax used these words—
  "I am bound to say that we have never lost sight of the producer in the great changes of the last twenty years. We know Sir Robert Peel held that before we exposed the manufacturers of this country to competition with other nations, we should relieve them from every disadvantage with respect to the articles they require for their raw materials."
  That was the very principle which the paper manufacturers declared to have been violated in their case. There was this foreign tax imposed upon their raw material, which tax was adverse to their interests, and in favour of the foreign manufacturer, and yet the right hon. Gentleman deliberately did away with the equivalent, which was not a protection, but a compensation for the injury which Foreign Governments inflicted upon British industry. Probably the hon. Member for Rochdale would favour the House with his opinion upon the subject later in the debate, and would be able to say whether the policy of the right hon. Gentleman was not a direct violation of all that he had declared to be necessary. When the right hon. Gentleman addressed himself to the Customs question on the 6th of August, 1860, and also previously to that date, promises were held out, as perhaps they would be held out that night to the paper makers, that the rag duty was to be abolished.

  1715
  Lord John Russell said in that House that, according to his reading of the treaty, there would be no further duty on rags, and the paper manufacturers were told by their friends, who went out into the lobby to see them, and to bring them the welcome intelligence, "Now you may go home; you are all right." The right hon. Gentleman also held out the same promise of redress. The paper makers endeavoured to impress on Members of that House, without distinction of party, that their case was a hard one, that they were treated exceptionally, and that if the country derived benefit from the French Treaty, they at least would be injured. Now, he charged the right hon. Gentleman with not having availed himself of the offer of the French Government, and not maintaining, even for one year longer, the Customs duty, which would have been the means of compelling Foreign Governments to do away with the obnoxious rag tax. In his speech on the 6th of August, 1860, the Chancellor of the Exchequer said—
  "The French Government have made known to us that they will not, if it is our desire, press upon us the immediate fulfilment of the stipulation in regard to paper."—[3 Hansard, clx. 709.]
  But the Chancellor was apprehensive the "paper makers would suffer if this were delayed," and he added—
  "It is true humanity to let a man loose from being the victim of his own groundless alarms."—[Ibid. 711.]
  The right hon. Gentleman said he was so confident in the energy, skill, and industry of the British trader that he would not accept the offer of the Emperor of the French. He scoffed at what he called the exaggerated fears and dismal forebodings of the paper makers, and said it was true humanity and the most merciful relief to free men from their mere fanciful chimeras. Statements were then made on the part of the trade in order to show the Chancellor of the Exchequer that the withdrawal of the Customs duty and the flooding of the British market with paper that was artificially cheapened, while paper manufactured here was made artificially dear, would be attended with fatal consequences. The Chancellor of the Exchequer would not believe the trade. At length, in 1861, the pressure was put so strongly on the right hon. Gentleman, that he yielded a Committee, which sat on the 2nd of July, and reported to the House on the 25th of the same month. That Committee reported to the following effect: they said—
  1716
  "That, under the circumstances under which the British manufacturer was placed, the most disastrous consequences would ensue, unless some steps were speedily taken to place him on terms of fair competition with those of the Continent. That the removal of the Excise duty will not place the English manufacturer in a position of equity with his Continental rivals so long as the export duties on rags remain in force. That the Committee therefore recommend that the British Government should continue strenuous exertions to effect the removal of all restrictions upon the exports of all paper makers' materials."
  That was the recommendation of the Committee of that House, and up to this moment nothing had been done; or, if the Government had made any real efforts, no practical result had followed. The anticipations which were expressed in the strongest possible manner before that Committee, and which were also then supported by facts, had been realized up to this time to a most deplorable extent. The right hon. Gentleman made a speech in the present year, and in the course of that speech he referred to the paper trade, and to their alleged sufferings and fancied grievances. His conscience evidently was not easy; he felt that he had done a grievous wrong to a particular branch of industry; and so nervous was he about the matter, that although there was no actual necessity for introducing the question of the paper duty in his financial statement this year, the right hon. Gentleman referred on that occasion at great length to the paper trade. The right hon. Gentleman had, he believed, two letters in his pocket at that time. One of them was from a British paper maker, showing him, by facts and figures, what the deplorable result of his policy had been. The other was a communication from a gentleman whose statement he quoted to the House, and which excited the most extraordinary wonder among the trade. The right hon. Gentleman impressed upon the House that the paper makers did not understand their business; that they did not know what was good for them; that they were like all other men who had grown up under the enervating shadow of protection; that they were foolishly apprehensive of the struggle and competition of free trade; but that the very moment their energies were braced by a healthier atmosphere they conquered every difficulty, and succeeded in acquiring prosperity and independence. "And now," said the right hon. Gentleman, "to prove my case, I will give one important fact." That "important fact" rested on the authority of a gentleman whom he now knew, and

  1717
  about whom he would tell the House something—a gentleman who really did not understand practically what he was dealing with, and who, carried away by his own ideas of his wonderful discovery, had deluded himself and deceived the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The right hon. Gentleman, on the 7th of April, said—
  "His statement is this:—His mill [the mill of this gentleman or the company to which he belonged] is almost a new one. For the four months ending the 31st of October, 1863, he found that he made his paper at a cost of £57 per ton, and that commodity, made at such a cost, did not pay him. He did not complain; he joined in no agitation for the reimposition of the paper duty, or for other purposes, equally unattainable; but he and his partners set themselves to work to see what could be done by improvements in the processes of manufacture and by the more skilful and economical use of chemical agents, so essential in the manufacture of paper. The results, as they have been told me, were surprising indeed. In October, 1863, the firm had produced paper, as I have said, at a cost of £57 per ton; in December they produced at a cost of only £47, and at the present moment they were producing at a cost of £39 per ton; and this gentleman declares to me that the article now produced is better than what he produced last summer for £57 per ton. For my own part I cannot say I believe that the condition of the paper trade essentially depends upon the laws of foreign countries with regard to the export of rags. Those laws, no doubt, form an element, and no unimportant element, in the case of the paper makers, but I am convinced they would be ill-advised if they were taught to depend upon anything but their own energies."—[3 Hansard, clxxiv. 554–5]
  [THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: Hear, hear!] The right hon. Gentleman cheered. Now he held in his hand an advertisement inserted in "Mr. Marsh's periodical sale, Thursday, the 5th of May, 1864." The right hon. Gentleman, it should be remembered, told the paper makers that in order to realize immediate fortunes, all they had to do was to follow the example of that wonderful discoverer. Well, if that gentleman had gone on as he said he had been doing, what would have been the result? Why, the shares of his company would have sold for 200 per cent premium; but what was the fact? They had been sold at 60 per cent discount. The glowing statement was made by the right hon. Gentleman on the 7th of April, and on the 5th of May the shares in that company were sold at over 60 per cent discount by public auction; and, more than that, they were not bought by the public, but by a member of the company. He held in his hand the prospectus of the company; but he did not think it
  1718
  necessary to mention names, either in the present case or in any other. However, he might say that the gentleman in question was known to some hon. Members. The prospectus stated that the object of the company was to take advantage of the repeal of the Excise duty on paper under circumstances that were peculiarly favourable. The capital of the company was £150,000, the whole of which, except £15,000 held in reserve, was paid up; thus £9 out of every £10 share had been called and paid. He had in his hand a copy of a note of the sale of fifteen shares in that company. The fifteen shares, at £9 each, had cost £135, and at the sale they fetched only £3 15 s. each, and produced altogether but £55. What, then, did the House think of the statement paraded there at that table by the right hon. Gentleman, and sent forth throughout the United Kingdom—a statement, the object of which was, to dry up in the breast of every hon. Gentleman any sympathy he might have for an oppressed class of his fellow-subjects? He said that statement was a melancholy delusion; he would not go further than that. Four companies had been started under the auspices of the right hon. Gentleman. One of them was dead, another was in difficulties, a third had its shares sold at 60 per cent discount, and here were the facts relative to another. Perhaps the right hon. Gentleman might have access to that document as well as he had. Here was a pretty state of things? A new mill, new energy, ample capital; and what was the result? Disappointment and disaster. This was what the directors stated. He belonged himself to some companies in his own city, and if, as chairman, he had to make such a statement, he should be inclined to leave his city as soon as he possibly could. Thank Heaven, it had never been his lot to read such a Report as that which he was now about to quote. This company was incorporated and started under the auspices of the right hon. Gentleman in March, 1860. [The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER: Under my auspices?] Mr. Maguire did not mean to say that the right hon. Gentleman contributed any solid coin to the company; he only meant that the right hon. Gentleman had invested in it in an imaginary—in a Parliamentary sense. The right hon. Gentleman had deluded, bewildered, and disappointed many, many in England, as he should prove, and he was sure the right hon. Gentleman was anxious to know the exact

  1719
  state of one of his pet companies. Here was the Report:—The company was called the East Lancashire Paper Mill Company, and
  "The Directors in presenting their Report for the half-year ending December 31, 1863, beg to state that, although in reference to the statement of accounts there appears to be a considerable loss in the working of your concern, yet, at the same time, the shareholders must bear in mind the increasing price of materials, without a corresponding increase in the price of paper, and which has necessarily been a cause of the amount of loss during the past half-year."
  To commercial men it would appear rather strange that nothing was allowed for depreciation, or for bad debts. Here was the balance sheet: The first half-year there appeared a balance on the wrong side of £301 6s. 3d., and the second half-year there was a balance also on the wrong side of £587 5s, 7½d., making in one year, in consequence of the rag tax—in a case where there was ample capital, new machinery, and every modern improvement—a loss of £888 11 s. l0½d. So much for this company. And now, as a matter not of justice to himself, a feeble advocate of a great cause, but to the paper makers of England, he earnestly implored attention to a few extracts from letters written by men smarting under a sense of wrong, and representing the disasters and misery that had overtaken them. He had the original documents in his possession, and would place them, in confidence, at the disposal of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, if he desired to verify the statements which he made. There were nearly forty letters in all, but he would only quote a few of them, without, of course, mentioning names, or even the county where the parties carried on their trade, for he did not wish to destroy the credit of men, many of whom were still struggling under desperate difficulties. He would only observe that nearly every county in England and in Scotland was represented in this appeal to the sympathy of the House. The paper trade had no alternative but to make an appeal to the House. [Mr. COBDEN dissented.] He begged the hon. Member for Rochdale to attend to the statements he was about to read, and then he would ask him to defend his policy, if he adhered to the principles of free trade, which he denied he had done in the case of the paper makers. The hon. Member would find that the case was, at least, deserving of his very deepest sympathy. The right hon. Gentleman up to the present moment
  1720
  had denied the facts stated by the trade. The Chancellor of the Exchequer said there was no distress. [The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER: No!] The right hon. Gentleman made a statement the other day which could have no other meaning. He said everything depended on themselves—that the foreign rag tax was nothing; all that was required was that they should be industrious and energetic. Did he not talk of imaginary grievances, of dismal pictures of fancied ruin? By every word that came from his lips the right hon. Gentleman had practically denied the existing state of things. Well, then, he asked the House of Commons, when were they to have an inquiry into the operation and result of the Chancellor's fatal policy? The paper trade was told to keep quiet and all would be right. Were they to make no movement till they were crushed to the very earth? Were they to make no demand on the sympathy of the House till forty or fifty of these respectable men were in the Gazette, and thousands of those whom they employed were beggars scattered over the face of the world? When were they to make their appeal if not now? No good had up to the present time resulted from the policy which had been sanctioned by the House; and were not those who suffered from that policy to proclaim their sufferings to the Government and to the country? Here was one statement—
  "Besides paper, we were the largest millboard makers in the—of England, but in consequence of the free import of foreign millboards, while the foreign duty was kept on materials, we have been driven completely out of the market, so that this year we have not made a sheet. The foreign boards are much inferior to our make, but our customers say they cannot give our price when they can make the foreign boards answer the purpose at about half the price. To show that we are not alone in this department, we have just had a letter from a firm who made millboards, offering us their whole stock of utensils. Our net profits, after deducting interest on capital employed, were, in 1859, £1,000; capital employed, £17,000. During the next two years—in consequence of Mr. Gladstone's high eulogiums and our own expectations of the future prosperity of the paper trade, to be caused by the extra demand consequent on the abolition of the Excise duty—we could only work part of our own mill, owing to our making considerable alterations and additions in the building and machinery, so that our profits were necessarily smaller. When at full work with our extra new machinery and buildings we had this result: In 1861–2, profits, £40, capital employed, £31,000; 1862–3, loss, £1,375, 8s. 8d. Since then we have tried all in our power, by increasing our turn-out, and running day and night, to lessen our working expenses per ton of paper produced, and we are sorry lo state with very little better success. If

  1721
  these are not proofs enough for any man that the foreign treaty is an abominable curse to the trade, we are at a loss to know what could be. If we were put on a free trade level with the foreigners, we should not be the least afraid to meet all the Continent in the market; but under this vile protection to the foreigner we can see nothing at all before us but utter ruin, or to sell our works at any sacrifice, while we have the mortification of knowing that our opponents are getting rich at Our expense."
  Here was another letter, in which two cases were stated—
  "I am very sorry to have to mention that my own mill, which I have had for thirty-nine years, is closed. My reason for closing it is, the utter impossibility of making a profit while foreign paper is allowed to be sent to this country, free of all restrictions, to compete with ours. My mill, which was engaged in the manufacture of printing papers, and upon which I had only just laid out £5,000, has been closed three years, and I have sustained a great loss thereby. I am sorry for the poor people I was compelled to dismiss, for they had very hard work to get occupation, and the trades people here suffered through the closing of the mill. You will be sorry to learn that the men at—mill are under notice to leave. The proprietors find it useless to keep on, foreign paper driving them out of the market. I hope that the Government will really do us justice. Three years must surely be a sufficient time to show that the Government measure respecting our trade has totally failed, and that it is exceedingly unjust and impolitic that our property should be sacrificed and many driven to a state of absolute ruin."
  Here was another most important statement—
  "At the beginning of last year I found trade exceedingly bad, and I determined to stop one of my mills for a time (finding other employment for my principal hands); and during a stoppage of four months I had the mill put into thorough repair, introducing several modern improvements to economize labour, facilitate the process, and generally to cheapen the production, and as a practical man, I am justified in saying these objects were carried out. I then started the mill again, and up to the end of the year—eight months—I made weekly an increased quantity of better paper, and, therefore, cheapened the production; but my eight months' balance showed a loss of £88. In bringing out that result I have carried to capital account all new machinery and improvements that cannot fairly be placed to working expenses. Now, the entire cause of this ruinous state of things is the high price I have to pay for material, and the low price I am compelled to sell my manufacture at. It is my intention to persevere for another year, in the hope that justice will be done us by the Government; if not, I will have no alternative but close the mill and discharge the workpeople. The paper I have made is for the cheap press."
  Here was another case—
  "This is a brief statement of my case:—In the year 1882 my actual loss was £100; the year ending 1803 it was £130. The current year, I fear, will be much worse than the two preceding
  1722
  ones. … I have been a good deal on short time during the last two years for want of orders. My rent is £260 per annum, and as soon as my actual loss amounts to that sum I will be compelled to shut down altogether."
  Here is another case—
  "Mine is a very small concern, but it has been all that I wanted up to the time of the repeal of the duty; since then I have not been able to live by my trade, and if something is not done at once to put us in a fair position with the makers on the Continent I must give up altogether, as the little capital I had to work with is gone."
  In a letter dated June 4, another gentleman said—
  "Finding in the practical working of paper making under the removal of the home duty and the continuance of the foreign duty on rags that a most severe loss would attend our continuance of the manufacture, we relinquish the trade, submitting to the loss entailed upon premises and plant rather than carry it on to our ruin."
  Another writer says—
  "In reply to the inclosed letter, received this morning, I beg to say that I have given up the paper trade for the last twelve months, as the trade was so bad it was not worth my notice."
  Again, another—
  "I am one that is nearly ruined with what Mr. Cobden calls 'free trade.' I only want free trade, if I knew how to get it. My mill is now standing, and has been so ten days. I cannot make printing paper pay, and in a new mill, too, only four years built, to be ready by the time the duty was taken off; but I expected free trade in rags as well as in paper. I did not expect all on one side. The old mill was paying here five years ago, but the duty on rags cost me £120 per week more than the same material costs the foreigner, and I have to sell paper against him in this market. The kind I make is now 2¼d. to 2½d. per lb. less than when the duty was on, or say a disadvantage to me of ¾d>. or 1d. per lb., and rags higher. My last stock taking showed a loss of nearly £400 in three months, in addition to the rent, interest, and use of £15,000 worth of machinery; and still I am told to work on until it gets right. If something is not done it will work me out of my mill, and all I have been working for for the last eighteen years, and all will be lost in what is called free trade. I only want real free trade, and if I have that I will not complain. If nothing is done in the House to give us fair or free trade, I would be glad to take half the cost of my mill, and to get out of the paper trade."
  All these letters, with one exception, were written in the present year. He had another letter, which he would condense into the following facts. The writer had two mills, one of which was entirely idle, and the other, with two machines, only working half time. He was a loser of several thousands of pounds, in consequence of the present state of things, but he was holding on in the delusive hope that something would be done by the Government in the shape of a correcting and mitigating

  1723
  measure. There were in the paper trade enthusiastic free traders, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer relied upon the evidence of such men, when he asserted that Mr. Wrigley, Mr. Evans, and Mr. Bruce, and other princes of paper manufacture, did not really represent the trade—that these gentlemen were only making political capital for themselves. But he fully relied upon the men who gave opinions contrary to the assertions which had been put forth by those Gentlemen to whom he had alluded. He (Mr. Maguire) had evidence from that quarter. He found it stated by a firm of enthusiastic free traders—
  "That having no fear of the repeal of the duties, they expended in new works from £20,000 to £30,000 'with every newest invention and plant known to the world,' are 'woefully disappointed,' the result being the very opposite of their sanguine anticipations. They now think that 'Free Trade has its limits.'"
  Another firm wrote in somewhat the same spirit. They also had been the victims of the Chancellor's eloquent imaginings.
  "They go on to say that 'yielding to the impulse,' they laid out £6,000 in extensions and improvements; no result but disappointment, materials dearer, and prices lower.' Are 'now fairly at a standstill, not knowing how to live.'"
  He could show that this was a question affecting country gentlemen who were owners of mill property, and to prove that he would read a few lines from a letter dated from a London club—
  "Although not a paper manufacturer I am a sufferer from having paper mill property—namely, two mills unlet, entirely from the unsatisfactory state of the trade. They are eligibly situated both as regards situation for carriage and supply of the purest spring water. I had made all preliminary arrangements with a firm of substance for manufacturing fine paper, but on account of the unsatisfactory state of the law respecting rags they declined embarking in the business."
  He would only quote one other English authority, and that was a letter which did credit to the gentleman who wrote it. He could not give the name, but it was one which might be proclaimed upon the housetop with honour to the writer of it. The letter, dated on the previous day, said—
  "Without giving names, you are at liberty to state that a (my) paper mill, having therein invested capital to the amount of between £40,000 and £50,000, has for the last twelve months been quite unremunerative—not made one penny of profits—and that the said mills would have been closed in the spring of 1863 had not the proprietors been desirous to prevent some 300 workpeople from being thrown out of employment in the midst of a town whose inhabitants were out
  1724
  of work and in distress owing to the then existing cotton famine."
  He would next quote one or two cases from Scotland, a land where energy and industry were known to exist, and where economy and prudence in business was as distinguishing a feature in the national character as was hospitality in social intercourse. One Scotch manufacturer wrote—
  "… I am a maker of wrapping papers, and, prior to 1861, was kept in full and regular work at fair prices, leaving me a profit at from 10 to 12½ per cent. Since 1861, though using great personal exertion to keep my trade, I have been necessitated to put my mill on half-time, and can with much difficulty, and at unremunerative prices, keep on even at this reduced make. From various causes our material has got scarce and very dear, while competition from home and from abroad has reduced the value of paper. When in London, three weeks ago, an old customer of mine showed me a paper he was buying from a Dutch mill at £19 a ton free in London, This is a sort I used to make in considerable quantity and to profit, but cannot now touch without serious loss, not mere absence of profit. Yet give me free access to some market for material, and I know I could beat the Dutchman in his paper and price by 50 s. and have a fair profit. He, however, has advantage over me of £5 per ton export duty on the material, being, on the 30 to 33 cwt. necessary to produce a ton of paper, some £8. No skill will avail to overcome such a difference."
  This was from one of those self-reliant men who had been spoken of, and he recommended the succeeding words to the consideration of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The writer went on to say—
  "For myself, I have not called out till I was hurt, and that most severely. I do not ask more than full and fair free trade in the material as well as in the paper produced, and I am content to compete with any; with full confidence I can keep my former customers from continuing to go abroad for cheap paper, while I shall employ more hands, and be more prosperous and contented, which at present I am not."
  Another Scotch manufacturer, who paid a rental of £1,000 a year, said—
  "He could not work half-time, or shut for a time, as great loss would be the result. When his loss reaches £2,000 a year he will shut up. On the production of one machine he made some years ago £937. Last year the produce of the same machine sold at a dead loss of £836. The pressure every day becomes worse."
  The only other Scotch case which he would mention was one that was described in the following terms:—
  "In 1856 they purchased a mill that produced an average of eighteen to twenty tons a week. In 1859 and 1860 had overcome the first difficulties, and were beginning to prosper, but the Repeal of the Customs duty and the retention of the duty on the export of rags were too much to con-

  1725
  tend against, and in 1862 the firm was in the Gazette. The hard and long struggle ended in utter ruin to the proprietors, and 250 people were thrown out of employment, many of whom are still suffering. The property (in 1856) was worth £50,000, and remains unsold to this day."
  It would be rather a queer thing if, being an Irishman, he neglected to speak of the wrongs of his own country. He would assure the right hon. Gentleman that he had himself entertained the most sanguine hopes that the repeal of the Excise duty upon paper, of course retaining the Customs duty, would have resulted in advantage to Ireland, where labour was plentiful, and where beautiful sites and sweet water abounded. He had been so carried away by the prospects that he saw opened up for the trade, which was so peculiarly suited to Ireland, that he would at that time have undertaken the responsibility of inducing his friends to join him in starting a company to compete with Englishmen in manufacture of paper. Thank God he had not touched it. Belfast was the seat of a great and flourishing industry. The men of Belfast were equal in energy and enterprize to the men of Manchester or the men of any part in England or Scotland. He had a letter from Mr. Archer, of Belfast, whose name he had no delicacy in mentioning, because that gentleman had left the trade. Mr. Archer said—
  "We were in hopes of being able to dispose of the concern, but had no offer from a purchaser, as no one seems inclined to go into the trade in its present state. We had, therefore, no alternative but to shut down our mill and dismiss our hands, of whom we used to employ about 140. We have closed for about six months, and the sorts of paper we made were 'long elephant' for room paper and printings. Although we had every advantage of cheap labour and an excellent concern, we found ourselves totally unable to compete in the London market with the Belgian and French paper manufactured of rags, bought at a price made artificially so much lower than ours, by the heavy export duties which Foreign Governments impose for the benefit of their own paper makers. Two other paper makers in our neighbourhood gave up the business—one of them having been made a bankrupt. It is most galling to us to be obliged to keep our mill idle, and pay the rent of the water-power, besides losing all benefit from the capital we had expended in buildings and machinery."
  An unfortunate gentleman wrote to say that his father was now out of the paper trade, having lost his reason owing to a failure in business consequent on the repeal of the paper duties. Early in the Session the right hon. Member for the University of Dublin referred to a letter from Mr.
  1726
  Greer, who was a Protestant gentleman from the North of Ireland, who had established himself within some miles of Cork. Mr. Greer was a model of energy, ability, and industry. At one time—that was before the repeal of the Customs duty on foreign paper—he employed 300 hands in two mills, and competed on fair terms with the English manufacturers, so that even during the fearful years of famine the district round his works was like an oasis in the desert. The people employed in these mills were happy, healthy, and contented, while around them on every side there was nothing but misery and despair. Now, however, Mr. Greer had been obliged to dismiss half his people, many of whom had relapsed into abject poverty, while others had emigrated. This, then, was the present actual condition of the paper trade as it was affected by foreign taxation. So far, at all events, he (Mr. Maguire) had not indulged in mere fanciful declamation, but had given facts enough, he hoped, to arrest the attention of the British Parliament. If they waited for ten years more, there would be a larger list of casualties, a longer list of killed and wounded. But Government should bestir themselves at once, for Parliament would never see a meritorious body of men and a large industry sacrificed to carry out what was a hollow mockery of the great principle of free trade. It might be said, and had been said by the right hon. Gentleman, "The British manufacturers have exported largely; how, then, can they be suffering?" But what did the right hon. Gentleman call a large export? Was one-fourteenth of their produce a large export? The paper manufacturers produced paper to the value of £7,000,000 a year, and, according to the Board of Trade, they exported £500,000 worth of that produce. Mr. Wrigley said he was exporting scores and scores of tons of paper, in order to find a new market and break new ground. Men of large capital were obliged to keep their hands and their mills at full work. At present they would not give in, but he had heard men with £200,000 or £300,000 embarked in the trade say, "The time must come when we also must be crushed." The right hon. Gentleman would say, "Oh, but you now have new materials." And an hon. and gallant Friend of his had said to him, "Why, you can get any amount of raw material in India." No doubt of it; but if large quantities of new material were

  1727
  introduced, the result would be to reduce the price of rags; and if the price of rags was reduced, the British manufacturer got no benefit, standing then in exactly the same relative position as before with his rivals in foreign countries. The existing engine of tyranny was so admirably constructed that neither the rise nor the fall in the price of rags was of advantage to the British manufacturer. As a homely illustration, he would take the four wheels in a carriage. Did the House ever see the hind wheel overtake the fore wheel? If the price of rags was low here, it was proportionally low in Belgium, France, and Prussia, with this advantage to the foreign manufacturers—that, behind the protection hedge afforded by their customhouses, the price was lower to them by the amount of the export duty than it stood at in the English market. High or low, it was all the same benefit to the protected foreigner, and all the same injury to the British victim of so-called free trade. Where, then, was the special benefit to the British maker—so far as regarded price—of introducing new raw materials? Another question asked was, "Why cannot rags be as low here as they are in countries where this protective system exists?" The answer, of course, was, "Because we have an open market." When the Americans could buy here to advantage, they took large quantities of rags from this country; at other times they purchased in the continental markets. Thus the price here was kept up to the price of foreign rags plus the duty. Take the waste from jute as an instance how the system worked. Jute was imported hero from India free of duty. A Frenchman came here and took away his jute free of duty. In France it was spun, and sent to Dundee free of duty. But the paper manufacturer at Dundee, who wanted the refuse of this jute from France in order to make his paper, must pay duty upon it at the French custom house. This was our free trade. And what was the opinion of foreigners respecting what we had done for our paper makers? Mr. Potter, a large manufacturer, was travelling some time since in the North of Spain, and fell in with a French gentleman, who said to him, "Your new British legislation seems very favourable to us foreigners." He said that he was going to join two relatives, one of whom knew something about paper making, and that they meant to embark £20,000 apiece in establishing a mill
  1728
  in the South of France; and he added, "We always thought you a clever people, but now our wonder is that you can be such utter fools." This was the opinion of foreigners, who, being themselves protected, were taking every advantage of our blunders, were adopting every improvement in mills and machinery which they could find in this country, and were then sending their paper here to deprive our paper makers of their legitimate profits. The Chancellor of the Exchequer boasted that not only were the six farthings of the abolished Excise duty given to the consumer, but three farthings additional. Whence, then, did these three farthings come? They came out of the trade—out of the capital, the industry, the brain, the energies of these men; but this was not a thing of which a British Government ought to boast. The right hon. Gentleman denied that the manufacturers had suffered. [The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER: I never denied it.] Did not the right hon. Gentleman say that no harm would result to them from his measures? Did he not say that they were like all the men who fancied that they would become victims to free trade, and that they would be all right by-and-bye? Did he not practically deny that they had suffered when he said in effect some time back that their complaints were not justified by the facts? Well, if the House was still incredulous about the facts, let them grant a Committee. The paper manufacturers had been mocked at in the House of Commons, and derided in Downing Street, and the country was under the belief, which had been expressed by the President of the Board of Trade, that they were manufacturing such large quantities of paper, and were sending such large quantities out of the country, that they could not be badly off. The fact was, however, that all classes of the trade were suffering—that the small manufacturers were being driven into bankruptcy, and that large men were working without profit, or at a loss; and if the same policy were persisted in for the next half-dozen years, very little would be heard of the paper trade in England, and the Government might then make the noble and patriotic boast that they had handed over a large and valuable native industry to foreigners, who had grown rich at our expense. The right hon. Gentleman might say, "What is your policy?" He admitted that this was a very embarrassing question when asked a short time ago; but it was

  1729
  not his business to point out a remedy, for he was only a private Member, not an organized Opposition. The injury done to the trade had not been inflicted by him, but against his earnest and repeated remonstrances. It was the Government who had done the wrong—it was for the Government to find the remedy. The Chancellor of the Exchequer had no more zealous supporter of his treaty policy than he was. He gave the right hon. Gentleman the fullest credit for what he had accomplished in concert with the hon. Member for Rochdale. They had linked the two nations by bonds which were stronger than any other bonds could be; and as long as France and England were united by that mutual interest which sprang from a free interchange of trade, we might diminish our war expenditure, and lessen the number of our iron-clads. The Chancellor of the Exchequer might afford to stand up in that House and admit he had made a blunder in this case. The hon. Member for Rochdale might also afford to stand up and say, "I am the author of free trade; I have conferred blessings on millions of my fellow-countrymen, but I have made a serious mistake in this individual case." The paper manufacturers asked for some redress for their wrongs. He was not in a position to say what the remedy ought to be; but the Government had done them the wrong, and the Government ought to give them an opportunity of proving their case, and ought then to provide a remedy. If the Government did not do this, the evil would grow to such gigantic and appalling dimensions that the time would come when that House would either hurl the present Administration from office, or compel them to obey the will of a generous and just Parliament. He had concluded his task. He asked in the name of those men to be heard before a Committee of that House, in order that they might vindicate their honour and character in the face of Parliament and the country, and prove they had a case which entitled them to redress from the Legislature.
  Motion made, and Question proposed,
  "That a Select Committee be appointed to inquire into the present position of the Paper Manufacture of Great Britain and Ireland, with respect to Foreign Taxation."—(Mr. Maguire.)
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: Sir, the Question of the paper trade has for a considerable time passed out of my hands, and is in the Depart-
  1730
  ment of my right hon. Friend near me (Mr. M. Gibson), who will be prepared to state; his views on the subject. But the House will not be surprised if I rise to make a few observations on the speech of the hon. Gentleman. Considering that so much of that speech has been addressed to myself, I should hardly have thought it consistent with due respect to the hon. Gentleman to have remained silent after his remarks. I am, however, bound to say that I cannot enter into a discussion of this question, even on a limited scale, without stating that the hon. Gentleman must be responsible for the result of this debate. As far as Her Majesty's Government are concerned, they have no objection to any inquiry which the House may think fit to direct; but it is my duty to state what I think of the nature, tendency, and result of discussions such as this, and at present I wish, in the interest of the paper makers, to enter on this discussion under a protest. The discussion of this question is raised by themselves, and therefore the Government will not be responsible for any bad results which on their showing may arise from having their affairs debated here. The period at which the hon. Gentleman makes this Motion renders it difficult for one to understand what it is he wishes to do. He speaks on the 19th of July, after the Appropriation Bill has been introduced, and, of course, he cannot expect that a Select Committee can be appointed to undertake such an inquiry as he proposes and report during the present Session.
  MR. MAGUIRE: I shall be quite satisfied if the Government will state that, at the opening of next Session, they will accede to the appointment of a Committee without one word of discussion.
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: That is an explicit statement, and I will endeavour to meet it in a manner that will, I trust, be satisfactory to the hon. Gentleman. I do not think it right that any pledge should be given as to the particular course to be taken at a future and somewhat distant time, because, in the meantime, circumstances may occur to render such a course unnecessary; but I have distinctly stated that, whether at that time, at this time, or at any other time, the Government have no wish or desire to prevent any inquiry which the House may think fit to direct; and it is in that spirit, next Session, we shall meet the proposal of the hon. Gentleman. And he makes a stipulation—that the Com-

  1731
  mittee should be appointed without any discussion whatever—to which I have no objection whatever. I think it will be much better for the truth of the case, and for the interests of the parties concerned, that it should be so; and if it should be the wish of the House to have an inquiry they will not find the Government setting themselves against it. Having said so much as to an inquiry, I proceed to notice the remarks of the hon. Gentleman. He says that in 1853 Mr. James Wilson defined the penny Customs duty not as a protection to the paper manufacturer but as an equivalent for the duty on rags; and he says I endorsed that definition. It is difficult to speak from memory of an occurrence which took place eleven years ago; but subject to that reservation, I beg to say that the penny Customs duty proposed by me as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Earl of Aberdeen's Government was proposed not because we thought it a just compensation for the duty on rags, but because we thought it right to proceed step by step downwards in our transition from a high rate of duty to a state of free trade, and because we thought there was a plea at that time for a reduction of the duty as long as the principle of a Customs duty was not brought in question. But do not let it be supposed that ever there was any recognition of the proposition which has been advanced by the hon. Gentleman. Mr. James Wilson is not here to speak for himself, but I am, and I state that the duty of a penny was proposed entirely on grounds of policy, and without any pledge such as the hon. Gentleman imagines being given in 1853. Then the hon. Gentleman says we have departed from the principle of free trade and of Sir Robert Peel—that principle being that you should not seek to abolish protection for the British manufacturer, and expose him to competition without giving him a free use of the raw material of his manufacture. Now, the hon. Gentleman has fallen into and used language here which is calculated grossly to mislead. What does he mean by free trade? Does he mean to say that we in this country are to base our policy on the principle of free trade, leaving other nations to follow our example as soon as they may see the advantages of doing so, but not depriving our own people of the advantages of free trade because the people of other countries are not sufficiently advanced in the principles of economical science to follow the
  1732
  same policy? Are we to do that, or are we to remain inactive till every other Government abolishes protective duties, and every other country comes up to the same standard of economical knowledge? The principle of Sir Robert Peel was that, as far as the Government could do so, in subjecting the British manufacturer to competition with the manufactures of other nations, they should give them every advantage of raw material; but I challenge the hon. Member to produce from Sir Robert Peel's speeches any statement that free trade in this country was to wait for the halting advances of other countries. Are our people to be deprived of the advantages of free trade, and subject to the evils of protection, because other Governments wont do justice to the people whose affairs they manage? The hon. Gentleman states that I informed the House the duty on rags had been repealed in Italy. That is not quite correct. What I did on the occasion to which the hon. Member refers was to quote from a Parliamentary paper a document in the possession of the House. I believe the inference drawn from that paper was incorrect; but I never pretended to give information not in the possession of the House.
  MR. MAGUIRE: You first expressed a doubt; but subsequently, when answering questions, you said, "I had a doubt earlier in the evening, but now I have no doubt. I state it as a fact."
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: No, I did not.
  MR. MAGUIRE: I beg the right hon. Gentleman's pardon.
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: I made the statement from reference to a document in the possession of the House. No information on the subject was given by me as a Minister. The hon. Gentleman has also referred to certain figures which I quoted as supplied to me by a gentleman in the paper trade. Those figures went to show a diminution in the cost of manufacture, which I myself described as surprising; but, when I gave those figures to the House, I stated that they were open to others to examine, because the gentleman had kindly allowed me to make use of his name. I am sure the hon. Gentleman will do me the justice to say I quoted those figures as they were given to me. [Mr. MAGUIRE: Hear!] And that they were not presented on my authority; but I must be permitted to observe that, whether they were good

  1733
  or whether they were bad, he has not met them. He only says that in the month of May the shares of the company were at a discount of 61 per cent; but he has not stated what they were at before those figures were made up.
  MR. MAGUIRE: The company had not begun then.
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: When did the first sale of shares begin, and at what price? The hon. Gentleman has overlooked the fact that though they might have been at a discount of 60 per cent in May, before then they might have been at a greater discount still.
  MR. MAGUIRE: Why, it was a now company.
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: Is there no such thing in this country as the shares of a company being at 60 per cent discount?
  MR. BUXTON: It cannot be a very flourishing company.
  THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: I never said it was very flourishing. Let the matter be examined on its merits, but I only say that the hon. Gentleman has not disposed of the case made out by those figures. The hon. Gentleman said he had given us a great many facts. I may divide the hon. Gentleman's speech into particular statements in the nature of facts—which I do not question, proceeding as they do from him—and general descriptions of the state of the paper trade; but particular statements of facts are one thing, and general descriptions are another. If I complain of anything in the speech of the hon. Member, it is of his repeated and pertinacious assertions that I have always denied the existence of distress in the paper trade. I will take the liberty of quoting what I really did say in my Financial Statement on this point. The language I then used was this—
  "I am very far from representing that the state of the paper making trade is at present one of the prosperity in which we should all desire to see it, because it is affected—I think and hope for the time only—by very serious drawbacks."
  The hon. Gentleman, therefore, has done me injustice by his repeated assertion that I denied that the paper makers had suffered. But that is only a secondary matter. The statements of the hon. Member which are material refer entirely, not to the condition of the trade generally, but to that of a particular class or particular persons in the trade. That is no proof of the languishing condition of the
  1734
  trade generally. [Mr. MAGUIRE: I might have quoted fifty or sixty cases.] Well, but they are not the whole trade. As far as I was able to follow him, it appears to me that the statements of the hon. Gentleman referred to one particular class of paper makers—the makers of printing papers of middle and ordinary descriptions, which are the papers, undoubtedly, that have been brought into sharp competition with the foreign article. The hon. Gentleman jumps a great deal too fast to his conclusion when he shows a distress among certain paper makers in one particular department of the trade, and then thinks he has proved that the paper trade generally is in a ruinous condition. The hon. Gentleman says, that if we go on as we are for half-a-dozen years we shall have nothing to do except to lament over the ruin of a once flourishing trade. Is that statement borne out by the facts? I do not deny that there exists great distress in the trade; I do not deny that particular branches of the trade are suffering from severe pressure; but it is what happens to all trades in the stage of transition from a state of high protection to that of unrestricted competition with the foreigner. As regards the foreign duty on the export of rags, though it has been enormously and mischievously—for the interests of the paper makers—exaggerated, yet I do not deny that their case is a hard one, and that it is the duty of the Government to endeavour to obtain a remedy, if possible. The hon. Gentleman says that the ruin of the paper trade is that to which we are proceeding, but I say that, though our information is limited and imperfect at present, and though the Government have not the means of stating the case so well as the paper makers, that statement is confuted by the figures on our table. If the paper trade, as a whole, is a dying trade, how can the hon. Gentleman account for the fact that the number of paper makers has ceased to diminish? He says that the paper makers are becoming bankrupt, but if that general statement be a true one it must be represented in the returns we have before us of the number of paper makers. Why has not the hon. Gentleman met the figures I gave in my Financial Statement? Why has he not met the statement that whereas before the repeal of the paper duty the number of paper makers in this country appears to have been steadily and rather rapidly diminishing, the repeal has arrested that diminution. In 1838 there were 525

  1735
  paper makers in this country, and in 1860 that number had fallen to 384. If the paper trade is on its road to ruin, I ask the hon. Gentleman to explain how it is that rapid diminution in the number of paper makers has been arrested? The hon. Gentleman then referred to the exports, and he says that a fourteenth part of the whole production is no great amount to be exported. But is it not somewhat remarkable that that fourteenth part is sent by the British manufacturer into neutral markets, where it has to meet the Belgian, German, French, and other manufacturers, and yet, notwithstanding that the trade, as we are told, is in a ruinous condition, the hon. Gentleman himself admits that this proportion is exported? He omits, however, altogether the strong point of the case. What is material is not merely the assertion that some portion of the paper manufactured here is exported into neutral markets, but that since the repeal of the duty that portion has greatly increased. In 1859 we exported of paper and paper hangings 115,000 cwt., and in 1864 190,000 cwt. That increase must mean something. Does it mean bankrupt makers, mills deserted, trade going to ruin, or does it mean more hands employed, more capital invested, more mills, or larger mills at work? That is the second question I propose to the hon. Gentleman for his consideration. Another point which the hon. Gentleman has not met is the immense increase in the importation of materials for paper making. His ingenious argument that the British paper maker stands between the American on one side and the foreigner on the other is no answer at all to the figures which I have given before, and which I will repeat. In 1859 we imported of materials for paper making 115,000 cwt., and in 1864 731,000 cwt. Does the hon. Gentleman think he has stated the case of the paper makers when he has overlooked a state of facts such as this? What has become of those 600,000 tons of new material? Have they been kept in warehouses, or have they not been sent into the market and made up, causing the employment of additional industry and increased capital? [Mr. MAGUIRE: But without a profit.] There, the hon. Gentleman goes on chanting the same ancient strain we have heard in all these cases of the removal of protection. It was just the same with shipbuilding when we repealed the Navigation Laws. When we pointed out that shipbuilding did not diminish we were told that it was done
  1736
  without a profit, that there were continual bankruptcies, but that new men came in so ignorant and so foolish as to go on wasting their money on business which yielded them no profit. I must say, therefore, that I am not at all prepared to join with the hon. Member in the dismal anticipations he has raised of the ruin of the paper trade. I submit myself to further information and correction when further information may be forthcoming; but I say that the figures which I have quoted—though not absolutely demonstrative—are a great deal more powerful, and to the purpose, as regards the general state of the trade than anything he has produced on the other side. The hon. Gentleman says that it belongs to the Government to propose a policy in this case, and to discover a remedy for the condition of the paper trade. If we say anything about improvement of processes and about the trade adapting itself to altered circumstances, and endeavouring to meet increased competition by cheaper methods, and by the more effectual application of labour and skill, we are always told that we are heartlessly exulting in the miseries of our fellow-countrymen. I will not, therefore, enter into that line of discussion, but I will enter into the remedies which have been proposed by the paper makers themselves. One was that there should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund to the paper makers a sum equal to the estimated sum they have had to pay in the price of rags brought into this country from abroad. That is a proposal, I think, which will never be made from the place in which I stand, either by myself or any other person who may succeed me; and if any Government were bold enough to make it, I do not think the House of Commons would entertain it. Another proposition was to reimpose the Customs duties on the importation of paper to the extent of 1d. per lb. In my opinion, that measure would be in the long run probably mischievous to the paper makers themselves, and inevitably unjust to the consumer, and therefore I do not think it is a remedy which will ever be applied. The third remedy is to make appeals to Foreign Governments to remove the export duty on rags. Practically that may be taken to mean appeals to the Government of France. Undoubtedly it is the duty of the Government to endeavour to induce Foreign Governments to remove, if possible, if not to reduce, their duty on the export

  1737
  of rags, and we have at all times endeavoured to obtain such a concession. The hon. Gentleman says that we have had no success; and if that were the fact, it is probable that the barren and fruitless agitation constantly carried on in this country by a large number of paper makers has been the main cause of that want of success. The hon. Member thinks himself entitled to assume that those who sit on these Benches are no friends of the paper makers. But I must say that the hon. Gentleman has no right to make any such assumption. I entirely repudiate the accusations which he has brought against us; and while admitting that he is doing what he thinks best for the paper makers, while doing him that justice which he refuses to do to us, I tell him that it is he that is their enemy, and that he is taking a course which is most injurious to the paper manufacturers of this country. The hon. Gentleman says that the foreigner reads what takes place here. What does the foreign paper maker read? Why, he reads that men of high character in this House say that the English manufacturers are beaten out of the market by the high export duty on rags. But the foreign paper makers are not so blind as not to see what their interest is, and the natural result is to induce them to form a combination for the purpose of maintaining the export duty. I think, therefore, that it is their friends—sincere, no doubt, but mistaken—who have been the greatest enemies to the home paper makers. I think the language which the British Government, in dealing with this export duty, would naturally use towards a Foreign Government would be, "If we are going to have a real interchange of advantages, justice demands that you should take off this duty." But the argument of justice does not always in this wicked world carry that force which ought to belong to it, and, consequently, we must say that the argument as to the effect of the export duty has been monstrously exaggerated. No doubt the success of the trade depends in a considerable degree, but for all that in a diminishing degree, on the price of rags. In many cases paper is made without any admixture of rags whatever. In point of fact this cry of the paper makers has about it a good deal of the character of a factitious cry, and is almost suggestive of some policy which is not on the surface. How that is I am not going to say, but I am bound to state that the importance of the question has been
  1738
  immensely exaggerated. At the same time we admit that there is a hardship upon the British paper makers which, in common justice, ought to be removed. The hon. Member says that I made promises; but I did so in strictly limited and cautious words in the financial statement of the present year to this effect—that we were expressly authorized to hope that concessions would be made by the Government of France with regard to the export duty upon rags. Well, on that point, great progress has been made, and I am bound to say that even within two or three weeks a measure on the subject might have been adopted but for the Motion of the hon. Gentleman. Whether that Motion will admit of such a measure being adopted or not I cannot say; but the hon. Member must see that what is good for the goose is good for the gander. If the export duty on rags from France be a disadvantage to the British manufacturer, it must be a corresponding advantage to the French paper maker, and all those speeches and debates which tend to give a factitious importance to the subject tend also to encourage the protected trades in foreign countries to band themselves together for the purpose of maintaining the duty. I do not wish to enter into that subject because I am afraid that by so doing I should only be increasing and not diminishing the obstacles in the way of a reasonable arrangement; nor is it necessary to do so, as we have no practical issue at present before the House. I have frankly contested the statements of the hon. Member. I have frankly admitted that there is considerable distress in particular branches of the trade. I have stated distinctly that there is no disposition on the part of the Government to oppose themselves to any general wish for inquiry which may be entertained by the House—not now, for that is out of the question, but at some future time. At the same time I have thought it but fair, candid, and honest, to say with regard to the parties interested, that I am firmly convinced it would be much better for them to let this matter remain for a while in silence, inasmuch as I do not think the result of this Motion can be anything else than that Her Majesty's Government should make renewed representations to Foreign Governments—representations which it would have been our duty to have made of ourselves, and in that case perhaps with as much probability of success,
  MR. SURTEESsaid, that after the statement made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, which he had heard with much pleasure, he did not think it necessary to offer any remarks upon the question.
  LORD ROBERT MONTAGUsaid, he did not see much good in fighting over again battles which had been already fought on a much larger scale; nor did he think it wise to ask for a Committee of this kind unless there were good grounds for believing that the decision to which the House had come, after long debate and minute consideration, had been erroneous. Moreover he did not think that the hon. Gentleman had made out his case. He rested it very much on the failure of a particular company, the prospectus of which he had exhibited to the House. He had, moreover, read letters written in this year, to prove the destitution of the trade. Yet the company, to which he had alluded, had been formed in 1863. This was a year after the change had been made, and nearly two years after the country were pretty well aware that such a change was imminent. The promoters said their object was to "take advantage of the impulse given to the paper manufacture by the new legislation," and that they were about to "commence operations under circumstances peculiarly favourable." This then was the opinion of the paper makers in June, 1863. Had the trade been utterly ruined in one year? The hon. Gentleman said that this company had failed. But they were not merely a company for making paper, but also for manufacturing manure, for which object they had increased their capital and erected large works. With two such different objects they had very little chance of success. The hon. Gentleman was favourable to the removal of the Excise duty, but held that the Customs duties should have been retained in order to prevent foreign competition. But the effect of that would be to put money into the pocket of the British manufacturer at the expense of the consumer, so that the hon. Gentleman was not fighting the battle of the nation, but of a small fraction of the community. When the manufacturers had to pay an Excise duty, as well as the equivalent Customs duty, they admitted (in the prospectus) that "large fortunes had been made. When both Excise and Customs duties had been removed the balance was not disturbed,
  1740
  and large fortunes might still be expected to be realized. But there was a duty on the export of foreign rags. The effect of that was that rags were increased in price to the British manufacturer, above what they would be if there were no such duty; but it was found that though there was an increase in the price of rags still there was a large margin of profit. Notwithstanding that export duty, our manufacturers had shown that paper could be exported from England with profit, and that they could compete successfully in foreign markets. Under these circumstances he was astonished that the Chancellor of the Exchequer had promised to agree to the nomination of a Select Committee. He was still more astonished that the Chancellor of the Exchequer should have pledged himself to do so next year, when perhaps the same Parliament would not be assembled within these walls.
  COLONEL DICKSONsaid, he thought that no one who had given an unprejudiced attention to the subject would agree with the noble Lord, for if ever a case for inquiry and redress had been made out it was by the temperate and able speech of the hon. Member for Dungarvan. He regretted that only one Irish representative had hitherto spoken a word for the distressed class whose claims had been urged by the hon. Member. The Chancellor of the Exchequer claimed credit for his frankness in dealing with the subject; but he thought he had never heard a case argued with less frankness. The right hon. Gentleman said that the hon. Member was inflicting injury on the paper maker by proclaiming abroad the knowledge of the injury of which he complained. But any injury done by the hon. Member for Dungarvan could not approach to that inflicted by the right hon. Gentleman in showing the foreign paper maker, as he had done that night, how to utilize the complaints of the English paper makers and turn them to the greatest advantage. The great principle of the late Sir Robert Peel, as was admitted by the right hon. Gentleman, was to secure for the people access to the raw material. That was all that was asked for in that case. The right hon. Gentleman said that only one class of paper makers suffered, but all must be more or less injured by the present state of things, and all would be benefited if they could get their rags from other countries on the same terms as the foreigner. The right hon. Gentleman

  1741
  charged the hon. Member with having embarked in a barren and fruitless agitation. The complaints of the paper makers, however, had been on more than one occasion brought under the notice of the right hon. Gentleman, yet he had never until that night told them that their grievances would probably shortly be redressed. It was true that Parliament could not compel foreign countries to reduce the export duties on their rags, but the Government could introduce a system of give and take in a commercial treaty, and it would be very easy to induce Foreign Governments to adopt a system of reciprocity and of really free trade.
  MR. NORRISsaid, that as the Chancellor of the Exchequer had given a promise of a Committee in the next Session, it would not be necessary for him to detain the House at any length; but owing to the unaccountable silence of the hon. Member for Rochdale (Mr. Cobden), to whom allusion had been made, and who might be said to be the apostle of the policy which had been discussed, he thought it necessary to refer to one or two of the statements of the right hon. Gentleman. The country had been taught to believe, and the hon. Member for Rochdale had laid it down as a maxim, that traders and consumers should be enabled to buy in the cheapest market, and the producers were entitled to open up channels of sale in the dearest markets. That was a sound principle, and he was glad that it pervaded all our legislation in modern times; but that legislation ought not to be exceptionally interfered with. If, however, it were true that the English paper maker had been for a long series of years debarred from access to the raw material, the system was not one of free trade but of protection to the foreigner against the English producer of paper. He was astonished to hear the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer affirm that the number of letters quoted by the hon. Member for Dungarvan did not prove his case. Of those fifty or sixty paper manufacturers some had gone into the Bankruptcy Court, others were working at a considerable loss, others were working half time, and the whole complained that they were making no profit. By the Board of Trade Return of licences it appeared that the whole number of paper manufacturers was not more than 397 or 400. [Mr. MAGUIRE: That is the number of mills.] It thus appeared that one-eighth of the whole
  1742
  number were in circumstances of difficulty and distress. Such a proportion of the entire number would be sufficient to satisfy any ordinary person that their complaints were not without foundation. A parallel case would be to suppose that, the conflict in America being at an end, the United States Government finding themselves with an exhausted exchequer, determined to put a heavy duty on the export of raw cotton. The manufacture of cotton fabrics in America would then be stimulated, and our cotton manufacturers would have to struggle on the one hand against a heavier export duty on their raw material, and a tree importation of the manufactured article. The whole of the English cotton districts would complain, and the result would be the ruin of the cotton trade. The cotton manufacturers would not be satisfied with a quiet remonstrance in that House against this unjust legislation, but the millions of men who would be thrown out of work and the capitalists would be up in arms. Precisely the same state of things now existed in the production of paper. Or let them take the analogy of the sugar duties. Some time ago the Chancellor of the Exchequer recommended, and the House adopted, a differential scale of duties upon sugar, on the ground that it would place English and foreign refiners upon a complete equality. What was now desired was that the English paper maker, who was only a refiner of rags, should be placed in a similar position with regard to his foreign competitors. The fact that the exportation of paper had increased from 115,000 cwt. in 1859 to nearly 200,000 cwt. in 1864 did not prove that there had been an increase of the quantity of paper produced in this country. The fact was that the home consumers being supplied with paper from Germany, France, and Belgium, our manufacturers had been obliged to seek new markets, and to send their paper almost all over the world, in the hope that somebody would buy it. If, as the Chancellor of the Exchequer said, we were not to wait for other countries, but to set them a glorious example by the complete adoption of free trade principles, he should like to ask the hon. Member for Rochdale how it was that when those great principles were discussed between the Governments of England and France we entered into a treaty in which the raw material was entirely forgotten at the same time that the Customs duty was taken off the manufactured article?
  MR. BLACKsaid, he wished distinctly to deny the truth of the assertion that the paper question had been settled according to the principles of free trade. It had been settled according to principles of protection, and protection in its worst form. When there was a duty upon corn, it was argued, and justly argued, that the duty raised the price, not only of the corn which was imported, but of all the corn in the country. And the same was the case with regard to paper. The duty upon rags ranged from £5 to £9 per ton, increasing the price of the manufactured article by 30 or 40 per cent. If the duty was taken off, the whole of that 30 or 40 per cent would not be received by the producer. He would get only the regular trade profit, and the greater portion of the duty would be received by the consumer, who would pay less for his paper. The difference between the tax upon corn and the duty on rags was, that while the produce of the former went into our Exchequer, we allowed the latter to go into that of the foreigner. Some time ago we heard very vehement denunciations of the taxes upon knowledge. What had become of those who were so earnest then now that there was a question of reducing the price of rags? No argument could be founded upon the increase of the exportation of paper from this country. The trade was in a state of depression—manufacturers must exert themselves to find markets wherever they could—and the kinds of goods generally exported were writing papers and account books, which went to our own colonies. The fact was that the increase had only been from 91,958 cwt. in 1861 to 129,326 cwt. in 1862, and 154,910 cwt. in 1863, an increase fully accounted for by the increase of the population and wealth of our colonies; and it must not be overlooked that during the same period our importation of paper had increased by 300 per cent. Then again there were some wealthy manufacturers who made the finest paper, but by and bye the foreign manufacturer would supply himself with the best machinery, and be able to compete with them in that branch of the trade. There were those who seemed to look with great complacency on the position of the paper makers, contending that things would right themselves; but how, he would ask, could they do so? We imposed a heavy weight on the home manufacturer, leaving the foreigner unencumbered, and it was under
  1744
  those circumstances easy to see who was likely to win the race. As an illustration of how matters at present stood, he might mention that one mill in his own neighbourhood, which had some years ago been purchased for £45,000, was lying idle, the person who bought it having become a bankrupt, and would gladly be sold for half the money which it had cost. Nor did he for a moment think that the Arcadian view of the Chancellor of the Exchequer was about to be realized, and that those small mills of which he formerly spoke in such eloquent terms were likely to spring up throughout the country. Believing, he might add, that the present was a system of protection of the very worst kind, that it operated with crushing weight on our own manufacturers, he must express a hope that the injury which had been done would as far as possible be remedied.
  SIR MINTO FARQUHARsaid, that whether or not, free trade was the question before them, all parties had admitted that a portion of the paper manufacturing trade was in a suffering condition. He could not understand the argument of the Chancellor of the Exchequer when he said that they must look only to the question as a whole. He maintained that it was their duty to listen to all who had a grievance, especially when the grievance had been caused by the legislation of Parliament. He, therefore, thought it was the bounden duty of the House to take into its serious consideration the complaints of those whose grievances had been so ably detailed by the hon. Member for Dungarvan that evening. In answering that speech, the Chancellor of the Exchequer said the duty of doing so did not properly belong to his own department, and then turned round to the President of the Board of Trade, who, after the arguments which had been advanced on both sides of the House, would, one would have supposed, have spoken on the subject. Instead of taking that course, however, the right hon. Gentleman had in American phrase "skedaddled," omitting to say a single word in defence of his own department. Again, the Chancellor of the Exchequer informed the hon. Member for Dungarvan, towards the close of his speech, that if he had not made so mischievous a statement, calculated, as he said it was, to produce so bad an effect on foreign countries, the Government would in a very few days in all probability have been able to announce that

  1745
  France had done something to meet the unfortunate case of the paper manufacturers. But why, under those circumstances, had he not communicated with the hon. Member before he brought the question forward, and assigned as a reason for its postponement that there was a likelihood of France taking immediate steps to meet his wishes? Why, too, he would ask, was the hon. Member for Rochdale silent upon the question, as well as the President of the Board of Trade? He had been given to understand that at the time the hon. Gentleman was negotiating the French Treaty, it was supposed that it would include the reduction of the export duty. He had heard it even stated that the Emperor of the French entertained that notion, but that he had not been able to resist the representations made to him by his own manufacturers, and that he had actually said, "This cannot take place, but I give you leave in consequence to withdraw part of your I pledges." As to the case as it stood, it was impossible, after the statements from Scotland, Ireland, and England, which the hon. Member for Dungarvan had read, that hon. Members could allow these paper manufacturers to sit "like patience on a monument smiling at grief," and not pronounce their opinions on the subject. Indeed, the country was, he thought, greatly indebted to the hon. Member for having brought the matter forward, for it was no question of altering the system of free trade which had been accepted, and of which the French Treaty in fact was itself an abandonment. He was glad to find that since the conclusion of that treaty our commerce with France had increased, and he trusted our friendly relations with the French people might be made to depend, not solely on the political, but also on the commercial interests of the two nations. But while he desired as much as any one that result, he could not refuse to listen to the complaints of our own manufacturers, and it was with satisfaction, therefore, he found that the Chancellor of the Exchequer had expressed his readiness to grant a Committee next year to investigate the matter.
  MR. WATKTNsaid, that the hon. Gentleman who brought forward the Motion had argued the question as if the raw material out of which English paper was manufactured mainly consisted of foreign rags; and if that were so, there would be a very great deal in what had been said. He was sure, however, that he was not
  1746
  far from the mark when he said that the proportion of those foreign rags, on account of which so much complaint was made of the admirable treaty which the hon. Member for Rochdale had been the means of bringing to a conclusion, did not constitute more than 15 per cent of the materials used in English paper making. The raw material which the English paper makers used in the largest proportion was cotton waste. In consequence of the American war the value of the cotton waste was 400 per cent greater than formerly. The result of that exceptional state of things was that many paper makers must suffer from distress, but instead of showing that they had a strong case of difficulty to encounter, they turned upon the hon. Member for Rochdale, and said that all their distress was the consequence of the export duty on foreign rags, which constituted only an exceedingly small proportion of the whole raw material used in paper making. As there was to be a Committee in connection with the case of these 400 paper manufacturers, it would be right to know the amount of income tax which those gentlemen paid for three, four, or five years before, and subsequent to, the conclusion of the French Treaty; and he believed that an honest and fair return would show, notwithstanding the exceptional circumstance to which he had alluded, that in consequence of the opening of new markets, not only in this country, through cheap literature, but elsewhere, the profits of the paper makers had diminished but little or not at all. If they were to have a Committee on the state of the paper trade, suffering in consequence of the American war, why should there not be a Committee on the state of the cotton manufacturers, who constituted a much larger interest, and who had not come crawling on the floor of that House asking for an inquiry into an exceptional state of things?
  MR. MAGUIRE,in reply, said, that the hon. Member for Stockport might have refrained from indulging in terms so offensive to the paper makers, who did not come crawling to that House in formâ pauperis, but stood up boldly and manfully, and simply demanded justice. The hon. Gentleman seemed to think he had made a wonderful discovery when he said that the foreign rags from France and Germany only constituted 15 per cent of the raw material used in English paper making, but the argument would

  1747
  not have been one bit stronger if the proportion were only 5 per cent; because it was the value of those foreign rags which regulated the entire price of the whole of the raw material which the British paper manufacturer used. His hon. Friend near him (Sir Minto Farquhar) had said that if the Government had stated that they were in negotiation with foreign Powers on the subject, the trade would have been unwise to bring forward the subject now; but he was bound in candour to declare that delusive hopes had been occasionally held out, which time had utterly falsified. He had heard a whisper the other night—in fact, he had been semi-officially advised—that he had better not bring forward the matter; upon which he said that he would confer with the trade, and leave the decision to them; and having left the decision to the trade, they requested him by all means to go on with his Motion, for they had been deceived before, and might be deceived again. The noble Lord the Member for Huntingdonshire said that this was a battle, not for the British public, but for a trade, and that the object was to make paper dear. With every respect for the noble Lord, his assertion was entirely destitute of fact. Reduce the cost of the raw material, and you reduce the price of the manufactured article. Place the British maker on an equal footing in the rag market with the foreigner, and you may leave to the foreigner all his natural advantages—such as cheaper labour—and the British maker will be content to meet him in any market in the world. Give the British manufacturer free access to the rag market, and they would have the manufactured article cheaper than now, with the satisfaction of knowing that the man who made it gained a fair profit by his industry and capital. The hon. Member for Rochdale had said that he did not speak exactly the words he had attributed to him, but there were other words which the hon. Gentleman had not spoken, but deliberately put in writing. There was a controversy between the hon. Gentleman and the editor of The Times. The latter had charged the hon. Gentleman with a blunder in this matter, and the hon. Gentleman in reply laid down a very singular doctrine. He said it was our duty in carrying out the principle of free trade to buy in the cheapest and to sell in the dearest market, and he
  1748
  added, "If Foreign Governments put foolish restrictions on the export of rags, it is an additional reason why we should take their paper." He never heard anything like that in all his life, and he only wished he had alluded to that opinion when the hon. Member was present. [An hon. MEMBER: He is here.] He had the highest esteem for the hon. Gentleman, and sympathized with his general principles and with his splendid triumphs, but he never heard more inconsequential nonsense than this doctrine. He would say a word with respect to his own connection with the present Motion, and also as to the time at which it was brought forward. First as to the time. In March last the trade sent in a memorial to the Government, but the answer to that memorial was not given until May. A Motion for inquiry was to have been made by an hon. Gentleman present, who, from some cause or other, changed his intention—at any rate, did not persevere with it. When that change of intention was made known to the trade, a deputation from the body waited on him (Mr. Maguire), and requested him to bring the question before the House. Sympathizing though he did with their wrongs, he at first refused, and alleged as one of the reasons of his refusal, the necessity of his going to Ireland; but when they urged the matter very strongly upon him, he agreed to do it. He then tried the chance of ballot—and that night was the first free night he could obtain for the present Motion. So that the responsibility of forcing the case upon the attention of the House did not rest with him, but with the trade—who, he might add, thoroughly understood their own interests, and what would serve or what would injure them. It was said that the cases that he had mentioned did not fully represent the state of the trade. His answer was that the trade, with scarcely an exception, endorsed the facts and arguments put forward in those letters. When they met in Manchester in January last, there were one hundred firms then personally represented, and fifty more were represented by letter, and at that meeting statements of the same character were accepted by those present, who might be said to have spoken in the name of six-sevenths of the trade, or production, of the United Kingdom. Why had not more given up, he was asked? He (Mr. Maguire) thought the list was long and sad enough; but it should be

  1749
  remembered that people held on in the hope of better days, and that many were endeavouring by increased production to reduce their fixed charges—for rent, taxes, management, &c.—and thus live by a fractional share of profit. The case of the trade was now before the House and the country, and it could not fail to evoke general sympathy in their behalf. He was quite satisfied with the assurance which had been given by the Government. He did not think the Chancellor of the Exchequer had answered his statement or disproved one tittle of the case he had made out. He (Mr. Maguire) had laid down no principle, or made no assertion which he had not fortified by facts, and he believed he had made a fair and candid speech, and was certainly not open to the charge of having represented British manufacturers in the House of Commons in a crawling spirit. He begged leave to withdraw his Motion.
  Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

NAVY—SHIPS OF WAR—ARMOUR PLATING

  COMMISSION MOVED FOR
  SIR FREDERIC SMITH,in rising to move an Address for a Commission to inquire into the system of Building Ships of War in this Country and in other countries, and to report what beneficial changes may be made, begged to state that he had been in hopes that some of his gallant Friends connected with the navy, or hon. Members interested in shipping, would have brought forward the question, and he for that reason had delayed taking it up till now. He felt he was hardly competent to give a professional opinion on the matter, yet he believed his Motion would be of use in eliciting a discussion that would prove useful to the service. At that moment we were building ships of various kinds" and the question was, which description would be of most value to the country? He had no desire to censure the Board of Admiralty. No member of that House had a greater respect for the noble Duke at the head of the Admiralty, who carried out his duties in a manner creditable to himself and advantageous to the country, but he was anxious to ascertain whether in the fleet they were constructing they were pursuing the wisest and most economical course. They were now building ships of wood, of iron, partly of wood and partly of iron,
  1750
  some of them iron-cased partially, and others iron-cased wholly. Over and over again the House had been told that the time of the Lords of the Admiralty was so occupied that it was impossible for them to devote to the subject the attention which it deserved. He had been Chairman of the Committee to inquire into the state of the gunboats, and Sir Baldwin Walker told the Committee in what manner the authority was given for the construction of a ship, He stated that he desired the constructor to make drawings of a ship, that he examined those drawings, and signed them, and made what was called a submission to the Lords of the Admiralty, laying his plans on the table. They were discussed as such things could be discussed in a board, and generally the first naval Lord signed his name to the drawings, and the work was performed; and yet the builders stated that, however faulty the plans submitted to them for their construction might be, they never presumed to make the slightest alteration in them. Under these circumstances the only security the country had was in the talent and experience of the Chief Constructor of the Navy, and he wished to ask if they had in the Chief Constructor recently appointed that experience in shipbuilding and that description of talent which justified them in placing the fleet under his entire control. He had heard from many quarters that the new Constructor was a man of considerable ability, and he had no doubt that he was so, but talent was not all that was required. The Constructor ought to be a man of great experience, who had been employed continuously in the construction of ships, and who would be able to say at once where strength should be added and blemishes removed. Vessels from 6,000 down to 700 tons were constantly being built. They were constructed in very different ways, and varied in proportion, in material, and in armament in a most extraordinary manner. It was impossible to say when a ship was ordered to be constructed what guns she would carry, and it appeared that this point, this vital point, was never settled till after the vessel was launched; instead of the only rational course of building a ship suitable for a definite battery. That magnificent ship the Warrior was built to carry 40 guns, yet she was now only to carry 20. He was old enough to remember when the cost of a ship was estimated at £1,000 per gun, That sum

  1751
  not only found the ship, but the armament and the entire equipment. A vast change had since taken place in that respect. It appeared from Returns presented to the House by the noble Lord the Secretary to the Admiralty, that the Agincourt, the Minotaur, and the Northumberland, each of which were of 6,621 tons, were only to carry 26 guns. They were of iron but only partially plated. The Warrior and Black Prince, of 6,109 tons and originally intended to carry 40 guns, were now to carry 20 only. These two were only partially iron-plated and of iron. The Achilles was of 6,121 tons, and was to carry only 20 guns; she was of iron and only partially iron-plated; but he hoped the noble Lord would correct him if he was wrong. He had heard, but he did not know, that she was now to be more completely plated than originally intended. Then the Hector, of only 4,020 tons, was to carry 24 guns, while the Achilles with a third more tonnage was to carry only 20. What was more remarkable was that the Valiant, although smaller than either, was to carry 34 guns. He had no doubt the Admiralty Return he quoted from was quite correct. Then, again, the Bellerophon, which was larger than the Valiant, being of 4,446 tons, was only to carry 14 guns. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: Her guns are of much larger calibre.] That would enable her to throw a heavier broadside, and was therefore a point which must be borne in mind, but the Returns did not give the information. The Caledonia, of about 4,000 tons, was wholly armour plated and a wooden ship. The Bellerophon was an iron ship and partly armour-plated. The Royal Oak was of wood, and wholly armour-plated. The Ocean was of wood, of a little more than 4,000 tons and wholly armour-plated. The Prince Consort was of 4,000 tons, and was to have 35 guns. Why was the Caledonia to have much heavier guns than the Bellerophon? If the Bellerophon's armament was good for a man-of-war of 4,000 tons it ought to be applied to the Caledonia also. But nothing was ever more capricious than the present system of armament; every thing about it was complex and costly where simplicity was required. He doubted whether the noble Lord had the guns of large calibre in sufficient quantity. If we were in the right groove, let us continue in it; if not, let us change it. If the Government had nothing to hide, nothing to stifle, they
  1752
  would grant the inquiry for which he asked; and as Parliament was about to break up, it was very important that the House and the country should know how the enormous sum to be spent before they met again was going to be laid out. A French author of some celebrity stated what the right hon. Member for Droitwich would no doubt be slow to admit—namely, that the Warrior would Have no chance, through not being protected at the bow and stern, against a vessel like La Gloire, which was armour-plated all round. He hoped that was not so; but the Warrior was an experiment, and he would ask, was it not intended to disarm the bow and stern of the Black Prince and the Warrior? His right hon. Friend said his object in regard to the Warrior was to get a great speed, and he believed that with a clean bottom she would steam from 14 to 15 knots an hour. His right hon. Friend would say that if the bow and stern had not been made so sharp she would not have attained that velocity. That was one of the points which required investigation. The proper way to deal with a question of this kind was not to leave it in the hands of the noble Lord and his colleagues on the Treasury Bench, because in a year or two they might be replaced by other Gentlemen with totally different views. He wanted something specific to be laid down, not for the purpose of controlling the Government or the Admiralty, but with the view of advising and assisting them, and it is lamentable to see how much they want that assistance. A vote of the House, so far from being a reproach to the Admiralty, would strengthen them. He knew nothing except from the newspapers, but he had read that two vessels recently constructed, and called the Research and the Enterprise, were fitted up, not with the ordinary broadside batteries, but with guns in a sort of box, 33ft. by 32ft. square, in which four guns were used. Any man acquainted with the requirements of ventilation would know that space would be quite inadequate. These four guns ought to be capable of being used at the same time, supposing the vessel to be attacked simultaneously on both sides. It was reported that experiments had been made with these guns; but he would be glad to know at what angle they were fired. It appeared that they were not loaded with shot, but

  1753
  only with powder, and he was told that they were fired at an elevation, and could not be fired in any other way. That was a bad system. He found fault with these two vessels being fitted up with that box, at great expense, without having the box tried on terra firma. He had a letter in his possession from the commander of the Rolf Krake, belonging to the Danish Government, which was built on Captain Cowper Coles's system, and which had been three times in action, receiving 150 shot wounds, and that letter gave a very good description of her performance, with which the writer was perfectly satisfied. He understood that the Research, a vessel with the same armament and of the same size as the Rolf Krake, could only fire two guns in any one direction at the same time, whereas the Rolf Krake could fire her four guns at the same time and in the same direction. All that he had gathered from naval men of experience and ability gave him a bad opinion of the Research and the Enterprise. The public mind ought to be set at rest one way or other as to their real character. Then there was another important point, The ship for which they were indebted to the right hon. Member for Droitwich would steam 14 or 15 knots an hour, but they did not hear that the small vessels by which so much was promised to be done would steam 10 knots. Suppose, then, we were engaged in war. In making up our squadrons we must recollect that speed was one great element to be kept in view. What would be the consequence of sending out the Warrior along with the Research and the Enterprise? The Warrior, with her superior speed, might run up to an enemy possessing perhaps an equal armament, when her two slower consorts could not come up to her support. Length was the first element of speed; and if we were to have iron-plated ships as nearly as possible shot-proof, by plating them from stem to stern on both sides, it was clear we must, in order to obtain the proper amount of displacement, have a breadth of beam incompatible with high speed. Then there was the great question of armour-plating with regard to which a great deal of uncertainty prevailed, and many experiments had been made. First, the Warrior had 4½in. of iron with 18in. of teak backing; but they were not content with that, which was very nearly shot proof with the guns they then had in
  1754
  use. They next determined to build the Northumberland, the Agincourt, and the Minotaur. They proceeded on what they supposed to be a better target. But, if the target was not so good as that of the Warrior, the Government had made a mistake, and they have made a mistake. After all, did they want an invulnerable ship? They had not quite got it in the Warrior, but it is pretended that they would have it in the target proposed by Mr. Chalmers. It appeared that that target was supposed to be a success; and they heard, also, that it was copied or nearly copied in the Bellerophon. Had it been properly tested with full charges and under the same circumstances as other targets? This is to be doubted. Then there was another target for the Lord Warden. That was the most complicated structure he had ever seen. It was first of iron, then of wood, then of iron, and then of wood again. If that turned out better than the Warrior he should rejoice, but he heard it had been tried and failed. If it had failed, they did wrong to adopt it. The noble Lord would excuse him, however, for saying it had not been very fairly tried. The target actually tried did not represent that portion of the ship it was intended to represent. He wanted to know under what advice our ships were built. Sir R. Seppings made great improvements; Sir William Symonds, it was supposed, had also made improvements. Then came three men who had been brought up in the College of Naval Architecture at Portsmouth, Mr. Crew, Mr. Chatfield, and Mr. Reed—not the Mr. Reed of whom they had heard so much of late. They were admirable men—men of talent. They were employed one day in actual shipbuilding, and another day in scientific studies, thus combining theory with practice. That was a good and sound system for bringing forward practical men. But now the new Naval College was to be conducted on a different system—the students were to spend the six winter months at Kensington, and the other six months in the dockyard. Were they to be employed at the ship's side learning the duties of a shipwright? He was told they were to make drawings at Kensington, but they ought to make drawings from the ships under construction and not from models. He feared the system would turn out a bad one, for though at Kensington they might ac-

  1755
  quire mathematics in the higher branches and the other elements so much talked of, but which often turned out unpractical, they would lose a great deal that was practical. No one stickled more than the noble Lord (Lord C. Paget) for examinations. At the present moment every one raised from one grade to another in the dockyards had to undergo a competitive examination. It was a great pity the noble Lord had not applied that principle to the case of the appointment of Constructor of the Navy. Had he done so, he might, indeed, have got the same man, but the whole country would have been open to him. The selection might have been made from the most eminent private yards, such as that of the Messrs. Laird, of Birkenhead, that of Messrs. Green, that of the Thames Company, and many other establishments. The best practical man would have been got, but instead of that a gentleman was taken out of an office who had not been employed in shipbuilding for ten years. He did not think that that was right. Then, again, was it intended that the able men at present employed in our dockyards should give way to the students at the Kensington school? If so, great heartburning would be occasioned. First of all, then, they had to determine the question of armour-plating. Then, again, was there sufficient strength in the Admiralty to take up all the great inventions of the day, or did they require more advice? He did not doubt the sea talent of the naval Lord of the Admiralty, or the administrative talent of the hon. Member for Pontefract, who, he had no doubt, would do his work well, but did he pretend to decide what should be the construction of a ship? Had the naval Lords time to turn their attention to the construction of ships? He had heard that the late Controller, a distinguished officer, had said he did not understand shipbuilding. Did the present Controller profess to be able to decide on the lines of a ship? It is believed he did not. They were then in the hands of the new Constructor, and who was his adviser? A connection of his own of very limited knowledge. They wanted as their advisers men of great talent, great energy, and great experience—men who would have the confidence of the country. He feared they had not got them. The noble Lord the Secretary to the Admiralty, as chairman of Committees, had often to investigate less important matters; were not those of much more importance to be
  1756
  investigated? They could not bring together a sufficient number of Members who had the requisite practical knowledge on this subject, they must therefore look beyond the walls of the House. He had great doubts whether that information could be found even within the walls of the Admiralty. The Warrior carried 20 guns, her tonnage was 300 tons per gun, and her cost was £18,050 per gun. The Defence, which carried 18 guns, or 207 tons per gun, cost £13,373 per gun. The Achilles, of 20 guns, had 306 tons per gun, and cost £16,093 per gun. We ought to have numbers of these ships, and it was of great importance to know that they were being built in the best and cheapest way. Would the noble Lord, therefore, tell the House whether he was aiming at speed, at armament, or at power of resistance? Had the noble Lord entered into the question of constructing ships of steel? Steel was pierced by shot, but it did not splinter, whereas iron splintered, and the splinters were more dangerous than the shot themselves. If it were found impossible to construct at a moderate cost a vessel that would keep out shell and shot, was it worth while to sacrifice speed, and would it not be wiser to let the shot go through if it could not be kept out by any vessel that would go 12 knots an hour? The difference in the construction and cost of these vessels was most remarkable. The Lord Clyde, 24, would have 169 tons per gun, and the cost per gun would be £11,600. The Pallas, 6, would have for each gun 395 tons flotation, and would cost £22,690 per gun. Why were these ships built apparently hap-hazard, the cost per gun being double in some cases to what it was in others? He wanted to know whether, when a ship was ordered to be built, directions were given what her draught of water was to be, her number of guns, her tonnage, and cost per gun. With every respect to guns and soldiers ashore, he looked upon the navy as our main defence, and the way to keep our navy uncrippled was to economize and build at the lowest price and in the most judicious method possible. But how could the difference between these ships be reconciled? The Vixen was to carry four guns, and was to be of 754 tons. The Prince Albert was also to carry four guns, but was to be 2,529 tons. As to the Research, Admiral Fremantle's Report, for which he had moved, would show what the construction of vessels was. He said—

  1757
  "The space in the battery is so confined that the men have not room to work the guns with that facility that is required. The battery is thirty-three feet in length by thirty-two feet in breadth inside; within this space are four heavy guns, upwards of eighty men, funnel, wheel, hatchway for supplying powder and shell. There is a difficulty in traversing the guns from the broadside to the bow and quarter ports. When the broadside guns were fired with extreme train, foremost ones to the left, after ones to the right, the captains of them could not stand to direct and fire them. These points being of great importance, I have considered it right to bring them before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty."
  He wished to know what was to be done with the Warrior, the Black Prince, and vessels of that kind, which were not plated from bow to stern? If Captain Coles's turrets succeeded, as he hoped and believed, he would suggest whether the spaces in the bow and stern could not be occupied with turrets. These ships were known to be the finest in the world, and they ought to have an armament worthy of their reputation. If his Motion were granted, he was certain that a great saving of public money would follow, and he therefore begged the favourable consideration of the House.
  Motion made, and Question proposed,
  "That an humble Address be presented to Her Majesty, praying that She will be graciously pleased to issue a Commission to consider the various systems now existing of constructing and Armour-plating Ships of War for the British Navy, as well as for the Navies of other Maritime Powers, and to report what, in the opinion of such Commission, should be the system to be now adopted for the British Navy."—(Sir Frederic Smith.)
  LORD CLARENCE PAGETsaid, that if he thought the granting of a Commission would have the effect which his hon. and gallant Friend anticipated, he would be the last to object to it. But he thought that the hon. and gallant Gentleman in the course of his able speech had shown that in the first place any Commission that might be appointed would be led into a sea of difficulties, and next, that by the time it had presented its Report, there would have been such alterations and improvements in guns, shot, armour-plating, and all things connected with fighting ships, that it would really be out of date. He had carefully listened to the speech of his hon. and gallant Friend with a view to ascertain whether he could lay down a line for future action. He had told them truly that, of the 27 armour ships we were now constructing, scarcely two, and in no case more than three or four, were
  1758
  of anything like the same dimensions, and he had found fault with the Admiralty for adopting a number of plans.
  SIR FREDERIC SMITHsaid, he did not object to the class of ships that were built, but he did object that those ships did not appear to be performing the duties which those classes of ships should perform. Where there were ships of the same kind there was not the same armament.
  LORD CLARENCE PAGETsaid, his hon. and gallant Friend seemed to think that, according to tonnage, ships should carry a given number of guns. [Sir FREDERIC SMITH: Yes,] The answer to that was, that although fewer guns might be put on board, yet those guns might be of a heavier calibre, and the Admiralty studied not so much the number of guns as the weight of metal. The hon. and gallant Gentleman stated that the Warrior was built to carry 40 guns, while in fact she only carried 20. The fact was that the Warrior carried more than 20 guns, because she carried a certain number on her upper deck, but it was true also that the guns had been taken away from that part of the main deck of the ship which was not armour-plated. It was, however, also true that the guns which were left on board were of heavier calibre; so that if the number of guns had been diminished the weight of metal fired from those remaining had been increased. The hon. and gallant Gentleman had compared the Warrior with the Gloire; but the fact was that, although the Warrior carried fewer guns than the Gloire, yet she would deliver a heavier broadside in the weight of shot. The great value of guns was the weight of shot they sent. The real object of the Motion appeared to be to find fault with the Research and the Enterprise. [Sir FREDERIC SMITH: No.] The hon. and gallant Gentleman said, why was not a Chief Constructor of the Navy chosen by competition? He (Lord Clarence Paget) was a great advocate of competition, and it had been his desire to apply that system as far as possible, but it had its limits. We did not appoint our high officers by competition. When a man of great talent and knowledge was required, the Government must undertake the responsibility of selecting a man in whom they had confidence. The history of Mr. Reed's appointment was briefly this—Mr. Reed was originally instructed in one of our dockyards, and he afterwards took a high place

  1759
  among naval architects. That gentleman was employed by the Admiralty to build two vessels, the Research and the Enterprise, and to do what the Constructors of the Navy had hitherto believed to be impossible, to construct armour-plated ships of moderate tonnage. When the right hon. Gentleman opposite (Sir John Pakington) inquired what sized ship was required to carry armour-plating, he was told that nothing under the size of the Warrior could do it. The Warrior was a great success, no doubt, but there were certain defects connected with that ship, such as her excessive length, and it was thought most desirable if possible to reduce the size. The Admiralty wished to reduce expense and to diminish the draught of water; but they had not been able to get below vessels of 4,000 tons. Mr. Reed proposed to adapt the frames of vessels already in course of construction, and said he could construct a vessel of 1,000 tons to be armour-plated, especially on her vital part near the water line. That was the history of the Research and the Enterprise. The plans of these vessels were sent in, and Mr. Reed was employed to build them. He would not venture to prophesy that the Research and the Enterprise would be found faultless, because in all experiments, such as they were, improvements in matters of detail would always be discovered. He would pass over what had occurred at Devonport, because he held that the Research had not had fair play. The fact of sending her out in a hurry, with her four guns really firing over her decks, exactly as in Captain Coles's ship, was a great novelty, and in his opinion should have been carried out on the first occasion with great care and precautions. The shock did damage to some crockery, and some trifling damage was done to the ship. Those damages, however, were so slight that the Admiral did not report them, but he said the quarters were too confined. It must be borne in mind that those vessels carried men sufficient to full man all their guns, while on other ships there were only sufficient men to man fully one broadside. When the two broadsides were fired one-half of the men were taken from the full number at each gun. In the ships we now possessed the number of men to guns was fewer than in Mr. Reed's vessels. Bearing that fact in mind, it was not surprising that the batteries of these latter vessels should be more crowded; but to make
  1760
  a fair comparison with other ships, one half of the crew should be sent below. There were other defects of detail, such as the funnel and the wheel, which had been remedied. There was, too, the gun slides. He was surprised to hear the hon. and gallant Gentleman ask why they had not adopted Mr. Anderson's slides, when, in fact, these slides had not been invented at the time these vessels were planned. Captain De Horsey, a very intelligent officer, had those two vessels under his orders, and they had been sent singly in order that they might have a satisfactory trial. The hon. and gallant Gentleman said, "Why not send them to the Channel Fleet?" For the same reasons that Captain Coles's vessels were not sent to the Channel Fleet. It was desirable that those new ships should be tried by themselves first. [Sir FREDERIC SMITH: The trial should be public] They were public, for his hon. and gallant Friend might go aboard if he liked, but the ships were always sent out by themselves in the first instance, just as a racehorse was tried. Captain de Horsey had not been sent to make a favourable report, but to make a faithful one, and he had not known that his report would ever be brought under the notice of that House. He reported on every part of those vessels, and he described them as a success. Having gone through various details, as to their performance under canvas, their wearing and tacking, and their capabilities in running before the wind, and showing that in all respects they were sea-going vessels, he said the accommodation, the stowage, and the ventilation were good, as were the whole internal arrangements of both ships. He said that the ventilation of the Research was not so good as that of the Enterprise, and that the upper deck was too close to the water; and that the fore and aft deck of the sister ship were elevated above the fighting deck, which he thought was a better plan. There was no concealment, for Captain de Horsey observed that the Research was too deep waisted, a fault which the hon. and gallant Gentleman knew was very common in corvettes. Those ships bad not been in a gale of wind, but, from a conversation which he had had with the captains, he believed both vessels would be good seafaring ships. Mr. Reed had constructed them, and at a moment when the Admiralty required a Chief Constructor the Duke of Somerset took upon himself

  1761
  to appoint that gentleman. His hon. and gallant Friend said that the Admiralty put their faith in Mr. Reed; but it so happened that there were other constructors of the Navy, very rising men, not to mention Admiral Robinson, who, though not a thorough constructor, was one of the best officers in the navy as regarded an acquaintance with the details of a ship. He wished his hon. and gallant Friend and the public to remember that the mere building of a man-of-war did not represent but half of what was necessary to make her efficient. For equipment, armament, stowage, rigging, magazines, and other points, the judgment and superintendence of a practical sailor were required. His hon. and gallant Friend found fault with the Admiralty because they did not appoint some marvellous man, such as he supposed his hon. and gallant Friend had in his own eye; and another charge brought against them was that they did not inquire sufficiently. Why, several Committees of Inquiry on several different points had been appointed. For the last three or four years they had had a Committee on Armour Plates, presided over by his hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Wakefield (Sir John Hay); and now they were going to have a Committee to inquire into the novel and interesting proposal submitted by Captain Coles for rigging ships on the tripod system to suit the cupolas. They had had many Committees on points of detail, but to appoint a Commission or Committee and tell them they were to construct ships for the navy would be absurd and impossible. His hon. and gallant Friend as the Member for Chatham must know, if he ever visited the dockyards, what the Admiralty were doing with steel, and yet he came to that House and said to the Admiralty, "You are behindhand, and do not use steel." To justify the Admiralty, he would read a letter, dated July 8th, from an independent gentleman, whose authority no one would question—Mr. Fairbairn. The letter was I marked "private;" but he was sure that the writer would not object to its being read I to the House. At all events, he could not I resist reading portions of it. Mr. Fairbairn went into details, which it was unnecessary to bring before the House, though they were most interesting to nautical men; but the following portions of his letter, which was directed to Admiral Robinson, could not fail to be gratifying to every hon. Member:—
  "Some days previous to leaving town I visited
  1762
  Chatham along with Mr. Reid for the purpose of examining the iron ship Bellerophon, now in frame at the dockyard. In this inspection I was highly gratified to find that you had adopted what I have all along considered the true principle of construction in the formation of the hull with double bottom, or double sheathing in the cellular form. Longitudinal kelsons united to transverse frames from 3ft. to 4ft. asunder is, in my opinion, the only secure form in which wrought-iron as a material for shipbuilding can be employed; and I have to congratulate you on the prospect of having one of the strongest and lightest ships ever yet constructed for Her Majesty's service. I offer no opinion as to the armour-plating, that is already determined experimentally, and I must leave the lines and form to better and wiser heads than my own. One thing I, however, observed, namely, the capacious breadth of floor at midships, which, I think, is a great improvement."
  He thought hon. Gentlemen were too apt to take up newspapers and read some story of the French having advanced beyond us, and of American ships, wonders of the world, which were to completely eclipse anything which we had afloat. He assured the House that as regarded the French he spoke with the greatest respect of their ships, because we owed to those ships many improvements; but he was not at all afraid of our ships; for they were equal if not superior to those of any other nation. He did not deny that their cost was great. They cost perhaps more than they would if constructed in private yards, but he believed they were of superior workmanship, and that their superiority in that respect more than compensated us for the extra cost. He could assure his hon. and gallant Friend that steel shot and the construction of guns were matters not lost sight of by the Admiralty, and that in regard to both we were not behind any other nation. As to the Lord Warden target, it was quite true that target had been roughly handled, but it had not yet been pierced by any gun in use in the service. He did not mean to say that it had not been much shaken.
  SIR JOHN HAY: The noble Lord must be speaking of some other target.
  LORD CLARENCE PAGET: No, he was speaking of the Lord Warden target, which was fired at by the 10·5-inch 12-ton gun, on board the Royal Sovereign—the biggest gun we had got—and which was not pierced by it. It was true that the target had not yet been taken to pieces, and, consequently, the exact amount of damage could not be ascertained. In the Lord Warden and the Lord Clyde, we had ships of the very strongest construction. They had the scantling of a line-of-

  1763
  battle-ship, and the only distinction between them and the armour-plated ships built of wood previously was that they had an inner skin of 1½ inch. To call that construction complicated was a misapplication, of terms. He would not follow the hon. and gallant Gentleman into the various details of the construction of ships, but he would only say that it was a subject which constantly engaged the attention of the Admiralty, and where they found that any branch of the subject required accurate and detailed information they appointed a committee of practical men. But to throw down on the table instructions to a Commission to construct ships for our navy would be perfectly futile, would lead to vast and extravagant expenditure, and, instead of leading to efficiency, would be a most unfortunate thing for the navy.
  SIR JOHN HAYsaid, that though he did not agree with his hon. and gallant Friend as to the expediency of referring this general subject to a Commission, he did not think that the noble Lord had given reasons which would induce the House to reject the Motion. With regard to the Lord Warden target, the noble Lord and himself must be at cross purposes. If the noble Lord had been present at the experiment, he never could have said that the Lord Warden was not pierced. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: It was not pierced by the 300-pounder.] He was sorry that he had not the Returns with him, but the noble Lord would see that the target was exposed to a very severe fire, and was not only pierced but destroyed in a most wonderful manner. It was exposed to the fire of four of the heaviest guns in existence. One shell struck it, broke in the target, made a hole four feet in diameter in the front, and eight feet diameter in the rear. The fire was exceedingly heavy, but it was quite possible that our ships might be subjected to such a fire. He quite agreed with his noble Friend that it would be unadvisable to appoint a Committee to go into the general subject of the construction of the navy, but there were points of detail on the subject of construction which might properly be referred to a Committee or Commission. What the public were disposed to find fault with the Admiralty for was, not that they made too many experiments, or that they did not do their duty in endeavouring to ascertain what was the best description of ships, but that their inquiries appeared to be aimless, and that
  1764
  they did not set before them any definite object. There were several points on which a definite decision might be wisely arrived at, and which might be referred to a Committee or Commission. First of all, there was the question of speed. The object of a ship was to be able to carry the best possible guns with the greatest possible speed into the required position, and that the vessel should be capable of being manœuvred with facility when she was got into that position. The ascertained speed of some ocean-going steamers was from 16 to 17 miles an hour, and it would be desirable to ascertain what speed our men-of-war could reasonably be expected to attain. The speed of a fleet or squadron acting in concert was measured by the speed of the slowest vessel in it, and it would be necessary, therefore, to come to some definite understanding as to what should be the slowest speed given to vessels intended to act in concert. Then, again, there was the question of the draught of large ships. Great disadvantages had arisen from the large draught of some of our large ships, which did not permit them to approach the shore, and which made them unable to enter any of our docks. Another point was the difficulty of turning some of our new long ships with a single screw, and the consequent difficulty of manœuvring them in action or in a narrow channel He was not prepared to affirm positively that the twin screw had solved this difficulty, but he believed in his heart that it had. By means of the twin screw the longest ships might be manœuvred in their own length, and if the Admiralty adopted that principle, he believed they would have solved the difficulty. These were questions which might be wisely referred to a Committee or Commission. He was fully aware of the difficulties the Admiralty laboured under in regard to the question of armament; but he believed we were pausing a little too long over our experiments. This point, at least, had been made pretty clear, that, in a conflict with armour-plated ships, no gun lighter than the 12-ton gun would be of much service. If it could be proved that we could have a 12-ton gun which could be rifled for rifle projectiles, and at the same time used as a smooth-bore gun, let us have a supply of those guns at once sufficient to arm the number of ships we intended to commission, or which we might commission, in the event of a war. There was another point which would require the attention of the Admiralty, and that

  1765
  was, how those new iron ships were to be coppered. His hon. and gallant Friend (Sir Frederic Smith) was not sanguine that that could be done. It should be borne in mind, however, that the ships of Her Majesty's navy must keep the sea for a very long period in time of war, and therefore the question was well deserving the attention of the Admiralty. He was of opinion that when the talent of the country was brought to bear upon it the difficulty might be overcome. There was another subject which had not been alluded to, but which was of deep national importance. We were protecting our ships by iron, and making the hull fireproof; but, after all, the great danger in battle was the danger of fire. Once that we had a certainty that our enemies would be provided with steel shells, we might be equally certain that if the fittings were made of deal the bursting of such a shell would cause not only considerable destruction on board, but even a panic among the crew. Therefore it was necessary that combustible materials should, as far as possible, be got rid of. He had heard with some surprise that after certain trials the Royal Sovereign was about to join the Channel Fleet. But unless the Royal Sovereign was masted, she would hardly be in a condition to be employed as a seagoing ship. They had been asked to give the Royal Sovereign fair play. But what Captain Coles complained of, and what the general public had been led to believe, was that Captain Coles had had not fair play from the Admiralty—that he had not had entire control over the ships which he was to build. Would Captain Coles be satisfied that the Royal Sovereign should be sent to join the Channel Fleet without masts? [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: She has light jury masts.] But not such masts as it would be desirable to send her to sea with. To talk then of sending her to make a trial of her sea-going qualities with the Channel Fleet was, to sea-going men, absurd. As to the Prince Albert, which Captain Coles was building, though it was not for Members of that House to take exception to the number of persons employed upon her, yet he thought everything ought to be done to get her forward, with a view to make a requisite trial. It was hardly judicious to parade before the House the charge that fair play had not been given to the Research and the Enterprise, and to challenge hon. Gentlemen to give fair play to the Royal
  1766
  Sovereign and the Prince Albert, particularly when the latter vessels had hardly received at the hands of the Admiralty all the consideration to which they were entitled. In the unfortunate Danish war the Rolfe Krake, a ship of the same description, had been tried, and the manner in which her guns had been used, her speed, and the way in which she had manœuvred, were admirable. The experiment in the case of that ship ought to induce us to push forward vessels of the same description, so that we might be able to ascertain what class of ships was best adapted for the public service. His noble Friend had told the House that in the Research the funnel and wheel were matters of detail. But a steamship without a funnel, and any ship at all without a wheel, would not be in a favourable condition for going to sea. Let it be assumed that in action there were forty men below and forty other men with a funnel and wheel in a space about as large as a good-sized dining room. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: The funnel would be taken away.] Then it would be deprived of the protection to which it was entitled, and so would the wheel. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: The wheel would be below in action.] He did not think that would be a convenient place for it. However, the Admiralty originally approved of a place about as large as a good-sized dining room for some forty men, a funnel, and a wheel. And besides these they had four large guns in this space requiring forty men to work them, and the ports of the guns were so placed that there was a largo space over which the guns could not be trained. Now, an authority whom all would respect, the late Sir Howard Douglas, had laid it down that in no action had any good been done by the guns unless where there was a stable platform, and where the gunners had means of knowing how much or how little the vessel was likely to roll. In Captain Coles's ships the guns would be trained all round the compass, but in the Research the position of the ship must be altered before the guns could be brought to bear, and unless the vessel was in perfectly smooth water an efficient aim could not be taken. The first object should be to make the guns available, and the idea of constructing a ship with such a defect as he had described showed a great want of judgment. Although a good case had been made out for inquiry, he could hardly

  1767
  agree with his hon. and gallant Friend that the whole subject should be handed over to one Commission. There were, however, a few points of detail which were well worthy of the attention of the Admiralty, which might be sent for inquiry to a Committee or a Commission, and which it would be well to have settled as speedily as possible.
  MR. LAIRDsaid, that it was hardly advisable to appoint a Commission, as in naval matters changes were made from day to day. After the large sums of money expended upon the navy, however, the House had a right to ask what position the navy was in if the country were now called upon to go to war. The noble Lord had rightly said it was desirable for the Admiralty to turn their attention to the subject of vessels of light draught of water. If we went to war with Russia, France, or America, we had only two armour-cased vessels—the Research and the Enterprise—that would go at all into shallow water. The Research could only throw a broadside of 170 lb. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: 220 lb. J He had put a question some time ago with regard to the Enterprise, which was the successful vessel, according to the noble Lord's statement, about the depth of the armour-plating. At the request of the noble Lord he went to the Admiralty to see the plans, and he found that the armour-plating was only one foot above the water. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: That was a confidential communication.] The Enterprise was a wooden vessel, and he would ask what would be the effect if a shell such as those fired by the Kearsarge were to hit that vessel one foot above the water r They were not to suppose that vessels were always to fight in smooth water. They must take some account of a little swell, and he maintained that as an armour-cased vessel the Enterprise was perfectly useless. The result of sending Captain Coles's ship, the Royal Sovereign, to sea without being properly masted would be in his opinion a total failure. He trusted that the Government, for the sake of the country, would do justice to Captain Coles, and allow that vessel to be masted, so as to make her an efficient sea-going ship. Much had been said of the difficulty of getting effective vessels of a light draught on the cupola system. Now, having paid some attention to this subject, he was prepared to state that vessels of about 1,200 tons could be built with a speed of
  1768
  twelve knots an hour, to carry two of the heaviest guns, two 300-pounders, and throwing a broadside of 600 lb. against the 220 lb. of the Research. Such a vessel could be completely armour-plated, fitted on Captain Coles's plan, masted, rigged, and arranged, so that she should be available not only for harbour and coast defence, but able to go round Cape Horn or any other part of the world. He did not profess much knowledge of gunnery, but he believed that the only method of carrying the heavy guns now proposed was on the plan of Captain Coles, because the guns could be trained in the simplest and easiest manner, and worked with fewer hands than in any other ships. He trusted that the Admiralty would consider the subject, because if they would use all possible appliances for working the yards, rigging, and guns of their ships, they would require fewer men to man the navy, and might then reduce the Navy Estimates. The Admiralty would also, he hoped, give their attention to vessels of a smaller class. The cost would not be great, and if they were to go to war to-morrow they would have suddenly to apply all the resources of the dockyards and private yards to provide themselves with vessels of light draught, capable of going across the Atlantic or to cross the Channel, in order to compete with what on the other side of the Atlantic were called turret vessels. But if the Admiralty were to send such vessels as composed their African squadron—if they sent out slow, wooden vessels—they would meet with the fate that befell the Alabama. [Lord CLARENCE PAGET: Those vessels go to the bottom, too sometimes.] He was not alluding to regular sea-going vessels, but if we went to war we must not wait to be attacked, but must have the means of attacking the enemy on his coast. He challenged the noble Lord to contradict his statement that this country was in a very unsafe condition in that respect. On the rivers of France there were floating batteries of great power and slow speed, which were more than a match for any vessels we could send out, except vessels like the Warrior, which would not float in shallow waters. To make our fleet efficient in this way would not cost a large sum. The Admiralty could not assert that it was enough to have two experimental vessels of wood merely cased to the water-line. The Admiralty would have to do what they had been urged for

  1769
  years to do—namely, to follow private enterprise, and construct our navy entirely of iron.
  SIR MORTON PETOsaid, he did not think a Commission would be useful. The only way of meeting the difficulty of the case was the reconstruction of the Board of Admiralty itself. He did not dispute the talent of Mr. Reed, the present chief constructor of the navy, but it was not right and proper that the Admiralty should be guided by one mind. The constructor should design the vessels, and submit those designs to practical men, so that any defects, such as were discovered in the Research, might be found out before the ships were constructed. That was done in other countries, and practically we had simply adopted what had been initiated in other countries. The great problem to be solved was how the greatest force could be most judiciously employed. As the Admiralty was at present constructed it could not, he believed, deal with that problem; they were too much in the hands of a single individual.
  SIR JOHN PAKINGTONsaid, the question which had been raised was of the highest importance, but he was sorry that he was obliged so far to differ from his hon. and gallant Friend that he could not be any party to recommending Her Majesty's Government to appoint such a Commission as he had recommended. He was opposed to the appointment of a Commission, both because he would not be a party to any step which would relieve from its proper responsibility the department of the State to which Parliament had intrusted the management of our naval affairs, and also because he felt the unanswerable force of the argument that we were in a state of transition with regard to the subject, that new inventions were being brought forward every day, and when the Commission had made their Report they would probably find that something had been devised which would entirely supersede their recommendation. The only safe course was to leave matters to the responsibility of the Admiralty, in which he was sure that his noble Friend would admit that Parliament had of late years placed great confidence. He had always expressed the opinion that the Admiralty were right in trying any experiments or adopting any course which had a reasonable prospect of success. All that was desired was that they should to the best of their ability adopt all the improve-
  1770
  ments which might be devised in regard to the armour-plating of ships. He was afraid that on some occasions they had not carried out their experiments with all the caution that was desirable. He referred especially to the manner in which they had dealt with Captain Coles's invention of cupola ships. It was a great mistake to cut down the Royal Sovereign instead of building an entirely new vessel. Perhaps, however, there could hardly be a more striking illustration of the change which was now taking place than was to be found in the fact, that there was good reason to believe that the Royal Sovereign, reduced in size and carrying five guns, was a more valuable and effective ship than before she was cut down, and when she carried 130 guns. His noble Friend had spoken of her joining the Channel Fleet.
  LORD CLARENCE PAGETexplained that he did not mean that the Royal Sovereign was to be considered as a seagoing ship, but only that she was to be placed under the orders of Admiral Dacres, who commanded the Channel Fleet. She would be a coasting ship.
  SIR JOHN PAKINGTONsaid, that that showed the mistake which had been made. Although the Royal Sovereign was intended for harbour purposes she drew 27 feet of water. He did not intend to cast any censure upon Mr. Reed, who deserved the credit of having first tried the experiment of applying armour-plating to small vessels, but he could not help contrasting the Research with the Rolfe Krake. These two vessels were as nearly as possible of the same size, tonnage, and armoury. They each carried four guns, but while the Rolfe Krake could use them all on either side, the Research could only fire two on each side; and while the Rolfe Krake drew only 10 feet of water, the Research drew 15. There could be no question as to the superiority of the vessel built in the Clyde by Messrs. Napier to that built for the Admiralty by Mr. Reed. He thought that the Admiralty had made a great mistake in the style of rigging which they had adopted for our larger class of armour-covered vessels, such as the Defence and the Hector. He did not lay much stress upon the fact that the rig of those vessels was so unsightly that it seemed as if the Admiralty had exercised their ingenuity to see how ugly a man-of-war could be made; but he was told that the masts and yards of these vessels were so deficient in size and power that they

  1771
  could not go to sea under canvas. That was a great misfortune, both because in the case of any accident to their machinery they would become helpless, and because the system of compelling vessels always to steam was a most expensive and extravagant one.
  LORD CLARENCE PAGETsaid, that the French ships spread less canvas than those of the rig of which the right hon. Baronet was complaining.
  SIR JOHN PAKINGTONsaid, that he was dealing with this as a positive question, and not as a matter of comparison. His complaint was that these vessels would not be effective under canvas. The House had a right to expect that the Admiralty should call to their aid all the greatest talent that they could command, should devote every care to the consideration of this subject, and should boldly and freely try any experiment which held out a reasonable prospect of success. If they would persevere in that course, it would be better to leave these questions to their responsibility, and not to incumber them with inquiries or commissions which could lead to no practical good.
  SIR FREDERIC SMITH,in withdrawing his Motion, said that the discussion which had taken place had been a useful one, and he, therefore, trusted that the House would not blame him for having introduced the subject.
  Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

POOR RELIEF (METROPOLIS) BILL

  LEAVE. FIRST READING.
  MR. C. P. VILLIERS,in rising to move for leave to bring in a Bill to make provision for distributing the charge of relief of certain classes of poor persons over the metropolis, said, he simply sought by the measure to give effect to the recommendations of a Committee which had arrived at an unanimous conclusion on the subject. The House was familiar with the accounts which so frequently appeared of the wandering poor who paraded the streets of the metropolis at night, and who were sometimes unable to obtain the relief which the law provided, and the Committee inquired very closely into the liability of the parishes to contribute to their support. Upon investigation it seemed that the present law failed in the respect that there was an unfair distribution of charges throughout the several Unions, while there was no doubt of
  1772
  the liability of the various parishes to support the destitute. After much inquiry the Committee came to the conclusion that the evil arose from the unequal distribution of the charge, and they recommended that some common fund should be created for the maintenance of that class of poor. They considered that the machinery of the Metropolitan Board of Works might be made available for the purpose, while under the machinery of the Poor Law Board there would be every check against abuse. The Bill provided for the creation of the necessary fund, which would only amount to £5,000 for the whole metropolis, while the property, on which the Metropolitan Board made their rate, amounted to £13,600,000. He believed that all the Unions in the metropolis agreed to the Bill, and that the Metropolitan Board did not object to it.
  Motion agreed to.
  Bill to make provision for distributing the charge of the Relief of certain classes of Poor Persons over the whole of the Metropolis, ordered to be brought in by Mr. VILLIERS and Mr. GILPIN.
  Bill presented, and read 1o. [Bill 224.]

  CONSOLIDATED FUND (APPROPRIATION) BILL,
  On Motion of Mr. MASSEY, Bill to apply a sum, out of the Consolidated Fund and the Surplus of Ways and Means, to the Service of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament, ordered* to be brought in by Mr. MASSEY, Mr. CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, and Mr. PEEL.
  Bill presented, and read 1o.* [Bill 225.]

  BRIBERY AT ELECTIONS BILL
  On Motion of Sir FITZ ROY KELLY, Bill for the more effectual prevention of Bribery and Corruption in the Election of Members to serve in Parliament, ordered* to be brought in by Sir FITZ ROY KELLY, Sir JOHN PAKINGTON, and Mr. WHITESIDE.
  Bill presented, and read 1o.* [Bill 227.]

  STAMP DUTIES ACT (1864) AMENDMENT RILL
  On Motion of Mr. CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, Bill to amend an Act of the present Session, chapter eighteen, as to the Stamp Duties on certain Letters or Powers of Attorney, ordered* to be brought in by Mr. CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER and Mr. PEEL.
  Bill presented, and read 1o.* [Bill 225.]
  House adjourned at a quarter after One o'clock.

MINUTES.
PUBLIC BILLS—First Reading—Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Extension* (No. 213); Turnpike Acts Continuance, &c* (No. 214); Portsmouth Dockyard (Acquisition of Lands)* (No. 215); Militia Pay*; Sheriffs Substitute (Scotland)* (No. 216); Bank Notes, &c., Signature* (No. 217); Registration of Deeds (Ireland)* (No. 218); Poisoned Flesh Prohibition, &c* (No. 219); Justices Proceedings Confirmation (Sussex)* (No. 220).
Second Reading—Sale of Gas (Scotland)* (No. 152); Naval Discipline (No. 205) [H. L.]; Local Government Act (1858) Amendment* (No. 190).
Committee—Mutual Surrender of Criminals (Prussia) (No. 204) [H. L.]; Thames Embankment and Metropolis Improvement (Loans)* (No. 206); Isle of Man Harbours Act Amendment * (No. 209); Militia Ballots Suspension*.
Report—Accidents Compensation Act Amendment* (No. 158); Mutual Surrender of Criminals (Prussia) [H. L.] (No. 204); Thames Embankment and Metropolis Improvement (Loans)* (No. 206); Isle of Man Harbours Act Amendment * (No. 209); Militia Ballots Suspension*.

SLAVE TRADE IN THE PACIFIC

  PETITION FROM NEW SOUTH WALES
  LORD BROUGHAM presented a Petition from inhabitants of Sydney, New South Wales, in public meeting assembled, praying for measures to suppress the Slave Trade amongst the Islands of the Pacific. The petitioners expressed great indignation at finding a slave trade established in that part of the world by vessels frequenting the neighbouring islands, and inveigling on board or carrying off by main force several hundreds of the poor natives. One vessel had got 700 of the natives on board, and the master complained that he was not allowed to complete his cargo to the full amount by decoying on board or seizing 400 more. So that 1,100 human beings were to be put on board a vessel not capable of holding half the number. The Petitioners prayed that some remedy might be devised for that state of things.
  Petition to lie on the table.

NAVAL DISCIPLINE BILL—(No. 205.)

  SECOND READING
  THE DUKE OF SOMERSETsaid, that a few Amendments had been found necessary in this Act. Instead, however, of bringing in a separate Bill, he proposed to reproduce the whole Act, and to move certain amended clauses in Committee.
  After a short conversation,
  Bill read 2a, and committed to a Committee of the whole House on Thursday next.

THE MUTUAL SURRENDER OF CRIMINALS (PRUSSIA) BILL—(No. 201.)

  COMMITTEE
  House in Committee (according to Order).
  LORD BROUGHAMexpressed his approval of the convention on which the measure was founded, and said that he trusted the time would soon come when

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  we should have similar conventions with all other countries, and when all countries would have similar conventions with each other.
  Bill reported, without Amendment.
  House adjourned at a quarter before Six o'clock, till To-morrow, half past Ten o'clock.