Lords Sitting of 30 November 1971

Preamble
The House met at half past two of the clock: The VISCOUNT HOOD on the Woolsack.
Prayers—Read by the Lord Bishop of Truro.

DISABLED PERSONS' AIDS AND VALUE ADDED TAX
2.35 p.m.
BARONESS DARCY (DE KNAYTH): My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.
[The Question was as follows:
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether they will consider the exemption of aids and equipment for the disabled from the proposed value added tax.]
THE MINISTER OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SECURITY (LORD ABERDARE): My Lords, Her Majesty's Government are not yet ready to announce detailed decisions on the coverage of value added tax, but the suggestion of the noble Baroness has been noted.
BARONESS DARCY (DE KNAYTH): My Lords, does not the Minister agree that it is most important for the disabled to be able to choose from a wide range of equipment and that it should be as cheap as possible? Is the Minister aware that many items of equipment, such as patients' hoists and wheelchairs and a lot of medical equipment, are not at present subject to purchase tax? Would he therefore agree that, although a value added tax may be less than purchase tax, the overall result, if there is not an exemption, will be a rise in the cost of equipment for the disabled?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, I appreciate all that the noble Baroness says, and it is perfectly true that there are a number of reliefs from purchase tax. Certainly these considerations will be borne in mind by my right honourable friend when he is making his decisions on value added tax.
LORD BLYTON: My Lords, could the noble Lord say whether, if we join the Common Market, these items will be excluded from the value added tax on the Continent?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, I cannot answer that question and say whether these items are excluded from the tax on the Continent.
LORD FRASER OF LONSDALE: My Lords, is my noble friend aware that in the blind world the Royal National Institute for the Blind, aided by St. Dunstan's, provides talking books, wireless sets for the blind, with the co-operation of the British Broadcasting Corporation, and a vast amount of Braille literature, together with typewriters and other apparatus? Is he aware that these blind charities have never been subject to selective employment tax and have paid very little purchase tax, and that it would be rather sad if the change of the form of tax should lead to blind people's being punished and penalised? Would he represent these aspects of the matter to his right honourable friend?
LORD ABERDARE: Yes, my Lords; I will certainly do as my noble friend suggests. I am sure that these representations have already been made to the Customs and Excise Department, but I will certainly draw their attention to them again.
BARONESS MASHAM OF ILTON: My Lords, if other European countries have such exemptions, will the Government consider having discussions with them about this matter?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, all these matters will be taken into account when my right honourable friend takes decisions.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: My Lords, I am not quite clear. Am I to understand that no medical or surgical equipment is to be exempted? If I have misunderstood the noble Lord, will he tell me what medical and surgical equipment will be exempted?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, the noble Baroness has completely misunderstood me. I said that no decisions had yet been made.
LORD PARGITER: My Lords, can the noble Lord say what the position will be in view of the fact that value added tax is supposed to be added at various stages of manufacture? Will there not be difficulties in sorting out different articles which go to make up a single item in the end? Will any system of rebates be provided, in order that effect may be given to what is required?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, I think this is going rather wide of the original Question. I would ask the noble Lord to wait until a decision is announced.
LORD FRASER OF LONSDALE: My Lords, is the noble Lord aware that if these goods which the noble Baroness and I and others are asking should be considered are given what is called a zero rating, then one can claw back, or grab back, whatever tax is imposed?
LORD ABERDARE: Yes, my Lords.
LORD BESWICK: My Lords, reverting to the question asked by my noble friend Lord Blyton, can the noble Lord make it quite clear whether Her Majesty's Government in this matter will be a free agent, or will they have to tax the disabled if the other members of the E.E.C. say they must?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, I would ask the noble Lord to put down a separate Question on that point. It is rather different from the original Question on the Order Paper.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: My Lords, could the noble Lord tell the House what is the normal policy in the Common Market. Do they tax disabled people in this connection?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, this is a point on which I answered the noble Lord, Lord Blyton. I am afraid I cannot give a direct answer now, but I will certainly let the noble Baroness and the noble Lord, Lord Blyton, know.
LORD PARGITER: My Lords, is the noble Lord aware that my question specifically referred to articles of this kind where it would be difficult to sort out the value added tax? What is to be done about it, because the tax will obviously be added at various stages of manufacture? Even if the Government
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wish to do so, how are they going to provide that the relevant amount can be credited against the finished article?
LORD ABERDARE: My Lords, we are entering a debate on value added tax. There are different methods, I believe. There are the type of goods on which no tax is charged all the way along, and there is a type where the tax can be reclaimed at the last stage. I do not think we should enter this sort of debate on a very simple Question, to which I hope I have given a very simple Answer.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: Too simple.

EIREANN CITIZENS IN GREAT BRITAIN
2.41 p.m.
LORD CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH: My Lords, I beg leave to ask the first Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.
[The Question was as follows:
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many citizens of the Republic of Ireland there are at this moment in the United Kingdom and how many of these—

(a) are permanent settlers who have come over since the war;

(b) have been here temporarily for a year or more;

(c) are here on a visit intended to last between a year and six months;

(d) are here on such a visit of three to six months; and

(e) are here on such a visit of three months or less.]

THE MINISTER OF STATE, HOME OFFICE (LORD WINDLESHAM): My Lords, the only relevant information is drawn from the 1961 Census of Population in Great Britain, which showed that 684,000 persons enumerated had been born in the Irish Republic. and 42,000 in an unspecified part of Ireland. Of the total, 709,000 were resident in Great Britain; and this figure is estimated to have risen to 739,000 at the time of the 1966 Sample Census. In the Northern Ireland Census of 1961, 53,000 people enumerated had been born in the Irish

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Republic. The results of the 1971 Census are not yet available.
LORD CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH: My Lords, while thanking the noble Lord for that Answer, may I ask him this question? If there were 964,213 registrations and re-registrations (not counting those who do not bother to register) between 1951 and 1967—and I refer here to the Answer given by the noble Baroness, Lady Scrota, to a Question which I asked in 1968—would it not be a conservative estimate to say that about one and a half million have come here from the Republic since the war, a period of 26 years, as against the former period of 16 years? If that is the case, and in view of the recent happenings on both sides of the Irish Sea, how can the Government logically explain away, say, to a Jamaican or an Asian from East Africa with a British passport, the restrictions imposed upon him under the Immigration Act?
LORD WINDLESHAM: My Lords, I am afraid that I cannot speculate on the statistics given by the noble Lord. I believe the only accurate information is that contained in my Answer. As regards the question of immigration control between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, there are, of course, geographical, administrative and political implications which do not arise in the case, mentioned by the noble Lord, of the rest of the Commonwealth.
LORD LEATHERLAND: My Lords, does the noble Lord realise that this is a two-way traffic; that while people are coming here from Ireland, some people go from here to Ireland, and that in many of those cases they are of the utmost benefit to mankind and to this country?
LORD WINDLESHAM: Yes, indeed, my Lords. The traffic in the Common Travel Area is two-way; very large numbers of people, particularly visitors during the summer months, do travel from the Republic of Ireland to this country, and from this country to Ireland.
LORD LEATHERLAND: My Lords, I was not thinking only of those who go in the summer months but also of those who go in the month of November.
LORD KILBRACKEN: My Lords, the noble Lord referred to "the rest of the Commonwealth". Is he aware that the Republic of Ireland is not in the Commonwealth?
LORD WINDLESHAM: Yes, my Lords, I had noticed that.
LORD CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH: My Lords, I beg leave to ask the second Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.
[The Question was as follows:
To ask Her Majesty's Government how many citizens of the Republic of Ireland make use in a year of the facilities for entrance into the United Kingdom which they share with citizens of that realm.]
LORD WINDLESHAM: My Lords, I regret that this information is not available.
LORD CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH: My Lords, while thanking the noble Lord for that Answer may I ask him whether, based on the facts as reported by the police, 5,000 people marched in Hyde Park a month ago under the banner of the Republic? Is it the fact that four out of five of those arrested in the recent London arms cache find gave their addresses as County Cork, or that the Kilburn battalion of the I.R.A. claim responsibility for the Post Office Tower explosion? Can the noble Lord further tell the House whether the Government have any estimate of the percentage of visitors referred to in these two Questions whose loyalties lay with the I.R.A. and what facilities the Government have for repatriating them?
LORD WINDLESHAM: My Lords, citizens of the Republic of Ireland are subject to immigration control, and they are liable to deportation proceedings, so the courts and the Home Secretary have powers to deport in those cases where it is appropriate. The I.R.A. is an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland, and Mr. Lynch has firmly declared himself against violence. The Government of the Republic of Ireland are well aware of the concern of Her Majesty's Government in relation to these matters.

AIR FARES IN EUROPE
2.47 p.m.
BARONESS BURTON OF COVENTRY: My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question which stands in my name on the Order Paper.
[The Question was as follows:
To ask Her Majesty's Government whether they are in a position to make a Statement concerning the introduction of cheaper air fares in Europe and, if not, when they expect to be able to do so.]
EARL FERRERS: My Lords, the IATA negotiations on European air fares have been resumed in Geneva to-day. If the discussions lead to an agreement, early details should be available before Christmas but full details may not be available until January.
BARONESS BURTON OF COVENTRY: My Lords, in thanking the noble Lord for that Answer may I ask him whether, when agreement has been reached, a Statement will be made in this House and whether we can be informed in advance? May I secondly ask him whether the Government are giving full support to the B.E.A. application, which I believe is for a 50 per cent. reduction on the normal tourist fares in Europe?
EARL FERRERS: My Lords, I think it would not be normal for a Statement as such to be made on this matter, but if the noble Baroness would care to put down another Question after the conference has ended I am sure we shall be able to give her the information that she requires. Her Majesty's Government are giving support to B.E.A. and the other representatives at this conference.
BARONESS BURTON OF COVENTRY: My Lords, may I ask one further question on that? I am very glad that the Government are giving support to B.E.A., but is the noble Earl able to say whether this support is conditional upon advance notice being given by customers who wish to purchase these tickets, or whether customers will be able to purchase the tickets, as they can across the North Atlantic, without due
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notice, under the agreement recently reached?
EARL FERRERS: My Lords, that is of course a detail which the conference will be discussing; but it is the Government's intention to give support for any proposals for lower air fares consistent with the viability of the operation.

BAIRD TRUST ORDER CONFIRMATION BILL
THE MINISTER OF STATE, SCOTTISH OFFICE (BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE): My Lords, I beg to move that this Bill be now considered on Report.
Moved, That the Bill be now considered on Report.—(Baroness Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

GLASGOW CORPORATION ORDER CONFIRMATION BILL
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: My Lords, I beg to move that this Bill be now considered on Report.
Moved, That the Bill be now considered on Report.—(Baroness Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

ISLAND OF ROCKALL BILL [H.L.]
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: My Lords, I understand that no Amendments have been set down to this Bill and that no noble Lord has indicated a wish to move a manuscript Amendment or to speak in Committee. Therefore, unless any noble Lord objects, I beg to move, pursuant to Standing Order No.43(2), that the Order of Commitment be discharged.
Moved, That the Order of Commitment be discharged.—(Baroness Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

WHITE FISH SUBSIDY (DEEP SEA VESSELS) (UNITED KINGDOM) SCHEME 1971
2.50 p.m.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: My Lords, I beg to move that the White Fish Subsidy (Deep Sea Vessels) (United Kingdom) Scheme 1971 be approved. This Scheme gives effect to the announcement which my right honourable friend the Minister of Agriculture made on August 3 last, about continuing for a further two years the subsidy arrangements for the deep sea fishing fleet which the previous Government introduced in 1968 and which the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, piloted through another place. These arrangements provided subsidy for deep sea vessels on a new basis related to profitability. They were to run for a first period of three years and the industry was given an undertaking that a corresponding level of financial support would be available for a further two years after that. The Government have reviewed the situation, and have provided for an increase in the level of support.
As your Lordships will recall from the approval given to the previous Scheme, the total amount of subsidy which the industry may receive is related to a profitability formula of £4 million over a 12 months' period. If total profits exceed £4 million, the basic subsidy of £2 million is reduced by one half of the excess. On the other hand, if the profits fall short of £4 million, the basic subsidy of £2 million is increased by half the shortfall. In reviewing the level of support, the Government have considered the views put forward by the trawler owners' Federations in Great Britain. The Federations referred to the considerably increased costs of building new vessels and higher operating costs—in particular the costs of meeting the new vessel safety measures which will arise from carrying out the Holland-Martin Committee's recommendations. Therefore, bearing in mind the absolute need to keep the fleet's capacity and efficiency in good heart, the Government have accepted that some extra financial support is necessary, and they have accordingly increased the profitability norm, as it is called, from £4 million to £4.8 million. That will have
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the effect of increasing the subsidy which the industry can receive by £400,000, subject to the operation of the ceilings on subsidy provided for in Paragraph 9 of the Scheme. In the present Scheme, we have increased the ceiling on operating profits plus subsidy from £7 million to £7.8 million. This Scheme, of course, provides a guarantee of support when profits are low. Your Lordships will know that this year the industry has had considerable benefit from a general revival in world fish prices and earnings have been very buoyant. Costs have, of course, increased, but, even so, the industry's profits are likely to be higher than last year and the call on the Exchequer for subsidy will be correspondingly smaller. That, we think, is good news for everyone concerned. It is our real hope that this situation will continue and that the industry will thereby be placed in a better position to meet the need for capital replacement.
Apart from minor drafting matters, the Scheme is otherwise unchanged. The method of distributing subsidy to individual owners will continue to be in relation to the efficiency of their vessels as measured by their "added value". This is the sum of a vessel's operating profits and crew costs, including training. Some vessels and some ports have, of course, done less well than others under this Scheme, but that is an inherent feature of the Scheme and one which the industry has accepted as a fair and sound arrangement. As I have said, the Scheme we are now considering will continue for two years until July 31,1973. Before then, we shall be reviewing the question of further support arrangements for the industry, taking into account the implications of our joining the European Communities.
As your Lordships know, further discussions, very difficult discussions, on fisheries policy began yesterday with the members of the European Economic Community. I regret that it is impossible for me to say anything while the talks are still going on, but a Statement will be made very soon. The Government are certainly trying hard to ensure satisfactory arrangements for the industry. Among the uncertainties facing the deep sea industry is Iceland's proposal to extend her fishery limits next year to 50 miles. We have reminded the Icelandic

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Government of their obligations under the 1961 Agreement and have made clear to them our determination to defend our rights under the Agreement and in international law. We are, of course, prepared without prejudice to discuss the possibility of conservation arrangements to meet Iceland's concern about the threat of overfishing, and we are now having informal discussions with the Icelandic authorities on that basis. I beg to move.
Moved, That the White Fish Subsidy (Deep Sea Vessels) (United Kingdom) Scheme 1971, be approved.—(Baroness Tweedsmuir of Belhehie.)
2.57 p.m.
LORD HOY: My Lords, I rise to welcome the Motion the noble Baroness has moved, and obviously I should not object to it as it was my job a few years ago to introduce this Scheme in another place. I am grateful to hear from the noble Baroness that the Scheme has worked very well, because many efforts were made to devise a scheme to meet the needs of the fishing industry, and at last we have apparently succeeded in so doing. I should say that I not only approve the Scheme but also approve the changes. I wonder whether the increase from £4 million to £4.8 million to meet the needs of the industry to implement the recommendations of the Holland-Martin Report is a figure agreed between the industry and the Government. Did the industry feel that this proportion was the right one? Because when the Holland-Martin Report was adopted, it was specifically spelled out that the cost of implementing the Holland-Martin recommendations would be shared by the Government and the industry.
I was grateful to hear what the noble Baroness had to say about what was happening in Iceland. I myself went to Iceland rather more than a couple of years ago and I found the people there very pleasant indeed. We all realise how important the fishing industry is to Iceland. Without a fishing industry I dread to think what their economy would be. But obviously we have considerable rights—I think "rights" is perhaps the correct word—to fishing off Iceland, and this provides a considerable proportion of the catch of the distant water fleet, the very fleet concerned by this Scheme, because
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it affects no other section of the fishing industry but the deep water fleet. If we have entered into negotiations, it will be interesting if the noble Baroness can keep the House informed on how they are going. The Icelanders need have no fear about conservation. Indeed, if every other country had engaged in conservation as actively as we in this country have, many of the problems with which we are now confronted would have been avoided.
As to the negotiations in Brussels, it seems that they have come to a fairly difficult point. As I understand it, the negotiations went right through the night to six o'clock this morning and were resumed at half past ten, and so far no solution, apparently, has been found. I realise that the Minister has laid it down quite clearly—of this there can be no doubt—that if there is no agreement on fishing, there will be no signature so far as E.E.C. is concerned. That is what he has said. So this industry, which is important to us, takes on a much greater significance when one thinks that all that has been done in connection with negotiations might at the end of the day have to go by the board because of this particular industry. I recall this point to your Lordships to remind you how important it is in the European context. If agreement is reached, I hope that the Government will take steps to make an announcement to this House. It is extremely important that we safeguard considerable sections of our country where again, like Iceland, fishing plays such an important part in their economic wellbeing. Having said that, I am very happy to be able to support the Order moved by the noble Baroness.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: My Lords, in replying to the points raised by the noble Lord, may I say how glad I am that he has welcomed this Scheme; indeed, it was all his hard work which helped to make it operate successfully in the first place. He asked me some specific questions about the cost, in particular, of carrying out the Holland-Martin recommendations on greater safety for deep sea vessels, and the stability test costs. If it were necessary to undertake any construction work, this expenditure would rank for the normal capital improvement grant of 25 per cent. If, on the other hand, such matters as, for instance, reater manning or more

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rest periods had to be taken into account, they also would qualify for the operating subsidy calculation.
The noble Lord in particular asked me whether I could keep the House informed about what is happening with Iceland. I certainly will see whether that can be done, and what is the best way of doing so, although there is nothing to report at this moment. On the negotiations in Brussels, the noble Lord asked whether it was still the fact that, because these negotiations have run into such difficulties, the Government still stand by their pledge not to sign the Treaty of Accession if they had not reached satisfactory arrangements on fishing. My Lords, that is still the case. I cannot possibly give any more details because my right honourable friends are at this moment about to fly back from Brussels, but I understand that my right honourable friend the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is to make a Statement in another place tomorrow, and I have been asked to repeat it here if it is convenient to the House.
On Question, Motion agreed to.

NEW TOWNS BILL
Brought from the Commons; read 1a, and to be printed.

AGRICULTURE (MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) BILL [H.L.]
3.2 p.m.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do now resolve itself into Committee on this Bill.
Moved, That the House do now resolve itself into Committee.—(Baroness Tweedsmair of Belhelvie.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.
House in Committee accordingly.
[The VISCOUNT HOOD in the Chair.]
Clause 1 [Eradication of brucellosis]:
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.1:
Page 1, line 8, after ("by") insert ("reasonable")
The noble Lord said: I rise to move Amendment No.1. I want to make it perfectly clear that we do not in any way
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wish to delay action being taken in these particular cases. Our concern is that there may be farmers in remoter areas who may find themselves in some difficulty if in fact they do not receive adequate notice. I had even thought of suggesting a specific period, perhaps seven days or something like that; but having then concluded that the Minister might wish to act very speedily, we did not want to take any steps which would prevent that action from being taken. But we must show some sympathy for the farmer who may be affected in a case of this kind. Indeed, perhaps I may say to your Lordships that whenever I had the job of introducing a Bill, those who then sat on the Conservative Opposition Benches always took occasion to put the word "reasonable" into every clause that we moved. Therefore, I reached the conclusion that the Government of to-day really meant the word "reasonable" to be included, that this in fact was their intention, but that obviously the draftsman had not carried out his duties fully. It is with a fair degree of confidence having made the case for the Amendment that I hope the noble Baroness will think it worth accepting this Amendment.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OE BELHELVIE: When I saw this Amendment I thought I could certainly accept it, but those who are more legally qualified than I am informed me that it is not exactly in the right place. Therefore, I wonder whether perhaps I can reassure the noble Lord by telling him that in fact both under the Compulsory Eradication Scheme and under the Voluntary Incentive Scheme we give 21 days notice. I think, perhaps, that ought to cover his point, which we perfectly accept, on the remoter areas.
LORD HOY: May I say how grateful I am to the noble Baroness for meeting this point. When she said "21 days" I thought perhaps she was going a little too far, but if the word "reasonable" is not in the correct place I am certain that the draftsman will put it in the right place. I am glad that this has not been overlooked by the Government. Having that assurance, I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: May I just ask a question here? Am I to understand, then, that if a farmer objects on

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the ground that reasonable notice has not been given, the Government always regard 21 days as being reasonable?
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: Yes, my Lords. We have had no complaints on the period of time for which notice has been given.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: I do not want the farmer to be given any longer than 21 days. Am I to understand that 21 days is reasonable, and that the Government do not say, "Well, under the circumstances, we will give you another few weeks"—that they stick their toes in?
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I entirely agree with the noble Baroness. We think that 21 days is a reasonable period of time. We do not extend it.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.2:
Page 2, line 22, after ("his") insert ("reasonable")
The noble Lord said: I beg to move the second Amendment standing in my name, which refers to the same word, "reasonable". The Minister has the right, under subsection (5), to deduct his expenses. I do not suggest that any Government Department would seek to make a profit out of this particular chore, but perhaps I am a little more trusting than the Opposition were in the days when the Conservatives were the Opposition. I thought it might be as well if we spelled out quite clearly what we meant; that is, that it is right that these expenses have to be met, but that they ought not to be more than "reasonable", so that at the end of the day the person who owned the animal would in fact be getting some compensation. If I could have the same assurance from the noble Baroness—and I do not care whether the word "reasonable" is in the 22nd or 23rd line; for my purpose that does not matter at all—that she is willing to act in regard to this Amendment as she did in the first Amendment I shall be very happy.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: The noble Lord will be delighted to hear that I think the Bill would be improved if his Amendment were
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accepted, because I understand that if this word were inserted in the place in which he has, if I may say so, correctly put it, it would be in line with a similar provision of Section 19 of the Diseases of Animals Act. Therefore I am very glad to accept it.
On Question, Amendment agreed to.
On Question, Whether Clause 1, as amended, shall stand part of the Bill?
3.10 p.m.
LORD NUNBURNHOLME: I wanted to put down an Amendment to cover the proposals I made on Second Reading, but as this is a money clause I find that that would be out of order. However, I should like to ask either the noble Lord, Lord Denham, or the noble Baroness, Lady Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, whether they will recommend to the Minister the substance of my proposals. I am making these proposals not on my own behalf, but on behalf of the all-Party Brucellosis Committee of this House, and also on behalf of the National Farmers' Union. The National Farmers' Union is very sceptical about how a small farmer in a compulsory eradication area may be affected, and they think—and so do we—that the compensation is entirely inadequate. Therefore, I am asking the two Members on the Front Bench opposite to put the case very strongly to the Minister, and I should like their assurance that they will do so.
LORD KILBRACKEN: Before we leave the subject of brucellosis under this clause, I should like to refer to the sale of reactors. This matter was raised on Second Reading, which I unfortunately missed, when the noble Lord, Lord Denham, replied to a question put by my noble friend Lord Nunburnholme, who asked for some assurance that reactors would not be allowed to be put on sale. His question was:
"Surely reactors cannot be accepted in the market",
and the noble Lord, Lord Denham, is reported to have replied:
"Yes, my Lords."
I understood that reply to mean that they could be accepted in the market. The noble Lord, Lord Denham, then went on to say:
"The technical answer is that these reactors are not reactors which show that they are

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infectious from their excreta."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 16/11/71; col.642.]
From that, I understood that unless a beast showed that it was infectious from its excreta, it was permitted—although it was known to be a reactor—to be offered in the market. If that is the case, surely it is quite wrong. I wonder whether the Government spokesmen can elucidate what exactly is the position with regard to the sale of known reactors.
LORD BURTON: May I reinforce what the noble Lord, Lord Nunburnholme, has said about compensation? I think that the present rates of compensation are stopping many people, particularly beef herd owners, from coming into the scheme. I have not had this problem, but I understand that great financial difficulties are caused. Not only do owners have the loss of a cow; they probably have the loss of the calf, the possible loss of the hill cow subsidy, and also the loss of the calf subsidy. So the expense bears very heavily on them if they have to do away with a beef herd. I hope that the Government will look again at this matter.
LORD HOY: May I ask one question in connection with valuation, because I know how important it is? Any farmer is going to run into pretty considerable expense and it will be for the Government of the day to decide what compensation will be paid. But subsection (5) states:
"Where by virtue of subsection (4) of this section the Minister causes an animal to be slaughtered he shall pay any sum received by him on the sale of the carcase."
It was said to me only this forenoon that a problem always arises with regard to a sale of this sort. Does the sale of the carcase, technically and legally, include the offal which, I am told, can be quite valuable? Merely to mention the sale of the carcase, without including the offal, leaves some doubt in the minds of those who know their own business. So I should like to be assured by the noble Baroness that when we talk about the carcase, technically and legally it includes the offal.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I should like to thank the noble Lords who have taken part in this debate. I can understand the concern of the noble Lord, Lord Nunburnholme, and of my noble friend Lord
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Burton, about the level of compensation, but one cannot consider the compensation, which is paid under both the voluntary scheme and the compulsory scheme, without considering the incentives also, which are very important. In the case of the compulsory scheme, the herds—which really means all dairy and beef herds—are all eligible for the incentives. The replacement grant is either £30, if the calves have been vaccinated with S.19, or £15 if they have not, and the owner retains the carcase value.
I should like to refer to this in connection with the question of the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, about the sale of reactors in the market. A reactor which has not had an abortion—in other words, a reactor which is not a dangerous contact—can be sold in the market. Due notice is given, a certain part of the market is laid aside, and these animals are slaughtered there. Noble Lords who have spent so much time on the Committee know that, in these circumstances, carcases can be eaten. These three weeks, to which we referred earlier, give the farmer an opportunity to get a better price for his animal, and that money, also, will help him make replacements. But when it is an animal which is a dangerous contact, when it has actually aborted, it has to go direct to the slaughterhouse under very stringent conditions. Therefore one has to take into account the fact that one has the carcase value which, if it is a reactor only, can be much more valuable than that of an animal which goes direct to the slaughterhouse. On top of that, if an animal has been vaccinated with S.19 the grant is £30; and, in addition, one has the incentive scheme. I should also say that farmers are still eligible for the subsidies, which is the point raised by my noble friend Lord Burton. That being so, I think that, taken all in all, it is a fair scheme.
LORD HOY: I am grateful to the noble Baroness for what she has said. But will she now confirm whether offal is, legally and technically, included?
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I am sorry, but I did not write down the word "offal" in my notes. Offal is included in the carcase and, as the noble Lord said, that can be very valuable.
Clause 1, as amended, agreed to.
Clause 2 [Control of zoonoses]:
3.19 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.3:
Page 2, line 39, after ("organism") insert ("which shall include the disease or brucellosis")
The noble Lord said: At first glance, this Amendment appears unnecessary. But as this clause is broadly in the interests of public health, we should like to know whether it makes clear what diseases or organisms are included. I did not have time to look at the 1950 Act, but I have no recollection of brucellosis being in the list there. But as this clause follows Clause 1, which refers specifically to brucellosis, and as that disease will be in everybody's mind, we should like to know what are the Minister's intentions. There is a considerable lobby which feels that brucellosis ought to be treated as an identifiable disease, and when one remembers its effect on even the vets. of this country one realises how important t is. I am bound to draw the attention of your Lordships to the fact that since this Bill has been printed the National Union of Agricultural Workers have said they consider this to be of considerable importance, because in fact their members may well be the people who are going to be affected by brucellosis, and they themselves would like to see it specified in his way. It is because of that that we have put down this Amendment, which I now beg to move.
LORD BALERNO: I should like briefly to support the Amendment proposed by the noble Lord, Lord Hoy. I think it is very sensible.
LORD DAVIES OF LEEK: As one who has been interested in this subject since it became rather more public knowledge, and without making a speech as one easily could—about it, because as one easily could—about it, because I am quite sure the Minister is aware of the situation, I also want to support the Amendment moved by my noble friend on the Front Bench.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: May I say just a word on this Amendment? The noble Baroness may well say that it is quite unnecessary because all organisms are included here, and obviously the organism of brucellosis would be embraced by it. What my noble friend is saying—and I think I agree with him—is that the agricultural workers. who have
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just been mentioned, have for years been ignorant of the symptoms of brucellosis, and the doctors have found it very difficult to diagnose. Indeed, there has been a general apathy in the world of agriculture about tackling this disease. What my noble friend wants to do, I think—and I agree—is to emphasise the fact that brucellosis will be included, with a view, of course, to focusing attention on this particular disease and, we hope, stimulating people to greater effort, particularly to get it notifiable. Of course, the agricultural workers have for a long time asked for it to be a scheduled occupational disease. This Amendment would ensure that it is kept in the forefront of any information which it is proposed to give to these various people.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I can see that the fact that this Amendment is on the Order Paper has been of assistance to the Committee as a whole, because I think it has been universally supported. But I must say that, as the noble Baroness anticipated, the Amendment is in fact unnecessary, because the clause as a whole covers all organisms, and it would be perfectly possible for my right honourable friends to designate this particular disease. As I think I said on Second Reading, it was thought at the start that we should try to deal only with Salmonellosis, mainly because the disease can be. rather in the same way as paratyphoid, of epidemic proportions. Brucellosis is a very difficult disease and can continue to affect people for a very long time, but it is not potentially of such an epidemic character. However, I should like to refer to my right honourable friend the general feelings which have been expressed by four noble Lords, including the noble Baroness, about this particular disease. As I think my noble friend Lord Denham said on Second Reading, the proposal that this should he made an occupational disease has been referred to the Committee which is discussing these matters.
LORD HOY: I should be less than grateful if I did not accept the noble Baroness's offer, and we shall look forward to having a further comment perhaps at a later stage. I would simply add that I have never yet been on a Bill in relation to which the Members opposite did not always assure me that, while it did not

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add to the Bill, it did not do any harm. If it does not do that, then the Minister ought to have no difficulty in accepting it. But I am grateful for the offer, and I am quite willing to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
On Question, Whether Clause 2 shall stand part of the Bill?
LORD KILBRACKEN: There is one point to which I should like to draw the Minister's attention, and it is this. If, as I certainly hope will be the case, brucellosis is made a designated disease (and I certainly think it should be) then it would be as well to include the word "milk" in line 32 of page 3 as being one of the samples that a vet may take on entering a man's land. It would be required if he wished to take a milk ring test to see whether brucellosis was present. So perhaps the noble Baroness would consider the word "milk" being added there.
LORD HOY: I have one question affecting three parts of this clause. I first thought of putting down Amendments, but then I thought it might perhaps be better to raise the matter in debate and to have the Minister's opinion about it. On page 3 subsection (3) says:
"The Ministers may by order make provision for requiring a person who, in such circumstances as are specified by the order, knows or has reasons to suspect…"
I must say that I find it difficult to see how you can prosecute someone because you have reason to suspect that he might have known something. I should have thought that this was a very dangerous line to be taking. It may be that I am quite wrong, but this is how I read it.
Then, if one goes to line 38, subsection (5)(b) says that a veterinary inspector may
"require any person on the land who he has reason to believe is the occupier or a servant of the occupier …".
I do not need to tell your Lordships how difficult the situation will be for the employee. The employee might get instructions from his master to convey no information at all. The master might even say, "If you do, you will have to bear the consequences of your action", and the consequences might be his removal from work. But this man who is an employee may be prosecuted for not giving certain information, because if your
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Lordships turn to subsection (6)(b), at the top of page 4, you will see pointed out quite clearly that if these instructions are not carried out then he—that is, the owner or his employee—shall be guilty of an offence. I think that this really is placing a considerable burden on the employee; and while it may be quite all right for the owner of a property who does not give the information required, I think it is taking it a little far to say that the employee of that particular person shall in fact be guilty of an offence. These three points all seemed to link up together, so I did not put down an Amendment to cover them, but I was hoping that the noble Baroness or the noble Lord could give us an explanation as to why they are there.
LORD BALERNO: So far as I can interpret this clause, I understand it to mean that the concrete case of the abortion of a calf does not necessarily mean the disease of brucellosis. It could well be that a farmer or his employee would spot the abortion of a calf—say, that it was coming at an early stage, or something like that—and, on examining the after-birth, conclude to his own satisfaction that it was not brucellosis. But at the same time in that particular case I think he would have reason to suspect brucellosis, and that failure to call in a veterinary surgeon and to have the test carried out could be a means of spreading the disease very quickly. I know from my own experience of keeping a clear herd that we carry out this procedure automatically whenever a calf is aborted. Occasionally, of course, you get a cow aborting in a field but you may not pick up the calf until later on; and then one tries to trace it back. In the long run it is always best to have the test carried out, but I am afraid too many farmers try to cover up.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: That is the whole trouble. It is so easy to persuade yourself, to rationalise and say that this is an ordinary abortion, and there is no way of knowing unless you call in the experts. We are trying to focus attention on the importance of telling the farmers, the farmworkers and the veterinary surgeons. They know it, of course, hut they cannot do anything unless the farmer calls them in. We want to emphasise the importance of this, so in no circumstances should we allow the

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Bill to pass without making every effort to emphasise it.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: First of all, if I may refer to the point raised by the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken. I think that the provision to look at is subsection (5)(a). This is designed so that a veterinary inspector can make whatever tests and take whatever samples he thinks are necessary in carrying out an investigation into an outbreak, or even a suspected outbreak, of disease. It might well he important that one would have to include milk to be tested, and there is nothing in this wording that would preclude milk from being tested, if necessary.
The noble Lord, Lord Hoy, backed up by my noble friend and the noble Baroness opposite, asked questions about subsection (3), subsections (5)(b) and (6)(b). I think I should make it clear that normally, as your Lordships will see if you look at subsection (3), responsibility for making a report will lie with the veterinary surgeon who undertakes the test or submits material for test by a laboratory. Subsection (5)(b), although it says "servant of the occupier", does not really mean that it is the servant who is asked to give information. If the noble Lord will look further on he will see that the servant is requierd,
"to take such reasonable steps as the inspector may specify for the purpose of collecting or restraining any animals…"
It is on that side that the servant is asked to operate; to collect the animals. He is not made liable to the considerable offence in subsection (6); therefore it is only if the owner refuses to comply that he would he subject to the last part of subsection (6).
Clause 2 agreed to.
Clause 3 [Application of provisions of Diseases of Animals Act 1950 to further animals]:
LORD KILBRACKEN LORD KILBRACKEN moved Amendment No.4:
Page 4, line 21, leave out ("for") and insert ("after").
The noble Lord said: This is a preparing Amendment for No.5, and I hope it will be for the Committee's convenience that they be considered together. I must say that Clause 3(1) has
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presented a great deal of difficulty to me. It has the effect of extending to other animals those which may be included in the definition for the purpose of the Diseases of Animals Act 1950. This is an enormously long and complicated measure laying down various rules and regulations towards animals of many different kinds. Where there are not specified in particular it is stated that,
"the Minister and the Secretary of State … may … by order extend this definition".
to any other kind of four-footed beasts besides those that are named. The Government are now proposing to leave out the words,
"any other kind of four-footed beasts", and to allow the definition to be extended instead to
"any kind of mammals, except man, and any kind of four-footed beast which is not a mammal…".
As soon as I read this I began wondering to what animal the Diseases of Animals Act would apply to which it does not apply at present. I began by trying to think of four-footed beasts which are not mammals—four-footed reptiles such as the alligator, the crocodile and the lizard. Then I realised of course that these are already four-footed beasts and therefore are covered by the existing legislation. Then I set down, rather like two algebraic equations, those animals that are already covered and those that would be covered in future, and by subtracting one from the other I was left with those that would be covered for the first time.
The definition under the existing Act applies to all four-footed beasts whether mammals or not, and the new proposed legislation would apply to all four-footed beasts whether mammals or not, and to all mammals. Subtracting one from the other you find yourself left, perhaps to your surprise, with all animals that have fewer than four feet or more than four feet. As to mammals with more than four feet, I have not been able to think of one, nor has the curator of mammals at the London Zoo with whom I was in communication this morning.
BARONESS SUMMERSKILL: What about the duckbilled platypus?
LORD KILBRACKEN: The duckbilled platypus I think has four feet and two wings—or is it two feet and two wings? This Bill may be invented for the

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protection or otherwise of the duckbilled platypus. I myself believe that the duckbilled platypus has four feet and two wings and a duck's bill.
When we come to consider those mammals that have fewer than four feet, I have been able to come out with a list. The existing mammals, so far as the curator and I could list them, are the whale, which has no feet—and with the whale we included the dolphin and the porpoise—and then there are bats, which eluded me for a long time. Bats are mammals and have two feet and two wings. Finally, there is the pintailed tree shrew of Borneo. And then monkeys. I was in some doubt about monkeys. I could not make up my mind whether they had four feet or four hands, or two feet and two hands. When I asked the curator about this he was not at all certain. He said that in so far as monkeys used their limbs for walking they were legs, and in so far as they used them for eating, they were hands. So I do not know whether monkeys would be covered, but it is a very fascinating subject. The Encyclopœdia Britannica seemed to indicate that they were mostly two-footed. For instance, the gibbons do not run on all fours but hold the body erect, raising their long arms above the head. The orang-outang is extremely specialised for arboreal life using the suspension grasp of the hands and feet. This seems to indicate that monkeys would be covered for the first time.
If the Government want to extend the provisions of the Diseases of Animals Act to whales, bats and the pintailed tree shrew of Borneo and two-footed monkeys. I suppose they are at liberty to do so, but it seems to me that the wording that they have used can lead one into some rather complicated labyrinths and that the wording I propose, while not affecting, I think, the meaning of the Bill, would be simpler to follow, and in the interests of simplicity I beg to move my Amendment.
LORD BALERNO: I should like to support the Amendment of the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken. When they come to an Agriculture Act which deals with animals, the Parliamentary draftsmen inevitably put their feet into it. They seem to be incapable of getting a
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systematic description. A very good description of the law regarding animals and their definition was made in the great Animals Act about a hundred years ago. Since then most of the Acts have been perfectly clear and based on definite zoological classifications. It is only in comparatively recent times, and more particularly with the Diseases of Animals Act 1950, that there has been introduced this dreadful attempt at classification using "four feet" which is completely and utterly illogical. One would have thought that when they came to deal with this clause the Parliamentary draftsmen would at least by now have decided to use a proper zoological classification. Lord Kilbracken's Amendment is a definite improvement and I hope it will be taken up. In view of the complexities of the examples given by Lord Kilbracken, I wonder whether the Government might not just take this matter as avizandum and see whether it could not be re-drafted in a more logical form.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I think we are all grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, for introducing some light relief into these proceedings. I cannot say that at the end of his speech I felt the matter was any simpler. I fear that I shall be unable to accept the Amendment for the reason that I think the present wording of the clause is much better, and I will explain why. Perhaps neither the noble Lord nor my noble friend realises that the effect of this Amendment would be to put in doubt the application of diseases control measures (for example, zoonoses) to some four-footed creatures which are not mammals. That these powers are needed, I am sure the Committee accepts. An additional reason for retaining the clause as it stands is that the actual wording of the Amendment is very repetitive of that in the 1950 Act.
When I saw the clause I also felt it needed a little explanation in order that I might be quite clear on what it was designed to do. Therefore I too had a little research made and I think the best thing I can do is to see whether I can make the matter as clear to the Committee as it now is to me. Section 84(1) of the Diseases of Animals Act 1950 defines "animals" as
"cattle, sheep and goats and all other ruminating animals and swine".

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There is a proviso in that section which allows the Minister to extend this definition by order so that it will cover
"any other kind of four-footed beasts".
In other words, it would cover the horse family. In the present Bill, Clause 3(1), removes the reference to "four-footed beasts" in Section 84(1) and substitutes two things: first, "any kind of mammal, except man"—which covers warm-blooded animals like lions and tigers and, as the noble Lord will recognise, the aquatic animals like seals, dolphins and whales. It covers also apes and bats which I think he would agree it is doubtful to describe as four-footed beasts. The second substitution is: "any kind of four-footed beast which is not a mammal". Again, the noble Lord is correct, because this covers four-footed reptiles such as crocodiles and tortoises in pet shops. While on the subject, I may say that the later reference in this Bill to coldblooded creatures of any species other than fish, reptiles and crustaceans covers amphibia such as frogs, and molluscs such as snails, oysters, cuttlefish; and also insects. I felt that we had to extend this definition much further in order to control the zoonoses, which is the object of the clause as a whole. I hope I have made it clear. Perhaps I have not done so; but I hope that the noble Lord will be able to withdraw his Amendment.
LORD KILBRACKEN: I have no intention of forcing a Division on this point, but I must say that I do not quite follow the noble Baroness in all her remarks. It was certainly not my intention that my Amendment should change the sense of the Bill. If the wording in the Bill is retained, then the definition of "animal" may be extended to cover any kind of mammal except man and any kind of four-footed beast which is not a mammal. If my Amendment were accepted, the definition could be extended to mean any other kind of four-footed beast and any kind of mammal except man. I do not ask the noble Baroness to agree on the spot that those definitions cover exactly the same sort of animals, but I think that if she looks at it afterwards she will find it does and that my wording is perhaps clearer. I do not intend to take this point any further,
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and beg leave to withdraw my Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
3.46 p.m.
LORD KILBRACKEN LORD KILBRACKEN moved Amendment No.6:
Page 4, line 31, leave out ("comprise") and insert ("include").
The noble Lord said: I beg to move Amendment No.6. This is purely a matter of semantics. In the new paragraph to be inserted the Minister and Secretary of State may by order extend the same definition so that it shall "comprise fish, reptiles, crustaceans" and so on. I know that the word "comprise" can occasionally have the meaning of "include" but I suggest that the word "comprise" more usually means "consist of". Therefore, the fish, reptiles, crustaceans and all the other cold-blooded creatures would be the only ones covered by the definition. I draw the Committee's attention to the fact that "include" is the word used in a similar context in line 20 on the same page; and because I think "include" is more accurate I beg leave to move this Amendment.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: Like the noble Lord, I. too, am very interested in words. I suppose that one could say that between the word "comprise" and "include" there is not all that difference. The reason why we have used the word "comprise" deliberately is because it makes the wording of the clause consistent with Section 84 of the Diseases of Animals Act 1950 in which it is used several times. I am advised that to use the noble Lord's word would not have any advantage. Moreover, I feel that a certain consistency in legislation is important for otherwise people may think it means something quite different. I hope that the noble Lord will withdraw his Amendment.
LORD HOY: I think that is the first disappointing reply that we have had from the noble Baroness. Regarding the argument about consistency I only wish that she had listened to her right honourable and honourable friends in another place during discussions in Standing Committees when it was argued by the Government, "We are being consistent in doing this. The word appeared in Acts in 1901,1907 and 1950 and if we changed

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it now it would cause such a reaction that the courts will not know where they are". Against that it was argued that that is what Members of Parliament are for, that is what Parliament does. If the Committee feel that "include" is a much better word than "comprise" we are entitled to insist on that word being used, or at least to divide on the matter—not that I am suggesting we should do so. But we have to remind ourselves that the power lies with us.
I think that there is a great difference between the two words, and I agree with the interpretation of them given by my noble friend Lord Kilbracken. He said that if we talk about something being "comprised of" we could then specify, which is something quite different. My noble friend is saying that in this instance it should be made clear and that the word "include" should be used instead so that there shall be no doubt about the definition. From that point of view the word "include" is much better than the word "comprise".
LORD KILBRACKEN: I think that the remarks of the noble Baroness, Lady Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, comprised some with which I did not agree at all. If being consistent is such a virtue may I suggest that the word "comprise" should also be used in line 20 of the clause instead of "include". If it is a matter of such importance to remain consistent that does not provide a very good example. However I do not think that I could carry this matter through the Division Lobbies and therefore I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.7:
Page 4, line 32, after ("species") insert ("and birds").
The noble Lord said: It has been said by the noble Baroness, Lady Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, and others that this clause adds two-legged mammals, fish, and shellfish to the definition of "animals" in the 1950 Act. I have not checked whether birds may be covered in any other Statute but we thought it as well to put down this Amendment. Epidemics of fowl pest have played havoc with the poultry industry all over the country, and for this reason we put down the Amendment so that we may be assured that birds are included. I beg to move.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I think that the purpose of the noble Lord's Amendment is to secure an assurance, and I am very glad to reassure him that by Section 84(2) of the Diseases of Animals Act 1950 Ministers are empowered to extend "for all or any of the purposes of this Act" the definition of poultry to other species of birds. That being so, I hope that the noble Lord will withdraw his Amendment.
LORD HOY: I am certain that your Lordships will be grateful for that explanation. Many people have lost hundreds of thousands of pounds because of fowl pest, and we arc grateful for the assurance which has been given. I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 3 agreed to.
Clause 4 [Seizure of milk etc. liable to spread disease]:
3.57 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.8:
Page 4, line 46, after ("cream") insert ("powdered milk, cream and eggs").
The noble Lord said: On the whole we support this clause. It is in the interests of public health. It may well be that the bacteria is all destroyed in the process of conversion to powder, but I am not sure about that. I have no doubt however that, as a result of putting down the Amendment, whoever is to reply from the Government Front Bench will be able to assure the Committee about what it does. I think it as well for the Ministry to make the clause perfectly clear, and we should be grateful for an assurance. I beg to move.
LORD KILBRACKEN: Can the Minister say whether there is any need for yoghurt and cheese, especially cream cheese, to be included in this list?
LORD DENHAM: We were not sure, but we assumed that the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, was referring to powdered cream and powdered eggs. I have tried to get advice about where powdered cream is used. I must confess I have never heard of it and I have been unable to find out. But I think that I can satisfy the noble Lord, because although it is likely that

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the bacteria would be destroyed by powdering, presumably these substances would be kept on a farm only for use as feeding-stuffs and they are already covered in the Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1963. This provides for the seizure and destruction of and the payment of compensation for, contaminated feeding stuffs. I would bring to the attention of the Committee the fact that this clause applies only to passing on diseases to animals and not to a risk to the health of human beings. Any substances such as yoghurt or cheese which might give rise to risk to human beings is covered by section 9 of the Food and Drugs Act 1959.
LORD ROYLE: I was interested in what the noble Lord, Lord Denham, said about powdered cream, because when I travelled by air to Scotland last week—the noble Baroness, Lady Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, may have had the same experience—I was served with powdered cream with my coffee.
LORD DENHAM: I hope that the noble Lord suffered no ill-effects.
LORD HOY: I was beginning to accept the answer by the noble Lord, Lord Denham, until my noble friend Lord Royle intervened to point out how wrong he was. I have enjoyed powdered cream frequently when travelling by aeroplane and I am certain that the noble Baroness, Lady Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, has—or maybe she does not travel by the best service. But this is not a great point, and I will accept the reply which we have heard and ask leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 4 agreed to.
Clause 5 [Furnishing by milk marketing boards of information derived from tests of milk]:
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.9:
Page 5, line 34, at end insert—
("( ) The Minister will pay the board a fee for any information so obtained.")
The noble Lord said: From inquiries I have made, I understand that the whole of Clause 5 has the agreement of the Milk Marketing Board. One has to consider their view, even from the point of view of covering oneself in your Lord
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ships' House, because there are some noble Lords who play an active part in the Board. The Board, after very careful consideration, have agreed that this clause is all right. However, the Minister may ask the Board to undertake a considerable amount of work—and work which might well prove to be expensive—to provide them with information. While I do not want to fall out with the Minister, maybe the Board are a little too reticent about making a claim, and it seems to me in fairness that if the Minister asks the Board to undertake investigations and to supply him with information, some reasonable provision ought to be made for compensating the Board for the work they have had to do.
I put down this Amendment in the hope that the Government would think it reasonable. The Board might have to undertake work quite frequently and might find themselves involved at the end of the year in a considerable amount of expense. The Government might like to give us their opinion of what the expenses are likely to be and, as a result of having this matter drawn to their attention, they might be prepared to accept the Amendment. Even if the wording is not correct, if they are prepared to accept the content of the Amendment I shall be happy. I beg to move.
LORD DENHAM: I can assure the noble Lord that the Milk Marketing Boards will not be greatly out of pocket as the result of furnishing this information. Much of the information needed by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and by the enforcement authorities in Scotland is already available to the Boards for their own purposes. The cost to the Boards of supplying it is therefore unlikely to be sufficient to make charges worth while. However, if experience proves this to be necessary, there is power under existing legislation to reimburse the Boards for any additional costs which they may incur. It is a question of seeing whether there is any vast additional expense or any noticeable additional expense to the Boards. My right honourable friend has agreed with the Boards that if there is this sort of expense, it will be made up to them under his existing powers, and I repeat that undertaking to the noble Lord to-day.
LORD HOY: I am grateful for this information, because it was not available to any Members of your Lordships' House and not even to the Milk Marketing Board. I am certain it is correct, but when the noble Lord says that there are powers under existing legislation to make these payments and that this has been accepted by the Milk Marketing Board, surely it is for the noble Lord to tell us under what existing legislation. so that we may be as fully informed as the Board.
LORD DENHAM: Yes; the existing legislation is Section 126(1) of the Food and Drugs Act 1955, so far as England is concerned, and Section 211 of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947, so far as Scotland is concerned. But I should like to make it clear that the point is that if the noble Lord's Amendment were accepted, it would be necessary for the Boards to be paid. They might be out of pocket by a very small amount, and in order to make a claim they might have to go to a great deal of work. The Minister and his Department might also have a great deal of work to do to agree it with them, whereas under existing legislation only if The amount is of a notable size will they apply to my right honourable friend and the Secretary of State; and the undertaking has been given that this application will be favourably received.
LORD HOY: I beg leave to withdraw my Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 5 agreed to.
4.7 p.m.
LORD DULVERTON LORD DULVERTON moved Amendment No.10:
After Clause 5, insert the following new Clause:
Grey Squirrels
"( ) In the proviso to section 8 of the Protection of Animals Act 1911, after the word ('vermin') there shall be inserted the words ('including grey squirrels')."
The noble Lord said: In moving the Amendment which stands in my name I have first to say that the Public Bills Office have asked me to explain that owing to some misunderstanding my name has been joined with that of the noble Lord, Lord Taylor of Gryfe. This was a mistake, and I should like to take the
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opportunity to apologise to the noble Lord in absentia for any inconvenience it has caused to him. Before speaking to the Amendment itself I should draw your Lordships' attention to the fact that if this Amendment is accepted, Amendment No.20 will be consequential upon it and will amend the Title of this Bill to include the amendment to the Protection of Animals Act.
The clause in the Protection of Animals Act is one that deals with the use of poisons against animals and prohibits them except in the case of certain poisons which may be used against
"insects and other invertebrates, rats, mice and other small ground vermin."
When that Act was first drawn up in 1911—it was amended in 1927—the grey squirrel problem had not emerged. It was not with us. As many of your Lordships will know, the grey squirrel was an introduction from North America. It was released from a number of zoos and private collections and became established in this country in a wild state in the early part of this century. It gradually spread over the Midlands and during the late 'twenties and the 'thirties its spread became more marked. The grey squirrel now has a territory extending right through England up to the far North and across the Border into Scotland and over the Border of Wales, whence it has ousted the native red squirrel, which has now become an extinct animal except in distant parts of the North and in some parts of Wales.
It ousted the red squirrel in fact by cold-blooded murder, because it disembowelled the red squirrel. By its introduction from America, the balance of nature has become upset and it has adopted anti-social habits in which it did not appear to indulge in its native America. Apart from the fact that it has extinguished the red squirrel in large parts of the country and is still spreading its territory and encroaching into the territories still held by the native red squirrel, it causes damage to a number of birds, taking their eggs and their young; and particularly, some people think, with good reason, it is responsible for the gradual disappearance of our three species of native woodpecker. They nest in hollow trees and are being ousted from their nests by the grey squirrel

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But by far its worst crime is that it is attacking our younger hardwood trees all over the country. It attacks them by stripping off the bark of the tree, either at ground level or anywhere up the trunk—because of course it can climb the tree. I move this Amendment because it climbs the tree. If I may return to the phrasing of the 1911 Act, it refers to,
"rats, mice and other small ground vermin",
and one might have thought that grey squirrels could be described as such; but because they can climb up trees it has been held that legally they are not "small ground vermin". I wish I had known of Lord Kilbracken's interest in the distinction between feet and hands before to-day, because I suppose that when the grey squirrel climbs a tree it is open to argument whether it has four hands or four feet. Anyway, it is excluded from the interpretation of that section. It is damaging the young pole stage trees of the species of beech, oak and sycamore. This has become a phenomenon which has increased markedly over the last decade or so: so much so, that it is really a much more serious problem than the elm disease of which we have heard a lot recently. I believe that some of our native species of hardwood could be doomed to extinction over another hundred years or so unless something far more effective is done about the grey squirrel than we have been able to do up to now. And it is extending its attacks to other species than the three that I have named.
Of course it is hardwood trees that the public want to see planted. The conservationists and the amenity societies are clamouring that the Forestry Commission and private growers should plant more hardwood trees. Well, many hardwood trees are being planted, but I should like to draw the attention of your Lordships to what happens when you plant them. For the first few years all is well, but when the tree reaches what foresters term the "pole stage", which is a height of about 20 to 30 feet, and is between the age of 15 and 25 years, the grey squirrel goes for it. He eats off the bark, and this either ruins the tree as a timber tree or, in many cases, actually kills it, because if the cambium is removed from all round the tree, the tree of course dies.
The Timber Growers' Organisation, to which I belong, were so concerned about this that about a fortnight ago they sent out a questionnaire to selected members of the organisation to try to collect facts and figures about the extent of the damage that is going on. Unfortunately, there has not been time to get all the answers back, but those that have been received reveal real and widespread concern. Many of them are couched in much the sort of words that I have just used to your Lordships. I cannot give your Lordships many actual figures, except that the National Trust have told me that I may reveal that they estimate that they lost over 100,000 young trees during the last forest year. They have also authorised me to reveal that their bill for vermin control—which they themselves confess was not entirely successful—amounted to £8,000 in one year. That gives the background of the problem as it affects forestry. I can give your Lordships one further figure, if your Lordships will bear with me, in regard to one particular estate with which I am intimately connected. We took sample plots last week to check up the exact figures of damage, and we found that in our medium-aged beech 72 per cent. of the trees were damaged, in the sycamore 77 per cent. were damaged (of course many of them, though not all, will die) and 32 per cent. of the oak.
Trapping and shooting are the only means we have of controlling these animals at the moment, and it is ineffective and expensive. The Paper produced by the Forestry Commission in 1967, called The Grey Squirrel—Its Control, says that normal methods of trapping and shooting are ineffective: and one knows that that is the case. Yet one goes on trying, although one is fighting a losing battle. There is one means of control which is legal in Scotland and has proved effective and helpful there, and it is the use of the rat poison which is sold under the trade name of "Warfarin". It cannot be used in England because of the wording of the Act to which I have referred. The Bill before us to-day provides a possible vehicle for making legal the use of Warfarin against grey squirrels in England and Wales. I am aware, as your Lordships may be aware that the Forestry Commission have been carrying out trials with the use of this poison for

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about 18 months to two years under the direction of Miss Rowe, and I understand that they are very close to completing the trials and publishing the results. Therefore it is, to some extent, premature to move this Amendment. On the other hand, as I have said, this Bill provides a vehicle, and if we do not seize the opportunity to-day we do not know how long we shall have to wait for another opportunity to amend the legislation. It is on that account that I decided to put the proposal before your Lordships to-day.
I would add that I have consulted with the Country Landowners' Association, the Timber Growers' Organisation and members of the National Farmers' Union and I think they are all completely behind the general purpose of what I am asking your Lordships to consider. I have spoken also to the Deputy Director of the Nature Conservancy, who has expressed his grave concern over the ecological problem created by the grey squirrel, and also to the officials of the Forestry Commission, who, as is well known, are most concerned about this problem. Finally—I am afraid it has taken me a long time to explain this, but I felt that it was necessary to do so fairly fully—the very existence of future generations of our hardwoods is at stake. I hope we can preserve sentiment (because sentiment there is about grey squirrels) to our native red squirrel. Apart from the measure that is before us this afternoon, I would ask the Government seriously to consider devoting funds to the National Environmental Research Council, the Forestry Commission and others, to make a concerted attack upon this whole problem of grey squirrel control, because it is of that order of importance in our countryside. I very much hope that my noble friend on the Front Bench will be able to give me some encouragement over this matter. I beg to move.
4.20 p.m.
LORD INGLEWOOD: I rise to support my noble friend, who has left the Chamber, in no doubt at all of the seriousness of this pest to forestry. Shooting grey squirrels, and poking out their nests, has over a number of years totally failed to keep them in check. Here there is no distinction between agriculture and fores-
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try. Sometimes I have heard it said from the Front Bench, when either a Forestry or an Agriculture Bill is being discussed, and an Amendment which goes over the boundary between forestry and agriculture is moved, that it is the wrong place or time. I hope that no noble Lord on the Front Bench is going to say to-day that this is the wrong place for this small Amendment. There is no distinction between agriculture and forestry because the grey squirrel does substantial damage in orchards to fruit trees and fruit, as well as widespread harm to our native hardwoods, beech and sycamore.
My noble friend mentioned a number of societies who would like to see this Amendment included in the Bill. I think I can say that I have been a member or a member of Council of all of them, if I am not still a member, and of one more—the Royal Forestry Society—of which I am now Vice-President. The Royal Forestry Society is concerned not only with trees for the production of timber, but also with our forests from the point of view of amenity. Foresters are charged all too often with failure to pay sufficient regard to amenity: that is, to plant our native hardwoods in sufficient quantity. To-day they find in many counties of England that when they try to establish hardwood plantations, particularly beech and sycamore, and to a lesser extent oak, in appropriate soils they will meet extensive damage against which they have no effective defence, and they can even run into total failure.
There is nothing very novel in this Amendment. What my noble friend is asking for is already allowed in Scotland, where the problem is much less acute. There are many differences in the law between England and Scotland, as I well know, living on the Border. Some are historic, and some have constitutional bases which we should not like to see changed, certainly not without good reason. Others have no apparent reason, and here is one example. Why should a grey squirrel that lives in Dumfriesshire be exposed to this poison, when others a few miles South, with a home in Cumberland, arc not so exposed? In this particular instance the law is an ass, and my noble friend is trying to introduce some sanity.
Those with a good memory will remember a Question that was asked by the

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noble Lord, Lord Henley, on May 18 last year—unfortunately he is not in his place to-day. He asked the then Government to introduce legislation to permit the lawful use of Warfarin to control grey squirrels. The noble Lord, Lord Beswick, in his reply, said:
"My Lords, my right honourable friend, the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, is currently conducting field experiments to develop a safe and efficient method of presenting Warfarin to grey squirrels without risk to other wild life. If these trials are completed successfully, Her Majesty's Government will be better placed to consider the desirability. or otherwise, of introducing appropriate legislation."—[OFFICIAL REPORT,18/5/1970; col.891.]
They have had 18 months in which to carry on these experiments and to consider the results, and I think that is a sufficient time. I therefore sincerely hope that when my noble friend comes to reply he will be able to say that, after all the experiments and all the consideration, he has decided to extend the law as it now is in Scotland to be effective South of the Border—that is, into England, too.
LORD LEATHERLAND: There are squirrels at the bottom of my garden. They are a great joy to me; they make my day when I see them gambolling along from branch to branch, and from tree to tree, as I stand at my bedroom window each morning and gaze over the forest. I have a kind heart. I am not a farmer or forestry owner, but I sympathise with those who are and see damage caused to their property. Noble Lords who have supported this Amendment want us to poison these pretty little creatures. They want these little' creatures to be seen writhing in agony at the foot of the trees where they have their homes. It is inevitable that that should be so if they are given rat poison. It has been said that the squirrels have probably exterminated the woodpecker. When I lived in a house in the country I used to have woodpeckers and squirrels running about the lawn at the same time. I agree that this is an animal, pretty, delightful, charming though it may be, a source of joy to many young children, that probably does some damage to trees and crops. If that is so, and if it is felt that they must be exterminated, or drastically reduced in number in the interests of our national food supplies, then let us shoot them. Let us kill them
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humanely, quickly, suddenly, at a stroke, and not leave them writhing about in agony until the poison does its work.
THE EARL OF LONSDALE: I want to congratulate my noble friend Lord Dulverton, and thank him for his initiative in moving this Amendment. I am President of the Timber Growers' Organisation and I am happy to join with my noble friend and the noble Lord, Lord Taylor of Gryfe, who is Chairman of the Forestry Commission, in supporting this Amendment. At the moment, approximately 4,000 acres of hardwoods are being planted de novo each year, and approximately 90,000 acres of conifers. The low proportion of hardwood being planted is a matter which depresses people. Quite apart from the slow growing nature of hardwood, one of the great inhibitions which prevent people from planting hardwood in the Midlands and the South is the damage which is done by grey squirrels, and the enormous cost of replacement.
These foreign animals, which were introduced from North America some time ago, have, as the Nature Conservancy will tell you, ousted the native variety, the red squirrel, which people are more fond of than the foreign North American animal. The grey squirrels are much more akin to rats, and that is why they respond to Warfarin, which my noble friend is seeking leave to introduce as a control measure in England. The Pests Division of the Ministry of Agriculture has determined that there has been a cycle of increasing numbers and declining numbers since their introduction some 40 or 50 years ago, and each time there is a cycle of increase in numbers the peak gets higher, and the average number in the countryside gets greater. This is a problem which is getting more and more acute.
Many of your Lordships will know of the efforts of four county councils in the Chilterns to establish a pattern of perpetuation of hardwood beech crops on the Chilterns in the interests of amenity and the Chiltern countryside. Timber growers are happy to go along with this voluntary plan on a voluntary basis, but they ask for some help in controlling grey squirrels. Without their control it will be impossible to achieve the desires of these four Chiltern county councils.

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In the forests and woods around Windsor, there are 3,000 acres of hardwood, and 4,000 acres of soft wood. The Crown Commissioners, out of a staff of about 70 who are engaged in those forests, employ something like three men trapping grey squirrels constantly. Something like 8,000 grey squirrels a year are trapped. The Crown Commissioners are perpetuating crops of hardwoods in the forests of Windsor with great success, but the cost is enormous. The trapping and shooting methods which they use are inadequate, and the help that they get from the general public surrounding the Windsor forests is not as good as it might be. With the addition of the measure that my noble friend is suggesting, it may be much easier to perpetuate hardwoods in this country in the future than it now is.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD: May I point out that, while I support this Amendment very warmly—because anyone who tries to grow, say, sycamore trees knows that when they reach about 10 ft. high the grey squirrels come and strip them from the top; and in fact one cannot grow sycamore trees because of grey squirrels—nevertheless grey squirrels do some good from the point of view that they take pigeon eggs and therefore to a certain extent keep down wood pigeons. If we do away with all the grey squirrels we shall probably get a lot more wood pigeons. We cannot have it both ways, and on the whole I would rather do without the grey squirrels.
LORD ALLERTON: I join with my noble friends on this side of the Committee in supporting my noble friend Lord Dulverton in his desire to see the end of the grey squirrel. He has made out a very powerful case and produced many statistics which prove his point admirably. However, I personally am very allergic to poison—or, should I say, the use of poison? Warfarin, I have been told, does not harm anything other than rats. I do not believe it for a moment because I lost a big dog which I believe died from it. Therefore, I should like to know from my noble friend how it would be proposed to use Warfarin, and whether the results in Scotland have proved it to be really effective.
LORD BURTON: I rise to support my noble friend Lord Dulverton but I would
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disagree with him in one respect. He says he feels that this legislation might be premature; I feel that it is well overdue, not premature. The noble Lord, Lord Leatherland, referred to the forest in front of his house. But is he not looking to future generations in whose time there could well be no forests if these pests are allowed to continue? These animals are killing the hardwood all over the country.
LORD LEATHERLAND: Will the noble Lord allow me to interrupt? These squirrels have been there for a long time; the trees have been there for hundreds of years. The squirrels and the trees seem to get on wonderfully well together.
LORD BURTON: The very old trees will not succumb to them in the same way, but these trees have an inevitable end to their life sooner or later. What has been pointed out by several noble Lords already is that the young hardwoods that are coming on are the ones which are being killed, and if there are no trees to replace the old trees, sooner or later we shall come to an end of hardwoods in this country.
Recently I went on an excursion to Shropshire and I was horrified to see there how acres were being planted with softwoods because they could not plant hardwoods from a practical point of view because it was known that they would be killed by these pests. Another point was made by the noble Lord, Lord Leatherland, about Warfarin. He spoke about these animals, attractive little creatures—indeed they are—writhing in agony. This is not what happens with Warfarin. Warfarin is what is called an anticoagulant and affects the blood in such a way that the animal dies quite painlessly after having eaten a quantity—I think it has to eat practically its own weight of the poison before it is affected. I believe that that is why some rats have become immune—because they have been given insufficient poison. It was said that this substance might be dangerous to other creatures, but I know of a farm worker who found a packet of this stuff and, thinking it was oatmeal, made his brose for his breakfast out of it, and suffered no ill-effects.
LORD HOY: I can hardly believe that we are to accept that last story, but it

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made a good peroration. May I ask one question before I say anything further? I was interested to hear the noble Lord, Lord Dulverton—he will correct me if I am wrong—say, I think, that while Warfarin could be used in Scotland, it was prohibited in England. Is that what the noble Lord said?
LORD DULVERTON: The answer is that it is legal to use Warfarin against grey squirrels in Scotland, but not in England, because the law in Scotland is worded in such a way that there is no question, such as the one I have just explained, attaching to the wording of our own Animals Protection Act.
LORD HOY: I should like whoever is going to reply for the Government—possibly the noble Lord, Lord Denham—to explain how the situations differ; I am sure it would interest your Lordships to know. Warfarin is used in Wales and other parts. This is how we tried to attack the rat problem. Because of this (not because of the reason which the noble Lord, Lord Burton, gave) we created a rat resistancy to the use of Warfarin. If this preparation may be used in Scotland, and certainly used in Wales, why is its use in England confined to the destruction of rats? I am sure that your Lordships' Committee would be grateful for an explanation.
4.36 p.m.
LORD DENHAM: As my noble friend Lord Dulverton said, it is illegal to use poisons against grey squirrels because, as dwellers in trees, they are not included among the rats, mice and other small ground vermin which poisons may be used to destroy under the English Acts for the protection of animals. Her Majesty's Government are well aware of the damage that grey squirrels do to our woodlands, particularly young plantations of hardwood, deciduous trees. My noble friend went into this point extremely thoroughly. The importance of having effective means of controlling them cannot be disputed, and I do not think it has been disputed to-day, even by the noble Lord, Lord Leatherland. In spite of what noble Lords have said, the traditional and legal methods of control by shooting and trapping are effective—the Forestry Commission have a pamphlet on it: Pamphlet
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No.31, which I think noble Lords should have a look at—but they require much labour. The employment of suitable poisons, if this were to be permitted by the Amendment proposed by my noble friend Lord Dulverton, could prove a valuable additional weapon to the armoury for squirrel control. However, as the Committee will readily appreciate, the Government would be reluctant to agree to the extension of the use of poisons in the countryside unless they were satisfied, after full discussion with the interests concerned, that this could be done safely.
My noble friend particularly wishes to legalise the use of Warfarin, the standard rat poison, against grey squirrels. However, his Amendment is drafted much more widely than that and would also open the door to the use of other poisons which might be more dangerous to wildlife, to domestic animals, or even to people. Even though Warfarin has proved itself as a comparatively safe rat poison, we must be satisfied that it could be used safely in the particular kind of circumstances attending its employment against squirrels, and that this would entail the minimum of risk to wild life, before even this one poison could he sanctioned. My noble friend Lord Allerton asked in what form this preparation would be fed to squirrels. This is one of the difficulties that is being looked into at the moment, in that it must be in a form which is attractive to this particular animal. This is one of the important points, because Warfarin is so readily available at the moment for controlling rats and mice that, if this Amendment were accepted, Warfarin could well be widely employed before suitable formulations, accompanied by the right kind of safety precautions printed on every container, could be made available. Thus, it would be premature to legalise squirrel poisoning at this particular moment.
If any poisonous chemical is used in the countryside to control a pest there is some risk that harmless, or even desirable, species of mammals and birds would be harmed. But such is the importance of squirrel control that, as your Lordships have heard, the Ministry of Agriculture arranged some three years ago for research to be done by scientists in the Ministry and in the Forestry Commission to see whether a safe and

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efficient method could be found of presenting Warfarin to grey squirrels without significant risk to other wildlife or domestic animals. I understand that these efforts have met with some success and my right honourable friend expects to receive a report on the work very soon. I think one noble Lord suggested that we should have heard about this before now. Three years is not in fact a long time for a research programme involving the study of animals in their natural haunts, which presents a certain amount of difficulty. After the report has been considered, the Government will be better placed to judge the desirability of introducing appropriate legislation.
As my noble friend Lord Inglewood said, there is not always consistency between English and Scottish law. No doubt a considerable list of differences could be drawn up. The noble Lord, Lord Hoy, asked how this difference came about. As regards the law on squirrels and poisons, the difference in the texts is such that the English Act, the Protection of Animals Act 1911 as amended by the Protection of Animals (Amendment) Act 1927, does not preclude the use of poisons against small ground vermin, whereas the corresponding Scottish Act—the Protection of Animals (Scotland) Act 1912—omits the qualifying adjectives "small" and "ground". Thus, while in Scotland there is no express prohibition of the poisoning of squirrels as such, it would be for the courts to decide in any given case whether the squirrels in question could be regarded as "vermin". To the best of my knowledge this issue has never been tested, so the difference between English and Scottish law on this point may not be so great as has been alleged. Nevertheless, if effective safe methods for controlling grey squirrels come out of the research soon to be reported, the Government would doubtless wish to consider whether any desirable revision of the law should be made to apply equally throughout Great Britain.
Her Majesty's Government believe that this Amendment is too sweeping in its scope, in that it would legalise not only Warfarin in any—and perhaps in an unsuitable—form, but also other poisons that might be too dangerous for squirrel control. After the Government have received the report on the search for a
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safe method of using Warfarin for squirrel control, and after they have consulted with the interested organisations, the possibility of an appropriate amendment of the law will be most carefully considered. I hope that my noble friend will agree not to press this Amendment to-day.
LORD KILBRACKEN: Can the noble Lord explain why it is that Warfarin is perfectly safe for rats but not for squirrels?
LORD DENHAM: It is not actually very safe for rats. It is put up for rats in such a form and with such warnings on the labels of the container to explain to people so that its use may be effective in the safest possible way.
VISCOUNT AMORY: I think everyone in the Committee will have been impressed by the very strong case made by my noble friends who have spoken on this subject from very great knowledge indeed. Undoubtedly we are dealing with a great pest. I agree with my noble friend Lord Denham that one has to be exceedingly careful about poisons, and I realise that the Government want to wait for the result of this piece of research, and that research takes a good long time. However, I did not seem to detect quite the note of urgency in the Minister's reply that I believe this pest justifies, and I hope that as soon as the Minister can move he will make his consultations as speedy and as short as they can possibly be and will produce some positive action which will at least go some way to deal with this menace.
LORD HOY: Before the noble Lord, Lord Dulverton, replies may I ask two questions? As I understand it the issue is concerned with Scotland, and while we have had some words about how it has affected National Trust property in England and Wales there is of course the National Trust of Scotland. I wonder whether there are any figures available from the Scottish Office as to what has happened in their area. I also want to know whether there has been a trial with Warfarin in the woodlands belonging to the National Trust of Scotland, and if so, to what effect? I think I heard it said that some area had been used for an experiment of this kind, but that is not of much use unless we know the result of the experiment.

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I accept the point about the squirrels climbing up trees in England but apparently running along the ground in Scotland, so that we are able to use Warfarin on them there. I should like to ask whoever is going to reply, how much of this poison has been used in Scotland, if in fact it has been used on these properties controlled by the National Trust of Scotland, and whether there is any lesson to be drawn. The Committee mentioned by the noble Lord has apparently been sitting for three years, and when he says that it will be reporting "soon" I am bound to agree with the noble Viscount, Lord Amory, who said that if it has been sitting for three years it might be speeded up a little. Perhaps the noble Lord, Lord Denham, could be a little more forthcoming about the meaning of "soon", because soon another year will have departed. Is he in fact saying that the Committee has now got on so well, after three years, that before Christmas this report will be available to your Lordships?
LORD BURTON: Before the noble Lord replies may I explain the situation in Scotland? North of the Tay all the original grey squirrels became extinct as a result, I think, of the depredations of the pine martens and the buzzards, and they were re-imported from Scandinavia. The red squirrels that were imported were not the same as the English red squirrel; unfortunately, they are slightly larger and slightly more destructive and it may well be that they would hold their own against the grey squirrel. However, in Scotland we have planted many more softwoods than hardwoods, and consequently the numbers of grey squirrels in Scotland are very much smaller. This I noticed around Fife and particularly round Dunfermline, where I believe some were let out. It might be possible to get some figures, but it is not so easy to give the figures for Scotland which are required by the noble Lord, Lord Hoy.
LORD CHAMPION: It seems to me that the whole point of this matter is one of considerable urgency. We arc now going to have the results of the experiment and the consideration which has been going on. I gather that this will shortly be reported to the Government. What worries me about this is that it
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takes a long time for legislation to be brought in; to find a little slot into which one can slip a miscellaneous agricultural provisions Bill is an extremely difficult thing to do. I wonder whether it would be possible for us at a later stage to insert some enabling provision which will permit the Minister to bring in by regulation something which will cover the point which might emerge from the considerations which are now going on. I rather hope that this might be done in order that a regulation might be made. Quite clearly such a regulation would have to be under the Affirmative Resolution procedure in order that everybody who might be knowledgeable about the matter could thoroughly consider it. I rather think that such a power would be advantageous to the Minister, and certainly to the interests that arc involved in this matter.
LORD DENHAM: Perhaps I may just reply to the few questions I have been asked. To confirm what my noble friend Lord Burton has said, I am afraid it is difficult to give figures for Scotland. In fact I have no records, and I think my noble friend Lord Burton has explained that matter.
The noble Lord, Lord Hoy, asked what "soon" meant, and asked when the report would be available. I understand that it will be a month or two, but I cannot go further than that. Obviously it is no good hurrying the publication of the report if it is not going to be right. We must have the right report. But this is of course a matter of urgency, and that fact is appreciated by Her Majesty's Government
My noble friend Lord Amory and the noble Lord, Lord Champion, asked me to urge my right honourable friend to deal with this question as urgently as possible. Of course I will pass on those comments. I think it is very unlikely that it would be possible to do anything to the present Bill while it is on its passage through Parliament. But it would be quite possible to put something into a Home Office Bill, because the control of poisons is a Home Office matter, or an Agriculture Bill or a small Bill on its own, if it were so decided. The noble Lord, Lord Champion, asked why we do not have an enabling clause now. There would have to be discussions, including

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consultations with interested parties, before the Minister would wish to take powers of this kind. The result of the research should be available before this took place; but if squirrel poisoning ought to be legalised, enabling powers, rather than the kind of Amendment put down by my noble friend, might be suitable, since they could allow the Minister concerned to specify permitted methods of use. I am grateful for that suggestion, and, without any commitment, I will certainly convey it to my right honourable friend, and also convey to him the extreme interest and concern which your Lordships have shown in this matter. I hope that, in view of what I have said, my noble friend will not press the Amendment.
LORD DERWENT: I am sorry to intervene after the Minister has spoken, but I still do not see why in. this Bill there should not be an enabling clause. I quite understand that the Minister might not want to do anything about it when he has received his report. But surely it would be perfectly possible, at the next stage of this Bill, to insert an enabling clause.
LORD DENHAM: This was the point I undertook to consider.
LORD DULVERTON: Before I go on to say anything else, may I address the noble Lord, Lord Leatherland, particularly, in the matter of his worry about not having nice little grey squirrels hopping about outside his windows. I suggest to him that if he could create the circumstances where he saw the far more beautiful and native red squirrels hopping about, that would be better.
LORD LEATHERLAND: Does not the noble Lord fear that if he puts down this poison, with the intention of encouraging grey squirrels to eat it, his beautiful red squirrels also might eat it?
LORD DULVERTON: That is the point; we have to get rid of the grey squirrels before we can get the red squirrels reintroduced.
I am very grateful to my noble friend Lord Amory for the words he said, because I share with him the feeling that perhaps the Government are not giving this matter quite as much urgent attention as we should have liked. I believe that such organisations as the Timber
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Growers' Association, the C.L.A. and the National Farmers' Union would feel the same. I was grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Champion, for suggesting another way of attacking the problem. I am sorry that my noble friend has not been able to give greater assurance that this might be done. I do not wish to press this Amendment, and I will let it rest, with the leave of the House, on such assurance as we have received from my noble friend on the Front Bench: I can only say that I wish it were a stronger assurance. I hope that he will not let the matter rest and that the aim of my Amendment really will be achieved before the next growing season, by which I mean May, June, July of 1972. I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 6 [Repeal and amendment of certain enactments relating to slaughterhouses in England and Wales]:
4.53 p.m.
LORD ROYLE LORD ROYLE moved Amendment No.11:
Page 6, line 18, leave out from ("that") to ("and") in line 25 and insert ("the following conditions are satisfied:—

(i) that the requirements relating to slaughterhouses, of regulations under section 13 of the principal Act, of construction regulations under section 4 of the Slaughter of Animals Act 1958 and of byelaws, if any, made by the authority under section 68 of the principal Act are, or within a reasonable time will be, complied with in respect of the premises, and

(ii) the slaughterhouses facilities available in the district of the local authority are not adequate for the time being having regard to the reasonable requirements of persons making use of such facilities and that additional facilities are required".)

The noble Lord said: I beg to move the Amendment standing in the name of my noble friend Lord Hoy and myself. We are coming now to the slaughter of a different type of animal from the grey squirrel, and, if I may use the term, so far as I am concerned we are getting to the meat of the Bill. We regard this as a very important Amendment. May I begin by apologising to the Government Front Bench for the fact that they are faced with a Starred Amendment? This is due to the fact that at weekends my noble friend Lord Hoy goes to the distant parts of the realm while I am closer to London, and therefore all contact is

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lost. It was only late this weekend that I was able, on his behalf and my own, to put down this Amendment.
I am very conscious of the fact that the Amendment I am now moving is not sufficiently comprehensive; it was prepared in a hurry. But in substance this Amendment is a re-enactment of part of Section 76 of the Food and Drugs Act 1955, and therefore I am relying on the words of that section to press the Amendment which I am now moving. The two items which appear in the Amendment are conditions as safeguards, safeguards against a reversal to the situation which applied before legislation was passed in the 1950s on the question of slaughterhouses. If I may say so. in round terms my main objection to the present clause is that there ought to be a detailed study of the future pattern of the meat trade and of meat inspection and slaughterhouses, including consideration of what goes on after we join the E.E.C. Their needs might be very different indeed, and we might be face to face with a very different question altogether from the one that now applies. Therefore I should have thought it inadvisable that a Government should be proceeding at this moment to legislation of this kind in regard to slaughterhouses and slaughter of food animals before we know full well what will go on if and when we enter the Common Market. These overall decisions, the ones in Clause 6 as it is before your Lordships at the moment, in my view should not have been come to at this stage.
It may well be that we—my noble friend and I, and perhaps some other noble Lords—might be tempted, when we get to the Question, That the Clause stand part, to say something of a wider character than I will have to say at the present time on this Amendment. But for all that, this is a complete reversal of the policy of more than one Parliament. It has been under consideration by Labour Governments and by Conservative Governments. I recall the hours and hours that we spent in Committee Rooms of another place discussing these important questions of charges, to ensure that in the future hygiene should be highly regarded, that there should be none of these back-street slaughterhouses that could not possibly be visited by the meat
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inspectors and the veterinary surgeons; they were engaged in the larger places, and therefore there could always be neglect of the smaller and more remote ones.
Following the experiences of the last war, the opportunity was taken to provide that butchers who wanted to establish their own slaughterhouses, in much better conditions than had previously applied, should have an opportunity over a named period of making application for these slaughterhouse licences, under proper conditions, which would be approved by local authorities and by Ministers. That has been established by the previous legislation, and to-day we are asked to go back completely on everything that was done in that regard. I want to know why the change should come about now. We members of the Labour Party are often accused of being doctrinaire, but it seems to me that in this present Parliament, and with the present policies of this Government, it is they who are doctrinaire. They are constantly turning back the pages—pages which have been written for the benefit of the people of this country. Even the Liberal Party, in the days gone by, have given up laissez faire, but it seems to me that the policy of the present Government is getting back to laissez faire.
What is the demand for the change that is now being proposed in this clause? Who has made the demand? May I ask the noble Baroness what evidence she can produce that there has been any demand at all from people who are interested in these matters that the clock should be set back, and that we should go back to the pre-1958 situation? The 1958 Act has proved to be a great success. Private traders who wanted their own slaughterhouses had plenty of time to open new slaughterhouses or modernise their existing ones, and this they have done. There is no need at all for power to be given for the opening of unlimited numbers—because that is what this means—of slaughterhouses. Why establish at this time a free-for-all; a free-for-all to the detriment of the municipal abattoirs? This is a very important point.
As a result of the 1958 Act, and before that time, Governments pleaded with local authorities to establish good municipal buildings where the conditions of slaughter were perfect, and where traders

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could go, if necessary, and hire floor space to kill their own cattle. The one I obviously know best, with this accent of mine, is in the place that I come from, Manchester. Manchester complied with the desire of the Ministry, and have built what I believe is the largest and perhaps the best abattoir in Europe. At the moment it is under-occupied, and the Town Clerk of Manchester tells me that they are losing something like £400,000 per annum in the running of that slaughterhouse, and that they could use it more and more. Yet the Government are suggesting that more slaughterhouses might be established in the area, which would take away more and more from the Manchester Corporation. And what applies to Manchester applies also to quite a number of other municipal authorities in this country.
I am concerned about consultation. I had the temerity to ask the noble Baroness, when she introduced the Second Reading of this Bill, what consultations had taken place with local authorities. She confessed in reply to me that several of them had expressed their concern about the provisions of Clause 6. Discussions did take place with Mr. Stodart, the Under-Secretary, on these matters, but he never gave the people he was talking to any assurances that what they were saying would be either seriously considered or put into effect; and I have read some of the correspondence relative to those talks. I am suggesting to the noble Baroness that it is the bigger companies, the big people, who want to open large slaughterhouses up and down the country who are making this effort to get the Government to go back to the situation as it was prior to 1958. It is not the small man, the man who wants to kill his own cattle in his own slaughterhouse. These people are fixed up; they have done their job, and do not need any more slaughterhouses.
The new buildings suggested in the Bill are subject, at the moment, only to planning consent, and the very minimum hygienic standards. I suggest that this is not sufficient. We arc living in an age when we must protect our people in a fully hygienic way, and we should not allow slaughterhouses to grow all over the country. Let us limit them. There has been a tremendous limitation since 1958, and those that are in existence are
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good. Do not let us open a door for something which is not nearly so good. I beg to move.
5.6 p.m.
LORD DAVIES OF LEEK: I rise to support my noble friend. I feel rather sad about this, especially as in another place over a number of years I spent many hours in Committee discussing the problem of slaughterhouses, and it was then more or less agreed on both sides that in these days of vast conurbations and huge increases of population we needed first-class conditions for our slaughterhouses, and first-class hygienic conditions for the marketing of our meat. We read here quite blatantly in Clause 6 that it repeals certain provisions in the Food and Drugs Act 1955, so that local authorities in England and Wales will be relieved of any duty to secure adequate slaughtering facilities in their districts. I think that just that piece of phraseology in itself is devastating. The Minister will no longer have power to require the alteration of charges made for the use of public slaughterhouses, and certain virtually inoperative provisions regarding the restriction by local authorities of the number of private slaughterhouses will be removed.
The clause also amends the Slaughterhouses Act 1958, so that local authorities will no longer need to seek the Minister's approval of the grant of new licences for slaughterhouses. Those sentences alone are devastating so far as the future of the meat trade is concerned. I will be brief, because on both sides of the House there are many noble Lords here who are occupied in agriculture, occupied with food production, and in this plastic age of artificial colouring matters of all kinds slipping into the food we consume it really is a retrograde and atavistic step to relax the regulations on one of the most essential products of mankind—fresh, clean, and good meat. My noble friend used the word "doctrinaire". This is a doctrinaire retreat to laissez faire in the meat trade. It is going back to the 1910s. I do not want to go too wide, but I do not want to see again what I saw in the streets and in the butchers' shops and slaughterhouses of South Wales in the hungry 1920s and 1930s. Sweat meat sold in the market at 11 or 12 o'clock at night in Cardiff, or up the valleys, to people who walked miles to

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buy 3d. or 6d. worth of meat that had been produced under the worst kind of conditions. I do not want to paint too lurid a picture and suggest that we could get back to that situation, but unless we keep these regulations, there are "Johnny come latelys" who will come into the business and who will not be concerned with the decency of production. I really and truly believe that this is giving an impetus to speculation of the worst kind in this trade. I shall finish there, because I do not want to bore the House by reiterating platitudes and obvious facts. I shall end with this appeal. Please do not let this arid clause go forward like this, unamended. I beg the noble Baroness on the Front Bench, who ticks as humanely as any of us, to take note of the Amendment put down by my noble friends.
5.10 p.m.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I have certainly taken very careful note of the Amendment, because I could see during the Second Reading debate that the noble Lord, Lord Royle, was not at all happy about this provision, but I have to say to him that I cannot accept the Amendment, because it does the opposite of what we intend to do under Clause 6. This is really a question of policy. The noble Lord was quite right to ask why we are making a change now when, so far as he knew, the 1958 Act had worked well and when there had been great problems at the time in trying to devise the right policy to undertake. I think I owe it to the Committee to try to explain as briefly as I can why Clause 6, and the corresponding one relating to Scotland, are in the Bill, before I refer specifically to the Amendment itself.
Looking back over all those years since 1958, your Lordships will remember that that Act was introduced because it was thought that it would create the right balance between public and private slaughterhouses and would also prevent the proliferation of too many unhygienic slaughterhouses. It is interesting to note that in 1956 there were 4,500 slaughterhouses in England and Wales, while there are now only 1,734, so in that respect the Act has done its job. But the point to make here is that not only have slaughterhouses been disappearing quite rapidly,
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but there have been very few applications to build new ones of any kind. The applications which are made are to change and modernise existing slaughterhouses. The difficulty is that for some reason or other—and it is very hard to find out why—many of the local authorities operate their own slaughterhouses at a loss. Of course there are private slaughterhouses which are very much in need of modernisation, and because it costs about £60,000 to build a new slaughterhouse up to modern standards the applications are for modernisation.
We have introduced this clause because we feel that, instead of the Minister, or the local authority, having the final responsibility to control the new licences, which also includes control over the granting of licences to premises which are being enlarged or renovated, we should take the better course which is to free licensing from control. I suggest that if we accepted the Amendment and left the power in the hands of the local authority, the authority would be in a very difficult position. If the owner of a private slaughterhouse asked the local authority for a licence to renovate and modernise, it would be very difficult for it to have to refuse the application, because the authority would be in the position of refusing a competitor the right to modernise his own premises. That is why we believe that this responsibility should not be placed on either the Minister or the local authority, and why we should revert to the free market, whereby the local authority will grant a licence subject to planning permission and subject to the necessary hygienic qualifications. I did not agree with the noble Lord when he said that the hygienic qualifications are not sufficient. I should have thought that in this country they were in this field pretty high.
The fact that there are fewer slaughterhouses is, I think, a good thing. If, as we propose under Clause 6, control of this nature is removed, it will mean that local authorities whose slaughterhouses are operating at a loss will consider whether to go on operating them, or whether to lease them to a consortium or to one operator, as the noble Lord suggested. The point is that the local authority ought to have as much freedom as anyone else to do what it thinks fit. The noble Lord mentioned Manchester,

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in particular. I do not know whether the one at Glasgow is bigger, but I can assure him that a very good slaughterhouse is due to start operating there next year. It is not that one does not understand these problems, but we feel it is fairer to give local authorities freedom to lease, to sell or to go on operating slaughterhouses, than to put this very difficult duty upon them. I cannot accept the Amendment because it merely substitutes the Minister's authority for that of the local authorities.
LORD HOY: I have listened to what the noble Baroness has had to say, and I must say that I find her answer extremely disappointing. She said that local authorities will be free to do as they like, to operate slaughterhouses themselves or to sell to a consortium or a private entrepreneur, and that that will be all right. That argument has no logic at all. As my noble friend behind me has just said, it is a kind of take-over bid from a local authority. One must remember the capital that has been invested in slaughterhouses at the behest of central Government amounting to something like £20 million over the last 15 years. It was not that the local authorities decided that they were all going to have new abattoirs, but that, because of the appalling conditions, the Government of the day thought it right to get rid of a considerable number of the small slaughterhouses. I am certain that during his Ministerial period the noble Viscount, Lord Amory, supported the abolition of considerable numbers of small slaughterhouses and their replacement by much larger ones with good hygienic conditions. The food consumers, at least, were then assured that they were going to be supplied with meat about which they need have no doubts; in fact, the quality would be superb. It was the Government of the clay, and successive Governments, which persuaded local authorities to make this change. The noble Baroness said that the slaughterhouse at Manchester is big. I think that Manchester spent some £4,500,000 on providing a service.
It is no use the noble Baroness saying to us, "If they put the prices up they will solve their problem", because, as I said on Second Reading, if the prices have to be put up then someone, somewhere, has to pay those increased prices, and if it is in this particular field the
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only way in which these increases can be reflected is in the price of meat purchased by the housewife. There is no other way out; and to suggest that this is a way of solving the problem does not impress me, and I am certain that it does not impress my noble friends.
We might perhaps go a little further into it when we come to the Question, Whether the clause shall stand part?, because then we shall be able to deploy all the arguments about it. But I tell the noble Baroness that we do not accept what she has said. What she says is, "All right; let us have a period of laissez faire. Let us have a free market; let everybody do as they like; and out of this morass will come some kind of order". The noble Baroness does not believe that. I know her too well; and, like her, I have had to read these briefs. I have no doubt at all that on the brief she has just read there is written the name of my noble friend and the number of his Amendment, and typed in the left-hand corner there is one word, "Resist". So it does not matter what argument we put forward: the noble Baroness has received her instructions; she is not free to take any other line. But I say to her quite seriously that, because of that, I would say to my noble friend that we shall do less than justice if we do not divide your Lordships on this Amendment.
VISCOUNT AMORY: I rise only because the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, has mentioned my name. I have been trying to think back to the dim past, about 15 years ago, to the days when I no doubt wrote "Resist" at the top of a brief. I remember the circumstances then. The situation was that there was a tremendous number of very poor slaughterhouses indeed, and we had to do something about it. At that time private enterprise did not show any inclination to come along with the capital investment required to put those slaughterhouses in the condition in which they should be, so we welcomed a reduction in their number and a situation in which the existing slaughterhouses would be capable of dealing with the situation and would be of the right standard. That, I think, came to pass, and it has worked pretty well.
As I understand the present proposals, they are that the situation will remain as

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it is at present, with the local authorities fulfilling their responsibilities, unless private enterprise comes along with proposals and the necessary capital investment to operate these slaughterhouses at the right standards. There will be no question whatever, I am sure, as the noble Lord, Lord Davies, hinted there might be, of lowering standards and of going back to the lamentable conditions of the past. I could not agree with him more that that would be absolute disaster, and I know that my noble friend the Minister would not dream of putting forward proposals if he thought they might have that effect. Therefore, I think that the proposals are not dangerous at all. If any projects are brought forward by any private enterprise source, supported by the necessary capital and with the assurance that they would operate under the standards that are absolutely essential, then good luck to them, and perhaps the result might be that some of the municipal slaughterhouses which are today operating, or appear to be operating, at a very heavy loss might find some way to avoid that loss. If I felt that there was any danger to the consumer or unfairness to the trade in these proposals, I would be very much against them, but I do not think I see that danger or unfairness in them.
LORD ROYLE: I hate to be in disagreement with the noble Baroness because (I say it with bated breath in the presence of her husband) I like her so much, but on this matter she has not given us any satisfaction at all, and I am most disappointed. May I make one or two comments on what she has said? First she tells us that there are very few applications for new licences. If there are so few applications, why on earth are we legislating? We do not need any more slaughterhouses. This has been proved by virtue of the fact that people are not applying. On her point about hygienic conditions being very high at the moment, we are in complete agreement there. But the Bill repeals several provisions which ensure those hygienic conditions. That is what Clause 6 is doing. With deep respect, I would say to the noble Viscount, Lord Amory, that he must have forgotten that under the terms of the Bill the Minister would not have the powers referred to by the noble Viscount. He tells us that the Minister
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would be certain not to allow us to go back to those bad conditions; but under the terms of the Bill the Minister has no power to do anything about it, and it is to get that power that we want these terms. I am sorry (I do not want to go on arguing; I made my arguments in my opening speech) but I agree with my noble friend Lord Hoy that we just cannot let this go, and I would therefore ask noble Lords to go into the Lobby with us in support of the Amendment.
VISCOUNT AMORY: Perhaps I may reply to the noble Lord, because I do not want there to be any misunderstanding arising between us, for I know that he is a great authority on all these matters. All I meant by my reference to the Minister was that the standards of hygiene would be maintained and supervised. I think that that is the most important thing of all, and if there were any slipping there I should certainly oppose the proposals.
LORD RAGLAN: May I ask a question? My noble friend Lord Royle says that the standards of hygiene would not be maintained: the noble Viscount, Lord Amory, says that they would be maintained. Can the noble Baroness tell us, with the full authority of the Government, whether the standards of hygiene would be maintained or not?
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: Yes, I am very glad to have this opportunity to assure noble Lords, including, above all, the noble Lord, Lord Royle, who takes such an interest in this subject, that they will be maintained. What the clause does is to remove from local authorities the duty to provide adequate slaughtering facilities, that means, in the number of premises that they have to ensure are in a particular area. It does not in any way alter the duties which they have at present for meat inspection, which is of course their responsibility, and which are carried out either by public health inspectors as part of their general responsibility for food hygiene or by authorised meat inspectors. They will remain as they are now.
LORD ROYLE: If I may have just one more word, I am sorry but the very repealing of some of the previous legislation means that the noble Baroness cannot possibly guarantee that the present standards will be maintained.
5.29 p.m.
On Question, Whether the said Amendment (No.11) shall he agreed to?
5.37 p.m.
On Question, Whether Clause 6 shall stand part of the Bill?
LORD HOY: I do not intend to take up much of your Lordships' time. Clause 6 we find quite unacceptable in every way. It is very difficult to understand how any Government, having had all the benefits we have had of concentrating our slaughterhouses, could reach a decision to go back to the pre-war position. Before the war we had thousands of slaughterhouses. Indeed, the noble
Their Lordships divided: Contents, 43; Not-Contents, 81.

CONTENTS

Airedale, L.

Henley, L.

Royle, L.

Archibald, L.

Heycock, L.

Segal, L.

Beaumont of Whitley, L.

Hilton of Upton, L. [Teller.]

Shackleton, L.

Beswick, L.

Hoy, L.

Slater, L.

Blyton, L.

Hughes, L.

Snow, L.

Brockway, L.

Kilbracken, L.

Stocks, Bs.

Buckinghamshire, E.

Leatherland, L.

Summerskill, Bs.

Burntwood, L.

Llewelyn-Davies of Hastoe, Bs. [Teller.]

Taylor of Mansfield, L.

Byers, L.

Wade, L.

Champion, L.

MacLeod of Fuinary, L.

Wells-Pestell, L.

Davies of Leek, L.

Maelor, L.

Williamson, L.

Donaldson of Kingsbridge, L.

Milner of Leeds, L.

Wise, L.

Douglas of Barloch, L.

Moyle, L.

Wright of Ashton under Lyne, L.

Gaitskell, Bs.

Nunburnholme, L.

Henderson, L.

Phillips, Bs.

Wynne-Jones, L.

NOT-CONTENTS

Aberdare, L.

Derwent, L.

Long, V.

Albemarle, E.

Dulverton, L.

Mansfield, E.

Allerton, L.

Dundee, E.

Mar and Kellie, E.

Alport, L.

Elliot of Harwood, Bs.

Margadale, L.

Amory, V.

Emmet of Amberley, Bs.

Massereene and Ferrard, V.

Auckland, L.

Falkland, V.

Merrivale, L.

Balerno, L.

Ferrers, E.

Milverton, L.

Barnby, L.

Ferrier, L.

Montagu of Beaulieu, L.

Beauchamp, E.

Fortescue, E.

Mowbray and Stourton, L. [Teller.]

Belhaven and Stenton, L.

Glasgow, E.

Berkeley, Bs.

Goschen, V.

Napier and Ettrick, L.

Birdwood, L.

Granville of Eye, L.

Nugent of Guildford, L.

Brabazon of Tara, L.

Green way, L.

Oakshott, L.

Brecon, L.

Gridley, L.

Poltimore, L.

Brooke of Cumnor, L.

Grimston of Westbury, L.

Rankeillour, L.

Brooke of Ystradfellte, Bs.

Hailsham of Saint Marylebone, L. (L. Chancellor.)

Reigate, L.

Burton, L.

Ruthven of Freeland, Ly.

Carrington, L.

Harvey of Prestbury, L.

St. Aldwyn, E.

Clifford of Chudleigh, L.

Hood, V.

St. Just, L.

Colville of Culross, V.

Howard of Glossop, L.

Sandford, L.

Conesford, L.

Ilford, L.

Selkirk, E.

Cork and Orrery, E.

Tnclewood, L.

Sempill, Ly.

Cottesloe, L.

Jellicoe, E. (L. Privy Seal.)

Strange of Knokin, Bs.

Courtown, E.

Jessel, L.

Tweedsmuir, L.

Craigavon, V.

Kemsley, V.

Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, Bs.

Daventry, V.

Killearn, L.

Vivian, L.

de Clifford, L.

Lauderdale, E.

Windlesham, L.

Denham, L. [Teller.]

Lindsey and Abingdon, E.

Resolved in the negative, and Amendment disagreed to accordingly.

Baroness, in the last debate on the Amendment, pointed out that, whereas we had 4,350 slaughterhouses in 1956, we had only some 1,700 to-day, and she was saying that this is all to our credit. This is what she was claiming credit for—and rightly so. Yet this proposal by the Government seeks to reverse that completely, because if no more slaughterhouses are to be built, the noble Baroness would not want to make provision for them in Clause 6. If there is provision in a Bill, surely it must mean that the Government expect more slaughterhouses to be built; otherwise they would not bother to take the power. This seems

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to me to be simple in its logic. If they do not expect it why take the power at all?
I think what is quite wrong about this is that the noble Baroness, in replying to the, last Amendment, said that local authorities will still have the power to supervise. One might think this was an honour that the noble Baroness was conferring on them. In fact, of course, they have that power at the present time. The noble Baroness is saying something other than that. She is saying, "We propose to allow slaughterhouses to be set up. We propose to do nothing about it. Let them build slaughterhouses wherever they like." All this clause does is to say, "The only duty which we will place on the local authorities is the duty of supervising them after they have been built". In other words, expenditure in this connection will have to be carried by the local ratepayer. That is the only privilege which the noble Baroness is conferring on the local authority: the right to spend the ratepayers' money to see that hygiene is maintained in these additional slaughterhouses. I can find no justification for it.
I should like to have the answer to one question. As I have already said, some £20 million has been spent by local authorities in providing these abattoirs; this money has been spent at the request of successive Governments. The noble Baroness says that the Manchester abattoir was big but that the one for Glasgow will be even larger. I think those were her words. To save time on the next clause (which applies to Scotland what the noble Baroness perpetrates on England and Wales) perhaps she can tell us how much the Glasgow local authority will have to spend. What is going to be the total expenditure in connection with that abattoir, an abattoir built at the request of the Government—and the Ministry is "up to its neck" in this—because of the conditions that prevail in Glasgow and the West? The Government said to Glasgow, "You must do this job". They having done it, the Government now propose to desert them. Perhaps the noble Baroness can tell us what is going to be the cost to the people of Glasgow.
I cannot think of a single reason to support this clause. It is an appalling
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clause. I hope that we shall show our distaste of it in the only way left open to us; but I will say to the noble Baroness in conclusion (and I am not saying it to her personally; we have known each other for too long) that if the Government think they can get this through easily, they are wrong. Some noble Lords opposite appear to have departed since pleading the case of timber—all the "timber merchants" have gone. But I can assure the noble Baroness and I can assure those noble Lords in absentia (which I suppose is the phrase to be used) that it will take a very long time to get this Bill through its Committee stage; and when it gets to another place there will be one or two Scots there who will have a word or two more to say than I have said so far. Perhaps they will keep it going long enough for us to have the Report that the Government expect in the next few months; so that there will be plenty of time in which to put down Amendments. And in regard to this clause in another place, I could not estimate the time that will be required for the Government to put it through. That is the way we feel about it. I said this on Second Reading and I repeat it now to the noble Baroness. This is not for us in any circumstances!
5.43 p.m.
LORD ROYLE: I do not want to say much more in regard to this matter; but I should like to ask the noble Baroness for an assurance now that before the Report stage she will consider putting into the Bill wording to ensure that the local authorities in considering slaughter licence applications shall, first, have full regard to hygienic as well as to constructional requirements; second, be sure that there is proof of inadequacy of slaughterhouse facilities within, say, 30 miles of any proposed new slaughterhouse; and third, see that there are consultations between themselves and neighbouring local authorities with the latter point in mind. I think that this is important for, otherwise, one local authority may grant a licence for a slaughterhouse which would deeply affect an area next to them. Effective consultations between the two authorities could prevent the establishment of a slaughterhouse which was against the policy of one of the authorities. If the noble Baroness could

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give an assurance that this might be written into the Bill, then I should be happier than I am at the moment.
LORD DAVIES OF LEEK: It is not my intention to delay the progress of the Bill, but there are three points which should be noted. As my noble friend Lord Hoy has pointed out, the local authorities will have to bear the financial burden of inspecting; but there is something else to be taken account of. As one who dealt with these problems locally some years ago in a slum area—though I hate to use the word "slum"—I should like to assure noble Lords that when slaughterhouses were scattered like mushrooms in the field the approaches to them were distressingly unhygienic. The passage of the cattle through the streets, and their droppings, made this so. The cost of cleaning these approaches was borne by the local authorities. Who is going to pay when these new "mushroom slaughterhouses" spring into being? They cannot be put up anywhere, willy-nilly. There are the problems of drainage and the disposal of blood and offal to be considered. The cost will fall on the ratepayers and a problem will be created for the sewerage authorities. All this has not been thought about.
I hope I have not been dogmatic in what I have been saying. I may be wrong; and I have tried to check the facts. Are we sure that the same regulations will apply—even with the modern, first-class lorries which are in use? Who is to have the responsibility to see that these vehicles are hygienic and are proper instruments for the carriage of good clean food from the farm gate to the slaughterhouses? This factor alone is enough to cause us to say, "Let us not have this political atavism! Let us look into it!" We beg the noble Baroness to impress on the Minister the feeling on this side of the Committee (and even perhaps on the other side) that there is a constructive case to amend the arid rigidity of this clause.
LORD NUNBURNHOLME: I do not want to detain your Lordships any longer than is necessary, but there is one point that I should like to raise. My noble friend brought up the case of the cleanliness of the lorries from the farm gate to the slaughterhouse. I should put it
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the other way: from the slaughterhouse to the farm gate. I should like to see facilities for lorries to be washed down hygienically at the slaughterhouse after they have discharged their load.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I realise that I cannot satisfy noble Lords opposite, because they feel this is a very mistaken act of policy. I can only try to explain, perhaps better than I have done, the reason behind it. First, I would say to the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, that we do not expect a very large number of applications for new slaughterhouses. Since the 1958 Act came into force there have been only 123 applications, of which only 10 have been for new slaughterhouses. What matters is that the present facilities, many of them of high standard, are well used and properly used. This, of course, applies to the local authority slaughterhouses, which in many cases are under-used. The noble Lord, Lord Hoy, asked who pays for everything. The local ratepayer is paying for the losses on the slaughterhouses and local authorities have this obligation regarding hygiene. I could not agree more with what has been said by the noble Lords, Lord Hoy, Lord Davies of Leek and Lord Nunburnholme, about hygiene being absolutely vital. But, as I think I said earlier, this clause in no way alters the hygiene regulations which local authorities have the duty to enforce. On the contrary, it states that in approving licences local authorities shall have full regard to the regulations—that is in subsection (2)(a).
The noble Lord, Lord Hoy, asked how much the Glasgow slaughterhouse would cost. I think that altogether it will be about £3 million. The real problem is that if slaughterhouses which are not up to standard the kind of slaughterhouses we are trying to remove from the country—are brought up to standard, and a license is approved for them, they will be in direct competition with local authority slaughterhouses—for example, those at Glasgow or Manchester. The more licences that are approved, and the more existing slaughterhouses are improved and modernised, the more competition will he created. The removal of the duty on local authorities to provide adequate slaughtering facilities means that if they wish they may lease their premises, or

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they may see whether they can operate the premises successfully themselves. I do not expect that local authorities even if they are given the freedom to do so, will raise their charges more than those of the private operator, because obviously, if they did so, the capacity of local authority slaughterhouses would be even more under-used, and that is the last thing they want to happen. I think, therefore, that the fears, though genuinely expressed, have no substance.
One has to take into account that the meat trade is changing in character, as is well known by noble Lords who have taken a personal interest in it. Many companies slaughter and process on the same premises, and they have the highest standards of hygiene. I realise that I cannot persuade noble Lords opposite, but I ask them, since they have been very
Resolved in the affirmative, and clause 6 agreed to accordingly.
fair to me, to consider this question as it appears to the Government and to see whether they do not think there may be something in our view. I realise that they are not happy with this clause, but I hope that I have managed to explain the thinking and the reasoning behind it.
LORD HOY: I should be less than courteous if I did not say that we on this side of the Committee are grateful to the noble Baroness for the explanation she has given. The fact that it does not convince us is no reflection on her; it is just that this is a bad clause. And because it is bad we shall divide on it.
5.53 p.m.
On Question, Whether Clause 6 shall stand part of the Bill?
Their Lordships divided: Contents, 67; Not-Contents, 38.

CONTENTS

Aberdare, L.

Derwent, L.

Killearn, L.

Albemarle, E.

Dulverton, L.

Mar and Kellie, E.

Allerton, L.

Dundee, E.

Massereene and Ferrard, V.

Amory, V.

Elliot of Harwood, Bs.

Merrivale, L.

Balerno, L.

Emmet of Amberley, Bs.

Mowbray and Stourton, L. [Teller.]

Barnby, L.

Falkland, V.

Beauchamp, E.

Falmouth, V.

Nugent of Guildford, L.

Beaumont, L.

Ferrers, E.

Oakshott, L.

Belhaven and Stenton, L.

Ferrier, L.

Poltimore, L.

Berkeley, Bs.

Fortescue, E.

Rankeillour, L.

Brabazon of Tara, L.

Glasgow, E.

Reigate, L.

Brecon, L.

Goschen, V.

Ruthven of Freeland, Ly.

Brooke of Cumnor, L.

Greenway, L.

St. Aldwyn, E.

Brooke of Ystradfellte, Bs.

Gridley, L.

St. Just, L.

Burton, L.

Grimston of Westbury, L.

Sandford, L.

Clifford of Chudleigh, L.

Hailsham of Saint Marylebone, L. (L. Chancellor.)

Selkirk, E.

Cork and Orrery, E.

Sempill, Ly.

Courtown, E.

Hood, V.

Strange of Knokin, Bs.

Craigavon, V.

Howard of Glossop, L.

Thorneycroft. L.

Cullen of Ashbourne, L.

Ilford, L.

Tweedsmuir, L.

Daventry, V.

Jellicoe, E. (L. Privy Seal.)

Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie, Bs.

de Clifford, L.

Jessel, L.

Vivian, L.

Denham, L. [Teller.]

Kemsley, V.

Windlesham, L.

NOT-CONTENTS

Archibald, L.

Heycock, L.

Phillips, Bs. [Teller.]

Beswick, L.

Hilton of Upton, L.

Raglan, L.

Blyton, L.

Hoy, L.

Royle, L.

Brockway, L.

Hughes, L.

Shackleton, L.

Buckinghamshire, E.

Jacques, L.

Slater, L.

Burntwood, L.

Kilbracken, L.

Snow, L.

Byers, L.

Leatherland, L.

Stocks, Bs.

Champion, L.

Llewelyn-Davies of Hastoe, Bs.

Taylor of Mansfield, L.

Crook, L.

Lloyd of Hampstead, L.

Wade, L.

Davies of Leek, L.

MacLeod of Fuinary, L.

Wells-Pestell, L.

Donaldson of Kingsbridge, L.

Maelor, L.

Wise, L.

Henderson, L.

Milner of Leeds, L. [Teller.]

Wright of Ashton under

Henley, L.

Nunburnholme, L.

Lyne, L.

Clause 7 [Repeal and amendment of certain enactments relating to slaughterhouses in England and Wales]:
6.0 p.m.
On Question, Whether Clause 7 shall stand part of the Bill?
LORD HOY: Clause 7 does for Scotland what the Committee have just done for England. I regret to say that we shall not be taking this clause to a division, although with the encouragement of the figures on the last two votes, perhaps we should try a third time to see whether we are lucky. However, we shall resist that temptation. But though we shall not divide the Committee over this clause, we feel about it with exactly the same seriousness as we did about Clause 6, and no one should accuse us of agreeing to it just because we are not taking it to the Division Lobby.
Clause 7 agreed to.
Clause 8 agreed to.
Clause 9 [Amendment of law relating to improvement of live stock]:
6.2 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.12:
Page 9, line 1, leave out subsection (1).
The noble Lord said: In Clause 9, the Minister is taking power to withdraw the licensing of bulls and retain the licensing of boars. Personally, I am not confirmed in my view about this. I have listened to a number of people, one of them, the noble Lord, Lord Balerno, may like to know, was one of our up-and-coming geneticists in his area. He said that you should get rid of licensing together. because it now plays no part; it has played a useful part, but the stage has now been reached when we can get rid of it.
It is a little difficult to understand why the Minister has made two decisions in one. Many will argue that if one system of licensing ought to go, both ought to go. The Minister is really having an "each way" shot, like a racing bet. If he has it each way, he might end up by winning something. This is a weak position for any Minister to take. It has been suggested that his advisers have said to him that he should take a certain course and he has gone against their advice. I do not know; it is not for me
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to say. But if this is so, he has to give good reason why he refused to accept their advice. It is also said that this is due to the tremendous strength of the breed societies in this country, who have told the Minister that it does not matter what is good for the industry as a whole, to remove the licensing of bulls will create a great deal of trouble for the breed societies. As a consequence they insist that whatever the Minister does in the pig world, he must retain bull licensing in the cattle world. This may be so.
I put down this Amendment so that noble Lords who are well informed in this matter may have a word or two to say about it and so that the Government might make an explanation of why they have split their decision down the middle. I am sure that they will be grateful to us for giving them the opportunity. I beg to move.
LORD BALERNO: May I intervene at the beginning of the debate, because this is a subject with which I have been concerned most of my working life. I am an animal geneticist. Indeed, I was the only cattle geneticist in the country and was consulted as such by the Department of Agriculture and by the Ministry at the time of the bringing in of the 1931 Act. Therefore I have come to regard the Act as one of my particular preserves, and I have watched over how it has grown and has become more useful up to a certain point.
At the time of that Act, consideration was given to the licensing of boars as well, but they were not included, partly because of the cost and partly because the need then was not nearly so great. However, when the Small Pigkeepers' Scheme proved so important during the war and was so successful, under the presidency of a Member of another place, Sir Cedric Drewe, and with him Mr. Hobson, it became necessary to ensure that proper boars were distributed throughout the country and they were included under the scheme of compulsory licensing as a war-time measure.
A great deal of scientific water has flowed under the bridge since then. Whereas at the time when this legislation was passed there were large numbers of herds from which the sires for future generations—not just for that generation—were taken, it has now come about that

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throughout the industry only a very small proportion of the boars and bulls that are required for a subsequent generation are in existence: in other words, the use of bad bulls or bad boars works itself out almost at once.
It is because of that (it could be expressed in more scientific terms, I feel) that the present generation of geneticists believe that all sire licensing should be done away with, and almost without exception have so advised the Government. I do not find myself altogether in agreement with this younger generation, but I think that they definitely have a point as regards boars.
The difference between the boars and the bulls, so far as meat is concerned, is this. Some years ago the Pig Industry Authority was set up, and they have established (it is now part of the Meat and Livestock Commission) progeny and performance testing stations. The whole of that industry is now looked after by these progeny and performance testing stations, and all the testing is paid for by the industry, with the result that a completely new set of ideas has come into being. The reason for having the Act was, in a way, the same as for having the Weights and Measures Act namely, to see that the purchaser of the stock got value. But now, with the certificate of quality of live weight gain, as well as the quality of the carcases, which can be obtained only through animals tested at these stations and their recorded progeny, immediately the necessity for the licensing is removed, because the licensing, which is done by the inspectors, bears little or no relation to the economic factors of the efficiency of food conversion or the quality of the meat afterwards. So this constitutes a step forward.
This argument does not apply to cattle. The beef stations are still only in their infancy; they are not out of their teething troubles, and it is a much more difficult and slower process to have testing stations for beef cattle. There is a great deal of difference between the two. The inspection of the boars costs quite a bit of money, and I think the Government are thoroughly justified—in fact, I think they would be wilfully negligent if they did not do it—in removing boar licensing and so saving the amount of money that
208
is expended, because it is doing no good for the future of the industry.
VISCOUNT DAVENTRY: Much to my surprise, nobody has mentioned the pedigree cattle of this country, which are very much dependent on the licensing of the bulls. If you remove it a big disaster will occur among the big pedigree herds of Herefords, Friesians and all herds that are dependent on the licensing of their bulls. The bull will not be passed by the licensing authority now, even if its pedigree is as good as it possibly can be, unless it measures up to the conformation and the standard they require. This applies particularly to beef, but it applies also to the Charolais milk cows. I think it ought to be mentioned in this debate that the licensing of beef stock in the cattle line is very different from the licensing of pigs.
LORD KILBRACKEN: In view of what the noble Viscount has just said, I find myself in a somewhat difficult position, because my Amendment No.13 refers to bulls and the licensing of bulls. In view of the fact that they were included in the remarks of my noble friend Lord Hoy, I was wondering whether to make my observations now or to wait until the next Amendment. I decided to wait until the next Amendment, when I hope that the question of bulls will be considered.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I was about to say to my noble friend Lord Daventry that if he would speak on the next Amendment he would have an opportunity to deploy his arguments about bull licensing to greater effect, because we are now on a limited Amendment which, as the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, said, he put down in order to try to find out why the Government have felt it necessary to give the breeder the right to choose the boar which he needs rather than to have a strict licensing regulation, as has previously been the case. I am advised that the application of selection techniques—I think this was referred to my noble friend Lord Balerno—has made a great deal of difference, because these techniques are based upon performance, and they have advantages, in particular, for a very prolific species such as the pig. I understand that these techniques are

209
widely used in pig breeding. That being so, it has of course reduced the importance of assessment on the basis of conformation on which licensing is based. This is the reason which has really removed the need, and indeed the justification, for having statutory licensing arrangements.
We had consultations with the industry earlier in the year, and the National Pig Breeders' Association were prepared to agree that boar licensing should end. I will try to keep off the question of bull licensing at the moment, and merely say that, so far as pigs are concerned, I understand that the British Lop Pig Society, the British Landrace Pig Society and the Association of Pig Breeding Companies were all represented. There was some opposition, notably among the British Landrace Society but, generally speaking, the National Pig Breeders' Association agreed that boar licensing should end. The National Farmers' Union thought that it would be necessary to see what voluntary arrangements could he made "to safeguard the commercial pig breeder". But I think the whole question was put much more ably than I could put it by my noble friend Lord Balerno, from his personal experience. I think we are right to remove the licensing of boars.
LORD HOY: In view of that explanation, I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
6.18 p.m.
LORD KILBRACKEN LORD KILBRACKEN moved Amendment No.13:
Page 9, line 4, leave out subsection (2).
The noble Lord said: We now turn from boars to bulls. I should like to go briefly into the history of bull licensing. It was first introduced in 1931, and the noble Lord, Lord Balerno, has already referred to that Act. That Act stated, in Section 2(2):
"The Minister may refuse to grant or may revoke a licence in respect of a bull, if the bull appears to him to be—

(a) of defective or inferior conformation and likely to beget inferior progeny; or

(b) permanently affected with any contagious or infectious disease; or

(c) permanently affected with any other disease rendering the bull unsuitable for breeding purposes."

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That was the situation until 1944, when it became more difficult to get a bull licensed for breeding, or indeed for other purposes. The law then stated that the Minister had to be satisfied—this also applied to boars, but I do not want to complicate matters by including them—if the bull was registered, or eligible for registration, as a pedigree bull with an approved breeding society, or conformed to a standard of type laid down for pedigree bulls of that type by an approved breeding society, and was unlikely to beget progeny which did not conform to that standard.
Then, in 1963, under an Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill, the Minister was enabled to refuse to grant a licence if he was not satisfied that the bull conformed to such standards of suitability for breeding purposes as might be prescribed. The position for the 40 years since the 1931 Act has been that it has been more and more difficult to get the calf licensed as a bull. Quite apart from that, the standard required in a calf, even if it satisfied those requirements, has consistently been getting higher and higher. Those of your Lordships involved in breeding cattle will remember that ten years ago some inferior calves which to-day would not get a second thought, used to receive licences. That has been the trend of the licensing that I am considering.
Many of us who are involved in pure bred breeding have wished that restrictions of this kind could be applied not only to bulls but also to heifers. If you had a pure bred heifer you would simply notify the Society that she had arrived. You could breed from her and have progeny, pure bred cattle, and she would not have to be examined or passed in any way. If the Government would introduce measures to make it more difficult to use cattle in general for breeding purposes, a great many of us would approve. We should like to see the number of heifers that can be used for breeding purposes reduced by legislation. Instead of that, the Government have gone in completely the opposite direction. They have not gone quite so far as they might because although my noble friend has been complaining about the inconsistency of licensing, in the case of bulls I understand that it had been the Minister's wish to end licensing altogether. He has not

211
gone so far as that. He has gone back to the position as it was in 1931. He is saying that bull calves must still be licensed, but the requirements are those laid down in the original legislation. In other words, when the bull is examined—and I understand this is to be done by veterinary officers—the breeding of the calf does not enter into consideration. The vet would not be entitled to consider the calf's genetic background.
If the calf was the kind of cross-breed that most of us do not like to see—a Jersey Hereford, or something of that kind, that happened by accident—so long as the calf was of suitable conformation and was healthy, then the vet would not be able to refuse a licence for that bull. I cannot help feeling amazed at this and wonder what the Government's reasons are for going back to the 1931 situation. I might be able to understand such a change if all farmers were good. For example, I can understand that some people would like to have a three-quarter Charolais and breed from him. I would never do that because I believe that the bull should be pure bred. Already, under existing legislation, if a farmer wants to do experimental breeding with a crossbred bull, or rear bull beef and not to castrate his bull calves, then he is able to receive special authority to do so. That is not the situation that I am worried about. I am worried about the bad farmer who wants o save a few pounds and, instead of spending £150 or £200 guineas on a reasonably good, or even reasonably bad, pedigree bull, he is going to rear a scrub bull for his own use. Presumably he would not hope to sell it.
Consider a farmer who rears heifers, and wants to get them in calf to sell as springers at 2½ years old or thereabouts. It is going to be a great temptation for him—particularly if one of his Jersey cows get crossed to a Hereford by mistake, and gets one of those bad bull calves which at present one cannot sell in the market for £1—to rear the bull and put him up for licensing. So long as the bull has the right appearance and health, then the owner can get a licence for him. He will be able to run the bull with heifers and sell the heifers when they are seven or eight months in calf. A person buying them would suffer because he would assume that the heifers
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were going to be in calf to a decent bull. I feel that this is something that is going to get worse as the standard of calves falls. You will get the second generation when the mongrel progeny are being used on the original mongrel progeny, and you will get a double mongrel. I do not know whether the Government feel that any financial saving is going to be involved. I do not see how there can be any saving; if anything, more bulls are going to be licensed and therefore more licensing to be done. I wonder whether the Government have considered the experience at the outbreak of war. Temporarily the licensing of bulls was suspended but, after a short interval, officials reported that all over the country scrub bulls were being used on such a scale that the licensing rules were reintroduced. It seems strange, when we are on the verge of trying to join the Common Market, at a time when the three major countries of the E.E.C., France, West Germany and Italy, are preparing to introduce the licensing of bulls and have greater control over the size of breed in general, that Britain should be allowing the licensing of mongrels.
When I was considering what I should say to your Lordships to-day I felt that I should declare a personal interest, because the breeding of pure bred Herefords is now my principal farming activity, but, after consideration, I came to realise that, if anything, the reverse was the case. It would suit me financially far better if this Bill were to become law as it stands, because I am farming in the Republic of Ireland. This Bill as an Act would not apply to Northern Ireland and there is no intention of introducing similar legislation in the Republic. This means that the demand for pure bred heifers in Ireland is hardly going to be affected, because very few are exported to Britain; but also, of course, it will mean that the demand for, for example, spring heifers and store cattle, which I also produce from my part of the Realm, will, I believe, be far higher, because breeders in this country will know that if they go to Ireland to buy spring heifers they are going to obtain a decent quality. Perhaps that very fact will recommend my Amendment which is in front of your Lordships. I beg leave to move.
LORD NUNBURNHOLME: I rise to support my noble friend Lord Kilbracken

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in his Amendment, but on a rather different line. I feel that pedigree animals make a big difference, but performance combined with a pedigree is much the most important point. This autumn I attended a sale of Sussex bulls at Maid-stone and the best prices were obtained by those young bulls that had the best live-weight gain. I cannot get away from that fact. Of course, Lord Kilbracken's Herefords may have marvellous live-weight gain; and I think that that must be taken into consideration. I do not like the idea of these scrub bulls being licensed. If we license them, we are setting ourselves back in this country as cattle breeders of the best cattle in the world. There is not much more to add to what I have said already, except that I should like to see the licences of Peers extended to pedigree as well and the abolition of Life Peerage!
LORD BURTON: I have a good deal of sympathy with the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, and with his Amendment. There is one particular aspect, however, which, if I have the meaning correctly, means that licensing will be clone by one's own vet. I am not sure, but if this is correct I think the position of the vet is rather invidious. We already have the position under the Riding Establishments Act whereby one's own vet licenses a riding establishment. It is jolly difficult for him to come in and say, "This establishment is not up to standard" if he is one's own veterinary officer. I do not like the look of this and I hope that the noble Baroness will give this matter further consideration.
VISCOUNT DAVENTRY: I support the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken. I agreed with everything he said. Nobody seems to realise the importance to this country of keeping these big Hereford, British Friesian, Shorthorn and Aberdeen Angus herds absolutely tip top. I have heard from several breeders of these big pedigree herds how terrified they are of the licensing of the scrub bull. The whole value of the herd is at risk. Foreigners can come over here and buy them at big sales at Perth and such places, and they would not touch one that was contaminated by another crossbred animal. I should like to register my support of what the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, said.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD: I have some sympathy with
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this Amendment, but may I allude to what my noble friend Lord Burton said. He compared the situation with one's vet coming and giving one a licence, when the vet obviously would not want to disappoint his client. One might equally refer to a motor-car. When you have to obtain a test certificate you go to a local garage, and it might equally well be said that it is rather awkward for the local garage to refuse your car a test certificate. I do not think the example was a very good one.
LORD BURTON: I believe that the testing of motor-cars has already proved highly disastrous.
6.36 p.m.
LORD BALERNO: There is one major factor which has appeared since the 1943 Act, which is where the clause we are considering abolishing comes in. It is a very important factor in the whole of the cattle breeding industry, and if we fail to take it into account we shall get into a muddle. It is one of the reasons why the scientists are virtually unanimous in advocating total abolition of sow licensing. It is artificial insemination. I have not the figures with me, but at the present moment well over 50 per cent. of the cattle of this country are sired by artificial insemination. That applies to both dairy and beef cattle. The hulls used are very highly selected indeed. As regards the dairy bulls, they are used to any extent only after a number of their progeny have been tested and evaluated for milk production quantity and quality, and after the confirmation of their daughters. So the dairy cattle breeding industry is in quite a different position from the position it was in when the 1943 Bill was introduced.
As regards beef, as soon as adequate measures are available for testing the beef bulls only the best bulls will be used at the artificial insemination stations. The work that the Milk Marketing Board has done already for the dairy bull, and what it is doing now in the way of pioneering work for the beef bulls, is of the very highest order and regarded most highly by people in other countries, including North America. It puts a completely different view on the whole position of cattle breeding in this country. A very much more productive set of females are being introduced.

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One of the main reasons for wanting to extend beyond the pedigree bulls is the fact that the hybrid bull has now been shown to have very definite value. It has not to my mind as yet been completely evaluated on a large enough scale in this country, but if we take the lessons of other countries where the hybrid bull is being used, then we see that we ought not to deny ourselves the same possibilities in this country. The hybrid bull undoubtedly has greater hardiness, greater reliability, greater vigour and perhaps also greater sexual vigour, and is therefore of great use where animals are run on the hill or, as in America, on the range. As I have said, we have still to get more detailed information about it for this country, but it will have to be done on a fairly large scale.
The hybrid bull is utterly and absolutely dependent and can only exist if the parent breeds are bred pure. If the parent breeds are not of the top quality there will he no value whatsoever in the hybrid bull, and the hybrid bull that should be used is one that comes from strains that are tested for their meat. In discussing the hybrid bull I am considering it in relation to meat: the hybrid bull for dairying is a completely different possibility.
The hybrid bull, which may be a first cross or, as the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken says, three-quarters Charolais, or it may be a blend of three or even four breeds, but possibly not more than that, is unquestionably the animal that makes the greatest contribution towards cheapening our beef production in the future. One cannot get the necessary information merely by restricting it to that nice clause which the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, pulled out of the 1931 Act. I can remember getting that clause specially drafted; it came down from Scotland and was inserted in the Bill as it went through Parliament.
I am not worried about farmers using scrub bulls. If a farmer is working in any way to keep his head above water financially he will be gradually increasing his herd. The herds in Britain are now of average size—very much bigger than the herds on the Continent—and from that point of view therefore they are rather more efficient. In the old days we had small herds, but they are
216
now almost out of existence. No farmer with a herd of over 60 cows could afford to use the scrub bull of the type that was in existence before the 1931 Act. His neighbours would know, and the type of bull that he was using would be known when he came to sell his stock, and their bad value would show in the shape of the animals.
There will still be inspection of bulls. I am very glad that the Government have done this, because this is a matter on which I would be in some disputation with the majority of the young scientists. The inspection of bulls will remain so that bulls of the mongrel or nondescript kind would not get licences in the future. I believe this to be a definite step forward, taking account of the developments in animal science throughout the world, lessons from countries like Australia, especially, as well as North America; and I think it would be a great pity if your Lordships did not support the Government in this matter.
LORD WISE: Before the noble Baroness replies, although there is nothing much more than I can add, I should like to support the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken. I have in fact spoken with several of the leading herd owners in my own locality, and I think they arc fairly unanimous in their opinion that it would perhaps be a backward step to ease the existing regulations. They seem to think that we have gone to considerable lengths to reach the present high standard of breeding which we now have, and that it would be wrong not to continue. This is especially so in dairy breeds. It must be insufficient to rely entirely upon the colouring and conformation of the beast, and it is essential to know something of its breeding background and the records of its parents and ancestors. I think we should seriously consider this Amendment.
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: May I say one word to support the noble Lord, Lord Balerno, in his defence of the scientific approach? The breed societies have, of course, done a great deal in a rather roundabout way to include cattle, but the business of having a number of criteria which are irrelevant to performance is only now beginning to be eliminated. If you have however beautiful a Hereford with a

217
black nose it will get nowhere, and I believe that this House in 1971 ought to stand firm against any form of the licensing of bulls which depends at all heavily upon inspection by eye.
LORD KILBRACKEN: If the bull has a black nose he will not get a licence.
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: Why not?
LORD KILBRACKEN: Because he is not of sufficiently good appearance.
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: Exactly; and that, with respect, is ridiculous.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I think we all agree that we have had a fascinating debate, and the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, can be quite content because he has had a good deal of support. But there has also been almost the same number who have held the opposite view. He has been supported by the noble Lord, Lord Nunburnholme, my noble friend Lord Daventry and the noble Lord, Lord Wise, but I am happy to say that everybody else who has spoken was in favour of the provision as it stands in the Bill. We seem to have these two divisions of opinion: the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, seems to think that we have gone too far, and many of my noble friends and the noble Lord, Lord Donaldson, think it is about time—or at any rate it is the right mean. I remember very well on Second Reading my noble friend Lord Nugent of Guildford saying that it was quite time that we abolished bull licensing completely. We have tried to get a right balance.
The Amendment put down by the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, really perpetuates the current arrangements under which cross-bred bulls are not licensed for breeding, but the Government believe that this ban on cross-bred bulls should end, so that the breeder may have more freedom to select a bull which he thinks fits his particular purpose, whether it be pure-bred or cross-bred. On the other hand I should like to give an assurance to those noble Lords who have questioned the results of these arrangements. My right honourable friend the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and his colleagues have had full discussions
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with bull breeders about these proposals on bull licensing, and the bull breeders accepted that the modified bull licensing arrangements will provide the necessary safeguards against damage, which of course everybody recognises might otherwise be caused by the use of bulls with inferior conformation or with hereditary defects, or indeed diseased bulls. Here I should like to assure the noble Lord, Lord Kilbracken, that in the course of these consultations an assurance was given to the breeders that if any crosses gave rise to serious abnormalities or defects the Ministers would refuse to license them; and they have powers under the Improvement of Livestock (Licensing of Bulls) Act 1931.
The noble Lord asked about the implications of our joining the European Community. No doubt he will know that there is not as yet any agreed policy, or, as they would put it, any harmonisation of livestock improvement policies. In the present Community there are very wide differences in livestock policies. For example, Belgium, France and Germany have bull licensing arrangements, but Holland, Norway and Denmark do not. The noble Lord, Lord Nunburnholme, gave a very fair view, I thought, when he said that one wanted to get the right mean between pedigree and performance; and this is really what we are trying to do in this clause. He then, unfortunately, if I heard him correctly, said that he would like to see the abolition of Life Peers, which would be a fearful affair, if we take only the number here at the moment.
My noble friend Lord Burton thought it would be an embarrassment if one's own veterinary officer had to come along and say that one's own premises were not hygienic enough. This point is being discussed with those concerned; we have realised that there is a point here. I thought my noble friend would like this assurance. My noble friend Lord Balerno spoke in a very learned way on what he would technically call hybrid vigour, which is the common term used, and I am sure that he is right. He was the only speaker in the debate who drew attention to the enormous advances which have been made in artificial insemination. It is because the circumstances are changing all the time that we feel that we have tried to get the right balance between

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those who would have no alteration in the present arrangements and those who would like to have entire abolition of licensing. I hope that in these circumstances the noble Lord will withdraw his Amendment.
LORD KILBRACKEN: I am very grateful to the noble Baroness. I must admit that I took slight exception to the fact that, having listed three or four noble Lords who had spoken in my favour, she then said that everyone else was opposed to this proposal. Everyone else consisted of the noble Lord, Lord Balerno, and my noble friend Lord Donaldson, so that the "everyone else" was two in number, unless you consider the noble Lord, Lord Burton, who is rather sitting on the fence, perhaps more in my favour than against me.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I hesitate to interrupt the noble Lord, but if we count them, there was first the noble Lord, Lord Balerno. Then I understood the noble Lord, Lord Donaldson, to be in favour of this, as was my noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard. My noble friend Lord Burton was not against it; and, of course, there is me, too.
LORD KILBRACKEN: The noble Baroness had not spoken at that moment, and her noble friend Lord Massereene and Ferrard did not voice a very positive opinion on the matter. However, let that pass. To take what one or two noble Lords said, Lord Nunburnholme was talking about the great desirability of having not only pedigree, but performance combined with pedigree. I certainly agree that that is desirable wherever possible. If I am buying a bull, as I shall in February, one of the main things I look for is size and bone, particularly size; I want a large bull. This is a factor that an inspecting officer should certainly take into account when deciding to license the calf or not. He will see what size it is and if he thinks it is not big enough he should certainly refuse to give a licence on those grounds. Unfortunately, it is not possible—except when we are talking about artificial insemination, which I will come to in a moment—to know what the bull's performance is going to be, what his progeny is going to be like, at the moment when a decision about a
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licence has to be taken, because if it is a thoroughbred this will not be known for three or four years, and by then it will be too late.
But this is not the case with artificial insemination, because the semen can be stored indefinitely. The noble Lord, Lord Balerno, raised the question of artificial insemination. It is very important; it has altered breeding habits a lot. I do not like it, for various reasons. I find that my heifers do not look for the bull so quickly when they are on their own, and also the bull knows better than I do what is the right time for service to take place. I find that the females, apart from being much more satisfied with the bull, get into calf more quickly and do not turn to the bull as often. I do not really follow what was the noble Lord's purpose in bringing up the question of artificial insemination, because I do not think he is saying that semen from crossbred bulls should be allowed for artificial insemination; and therefore pedigree cattle are still as important, or more important than ever. Apart from that, and the fact that the existence of artificial insemination makes possession of a bull less important for a number of breeders prepared to use insemination, I do not quite see the relevance to my point of his remarks about artificial insemination.
The noble Lord also alleged that the mongrel bull really badly bred would not be given a licence. On this point I must draw the Committee's attention to the wording of the 1931 Act, and the noble Lord must be already well acquainted with it because he worked on it. This is the Act to which the industry will now be returned. The Act is quite specific; it says that the Minister may refuse to grant a licence for three very particular reasons:
"… if the bull appears to him to be of defective or inferior conformation and likely …"
not "or likely" but "and likely"—
"… to beget defective or inferior progeny, or permanently affected with any contagious or infectious disease, or permanently affected with any other disease rendering the bull unsuitable for breeding purposes."
Therefore, if it is a healthy animal, so long as it is not of defective or inferior conformation the inspecting officer may not refuse the licence. Those are the only grounds on which the licence may be refused.
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: Surely the inspecting officer will be something of a genius if he can really tell whether an animal is going to breed badly. Nobody else can. Most of the really lethal characteristics are not observable in any way. It is a lot of nonsense.
LORD KILBRACKEN: Does my noble friend mean the Act of 1931?
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: Yes.
LORD KILBRACKEN: This is the Act to which the Government are determined to return; after all the progress of 40 years they are determined to return to the Act of 1931. If the noble Lord thinks that it is nonsense to do what the Government are proposing to do, he should have been supporting me and not opposing me.
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: Is the noble Lord telling me that if I say that the suggestion that an inspector can tell whether a bull will breed well or badly is nonsense, I am supporting the noble Lord? I thought he was in favour of keeping this inspection, which I thought the Government were diminishing without altogether abolishing.
LORD KILBRACKEN: The Government are setting up different criteria for deciding whether a bull should be licensed or not. If it is a healthy bull, the only thing that the examining officer may consider is whether in his opinion it is of defective or inferior conformation and likely to beget defective or inferior progeny. That is what the Act says. I did not write it.
LORD DONALDSON OF KINGS-BRIDGE: I think it is ridiculous, whether the noble Lord wrote it or not.
LORD KILBRACKEN: That is the ridiculous Act, to which my noble friend is referring, to which the Government now wish to return. Despite the wide support that I have received from all parts of the House, I feel that it would be more profitable for me to return as soon as possible to my Herefords. I therefore do not propose to press my Amendment, and beg leave to withdraw it.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
7.0 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.14:
Page 9, line 27, at end insert ("and after examination by a qualified veterinary surgeon").
The noble Lord said: I beg to move Amendment No.14. This particular subsection makes provision to allow animals to be imported into Great Britain and to be landed without being slaughtered if they are intended for exhibition or for other exceptional purposes. And it says:
"after the words 'exceptional purposes' there shall be inserted the words 'or, in the case of cattle, sheep or swine, intended for use in breeding'".
We propose to add,
"and after examination by a qualified veterinary surgeon".
We realise of course that when these animals come in there is a check on landing. Here again I do not need to stress the importance of safeguarding against any further outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease, or indeed brucellosis. In addition to the words in the subsection we thought it right to add that they would of course have to be examined by the veterinary surgeon, in order to prevent any further spread or introduction of either of these diseases.
LORD NUNBURNHOLME: What about tuberculosis'?
LORD HOY: Of course this applies to tuberculosis as well. If the veterinary surgeon is carrying out the investigations laid down by this clause and discovers any of these things, we think this would help to preserve the health of our own cattle population. Certainly it would prevent the introduction of any of these diseases, if in fact the animals were found to be so suffering by the veterinary surgeon. I hope that the Amendment commends itself to the Government. I beg to move.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: The Amendment commends itself in the sense that it is unnecessary because the requirements are already there. Inspection is required under the Animals Importation Order 1930, which requires that they should be inspected by a qualified veterinary surgeon before landing; and every import

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of animals under Section 27 of the Diseases of Animals Act 1950 has to be, and will continue to be, authorised by separate Order made by Ministers and providing for all necessary veterinary requirements. I am glad that the noble Lord has raised the point, because he has given me an opportunity to give this assurance to the Committee.
LORD HOY: We are grateful for the explanation. If it does no more than this, it draws attention once more to what in fact are the rules. This is very necessary in connection with this part of the industry. I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 9 agreed to.
7.5 p.m.
LORD BURTON LORD BURTON moved Amendment No.15:
After Clause 9, insert the following new clause:
Amendment of Law relating to agricultural tied cottages.
"Section 99(2) of the Agriculture Act 1970 (which, subject to certain conditions, allows the owner of an agricultural tied cottage to obtain possession as against an occupier under a former tenancy) shall cease to have effect."
The noble Lord said: I apologise for the late date at which I tabled this Amendment. It is in fact a Scottish matter. Prior to 1970 there was very little trouble over service cottages in Scotland. Over many years' experience I have never heard of a case of hardship. However, in the Agriculture Act 1970 the last Government saw fit to alter the law. There was a substantial debate in your Lordships' House on this matter, but unfortunately, in spite of the strongest arguments against any alteration of the law, the Government of the day saw fit to makes the changes at present ruling. Several noble Lords can now say to the Opposition, "I told you so. I told you it was going to be bad legislation".
During our debate last week on the Scottish economy I drew attention to this problem, for since the 1970 Act I have no fewer than five men no longer employed by me who have refused to leave my properties. I stress that I may have been unlucky in this matter, but the fact remains that I have had considerable
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difficulty. I need scarcely stress the disorganisation which this can cause on farms and estates. Indeed, the disorganisation has spread beyond my own property, because I was unable to house a man who was to come to the neighbouring estate. Apart from disorganisation of employers' work it is causing considerable inconvenience to employees.
I have had cases in two different sheriffdoms conducted for me by two different lawyers. Both lawyers have emphasised that the law has been tilted in a quite unwarranted manner against the employer. I should like in particular to draw attention to the word "shall" in the 1970 Act. The Act says,
"the court shall suspend the execution of the order",
which I gather ties the sheriff's hands. I know that the Act has not been long in existence, but, as has been foretold, it has been proved to be bad legislation. I hope that the Amendment will be accepted to allow us to revert to the situation which existed previously for very many years with, so far as I am aware, practically no ill effects. Just now there was moved an Amendment to a clause in which the Government wished to return to the position under the 1931 Act. I wish to return to the situation as it was in 1969. I was grateful to the noble Baroness for her remarks about the position of veterinary officers and bull licensing. I hope that she can be as kind over this Amendment. I beg to move.
VISCOUNT MASSEREENE AND FERRARD: I support this Amendment. My noble friend spoke of five or six late employees of his who remained in their houses and of the fact that he could not employ others to do the work. This bears extremely hardly on a small farmer who perhaps employs only one or two men. If the man he is employing suddenly gives in his notice and sits on in his house for six months, as he can, or even eight months, it is almost impossible for the small farmer to farm his land. Of course you eventually get the man out of the house, but that may take a year. Then he can appeal against eviction. He may appeal twice, He can appeal against the order. This process can also be very expensive for the farmer if he has to pay the court fees. Therefore, I support my noble friend in his Amendment.
LORD HOY: I hope the noble Baroness will not accept this Amendment, and I will tell your Lordships why. I am always surprised, when we come to clauses of this kind, that the noble Lord, Lord Burton, produces at least half-a-dozen cottages and people who want to occupy them. The last time we discussed this subject on Scottish employment last week, he was telling us that he could not get people. One of the great surprises of his life, with all the unemployment, was that he could not find workers. If he cannot find workers, he cannot possibly find occupants for the cottages. The noble Viscount, Lord Massereene and Ferrard, is also always producing people of this kind, and all within six months or a year of the Act having been passed.
I would remind noble Lords of some of the iniquities that people who were employees and who were tenants had to suffer. Indeed, just over a year ago—and this case, I think, had a considerable bearing on the Government of the day, in leading them to take this action—a farmer and his wife and son who farmed a tenanted farm in the North had improved the farm beyond all bounds. In the course of their tenancy they had worked so hard that they had converted what was merely bracken into good arable land. It was a first-class job in every way and there was no complaint. Then the father died, and even before he was buried the owner was saying, "Get out" to the son and the mother. This cannot be denied, as it was in the Press. So they were left without any protection at all. I know that there are people who will abuse certain rules, but I beg noble Lords to believe that love can produce evidence of hardship of this kind, and that is why action was taken. I am not arguing that there are not one or two people who will take advantage, and will take over a tenancy under the pretext of doing a certain job and then not do it. But I am certain that in the past many people were the victims of the masters who employed them, and what happened was absolutely unforgivable. That is why the Government took action to give those persons some protection under the law.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I have to say to my noble friend Lord Burton that I am afraid I cannot accept this Amendment. I think
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he will agree that it is not very long since the 1970 Act was passed, when there was a great deal of discussion about this matter, both in another place and in this House. At the end of the day a compromise was arrived at which sought to take into account the problems about which my noble friend and the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, have told your Lordships. My noble friend Lord Burton admitted that he tabled this Amendment rather late. I must ask him to be so good as to withdraw it, not for that reason, or because this is a very difficult question, but because I do not think the 1970 Act has had long enough to work.
LORD BURTON: The noble Lord, Lord Hoy, is on a completely wrong tack. He was talking about tenanted farms as opposed to service cottages, which is a completely different subject. However, I am most disappointed at the reply of my noble friend because, although the Act has been in operation for only two years, I thought I had made absolutely clear what enormous difficulties it has caused, as was foretold before it became law. Therefore I hope that before Report stage—because I understand that it may be difficult to get some legislation on this matter in the near future, and because this is a matter of urgency—the Government will consult the industry, the Scottish Landowners' Federation, the National Farmers' Union and, indeed, the legal fraternity to see what complications have already arisen over this matter. There is also no reason why they should not get statistics from the Agricultural Workers' Union, though I doubt whether they could produce very good ones. I hope my noble friend will do that. On that basis, I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 10 agreed to.
Clause 11 [Conditions applicable to land where amalgamation or boundary adjustment has been assisted by a grant or loan]:
7.14 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.16:
Page 13, line 12, leave out ("five") and insert ("ten").
The noble Lord said: This Amendment relates to cases where land transactions have taken place. During the Second Reading of the Bill the noble Lord, Lord Nugent of Guildford, rather twitted us about the changes in time that have taken place, and he went on to say how he and some others had pointed out the difficulties. I am bound to say that as we made the changes they always met with the approval of both sides of the House. The Government now propose to substitute five years for 15 years, and we wonder whether this is the correct period. There is always a great temptation to speculators to develop land; they might even want to hold on to it for five years and then dispose of it. Perhaps the Government have a very good reply to this argument, but if they have not maybe they will look again at this matter. Can they assure us that there will be no danger if these changes are made, and that we shall not have a series of troubles from speculators? I beg to move.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: It is very difficult to get the period of years exactly right. As the noble Lord said earlier, the original period was 40 years and this was reduced to 15 years. It is really a matter of judgment whether the period should be 10 years or five years. I think the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, was worried about speculators, but should have thought they would be able to operate just as well after 10 years as they would after five years. A period of five years is probably just enough to allow an amalgamation to settle down. After all, five years is quite a long time if one thinks of it in terms of one's lifetime, and a great deal can happen. Although I recognise that it is a matter of judgment, I think that five years is about right in view of the experiences which we had earlier.
LORD HOY: I do not want to press this Amendment, but I was not consoled by the noble Baroness's argument that 10 years are the same as five years. As she well knows, a lot can happen in five years. In that time we came from another place to this House, which may have been an epoch-making event for this place or for the other place. I do not accept the noble Baroness's argument, and I do not believe that a restraint of five years is the same
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as a restraint of 10 years. But in the circumstances I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 11 agreed to.
Clause 12 agreed to.
Clause 13 [Increase in advances to Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Ltd.]:
7.18 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.17:
Page 14, line 11, leave out ("five") and insert ("ten").
The noble Lord said: I hasten to assure your Lordships that it is millions of pounds that we are discussing under this Amendment. It would be interesting to have some recent figures showing how much the Agricultural Mortgage Corporation have had voted to them by the Government, how many applications they have had for loans, and how they have been able to meet them. I understand that there has been a great demand for cash. Indeed, I have never been to an agricultural debate when I have not been assured that we can get expansion only if farmers can get their hands on some capital at reasonable terms of interest. The Government have asked the whole of the farming community to prepare for the changes which may have to take place if we enter the E.E.C., and considerable sums of money may be required if the farmers are to equip their farms to meet the new challenge. If this is so, we want to know whether £5 million is enough. It may well be that it is, but we should be better able to judge if we could see what the demands had been over the past five years and how they have been met.
The Government have laid down the figure of £5 million. We simply take the figure, but we should like an explanation of how it has been reached. We have a feeling that if we are going to develop, if we are going into the E.E.C., it may well be that £5 million is not enough, and that £10 million would be a better figure. Indeed, as my noble friend Lord Champion was saying a little while ago, this is pretty much the same argument, "five or ten", but whether one is right or wrong is, of course, a matter of judgment. However, we thought that £10

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million might be a better figure in this connection. After all, we shall not get too many Bills in the course of this Parliament, because if we go into the E.E.C. obviously a considerable part of the legislative time is going to be taken up in dealing with Bills required for that purpose. So in all the circumstances we thought that if we made provision for £10 million it would take us over the period during which we should be entering the Market. I beg to move.
LORD DENHAM: I think I can give the noble Lord the figures he wants. Since 1967 the Agricultural Mortgage Corporation has been advanced £7 million by the Government, and now we are talking about another £5 million, which the noble Lord wants tentatively to make another £10 million. That £5 million will enable the A.M.C. to raise about £67 million on the market; and £10 million would enable them to raise about £140 million, or a little less. The sort of figures which have been lent out over the past few years are: 1966– 67, £19 million, or nearly £20 million; 1967– 68, just over £21 million; 1968– 69, £31 million; 1969–70,631 million; 1970– 71, £24 million. We reckon that the £5 million, which will enable the Agricultural Mortgage Corporation to raise about £67 million, will last them about three years. I am not sure whether the noble Lord's Amendment has been set down because he does not think that £67 million will be enough for the period of about three years, or whether he thinks that we should lend them enough to raise money which will last for a longer period of time. Ten million pounds would last them for about six years. The reason why we want to provide enough money to last three years is twofold. First, there may be changes as a result of our going into the Common Market; and, secondly, because the Wilson Report on Capital and Credit for Agriculture is expected at the end of the year. For this reason we feel that the right sort of figure is £5 million.
LORD HOY: I like the last part of the noble Lord's reply better than the first. I think it is a very good thing to be said, if somebody is working on a subject like the Wilson Report, that we can expect it within that short period of time. We are grateful for the information that it is going to come so quickly, so we do not need to make long-term
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provision. If it had not been for that, I should have wanted to argue a little further, because as I counted up the sums given by the noble Lord they amounted to something like £127 million over the years he mentioned, so we should be running things pretty narrowly if we did not make changes. However, I accept the explanation. I am grateful for the concluding part of the noble Lord's reply, and I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 13 agreed to.
Clause 14 [Increase of fines]:
7.25 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.18:
Page 14, line 20, leave out ("one hundred") and insert ("five hundred").
The noble Lord said: This Amendment deals with penalties in connection with pollution and poisonous substances. It is not very often that I move Amendments to increase penalties, but on this occasion I do so because we all know we are faced with an ever-increasing problem, the problem of pollution. The Government say, "All right; we will face it. For anybody guilty of causing pollution we will increase the fine from £50 to £100". It seems to me that to put it up to £100 as from 1972 does not meet the situation at the present time, and I am fortified in my opinion by an article which appeared in the Observer on Sunday—a couple of days ago—on the rise in river pollution. This is what it said:
"River pollution by oil and pesticides is rising sharply. A survey of 28 of the 33 river authorities in England, Wales and Scotland reveals that the average number of reported incidents of oil pollution rose 12-fold between 1959 and 1970. Pollution by pesticides rose five-fold."
These figures, I think, are taken from a report, but it is a survey by Mrs. Pauline Marstrand of the Science Policy Research Unit at Sussex University, so I do not think the figures are in question.
This is the size of the problem with which we are confronted, and it seems to me, therefore, that a fine of £100 is not going to deter a man. I take the opposite view to this particular article. Here, the lady was producing a report

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and saying, "We are spending so much on pollution, whereas we should be spending it on research to prevent it." But in fact we could be preventing the pollution itself. It seems to me—and we know this—that people carelessly take an insecticide tin and simply chuck it in the river, and the damage it can do is enormous. if you multiply it two or three times, it is even more enormous. So all we are saying in this Amendment is that perhaps we ought to increase the penalty, not from £50 to £100 but to a maximum of £500. It does not mean that every time an offender appears the man on the bench is going to impose the maximum fine; but we consider that it is rather curtailing the remedy when you say that, no matter how bad the case is, the offender will never be allowed to be fined more than £100.
May I bring in two other arguments to support my case? Quite recently the Government have produced legislation—the Oil in Navigable Waters Act—in which they took considerable powers, and I can tell your Lordships that some of the fines for which they have made provision are really frightening. As against that, I would say that our figure is far too small. I do not know what attention the Government have given to this matter, but it seems to me that £100 as a maximum fine is too small for the purpose. I beg to move.
LORD DENHAM: Before the noble Lord's Amendment is formally put, may I point out that as I understand it this particular clause does not refer to pollution but to offences about safety on the farm.
LORD HOY: Perhaps I have taken the point too early; I am sorry if I have. I am dealing with Clause 14. This matter concerns the Agriculture (Poisonous Substances) Act and the Agriculture (Safety, Health and Welfare Provisions) Act, which provide that a person guilty of an offence under either of those Acts shall be liable to a fine. I was saying that a person could be fined up to only £100. I do not want to take up too much time over the matter, but if a man took an empty tin which had contained a pesticide and committed a certain act, then he would be guilty of this offence and he would not be deterred by a fine of that size. When he behaved in this
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way the fine should be a maximum of £500 in place of £100 suggested by the Government.
LORD DENHAM: I hope the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, will not press his Amendment on this point. We feel that there are good reasons why a figure of double the existing fine would be right. As your Lordships are aware, the two safety Acts, and the regulations made under them, give rise to a considerable number of possible offences whose effects range from the relatively minor to the very serious. For example, at one end of the scale we have the offence of failing to provide in the first-aid box every single item of the dressings and other equipment specified in the regulation. At the other end we have such offences as failing to guard very dangerous machinery. While the gravity of the latter offence may make it a likely candidate for the maximum penalty, it would be contrary to the established practice to identify the minor type of contravention with the kind of malpractice which may call for a deterrent in the £500 range. I should say that a £500 maximum would not in any case be possible, because under Section 43 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967 the maximum fine which may be imposed by magistrates in England and Wales on summary trial of an indictable offence is £400. That is a minor point.
The noble Lord may think that we should have some form of sliding scale. It might be possible to have some variation in maximum penalties, but if any of the penalties were set at a really punitive level he might contend that there should be further differentials in respect of offences by workers and by employers, both of whom have responsibilities under the legislation. All this could add up to a very complicated structure of fines, and its introduction would undoubtedly involve protracted discussions with the farmers' and workers' unions and other interested parties. Noble Lords are doubtless aware that the Roberts Committee on Safety and Health at Work is investigating all aspects of the safety of workers in all industries, including the agricultural industry, and its Report is expected to be available next year. We do not think it right for the Government to introduce major structural changes in the penalty provisions for

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safety offences before the Committee reports and before its recommendations have been considered by Ministers.
Moreover, the noble Lord's £500 ceiling soars above the maximum provided for the most serious offences under, for example, the Factories Act, where the upper limit for an employer is £300 and for a worker £75. I am sure that the noble Lord will agree that agricultural offenders should not be chastised so much more heavily than those who commit comparable offences in other sectors of industry. Equally the Government are convinced that the present level of the maximum fine is too low and that it would be wrong to wait any longer before doing something positive to redress the situation. The increase from £50 to £100 under both the Acts dealing with agricultural safety proposed in the Bill will restore the penalty to something like the original value when those Acts were introduced nearly twenty years ago, and will also bring penalties for offences in agriculture more into line with those for safety offences in other industries. I can assure the noble Lord that the agricultural Ministers regard farm safety and the enforcement of the safety legislation as very important matters on which we need the wholehearted support of all sections of the agricultural industry. I think we can fairly claim that all parties concerned, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, would go along with the 100 per cent. increase we are proposing, although the farmers' organisations would probably prefer something less and the workers' organisations something more. This in itself strengthens me in the view that we have probably struck the right balance, and I hope that, on reflection, the noble Lord will agree.
LORD HOY: I am grateful to the noble Lord for his explanation. I do not always like taking an average, and saying that as the employers want less and the workers want more, I have got in between and therefore I must be right. However, I accept the explanation of the noble Lord arid beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
We are grateful to the noble Lord for intimating the date when we are going to have the Report of one further Committee. If we have done nothing else to-day we have provided a lot of information
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for the agricultural world which they have failed to get otherwise.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 14 agreed to.
Clauses 15 and 16 agreed to.
Clause 17 [Abolition of requirements that dealings and returns relating to corn must be in hundredweights]:
7.35 p.m.
LORD HOY LORD HOY moved Amendment No.19:
Page 15, line 29, after first ("order") insert ("but which shall not exceed the weight of one hundred and eighty imperial standard pounds").
The noble Lord said: I beg to move Amendment No.19. I do not know who will reply to this Amendment. The noble Lord will not be surprised to see it on the Order Paper. I raised this point during Second Reading because it was one raised by the National Union of Agricultural Workers. At present, there is a limit laid down as to what they might be allowed to lift. I have had an explanation from the noble Lord by correspondence, for which I am grateful, but I would say that it is the feeling in the Agricultural Workers' Union that we might again be laying down a weight if changes are to be made, and it is solely for that purpose that the Amendment has been put down. I beg to move.
LORD DENHAM: The purpose of Clause 17(2) is purely to enable Ministers to prescribe that statutory corn returns shall remain in units other than in the hundredweights used at present. The reason for the change is that trade usually takes place in units larger than hundredweights. The dealing is in say, tons, but the returns have to be expressed as 20 hundredweights rather than one ton. One hundredweight has become inconveniently small and results in unnecessarily cumbersome figures in these statistical returns.
The Amendment proposed would restrict the new unit to a maximum of 180 lb. and would defeat the object of streamlining these returns so that they can be made quickly and efficiently and in accordance with current trade practice as to weights of units of sale. I am aware that in proposing a weight of 180 lb. the noble Lord has in mind the maximum weight, as he explained to your Lordships, that an agricultural worker

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may carry. I should therefore like to assure him that there is no connection between this piece of legislation and the Agricultural (Lifting of Heavy Weights) Regulations 1939. The corn returns unit is prescribed solely for the purpose of these paper returns and in no way affects sacks of grain which agricultural workers have to carry and which will continue to be governed by the Regulations to which I have referred.
Perhaps the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, has in mind that at present most sacks are about the hundredweight weight, and perhaps he feels that if a larger weight than the hundredweight is dealt in people may probably find it convenient to have sacks which will hold the larger weight. It is very unlikely that if a larger weight is specified, such as a ton, it would be anything approaching the sort of weight which any man could begin to move by himself. I can assure the noble Lord that there is no intention of the 180 lb. limit being increased in any way.
LORD HOY: I am grateful to the noble Lord for his explanation. I promised the Agricultural Workers' Union that I would raise this point. They have given it considerable thought. It was only recently that they were awarded this protection under a weight-lifting order. I am grateful to the noble Lord for what he has said. It gives the union the assurance they have asked for, so I beg leave to withdraw the Amendment.
Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
Clause 17 agreed to. Clause 18 agreed to.
Clause 19 [Abolition of agricultural executive committees etc.]:
7.40 p.m.
On Question, Whether Clause 19 shall stand part of the Bill?
LORD HOY: I wish to raise a point on Clause 19. This clause abolishes the agricultural executive committees. One thing which surprised me was the enthusiasm with which this proposal was greeted by noble Lords opposite. I raised some objection at the time because I felt that, while their work had diminished considerably, they still established a useful contact for the Minister in the areas
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spread throughout the country. In fact, in a way the agricultural executive committees could convey to the Minister what the areas were thinking. I then raised the question of the liaison officers because I have always felt that whatever else might be said of the work of the committees, the liaison officers were doing a first-class job. I was told that the Minister proposed to set up regional panels. I am grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Denham, for sending me the list of regions and of those designated as chairmen of these regions.
I want to know how the panels are to be set up. While this clause takes the power to abolish the committees, it does not take power to set up these panels. Will legislation be necessary, or has the Minister the power to do this and to make the appointments? It seems to me that if he is going to set up regional panels he must have some power to do so. If he does not have the power, here is an admirable opportunity to put in another clause in this Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill to give him that power. Unless he does that we are in a vacuum; the liaison officers will have gone and the panels cannot be set up. I shall be grateful to know whether it can be done without legislation.
LORD DENHAM: I can tell the noble Lord that these panels will be non-statutory advisory panels and that there will therefore be no need for legislation to set them up.
LORD HOY: I must say that that does not create a great deal of confidence in them. However, we will look at that reply and perhaps at a later stage I may come back to it. I am not altogether sure that that reply is going to give these panels which are taking the place, in a non-statutory capacity, both of the agricultural executive committees and of the liaison officers, any strength at all. It is the first time that we have had that answer. We do not know quite what it means; but we accept it for the time being and reserve the right to come back to it.
LORD BURTON: May I ask what is the position regarding the brake that the agricultural executive committees previously put on planning authorities, particularly where housing was concerned?

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This is worrying to the agricultural communities in relation to the withdrawal of the agricultural executive committees.
LORD DENHAM: I will look at that point and write to my noble friend. At the moment I do not have the information he wants.
Clause 19 agreed to.
Clause 20 [Abolition of agricultural wages committees in Scotland]:
On Question, Whether Clause 20 shall stand part of the Bill?
LORD HOY: This clause abolishes agricultural wages committees in Scotland. I raised this question on Second Reading and since then I have been in touch with the trade unions concerned. The Government decision displeases them intensely. These wages committees serve a very useful purpose; but the Secretary of State, for some reason that I do not understand, has decided to abolish them. May I say to the noble Baroness that I am grateful for the letter; but even with that explanation it is not very good from the workers' point of view. Here was one point of contact between the workers and the Minister. The noble Baroness says—and I think that what she says should be spelled out in public—that certain functions will be left behind that will be transferred to the Secretary of State and that he will carry out the functions previously carried out by the wages committees. I am certain that those noble Lords from Scotland—and, as I said last week, we are not only good speakers but good listeners—will be grateful to hear from the noble Baroness exactly what the Secretary of State will be taking over from the wages committees after they have been abolished.
BARONESS TWEEDSMUIR OF BELHELVIE: I think I can do no better than I did before. I tried to put it briefly and in writing to the noble Lord, Lord Hoy, who raised this question on Second Reading. The agricultural wages committees in Scotland have three main functions. First, that of investigating applications for permits of exemption from the statutory minimum rate in respect of handicapped workers; second, that of recommending for a tied house a different value from that laid down in a board's wages order as its cash equivalent
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as part of a minimum wage; and, third, that of approving an agreement for a premium to an employer in respect of an apprentice or learner. So far as the recommendations for a tied house are concerned, applications have been extremely rare; and cases of approving an agreement for a premium to an employer in respect of an apprentice and learner have been nil. Therefore, the main function which remains is the investigation of applications for exemption permits and the issue and review of those permits. If an employer and an employee, for example, cannot be brought by the inspector to agree over permit rates, the Inspectorate will consult local representatives from both the worker's and the employer's unions and carry out with them such local farm visits as are necessary.
The wages and safety Inspectorate of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (of which there are nine district wage and safety inspectorates) will take on the functions of this Committee. I should like to say that the wages board has been broadly representative of the various interests of the industry and its members are drawn from most areas. The board will continue to be under a statutory obligation to publicise in the Press and otherwise proposals for new wages orders and to consider any recommendations before the order is made. I should have thought that there were plenty of opportunities for expression of local views but it is generally thought that however valuable people's services have been—and I pay a tribute to the services that have been made—there comes a time when the situation changes. It is for this reason that we felt it was perhaps wise to do it in this way.
Clause 20 agreed to.
Remaining clauses and Schedules agreed to.
House resumed: Bill reported with the Amendment.

FIELD MONUMENTS BILL [H.L.]
THE PARLIAMENTARY UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT (LORD SANDFORD): My Lords, I understand that no Amendments have been set down to this Bill and that no noble Lord has

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indicated a wish to move a manuscript Amendment or to speak in Committee. Therefore, unless any noble Lord objects, I beg to move, pursuant to Standing Order No.43(2), that the Order of Commitment be discharged.
Moved, That the Order of Commitment be discharged.—(Lord Sandford.)
On Question, Motion agreed to.

FOWL PEST
7.51 p.m.
LORD NUGENT OF GUILDFORD LORD NUGENT OF GUILDFORD rose to ask Her Majesty's Government whether, in the light of the recommendations in Cmnd.4797, they will proceed without delay to promote a full scale research programme into fowl pest virus. The noble Lord said: My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question set down in my name on the Order Paper concerning the problem of fowl pest and the White Paper on this Newcastle disease epidemic of 1970– 71. I should first declare my interest. I have an interest in my family farm, where we have large flocks of breeders, and therefore I have a commercial interest in the industry. This epidemic of the past year has recorded nearly 7,000 outbreaks which have involved some 42 million birds. To that must be added an unknown number not notified but certainly large.
The financial loss from this epidemic has not been quantified, but noble Lords may have been interested to see in The Times to-day a figure of £20 million as the estimated loss for the industry over the past year. I would think that it was quite that. This epidemic has of course meant disaster for thousands of poultry keepers who have been put out of business, and it has meant a very considerable economic loss for the country. I make the comparison on these figures with the Oswestry outbreak of foot and mouth disease three years ago. Then the economic loss was comparable; if my memory serves me right, something of the order of £25 million was involved in compensation. This has been a major disaster for the poultry industry.
I should like to thank the Government for the White Paper, and particularly to thank the panel members from the poultry industry who helped the civil servants
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who made up the panel. Let me say immediately that the White Paper is satisfactory, so far as it goes. My complaint is that it does not go far enough. If I may contrast it with the Report of the Northumberland Committee following the foot-and-mouth outbreak, noble Lords will see what a very mild document it is—compiled, indeed composed, as it was by a Committee inside the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, which is a very different inquiry from an independent inquiry such as that of the Northumberland Committee.
As I say, my Lords, I do not disagree with its findings; my objective is to give emphasis to them and to fill in some omissions. My main objective is to ask Her Majesty's Government to promote a full-scale research programme into this devastating virus. I agree with every word of paragraph 123 of the White Paper which deals with this subject. Of course I accept that it would take, and will take, some time before the fruits of a full-scale research programme mature, but we should get them eventually. May I briefly recall my own experience with this devastating virus? I happened to be Chairman of the National Farmers Union Poultry Committee in 1947 when the first outbreak occurred, and so I was brought into the picture at that time to give a lead to the industry to co-operate with the introduction of the slaughter and compensation policy. Not very long afterwards, in 1951, I became Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture, and for several years I had experience of the administration of the policy.
During those years I felt increasing doubt about the wisdom of the policy because I became increasingly convinced that it would be impossible ever to slaughter out the virus from the flocks in this country. The existence of very large numbers of small domestic flocks and all kinds of other creatures made it, to my mind, impossible and therefore money was being wasted. After I was out of Government, in 1960, I took the liberty of giving advice to the Minister of Agriculture of the day on a personal basis—the Minister was my noble friend Lord Blakenham. I advised that he should consider ending this slaughter and compensation policy, which was then costing some £15 million to £20 million, and should introduce vaccination. He set up

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the Plant Committee, and in due course they recommended that he should do this and so it was done. I mention this, my Lords, because it may show the strength of my interest in this matter, not only from my commercial point of view, but also from the viewpoint of the interest of the industry as a whole.
I think there has been a disposition in some quarters in the Ministry of Agriculture to blame the poultry industry for the current epidemic, on the grounds that it has been caused by the decreasing level of vaccination. I should make the point that this is gross over-simplification. Certainly the level of vaccination had seriously fallen by 1970 when the outbreak occurred. Equally certainly, had it been well maintained, probably the epidemic would not have started, or would not have been so severe. The point is that the reasons for the fall-off in vaccination were far more complex than that. It is a fact that the dead vaccine which was authorised at that time was completely unsuitable for broiler flocks. As my noble friend who will answer the debate well knows, they go for slaughter at 8 weeks to 10 weeks of age. The dead vaccine, which is administered by hypodermic would be physically too large to put into a day-old chick and secondly the dead vaccine—indeed any vaccine—could not be relied on to take in the first two to four weeks of the chicks' life because of the interference of parental antibodies; or this is the belief in a field where research is still very much needed.
The first dose could not normally be given before two to four weeks of age. Then, a further seven to 14 days would be needed before immunity was conferred. All this means that the bird would be about four weeks of age before immunity could be conferred on it. It was therefore understandable that many broiler growers considered that if the bird survived the first half of its life without getting the disease it was hardly worth going to the expense—which is quite significant in an industry which has a very small margin of profit—and the trouble of vaccinating it to cover the second half of its life. So much for the broilers, my Lords, where undoubtedly the incidence of vaccination was lowest.
In the layers, vaccination was much higher, although the cost was high. There were three vaccinations at point of lay
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and then every three months during laying; and every bird had to be handled and the hypodermic applied to it. So it was quite expensive, but still it could be done for commercial birds laying in batteries, where they could be easily handled. Vaccination was impossible with breeding flocks because they could not be picked up from the floor without putting them all out of lay. Thus, after the breeding flocks had had their injections at point of lay it was impossible to give them another injection throughout their lives. So it is now evident, my Lords, that the dead vaccine, although quite good in theory, had serious practical defects which were not fully understood when it was introduced in 1965. Therefore the conclusion must be that the responsibility for the 1970 epidemic was a joint one: the poultry industry was responsible because of laxity in vaccination and the Ministry of Agriculture because of lack of research into the virus and, more important still, the epidemiology.
To turn to the present position, my Lords, the virus is now endemic; we have got it with us and we shall have to live with it. Therefore an effective vaccination policy is basic to the life of the poultry flocks in this country. They produce something like £300 million worth of food a year. The Ministry of Agriculture has approved now two live vaccines, Hitchler B.1 and La Sota, and these have been of great help to the industry in giving additional protection. But this is very far from providing a complete answer. Live vaccine has the major advantage that there can be mass application, instead of individual application by hypodermic, so it is cheaper, easier and universal in application. But as with all live vaccines, there are dangers of side effects and dangers of incorrect application. Whatever these may be, it is hard to say precisely, but we do know that in the field there continue to be many reports of breakdown of immunity in fully vaccinated flocks, which then go down with the disease. There has been and there still is great confusion in the field and much more needs to be done in connection with the various types of vaccine and their correct application. Here I should say a word of welcome to the new pamphlet that the Ministry has just issued, giving comprehensive advice for the first time on the application of vaccine methods. This should be of great help

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in due course, though it has come out about a year late. Evidently much more needs to be learned about the types of vaccine and their application before we can feel any confidence in the protection of our flocks.
I turn to the present research effort. Appendix E of the White Paper sets out a schedule of the work being done. These headings, as I am sure noble Lords will recognise, cover everything which a research programme should include. The vital questions are how much work has been done under each of these headings, how many scientists have been working on each project and for how long, and what is the annual expenditure. I have seen a figure that indicates that the total annual expenditure at Weybridge on all poultry diseases is of the order of £150,000, but I hope that my noble friend will be able to give answers to these vital questions.
The only absolute indication I have of the volume of work being done are the publications. I have looked at them and I find that some 14 have been done, of which four were done jointly with scientists outside the Weybridge laboratory. This is mighty little publication compared to the field in which I am interested, in foot-and-mouth disease, where there have been not 14 but literally hundreds and shelves-full of publications over the years. So I should like to compare for one moment the size of this research effort with the research effort on foot-and-mouth. Here I must declare another interest, as chairman of the Animal Virus Research Institute at Pir-bright, where I actually have a direct connection with these matters. There we have a first-class research station, set up to give protection to our clovenhooved livestock. We have some 31 scientific officers, all graduates, employed there on this work and they are mainly employed in research on foot-and-mouth. They do work on other viruses as well, but mainly on foot-and-mouth, on which they spend some two-thirds of a million pounds per annum. There is a comprehensive team of virologists, veterinarians, biologists, biochemists, geneticists, physiologists and epidemiologists, especially since the Northumberland Report, and they are continuously at work. They have done this for some 30 or 40 years
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and they are still learning. Viruses are very difficult to study and it means constant work by a comprehensive team, so that better vaccines can be evolved.
There is a secondary benefit in that not only is this of benefit to this country but also to the Commonwealth and indeed to the world. Our research station plays a major part—indeed, I suppose it is the leading foot-and-mouth research station in the world. The purpose of this station is to defend us against the virus that we do not have here, where we are able to slaughter it out. Here I am comparing this station and the research effort we put in on a virus we do not have in this country, with the research effort which is being put in on fowl pest, on a virus which we do have in this country, an effort which, in my judgment, compares very unfavourably with it. I think it makes the point that a very much bigger research programme is needed on fowl pest, if we are to have any advance in our understanding of the virus and how to manufacture adequate vaccines and vaccination techniques and a whole epidemiology of vaccine, in order to get adequate protection for our flocks.
My advice on development would be that there should be developed at the A.R.C. research station at Houghton, where there is already a good team of scientists, assembled under my old friend Dr. Gordon—already doing much valuable work for the poultry industry, especially in virology—a fowl pest research on top of their other work on poultry diseases. In my opinion this would make the best use of this very scarce commodity of scientists who are specialists in poultry diseases, because it really comes down to the problem of finding the experts to deal with these esoteric matters. That is the reason for my advice to get the right people on which to develop a full scale programme.
So I would ask my noble friend to urge the Minister of Agriculture and the Secretary of State for Education and Science if together they would work out a programme for providing the A. R. C. with the necessary finance to set up this research programme. In my judgment there is no field of research which can yield such valuable returns in economic benefit as this, particularly in developing

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more effective vaccines and a more effective epidemiology. There are other points in the White Paper which I should like to discuss with my noble friend, but at this late hour I think that I must thank him particularly if he would answer what I regard as the essential feature of the Report, an adequate research programme, and ask him to give it his sympathetic attention.
8.7 p.m.
LORD BESWICK: My Lords, we have heard an absolutely authoritative presentation of the problem of the poultry industry. There is no one who is better qualified than the noble Lord, Lord Nugent of Guildford, to speak on this matter. As he says, there is a disposition to blame the poultry industry for the troubles which they now experience. Neglect of vaccination may well be an element. The environment in which poultry arc now reared may well be another element. But this is not a matter which we can dismiss simply by saying that the industry is to blame. On the basis of economics alone, I think that the noble Lord is right in saying that we should regard this as a matter of national concern. One may even say that on humanitarian grounds something more should be done.
Can we really be complacent at the scale and persistence of this pest? Is it not a scandal that we have allowed this pest to eat its way on such a scale into the poultry population of this country? I rise simply to say that in my view I think the noble Lord has made his case. There is an unanswerable case for a full-scale programme of research into a virus which has caused such unpleasant and damaging effects in this country, and I hope that the noble Lord who is to reply will be able to give some satisfaction to the case that has been made.
8.9 p.m.
LORD BALERNO: My Lords, I, too, would like to thank my noble friend Lord Nugent of Guildford for initiating this debate. The seriousness of the problem and the disaster that it has brought to many poultry breeders is hardly reflected in the Report itself. In fact, it really is rather a nice cosy Departmental Report. You would not think that you were dealing with a subject so utterly vital to the
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livelihood of so many progressive farmers and to the welfare of the human race.
One welcomes the proposals of the Committee and, so far as was possible in the circumstances, their realistic approach. I think everybody would agree with their conclusion that in present circumstances it is not practicable to make vaccination compulsory, because enforcement is impossible. Therefore they discarded that proposal. But I wonder whether we shall gain much by making the disease notifiable. Again, this is something that is almost impossible to achieve with the accuracy that is demanded if action is to be taken on the information which comes in. I think probably it would be best (it sounds callous) to leave it, like the other poultry diseases, for the industry itself to control.
What interests me is that from August 1970 to July last one-third of the working time of the whole of the field veterinary staff throughout the country was spent on fowl pest. This is not the best way to use the field veterinary staff now that the disease has become endemic. If there has to be control of any kind, I think that special consideration should be given to the employment of lay operators to do this, and not to make demands on the high-powered veterinary profession, who could be much better employed in getting on with the eradication of brucellosis in cattle.
Another point that I would question in the Report is how the veterinary surgeon can possibly certify the health of birds or eggs for export when the disease is smouldering all the time. I do not think he can possibly give a clean bill of health in this way. One point that I must mention about Scotland is that there the disease is not too bad, but advice is being given that all flocks should be vaccinated. I welcome the recommendation for the dissemination of information on the situation regarding the disease overseas, and the arrangements that are being made by the Ministry, with the British Veterinary Association, to have this information brought up to date in the veterinary records. I think this is a very sensible suggestion.
The important thing at the present moment, and the way in which we can show our sympathy with these producers, as the noble Lord, Lord Nugent, said,

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is to get on with the research. That is fundamental. Here we can help. One suspects that very little work has been done in this field. The new lasota vaccine is, I believe, a great improvement. It might have been discovered a little earlier: in fact, one rather suspects that it was discovered by some poultryman before it was fully known to or appreciated by the Ministry. But that is only surmise, and not definite evidence.
I hope that the points listed in Appendix E to the White Paper will be fully considered by the Government, and that real funds will be put at the disposal of this investigation. It needs expert men and women trained in the subject of virology. Supposing we were to get on top of this disease—and I do not think that one can get conclusive results in under quite a period of time—there will always be a massive task for virologists so long as the human race survives.
8.16 p.m.
LORD DONALDSON op KINGS-BRIDGE: My Lords. I shall not follow the noble Lord, Lord Balerno, in a general discussion of the Fraser Report. I shall confine myself to the Question asked by the noble Lord, Lord Nugent, which is: can we have more money for research, and a more energetic effort put into research? I knew when I promised the noble Lord that I would support him that I should be left with little to say. It is a narrow subject, and he is not one to leave much for others. So far as I am concerned, I do not want to add to what he has said, but for the sake of respectability I will include a few glosses.
I have an old connection with the industry. Unlike many of your Lordships, I have actually made a living out of inducing hens to lay eggs; and I reckon that about three years ago I got out at just about the right time. I have talked to people I know in the industry (and they are many) and there is no doubt that as a result of this epidemic they are very worried. Intensive methods—which now, I think I am right in saying, cover 80 per cent. of all eggs produced—have come to stay, and I think it is clear that they demand intensive research to protect them against the troubles they produce for themselves. Clearly, the
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main trouble is the concentration of numbers in one place—the dangers of infection, the sucking in of air and the rest of it.
The Fraser Report contains one paragraph which really says all that needs to be said. Paragraph 139 reads:
"We consider that considerably increased research effort should now be undertaken by the Agricultural Research Council, the Ministry and the industry."
I should like the noble Earl who is to reply to tell me whether that observation is accepted; and if so, in what way has the research been increased. I would refer noble Lords to the interesting Report by my noble friend (or perhaps, as a result of his present employment, I should no longer call him that) Lord Rothschild. In Chapter 2 of his very pithy Report on research he says:
"R. and D."—
which I take to mean "research and development"—
"must be done on a customer-contractor basis. The customer says what he wants; the contractor does it, if he can, and the customer pays."
The customer in this case is the industry, plus the Ministry. The contractor, as the noble Lord pointed out, is the A.R.C. I do not think there should be any difficulty about money. My view is that if a really comprehensive and much wider research was set up the industry would be prepared to pay its share. The A. R. C. not only has its research station, but it also has set up teams in universities with one skilled man, who is particularly known in the business, and a couple of helpers who work on a particular problem. This is the spread of research that we need.
I do not think that there is anything more to say from my point of view, except that the industry is worried about the typing of the strain of virus. I do not know whether they are right in what they think, but there is a view that the Essex 70 virus is not the danger, in particular, to the broiler, but that there is something more virulent. I should like to know whether any work has been done on this matter and, if not, could it be done? The present system works badly we all know that. There has been put forward a solution of a perfectly acceptable kind in the Fraser

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Report, and I conclude by supporting the noble Lord, Lord Nugent of Guildford, in asking that the Government take active steps to pursue it.
8.21 p.m.
EARL FERRERS: My Lords, I am very grateful to my noble friend and to everyone who has taken part in this debate. I am particularly grateful to my noble friend for having raised this subject. As the noble Lord, Lord Beswick, said, my noble friend is an authority on this matter, and his views are not only extremely welcome, but they are always very succinct. It is not without a trace of cynicism that I find myself standing here this evening. It was almost 12 months ago (I have looked it up; it was November 24 exactly) when I, sitting on the Benches at present behind me, put down an Unstarred Question on this subject of fowl pest which at that time was on the rampage throughout the country. I am bound to declare an interest, as I did then, that I also keep poultry. I was so anxious to press the Government on this point on that occasion that what more could I do than invite my noble friend to come and support me. But he did not do so. The anticipated delights of some gastronomic engagement. with which he had rightly and sensibly involved himself beforehand, precluded him from taking part. It is not, therefore, without a degree of irony that I find myself standing here in a curious translation, using different but possibly more informed arguments than I might have done in other circumstances.
This is an important question; it deserves and requires the serious treatment which it has rightly received, and the fact that there are only four or five noble Lords present this evening should not reflect the interest and seriousness with which this disease is regarded by many people. Until a short while ago fowl pest was considered by many to be something which occurred in large-scale commercial poultry flocks, and that this was one of the hazards of this type of poultry keeping if you were stupid enough to go into it. The curious fact is that it was only during the past 12 months, when wild pheasants in substantial numbers have been affected by the disease, that the full impact and horror has been appreciated. Many people have realised it to be the disease which it is, a
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killer, a fast spreader, one liable to affect domestic and wild poultry of all types.
At the outset I should like to make it perfectly clear that the Government have accepted the recommendation of the Fowl Pest Review Panel that a considerably increased research effort should be made into fowl pest. I should also like to join my noble friend Lord Nugent in the thanks which he gave to the members of the Committee. I thought my noble friend Lord Balerno was a trifle unenthusiastic. He called it a "cosy Report". I did not find anything cosy in it at all; I found it most alarming. Your Lordships will recognise that all sorts of considerations are taken into account in determining the priorities which should be given to research, and the losses from any particular disease are merely one of the factors which are taken into account. It is an important aspect; the size and cost of the Newcastle epidemic which we have had recently has undoubtedly brought this to the fore.
I thought it might be helpful in discussing what should be done in the future with regard to research that we should be aware of what already has been done. Much of the work on research into this disease has been done at the Ministry of Agriculture's central veterinary laboratory at Weybridge. I suggest that this laboratory has received a good deal less recognition, and less than its fair share of credit for the work which has been done on this disease. The laboratory was the first to identify the disease way back in 1927. Since then it has pursued a distinct programme of research into the disease. Its world collection of fowl pest virus strains is recognised internationally as being unrivalled, and the laboratory has studied and recorded the characteristics of each known strain of virus. It has carried out studies in considerable depth, therefore, on the virus, which has in turn advanced substantially world knowledge of its characteristics. This is extremely important.
In the field of Newcastle disease vaccines the Weybridge laboratory has contributed much to the inactivated vaccine which is used in this country. It has carried out a considerable programme of laboratory research into all of the known live strains of vaccine; it has advanced substantially the procedures and techniques for assessing the

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efficiency, safety and potency of vaccines. It has undertaken studies into the response to live Newcastle vaccine. It has carried out research into the effects which different methods of applying the vaccines may have on the way the vaccines, when applied, may interact with any latent infections which may be present; on the relationship between the size of the dose and the response to it in the bird and the development of effective vaccination programmes. In addition to this they have done much research into the maternal antibody interference, to which my noble friend referred. As I am sure my noble friend knows, this has caused difficulty with many vaccine programmes and their ability to give an adequate immunity. The true significance of this interference was first discovered at Weybridge.
Important work has also been done on the relationship between the level of antibodies in the blood and the consequent level of resistance to infection. The study of ways in which this disease is spread, which has been carried out by the central veterinary laboratory in conjunction with the veterinary field service, is probably unique. These are all complicated and technical matters, and it is not easy to assess the real importance of these achievements. I suggest—and I draw your Lordships' attention to this—that the laboratory can reasonably claim that the extent of its research into Newcastle disease in the years since 1963 cannot be matched by any other laboratory in the world, save possibly the University of Wisconsin.
LORD NUGENT OF GUILDFORD: My Lords, will my noble friend allow me to ask him a question on this matter? If such spectacular work in research has been done at Weybridge, why is it that so little clear advice has come out into the field? Why is it that we do not have an effective vaccine to protect our flocks? Why is that there is such confusion right through the industry about even the application of the vaccines that we have?
EARL. FERRERS: My Lords, I accept the points which the noble Lord makes. He will also realise that this is a changing sphere. He will know that the type and the virulence of the disease of twelve
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months ago was different from that which occurred earlier on. What I was trying to point out—and I am more than sympathetic to the noble Lord's request that more research should be done into this subject—was what had been done and that this should not be belittled.
Earlier in his opening remarks, my noble friend compared the work that has been done on fowl pest with the work that has been done on foot-and-mouth disease. We ought to be careful about drawing comparisons like that, because it is easy to say that as a lot of work has been done on one item therefore more ought to be done on another. But of course we do not change cattle scientists into poultry scientists overnight. It could be argued—I am not suggesting that it should be—that because so much resource has been applied to foot-and-mouth disease, therefore something else has had to suffer.
The financial effects of foot-and-mouth disease are very much greater when they occur than have been the effects of Newcastle disease in the immediate past. But I do not wish to go into too much of a comparison on this, other than to say that I take the noble Lord's point. He has been at it for thirty years, or his Institute has, and foot-and-mouth disease as a result has been kept out of this country. We unfortunately have this other disease now well established in the country, and it has to be dealt with. I would only say that the fundamental properties of the Newcastle disease virus are fairly well known, and more research has been done at places including St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, the Royal Post-graduate Medical School, the Department of Pathology at the University of Cambridge and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Warwick. So research is being done and this is merely an example of how veterinary science has also benefited from human medical research to a very marked extent. Does the noble Lord wish to interrupt? He looked as if he did.
LORD BESWICK: My Lords, I am sorry if I am putting off the noble Earl. I am waiting to hear him come to the point as to what extra is to be done.
EARL FERRERS: My Lords, I shall come to that point if the noble Lord will

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be a little patient. I was trying to draw a distinction to show that quite a lot has already been done.
With regard to what will be done, there has already been the reallocation of resources made on fowl pest research. The research projects for 1971/1972 include work in each of the fields which have been listed by the Review Panel as being in particular need of attention. In addition to the field control of live vaccines which are already carried out, the Laboratory are monitoring the efficiency of vaccination in a number of commercial production flocks. They are undertaking research into various aspects of the way in which the vaccine is administered as well as into vaccination programmes and the potency of the vaccine. A good deal of work has already been done on such live vaccines as rowapin and commeroff, and it is now intended to draw further on the experience of other countries such as Israel and South Africa, who use these particular vaccines, to see what additional research may be required here before considering the possibility of full trials in this country with them. This is being done at the Central Veterinary Laboratory.
I should like to say that my right honourable friend has asked me to convey an invitation to my noble friend to go down there and see what is being done, not in order that the Laboratory should justify itself but in order that he, who has shown such an interest in these matters, should see what in fact is being done. If my noble friend would care to avail himself of this invitation I should be more than delighted to make the arrangements for him to go there.
He asked me specifically what the expenditure had been on fowl pest research. It is difficult to break these things up with very much accuracy, but I shall do the best I can. If we take the Central Veterinary Laboratory first, the entire poultry department of 8 veterinarians, 17 technicians and 15 laboratory support staff, are working largely on respiratory diseases of which fowl pest is the most important aspect. Two of these veterinary scientists and three technicians are concerned solely with fowl pest. But the rest of the work that is being done has a relationship with this disease.
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Broadly, similar numbers have been engaged on research in the field since 1963. The Ministry's veterinary staff in the field and the veterinary investigation side in the regions have also done a good deal of research into the disease, particularly as part of the vaccine trials. The research projects supported by the Agricultural Research Council have employed the services of between two and five research scientists plus supporting staff in recent years.
With regard to the expenditure, taking the Weybridge Laboratory first, I should mention that there is a unit which has been designed for research into Newcastle disease and which was built in 1965 at a cost of £180,000. Since that year expenditure on research into poultry diseases has risen from about £85,000 in 1966– 67 to between £90,000 and £100,000 in each of the three following years. In 1970– 71 it was £133,000, and in 1971– 72 it will be £140,000. About half of this was specifically directed at Newcastle disease and much of the remainder has relevance to the disease. Total expenditure on poultry diseases by all sides of the agricultural departments was of course higher than this. In the current year, including expenditure on the vaccine trials, it will be in all about £220,000. About half of this expenditure will relate specifically to Newcastle disease and much of the rest will have some bearing on it.
Expenditure by the Agricultural Research Council in direct payments in respect of staff, material and equipment used in supportive research by university departments into Newcastle disease was about £4,000 in 1967, £5,000 in 1968, and £10,000 in each of the years 1969 and 1970, and £2,500 in 1971. I should emphasise that these figures take no account of the considerable overheads incurred in the university departments. My Lords, I apologise for such a lot of detail and statistics, but the noble Lord asked me for them, and I wanted to make it, if not as plain as possible, then as full as possible, and it will perhaps make him a little light reading to-morrow.
LORD NUGENT OF GUILDFORD: My Lords, I thank my noble friend for making it admirably plain and full. He has, I think, made my point; it is not very much.
EARL FERRERS: My Lords, my noble friend said that he thought that Houghton would be a very good place for this increased research to be carried out in. As he knows, whereas the Central Veterinary Department comes directly under the Ministry of Agriculture, Houghton is a research institute maintained by the Agricultural Research Council, and any further research here would be dependent on the Agricultural Research Council's providing further funds. The Fowl Pest Review Panel directed its recommendation specifically to the Agricultural Research Council as well, and it is obviously important that research activities should be co-ordinated. I am glad to tell my noble friend that the Ministry of Agriculture are in touch with the Agricultural Research Council to see what more can be done in this field, and these discussions are being pursued with urgency.
I hope that the Answer to my noble friend will show him that the Government are taking this question of research into Newcastle disease very seriously. The 1970– 71 epidemic has been the most severe and the most extensive on record. It has shown the potentially devastating effect of the disease in a new and even more serious light, and the Government accept that we must do what we can to reduce these effects so far as possible. An increased research effort is not only justified, my Lords, but will be undertaken.
I should like to emphasise just two points. First, one of the suggestions of the Fowl Pest Review Panel was that the poultry industry should itself consider whether to devote more resources to sponsoring or undertaking research into Newcastle disease. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food are to have consultations with the organisations representing the poultry industry in order to discuss this possibility. The second is that while it is highly desirable to know more about the virus and to develop better vaccines, the vaccines which have already been authorised for general use in this country are, I suggest, capable of controlling this disease, with two provisos: one is that they should be administered correctly and the other is that they should be administered sufficiently widely. The sad and the hard
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fact is that the mere act of vaccination will not of itself guarantee immunity to the birds so treated, but it will substantially lessen the effects of the disease on the bird in the event of an outbreak. The only way to guarantee immunity to the disease—if one can guarantee anything—is for a very high percentage of birds to be vaccinated, thus effectively blocking not only the spread but the actual appearance of the disease. In 1964, when the levels of vaccination went up to 80 per cent., we had very few outbreaks; last year, when they went down to 50 per cent., we had the outbreaks which your Lordships know about. I am glad to say that the vaccine sales have been rising again in recent months, and it is essential that the level of vaccination should be raised as high as possible and, having been raised, be maintained in order to keep the disease down to manageable proportions.