§
Motion made and Question put:—
That, during the present Session of Parliament, the Standing Orders and practice of the House shall have effect subject to the modifications set out below.
The House divided: Ayes 194, Noes 61.
1502| Division No. 28] | [22.25 pm |
| AYES | |
| Ainsworth, Peter (East Surrey) | Atkinson, Peter (Hexham) |
| Aitken, Rt Hon Jonathan | Baker, Nicholas (Dorset North) |
| Alexander, Richard | Bates, Michael |
| Alison, Rt Hon Michael (Selby) | Battle, John |
| Amess, David | Beith, Rt Hon A J |
| Anderson, Ms Janet (Ros'dale) | Beresford, Sir Paul |
| Arbuthnot, James | Betts, Clive |
| Armstrong, Hilary | Bonsor, Sir Nicholas |
| Arnold, Jacques (Gravesham) | Booth, Hartley |
| Atkins, Robert | Boswell, Tim |
| Bottomley, Peter (Eltham) | Kilfedder, Sir James |
| Bottomley, Rt Hon Virginia | Kirkwood, Archy |
| Bowis, John | Knight, Mrs Angela (Erewash) |
| Brandreth, Gyles | Knight, Greg (Derby N) |
| Bright, Sir Graham | Kynoch, George (Kincardine) |
| Browning, Mrs. Angela | Lait, Mrs Jacqui |
| Burns, Simon | Lawrence, Sir Ivan |
| Butler, Peter | Lestor, Joan (Eccles) |
| Carrington, Matthew | Lester, Jim (Broxtowe) |
| Channon, Rt Hon Paul | Liddell, Mrs Helen |
| Church, Judith | Lidington, David |
| Clappison, James | Lightbown, David |
| Clark, Dr David (South Shields) | Lilley, Rt Hon Peter |
| Clarke, Rt Hon Kenneth (Ru'clif) | Luff, Peter |
| Coe, Sebastian | McFall, John |
| Coffey, Ann | MacGregor, Rt Hon John |
| Conway, Derek | MacKay, Andrew |
| Coombs, Simon (Swindon) | Malone, Gerald |
| Cope, Rt Hon Sir John | Mans, Keith |
| Cormack, Patrick | Marshall, John (Hendon S) |
| Cunningham, Rt Hon Dr John | Marshall, Sir Michael (Arundel) |
| Curry, David (Skipton & Ripon) | Merchant, Piers |
| Davies, Bryan (Oldham C'tral) | Miller, Andrew |
| Davies, Quentin (Stamford) | Mills, Iain |
| Dicks, Terry | Mitchell, Andrew (Gedling) |
| Dobson, Frank | Moonie, Dr Lewis |
| Douglas-Hamilton, Lord James | Moss, Malcolm |
| Dover, Den | Needham, Rt Hon Richard |
| Dowd, Jim | Nelson, Anthony |
| Duncan, Alan | Neubert, Sir Michael |
| Emery, Rt Hon Sir Peter | Newton, Rt Hon Tony |
| Enright, Derek | Nicholson, Emma (Devon West) |
| Evans, Jonathan (Brecon) | Norris, Steve |
| Evans, Nigel (Ribble Valley) | O'Brien, Mike (N W'kshire) |
| Faber, David | Ottaway, Richard |
| Fabricant, Michael | Paice, James |
| Forman, Nigel | Patnick, Sir Irvine |
| Forsyth, Michael (Stirling) | Pattie, Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey |
| Forth, Eric | Pickles, Eric |
| Foster, Rt Hon Derek | Pike, Peter L |
| Fox, Dr Liam (Woodspring) | Pope, Greg |
| Freeman, Rt Hon Roger | Portillo, Rt Hon Michael |
| French, Douglas | Prentice, Bridget (Lew'm E) |
| Gallie, Phil | Quin, Ms Joyce |
| Gapes, Mike | Rendel, David |
| Garnier, Edward | Richards, Rod |
| Gillan, Cheryl | Robertson, George (Hamilton) |
| Goodlad, Rt Hon Alastair | Robertson, Raymond (Ab'd'n S) |
| Goodson-Wickes, Dr Charles | Robinson, Mark (Somerton) |
| Gorman, Mrs Teresa | Roche, Mrs Barbara |
| Greenway, Harry (Ealing N) | Rooker, Jeff |
| Greenway, John (Ryedale) | Ruddock, Joan |
| Griffiths, Peter (Portsmouth, N) | Rumbold, Rt Hon Dame Angela |
| Griffiths, Win (Bridgend) | Ryder, Rt Hon Richard |
| Gummer, Rt Hon John Selwyn | Sackville, Tom |
| Gunnel, John | Shaw, David (Dover) |
| Hague, William | Shephard, Rt Hon Gillian |
| Hampson, Dr Keith | Sims, Roger |
| Harris, David | Smith, Andrew (Oxford E) |
| Heald, Oliver | Smith, Tim (Beaconsfield) |
| Heathcoat-Amory, David | Soames, Nicholas |
| Henderson, Doug | Soley, Clive |
| Hendry, Charles | Spencer, Sir Derek |
| Heseltine, Rt Hon Michael | Spink, Dr Robert |
| Hill, Keith (Streatham) | Spring, Richard |
| Hodge, Margaret | Sproa, lain |
| Howell, Rt Hon David (G'dford) | Steel, Rt Hon Sir David |
| Hughes, Robert G (Harrow W) | Stem, Michael |
| Hunt, Rt Hon David (Wirral W) | Stewart, Allan |
| Jackson, Glenda (H'stead) | Strang, Dr. Gavin |
| Jones, Gwilym (Cardiff N) | Straw, Jack |
| Jones, Jon Owen (Cartiff C) | Streeter, Gary |
| Jones, Robert B (W Hertfdshr) | Sweeney, Walter |
| Jopling, Rt Hon Michael | Taylor, Mrs Ann (Dewsbury) |
| Jowell, Tessa | Taylor, Rt Hon John D (Strgfd) |
| Kennedy, Jane (Lpool Brdgn) | Taylor, John M (Solihull) |
| Thomason, Roy | Wheeler, Rt Hon Sir John |
| Thompson, Sir Donald (C'er V) | Whittingdale, John |
| Thompson, Patrick (Norwich N) | Widdecombe, Ann |
| Timms, Stephen | Wiggin, Sir Jerry |
| Trend, Michael | Willetts, David |
| Trotter, Neville | Wolfson, Mark |
| Waller, Gary | Wood, Timothy |
| Walley, Joan | Wright Dr Tony |
| Ward, John | Young, Rt Hon Sir George |
| Wardle, Charles (Bexhill) | |
| Waterson, Nigel | Tellers for the Ayes: |
| Watts, John | Mr. Sydney Chapman and |
| Wells, Bowen | Mr. Timothy Kirkhope. |
| NOES | |
| Austin-Walker, John | Kilfoyle, Peter |
| Banks, Tony (Newham NW) | Lewis, Terry |
| Bayley, Hugh | Lloyd, Tony (Stretford) |
| Benn, Rt Hon Tony | Mackinlay, Andrew |
| Bennett, Andrew F | MacShane, Denis |
| Bermingham, Gerald | McWilliam, John |
| Byers, Stephen | Mahon, Alice |
| Callaghan, Jim | Marek, Dr John |
| Campbell-Savours, D N | Marshall, Jim (Leicester, S) |
| Clapham, Michael | Meale, Alan |
| Cook, Frank (Stockton N) | Michie, Bill (Sheffield Heeley) |
| Corbyn, Jeremy | Mitchell, Austin (Gt Grimsby) |
| Corston, Jean | Mullin, Chris |
| Cox, Tom | O'Hara, Edward |
| Dixon, Don | Paisley, The Reverend Ian |
| Pearson, Ian | |
| Dunwoody, Mrs Gwyneth | Pendry, Tom |
| Eagle, Ms Angela | Pickthall, Colin |
| Etherington, Bill | Powell, Ray (Ogmore) |
| Fatchett, Derek | Purchase, Ken |
| Flynn, Paul | Ross, Ernie (Dundee W) |
| Foster, Don (Bath) | Simpson, Alan |
| George, Bruce | Skinner, Dennis |
| Golding, Mrs Llin | Smith, Llew (Blaenau Gwent) |
| Gordon, Mildred | Spearing, Nigel |
| Hall, Mike | Spellar, John |
| Hanson, David | Steen, Anthony |
| Howarth, George (Knowsley N) | Wilson, Brian |
| Hoyle, Doug | Winnick, David |
| Hughes, Kevin (Doncaster N) | |
| Hughes, Simon (Southwark) | Tellers for the Noes: |
| Illsley, Eric | Mr. Harry Barnes and |
| Jackson, Helen (Shef'ld, H) | Mr. Jimmy Hood. |
§ Question accordingly agreed to.
§
Motion made, and Question proposed,
That, during the present Session of Parliament, the Standing Orders and practice of the House shall have effect subject to the modifications set out below:
Provided that paragraphs (3) to (8) below shall come into effect on the third Wednesday on which the House shall sit after the making of this Order.
Amendment (b) proposed: leave out paragraph (10).—Mr. Winnick.]
§ Question put, That the amendment be made:—
The House divided: Ayes 65, Noes 171.
1505| Division No. 29] | [22.37 pm |
| AYES | |
| Austin-Walker, John | Enright, Derek |
| Banks, Tony (Newham NW) | Etherington, Bill |
| Barnes, Harry | Fatchett, Derek |
| Bayley, Hugh | Flynn, Paul |
| Benn, Rt Hon Tony | Foster, Don (Bath) |
| Bennett, Andrew F | George, Bruce |
| Bermingham, Gerald | Gordon, Mildred |
| Byers, Stephen | Greenway, John (Ryedale) |
| Callaghan, Jim | Hall, Mike |
| Campbell-Savours, D N | Hanson, David |
| Cook, Frank (Stockton N) | Hill, Keith (Streatham) |
| Corbyn, Jeremy | Hood, Jimmy |
| Corston, Jean | Hoyle, Doug |
| Cox, Tom | Hughes, Simon (Southwark) |
| Davies, Bryan (Oldham C'tral) | Illsley, Eric |
| Dixon, Don | Jackson, Glenda (H'stead) |
| Eagle, Ms Angela | Kilfoyle, Peter |
| Lawrence, Sir Ivan | Paisley, The Reverend Ian |
| Lestor, Joan (Eccles) | Pendry, Tom |
| Lewis, Terry | Pickthall, Colin |
| Lloyd, Tony (Stretford) | Pike, Peter L |
| Mackinlay, Andrew | Pope, Greg |
| MacShane, Denis | Powell, Ray (Ogmore) |
| McWilliam, John | Rendel, David |
| Mahon, Alice | Simpson, Alan |
| Skinner, Dennis | |
| Marek, Dr John | Smith, Llew (Blaenau Gwent) |
| Marshall, Jim (Leicester, S) | Spearing, Nigel |
| Meale, Alan | Spellar, John |
| Michie, Bill (Sheffield Heeley) | Steel, Rt Hon Sir David |
| Miller, Andrew | Winnick, David |
| Mitchell, Austin (Gt Grimsby) | |
| Mullin, Chris | Tellers for the Ayes: |
| O'Brien, Mike (N W'kshire) | Mrs. Gwyneth Dunwoody |
| O'Hara, Edward | and Mrs. Llin Golding. |
| NOES | |
| Ainsworth, Peter (East Surrey) | Forth, Eric |
| Aitken, Rt Hon Jonathan | Foster, Rt Hon Derek |
| Alexander, Richard | Fox, Dr Liam (Woodspring) |
| Alison, Rt Hon Michael (Selby) | Freeman, Rt Hon Roger |
| Amess, David | French, Douglas |
| Arbuthnot, James | Gapes, Mike |
| Armstrong, Hilary | Garnier, Edward |
| Arnold, Jacques (Gravesham) | Gillan, Cheryl |
| Atkins, Robert | Goodlad, Rt Hon Alastair |
| Atkinson, Peter (Hexham) | Goodson-Wickes, Dr Charles |
| Baker, Nicholas (Dorset North) | Gorman, Mrs Teresa |
| Bates, Michael | Greenway, Harry (Ealing N) |
| Battle, John | Gummer, Rt Hon John Selwyn |
| Beith, Rt Hon A J | Gunnell, John |
| Beresford, Sir Paul | Hague, William |
| Betts,Clive | Hampson, Dr Keith |
| Bonsor, Sir Nicholas | Harris, David |
| Booth, Hartley | Heald, Oliver |
| Boswell, Tim | Heathcoat-Arnory, David |
| Bottomley, Peter (Eltham) | Henderson, Doug |
| Bottomley, Rt Hon Virginia | Hendry, Charles |
| Bowis, John | Heseltine, Rt Hon Michael |
| Boyes, Roland | Hodge, Margaret |
| Brandreth, Gyles | Howarth, George (Knowsley N) |
| Bright, Sir Graham | Howell, Rt Hon David (G'dford) |
| Browning, Mrs. Angela | Hughes, Robert G (Harrow W) |
| Burns, Simon | Hunt, Rt Hon David (Wirral W) |
| Butler, Peter | Jones, Gwilym (Cardiff N) |
| Carrington, Matthew | Jones, Jon Owen (Cardiff C) |
| Channon, Rt Hon Paul | Jones, Robert B (W Hertfdshr) |
| Chapman, Sydney | Jowell, Tessa |
| Church, Judith | Kilfedder, Sir James |
| Clappison, James | Kirkwood, Archy |
| Clark, Dr David (South Shields) | Knight Mrs Angela (Erewash) |
| Clarke, Rt Hon Kenneth (Ru'clif) | Knight, Greg (Derby N) |
| Coe, Sebastian | Kynoch, George (Kincardine) |
| Conway, Derek | Lait, Mrs Jacqui |
| Coombs, Simon (Swindon) | Liddell, Mrs Helen |
| Cope, Rt Hon Sir John | Lidington, David |
| Cormack, Patrick | Lightbown, David |
| Cunningham, Rt Hon Dr John | Lilley, Rt Hon Peter |
| Curry, David (Skipton &Ripon) | Luff, Peter |
| Davies, Quentin (Stamford) | McFall, John |
| Dicks, Terry | MacGregor, Rt Hon John |
| Dobson, Frank | MacKay, Andrew |
| Douglas-Hamilton, Lord James | Malone, Gerald |
| Dover, Den | Mans, Keith |
| Dowd, Jim | Marshall, John (Hendon S) |
| Duncan, Alan | Marshall, Sir Michael (Arundel) |
| Emery, Rt Hon Sir Peter | Merchant Piers |
| Evans, Jonathan (Brecon) | Mills, Iain |
| Evans, Nigel (Ribble Valley) | Mitchell, Andrew (Gedlling) |
| Faber, David | Moonie, Dr Lewis |
| Fabricant, Michael | Moss, Malcolm |
| Forman, Nigel | Needham, Rt Hon Richard |
| Forsylh, Michael (Stirling) | Nelson, Anthony |
| Neubert Sir Michael | Stern, Michael |
| Newton, Rt Hon Tony | Stewart, Allan |
| Nicholson, Emma (Devon West) | Strang, Dr. Gavin |
| Norris, Steve | Straw, Jack |
| Ottaway, Richard | Streeter, Gary |
| Paice, James | Sweeney, Walter |
| Patnick, Sir Irvine | Taylor, Mrs Ann (Dewsbury) |
| Pattie.Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey | Taylor, Rt Hon John D (Strgfd) |
| Pickles, Eric | Taylor, John M (Solihull) |
| Portillo, Rt Hon Michael | Thompson, Sir Donald (C'er V) |
| Prentice, Bridget (Lew'm E) | Thompson, Patrick (Norwich N) |
| Richards, Rod | Trend, Michael |
| Robertson, George(Hamilton) | Trotter, Neville |
| Robertson, Raymond (Ab'd'n S) | Waller, Gary |
| Robinson, Mark (Somerton) | Ward, John |
| Wardle, Charles (Bexhill) | |
| Roche, Mrs Barbara | Waterson, Nigel |
| Rooker, Jeff | Watts, John |
| Ruddock, Joan | Wells, Bowen |
| Rumbold, Rt Hon Dame Angela | Wheeler, Rt Hon Sir John |
| Ryder, Rt Hon Richard | Whittingdale, John |
| Sackville, Tom | Widdecombe, Ann |
| Shaw, David (Dover) | Wiggin, Sir Jerry |
| Shephard, Rt Hon Gilian | Wilson, Brian |
| Sims, Roger | Wolfson, Mark |
| Smith, Tim (Beaconsfield) | Wood, Timothy |
| Soames, Nicholas | Wright, Dr Tony |
| Spencer, Sir Derek | Young, Rt Hon Sir George |
| Spink, Dr Robert | |
| Spring, Richard | Tellers for the Noes: |
| Sproat, Iain | Mr. Timothy Kirkhope and |
| Stanley, Rt Hon Sir John | Mr. David Willetts. |
§ Question accordingly negatived.
Main Question put:—
The House divided: Ayes 209, Noes 32.
1507| Division No.30] | [22.48 pm |
| AYES | |
| Ainsworth, Peter (East Surrey) | Campbell-Savours, D N |
| Aitken, Rt Hon Jonathan | Carrington, Matthew |
| Alexander, Richard | Channon, Rt Hon Paul |
| Alison, Rt Hon Michael (Selby) | Chapman, Sydney |
| Amess, David | Church, Judith |
| Anderson, Ms Janet (Ros'dale) | Clappison, James |
| Arbuthnot, James | Clark, Dr David (South Shields) |
| Armstrong, Hilary | Clarke, Rt Hon Kenneth (Ru'clif) |
| Arnold, Jacques (Gravesham) | Coe, Sebastian |
| Atkins, Robert | Coffey, Ann |
| Atkinson, Peter (Hexham) | Conway, Derek |
| Austin-Walker, John | Coombs, Simon (Swindon) |
| Baker, Nicholas (Dorset North) | Cope, Rt Hon Sir John |
| Bates, Michael | Cormack, Patrick |
| Battle, John | Corston, Jean |
| Bayley, Hugh | Cunningham, Rt Hon Dr John |
| Beith, Rt Hon AJ | Curry, David (Skipton & Ripon) |
| Bennett, Andrew F | Davies, Bryan (Odham C'tral) |
| Beresford, Sir Paul | Dicks, Terry |
| Betts, Clive | Dobson, Frank |
| Bonsor, Sir Nicholas | Douglas-Hamilton, Lord James |
| Booth, Hartley | Dover, Den |
| Boswell, Tim | Dowd, Jim |
| Bottomley, Peter (Eltham) | Duncan, Alan |
| Bottomley, Rt Hon Virginia | Eagle, Ms Angela |
| Bowis,John | Emery, Rt Hon Sir Peter |
| Boyes, Roland | Enright, Derek |
| Brandreth, Gyles | Evans, Jonathan (Brecon) |
| Bright, Sir Graham | Evans, Nigel (Ribble Valley) |
| Browning, Mrs. Angela | Faber, David |
| Burns, Simon | Fabricant, Michael |
| Butler, Peter | Flynn, Paul |
| Byers, Stephen | Forman, Nigel |
| Callaghan, Jim | Forsyth, Michael (Stirling) |
| Forth, Eric | Newton, Rt Hon Tony |
| Foster, Rt Hon Derek | Nicholson, Emma (Devon West) |
| Foster, Don (Bath) | Norris, Steve |
| Fox, Dr Liam (Woodspring) | O'Brien, Mike (N W'kshire) |
| Freeman, Rt Hon Roger | Ottaway, Richard |
| French, Douglas | Paice, James |
| Gapes, Mike | Patnick, Sir Irvine |
| Garnier, Edward | Pattie, Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey |
| Gillan, Cheryl | Pickles, Eric |
| Goodlad, Rt Hon Alastair | Pike, Peter L |
| Goodson-Wickes, Dr Charles | Pope, Greg |
| Gordon, Mildred | Portillo, Rt Hon Michael |
| Gorman, Mrs Teresa | Prentice, Bridget (Lew'm E) |
| Greenway, Harry (Ealing N) | Quin, Ms Joyce |
| Greenway, John (Ryedale) | Rendel, David |
| Griffiths, Win (Bridgend) | Richards, Rod |
| Gummer, Rt Hon John Selwyn | Robertson, George (Hamilton) |
| Gunnell, John | Robertson, Raymond (Ab'd'n S) |
| Hague, William | Robinson, Mark (Somerton) |
| Hall, Mike | Roche, Mrs Barbara |
| Hanson, David | Rooker, Jeff |
| Harris, David | Ruddock, Joan |
| Heald, Oliver | Rumbold, Rt Hon Dame Angela |
| Heathcoat-Amory, David | Ryder, Rt Hon Richard |
| Henderson, Doug | Sackville, Tom |
| Hendry, Charles | Shaw, David (Dover) |
| Heseltine, Rt Hon Michael | Shephard, Rt Hon Gillian |
| Hill, Keith (Streatham) | Simpson, Alan |
| Hodge, Margaret | Sims, Roger |
| Howarth, George (Knowsley N) | Smith, Andrew (Oxford E) |
| Howell, Rt Hon David (G'dford) | Smith, Llew (Blaenau Gwent) |
| Hoyle, Doug | Smith, Tim (Beaconsfield) |
| Hughes, Kevin (Doncaster N) | Soames, Nicholas |
| Hughes, Robert (Aberdeen N) | Soley, Clive |
| Hughes, Simon (Southwark) | Spencer, Sir Derek |
| Hunt, Rt Hon David (Wirral W) | Spink, Dr Robert |
| Jackson, Glenda (H'stead) | Spring, Richard |
| Jackson, Helen (Shef'ld, H) | Sproat, Iain |
| Jones, Gwilym (Cardiff N) | Steel, Rt Hon Sir David |
| Jones, Jon Owen (Cardiff C) | Stern, Michael |
| Jones, Robert B (W Hertfdshr) | Stewart, Allan |
| Jowell, Tessa | Strang, Dr. Gavin |
| Kennedy, Jane (Lpool Brdgn) | Straw, Jack |
| Kilfedder, Sir James | Streeter, Gary |
| Kirkwood, Archy | Sweeney, Walter |
| Knight, Mrs Angela (Erewash) | Taylor, Mrs Ann (Dewsbury) |
| Knight, Greg (Derby N) | Taylor, John M (Solihull) |
| Kynoch, George (Kincardine) | Thompson, Sir Donald (C'er V) |
| Lait, Mrs Jacqui | Thompson, Patrick (Norwich N) |
| Lestor, Joan (Eccles) | Timms, Stephen |
| Lidington, David | Trend, Michael |
| Lightbown, David | Trotter, Neville |
| Lilley, Rt Hon Peter | Waller, Gary |
| Lloyd, Tony (Stretford) | Walley,Joan |
| Luff, Peter | Ward, John |
| McFall, John | Wardle, Charles (Bexhill) |
| MacGregor, Rt Hon John | Waterson, Nigel |
| MacKay, Andrew | Watts, John |
| Malone, Gerald | Wells, Bowen |
| Mans, Keith | Wheeler, Rt Hon Sir John |
| Marek, DrJohn | Whittingdale, John |
| Marshall, John (Hondon S) | Widdecombe, Ann |
| Marshall, Sir Michael (Arundel) | Wiggin, Sir Jerry |
| Merchant, Piers | Wilson, Brian |
| Miller, Andrew | Wolfson, Mark |
| Mills, Iain | Wood, Timothy |
| Mitchell, Andrew (Gedling) | Wright, Dr Tony |
| Mitchell, Austin (Gt Grimsby) | Young, Rt Hon Sir George |
| Moonie, Dr Lewis | |
| Mullin, Chris | Tellers for the Ayes: |
| Needham, Rt Hon Richard | Mr. David Willetts and |
| Nelson, Anthony | Mr. Timothy Kirkhope. |
| Neubert, Sir Michael |
| NOES | |
| Banks, Tony (Newham NW) | MacShane, Denis |
| Barnes, Harry | McWilliam.John |
| Benn, Rt Hon Tony | Mahon, Alice |
| Bermingham, Gerald | Maale, Alan |
| Cook, Frank (Stockton N) | Michie, Bill (Sheffield Heeley) |
| Corbyn, Jeremy | O'Hara, Edward |
| Cox, Tom | Paisley, The Reverend Ian |
| Davies, Quentin (Stamford) | Pendry, Tom |
| Dixon, Don | Pickthall, Colin |
| Etherington, Bill | Powel, Ray (Ogmore) |
| George, Bruce | Skinner, Dennis |
| Hinchliffe, David | Spellar, John |
| Hood, Jimmy | Sutcliffe, Gerry |
| Kilfoyle, Peter | Winnick, David |
| Lawrence, Sir Ivan | |
| Lewis, Terry | Tellers for the Noes: |
| McCartney, Ian | Mrs. Gwyneth Dunwoody |
| Mackinlay, Andrew | and Mrs. Llin Golding. |
§ Question accordingly agreed to.