Commons Sitting of 2 July 1984

Preamble
The House met at half-past Two o'clock
PRAYERS
[MR. SPEAKER in the Chair]
Oral Answers to Questions
  ENERGY

    Coal Industry Dispute
    Mr. Douglasasked the Secretary of State for Energy if he plans to have an early meeting with the chairman of the National Coal Board to discuss the current situation in the mining industry.
    Mr. Strangasked the Secretary of State for Energy if he will now take steps to resolve the dispute in the mining industry.
    Mr. Parryasked the Secretary of State for Energy if he will make a further statement on the coal miners' dispute.
    Mr. Haynesasked the Secretary of State for Energy when he last spoke to the chairman of the National Coal Board; and what subjects were discussed.
    Mr. Adleyasked the Secretary of State for Energy if he will make a statement on the miners' dispute.
    Mr. Eadieasked the Secretary of State for Energy he will make a statement on the current situation in the mining industry.
    Mr. Canavanasked the Secretary of State for Energy whether he will make a statement about the effects of the miners' strike.
    Mr. Dormandasked the Secretary of State for Energy if he will make a statement on the dispute in the coal mining industry.
    Mr. Cohenasked the Secretary of State for Energy when he last met the chairman of the National Coal Board; and what subjects were discussed.
    The Secretary of State for Energy (Mr. Peter Walker): More than 60,000 people are working in the coalfields, being approximately 30 per cent. of the total work force. The industrial action is obviously having an adverse effect upon the coal industry's substantial investment programme, and is placing expensive investment at risk. It is also having an adverse effect on market prospects for the industry. Substantial export orders are having to be met from continental producers.
    In the past three months the campaign which the Government and the National Coal Board were waging so successfully to persuade industrialists to convert to coal has come to a standstill. In the same three months of last year we persuaded 169 firms to convert to coal. In the three months this year, more firms have cancelled their applications than have put an new ones.
    Stocks of coal at power stations remain at a very high level, and have reduced in recent weeks by only approximately 1·5 per cent. per week.
    To date, those Coal Board employees who have been on strike have lost a total of £350 million in wages.
    In recent months, more than 20,000 miners have expressed an interest in the generous early retirement and voluntary redundancy schemes.
    Concern must be expressed at the potential geological problems in those pits which have not been in operation.
    The chairman of the NCB has expressed his willingness to continue talks with the National Union of Mineworkers, along the lines which took place at the meeting in Edinburgh of Friday 8 June. I hope that the NUM will speedily agree to continue talks with the NCB on that basis.
    Mr. Douglas: Apart from the fact that that is not an answer to the question on the Order Paper, will the Minister cease his puerile pusillanimous posturing about the dispute and recognise that both his actions and those

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    of the chairman of the Coal Board, particularly over the weekend, are counter-productive? I speak only for the miners in my area in Fife. The effect is to deepen the miners' resolve to stay out at all costs. They will not be starved into submission. Will the Secretary of State recognise that his role is not to seek political advantage but to call the parties together to see how, in the national interest, this damaging dispute can be resolved?
    Mr. Walker: If, instead of posturing, the hon. Gentleman supported the idea that the NUM should quickly take advantage of continuing in a constructive way the talks which were started in Edinburgh and which the NCB is willing to pursue immediately, that might bring an end to this particular problem.
    Mr. Skeet: It is encouraging to see more people returning to work at Bilston Glen in Scotland, but will my right hon. Friend consider the possibility of a loyalty bonus for people who are at work and who are prepared to defy the pickets? Will he also use the secondary picketing machinery under the 1980 and 1982 Acts where suitable?
    Mr. Walker: Bonuses and the use of any civil injunctions are a matter for the management of the NCB.
    Mr. Strang: When will the Government recognise that the strike can be brought to an end only by a negotiated settlement between the NUM and the NCB? Does the right hon. Gentleman not understand that his speech and, in particular, that of his right hon. and learned Friend the Home Secretary at the weekend, can serve only to hinder that process? If he has not already done so, will he make it clear to the Prime Minister that there is no way that the miners will be starved back to work?
    Mr. Walker: I welcome the hon. Gentleman's statement that the dispute will be brought to an end only by a negotiated settlement involving both sides. At present, one side is willing to continue the negotiations which were constructively started in Edinburgh. I hope that the hon. Gentleman supports that. As for the statement made by my right hon. and learned Friend the Home Secretary at the weekend, I hope that all hon. Members will deplore the criminal activities and violence that we have seen in recent weeks.
    Mr. Skinner: The right hon. Gentleman knows all about that——
    Mr. Patrick McNair-Wilson: Since — [Interruption.] — there is now clearly very little trust between the chairman of the NCB and the president of the NUM—[Interruption.]—and since, sadly——
    Mr. Speaker: Order. The hon. Member for Bolsover (Mr. Skinner) has not yet been called to ask a question, and if he goes on like that he will not be.
    Mr. Skinner: The Secretary of State knows all about crime—Slater Walker crime.
    Mr. Speaker: Order. I realise the importance of this question, but I must ask hon. Members to treat it with a degree of calmness.
    Mr. McNair-Wilson: Since there is clearly very little trust between the chairman of the NCB and the president of the NUM, and since, sadly, the NCB has totally failed to get across to the miners its offer of secure jobs for those who want them, does my right hon. Friend think that there
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    is any possibility of the chairman and the president coming to an agreement? Has he given any thought to a third party possibly helping by getting negotiations going?
    Mr. Walker: No. The terms and details of the negotiations are available. A successful conclusion to the dispute would be in the interests of both the miners and the future of the industry.
    Mr. Parry: Does the right hon. Gentleman agree that when, in his reply to me of 11 June, he said that it was nonsense to suggest that troops were involved in the dispute, he was telling lies to the House, as these photographs show? Will not he now make a statemen——
    Mr. Speaker: Order. The hon. Gentleman should not say that the Secretary of State was telling the House lies.
    Mr. Parry: I said that only because I have photographs with me which show conclusively that the troops assisted the police. Will the Secretary of State now come clean?
    Mr. Walker: I know of no involvement of troops in the dispute.
    Mr. Maxwell-Hyslop: Is my right hon. Friend aware that many of my constituents who are in energy-intensive industries, such as the paper industry, depend for the existence of their jobs on the NCB's' programme of investing in new, low-cost sources of fuel and on the phasing out of high-cost sources of fuel? Will my right hon. Friend not lose sight of that in any negotiations? Indeed, will he emphasise that point in any publicity either in the House or outside about the issues at stake?
    Mr. Walker: Yes. The main issue at stake is that of securing a good future for the industry, and that can be achieved only if we obtain the benefits of the enormous investment programme which this Government have sanctioned and if we gain new markets by producing coal efficiently and at low cost.
    Mr. Haynes: When the Secretary of State last met the chairman of the NCB, did he encourage Mr. MacGregor to join him and his Cabinet colleagues on a course of character assassination in respect of the president of the NUM? If the right hon. Gentleman and his Cabinet colleagues believe in democracy, they must accept that the policy pursued by the NUM was carried at the annual conference by the NUM's membership.
    Mr. Walker: I am aware that most of the coalfields that had a ballot are working and that most of those that did not have a ballot are not.
    Mr. Adley: Can my right hon. Friend confirm that all the 60,000 miners who are working took part in a ballot and that miners who are not working were not balloted? Since my right hon. Friend says that Mr. MacGregor is willing to continue the Edinburgh talks, is it not clear that Mr. Scargill and his private army prefer fighting to talking?
    Mr. Walker: I hope that they will talk. The Opposition leadership has urged that such talks should take place and I hope that they will take place soon.
    Mr. Eadie: Did not the Secretary of State say at the weekend that the miners' dispute was the fault of the NUM president? Is he aware that that is absurd, as is his earlier statement that the strike would have no economic

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    consequences for the nation? Did Cortonwood or Polmaise really happen? Has the right hon. Gentleman forgotten that the chairman of the National Coal Board said that the last talks were suspended sine die? Will the Secretary of State now use his office, put action where his mouth was at the weekend and today announce that he will call both parties together and preside over the first meeting?
    Mr. Walker: As the hon. Gentleman knows well, all miners at Cortonwood received a letter from the National Coal Board explaining that normal processes were available to them. The NUM has not taken up that offer.
    The chairman of the NCB has said that he is willing to continue the Edinburgh talks. The NUM must decide whether it is willing to have such talks. I have announced in the House the fact that the talks are available. I hope that the hon. Gentleman will use his considerable influence to persuade the NUM to attend the talks.
    Mr. Aitken: In my right hon. Friend's search for peace in the dispute, does he see some glimmer of hope in the apparent differences of approach that emerged over the weekend between the hard line of Mr. Scargill and the more constructive line of the NUM's general secretary, Mr. Heathfield? In particular, did my right hon. Friend notice that, whereas Mr. Scargill has always refused to discuss pit closures on any ground other than exhaustion, Mr. Heathfield suggested at the weekend that he was willing to discuss which pits are economic and which are not? Is there not some chance there?
    Mr. Walker: Certainly there is a report of an interview in which Mr. Heathfield is said to have made that clear. He said that he was willing to look at the difference between economic and uneconomic pits. It would be remarkable if any responsible trade union leader were unwilling to consider that.
    Mr. Canavan: Did the Secretary of State and his cronies, the Home Secretary and Mr. MacGregor, collaborate at the weekend in an attempt to conduct a smear campaign against Arthur Scargill and the rest of the NUM leadership? Is it not time that the Secretary of State listened to wiser counsels, such as that offered at the weekend by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, who called on the Government to use every means at their disposal to achieve reconciliation? When will the Government accept their responsibilities for the dispute, instead of sitting back and doing nothing?
    Mr. Walker: The Government accepted their responsibility when they created the conditions for a record investment programme, a good wage offer and no compulsory redundancies.
    Mr. Hickmet: Does my right hon. Friend not find it astounding that no criticism should come from the Opposition Benches of the NUM's policy to put at risk the future of many thousands of steelworkers? In the light of the steel union decision today, may we have an assurance that all possible steps will be taken to ensure that adequate supplies of coal, ore and coke are moved into the major steelworks at Llanwern, Ravenscraig and Scunthorpe?
    Mr. Walker: Yes. It is clear from the TUC steel committee decision and from the attitudes of those employed at the major steelworks that they consider it totally unreasonable and disastrous that steel industry
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    prospects and jobs should be destroyed when the miners have a good pay offer, record investment and no compulsory redundancies.
    Mr. Dormand: Given that neither the NCB nor the NUM wish to move from their present positions—the Secretary of State must surely agree with that—what role should the Government now play?
    Mr. Walker: I disagree with the hon. Gentleman's analysis. At Edinburgh, both sides were willing to talk and to examine objectively the long-term problems of the industry and "Plan for Coal". I hope that the hon. Gentleman will use his powers of persuasion to ensure that the NUM agrees to talk.
    Mr. Rost: Has my right hon. Friend noticed that not one Opposition Member has condemned the intimidation and bullying of the increasing number of miners in Derbyshire and elsewhere who are having to fight their way into the collieries for the right to work? Will he give an assurance that he and the NCB will do everything possible to ensure that there is no victimisation of those who have held a ballot, have shown that they want to work, and are attempting to do so?
    Mr. Walker: The NCB has given that very firm assurance.
    Mr. Cohen: Will the Secretary of State categorically deny the suggestion that troops or military facilities have been used against the miners during the dispute? Has he considered using troops, or asked for them?
    Mr. Walker: I am not considering asking for the use of troops, and I know of no troops that have been involved in the dispute.
    Mr. Michael Morris: As my right hon. Friend has provided the financial conditions of a good wage settlement with no compulsory redundancies, is it not right that only the NUM and the NCB should settle what is or is not an exhausted pit?
    Mr. Walker: Yes. Of course, uneconomic pits have been closed under all Governments during post-war history, including under the last Labour Government. It has always been a matter for sensible and rational decision.
    Mr. Mason: With an estimated cost of £1,000 million to the NCB and the Government, with a forecast of a balance of trade deficit of £1·5 billion if the strike continues, with many pits falling into disrepair, with millions of pounds of coal face machinery being jeopardised and with police costs having risen to £50 million, will the right hon. Gentleman, who is responsible for the industry, now take a new version of "Plan for Coal" to the chairman of the NCB, designed to bring together both sides of the industry, and ask him to get on with it before it is too late?
    Mr. Walker: Of course I agree with the right hon. Gentleman about costs, but costs such as those for the police would have been very different had it not been decided to use the method of the mob for picketing rather than peaceful picketing. "Plan for Coal" is a sensible plan, which I agree is the basis for the solution of the dispute. The NCB is willing and eager to discuss that with the NUM.
    Mr. Ashby: In view of reports of students and professional agitators as well as miners being paid by the

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    NUM to mass picket at various sites, will my right hon. Friend ask our right hon. and learned Friend the Attorney-General to investigate the finances of the NUM?
    Mr. Walker: The manner in which the NUM spends its money is a matter for that union.
    Mr. Wallace: The Secretary of State has refused on a number of occasions today to take the initiative and chair a meeting between the NCB and the unions. Bearing in mind that "Plan for Coal" was a tripartite agreement between the union, the NCB and the Government, will the right hon. Gentleman explain his extraordinary abdication of responsibility?
    Mr. Walker: I thought I had always stated that, after the two parties had met and decided on the points in "Plan for Coal" which they wished to put me, I would be prepared to preside over a meeting of all three parties. That has always been my position, and it has been made clear to both sides.
    Mr. Renton: Does my right hon. Friend think that when, yesterday, the leader of the Labour party gave his wholehearted support in public to the miners' strike without any condemnation of the illegality, violence or brutal picketing, he was helping to resolve the dispute or acting in a manner unworthy of the leader of the official Labour Opposition?
    Mr. Walker: I hope that the leader of the Labour party will use his influence and connection with the NUM to endeavour to persuade it to continue the useful talks that were taking place in Edinburgh. I realise that the leader of the Labour party has from time to time condemned violence and some of the intimidation that has taken place. I am only sorry that that condemnation has not had any results.
    Mr. Benn: Has the Minister taken account of the fact that no pits are working normally because there is a national overtime ban in Nottinghamshire and elsewhere; that Mr. MacGregor's letter to 180,000 people produced a few hundred responses; that his attacks on the NUM are consolidating opinion; that the Prime Minister admits in a letter to me that the use of troops has taken place in a supporting role; and that attempts to starve the miners by DHSS pressures have all failed? What contingency plans does the right hon. Gentleman have for after the miners succeed in defending their interests?
    Mr. Walker: All I can say is that they are defending an interest which is very different from the inferior pay and bad redundancy terms that were offered by the right hon. Gentleman, who was responsible for two drops in their pay in real terms and for 17,000 voluntary redundancies on rather bad terms.
    Mr. Hayward: In this distressing dispute, is my right hon. Friend aware of the even more depressing aspect of the picketing that is going on at Selby coalfield today, which is trying to spoil the long-term future of coal miners by stopping contract workers going in to develop that coalfield?
    Mr. Walker: I find it surprising that there should have been a number of instances where the capital investment programme for the future of the industry has been stopped by this sort of picketing.
    Mr. Lofthouse: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that while he and his colleagues are stomping about the country
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    trying to bring discredit on the NUM and its president, personal tragedies are taking place? For example, is he aware that in my constituency a youth and a friend, were attempting to get his grandmother small morsels of coal with which to light the fire, when they saw a police van in the distance, panicked, dived in the river in an attempt to get away and that one of those unfortunate young men drowned? When the right hon. Gentleman next meets Mr. MacGregor, will he draw to his attention the fact that his statement that he would like the strike to continue could result in further tragedies? Will the right hon. Gentleman inform Mr. MacGregor that if he continues to send out stupid letters in an attempt to get the miners to be disloyal to their union, he will be wasting his time? Will he also tell him that it might be advisable for him to keep his silly mouth shut?
    Mr. Walker: I agree that a great deal of human tragedy is taking place in this dispute. If the hon. Gentleman could persuade the NUM to go over to the system of picketing advocated by the TUC, much of this human suffering would stop.
    Mr. Eggar: Further to the supplementary question asked by the right hon. Member for Barnsley, Central (Mr. Mason), will my right hon. Friend confirm that only two things are wrong with the 1974 "Plan for Coal": first, the NUM has signally failed to deliver on its productivity agreements; and, secondly, it has failed to reach the number of closures which it agreed under that plan?
    Mr. Walker: Of the three major ingredients of "Plan for Coal", the one that has been more than fulfilled during the lifetime of the Conservative Administration has been the capital investment programme. The productivity figures and estimated closures of uneconomic pits have not been reached.
    Mr. Ray Powell: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that a civil war is going on in parts of Britain? Is he further aware that when the Queen asked for a settlement, Queen Thatcher's response was to send the right hon. Gentleman and other Ministers cavorting around the country to discredit the miners' leaders?
    Mr. Walker: If we want to achieve a settlement, the hon. Gentleman should persuade the leaders of the NUM quickly to enter the talks that are now on offer.
    Mr. Soames: Does my right hon. Friend agree that one of the lessons of the dispute so far is that no legislation, not even democracy itself, can survive without a basic respect for the rule of law? What message will he give the House and the brave men who are still at work who are terrified of what may happen to their wives and children?
    Mr. Walker: A great deal of courage has been shown by many of the 60,000 who are at work. I have no doubt that if we returned to normal peaceful picketing, tens of thousands of miners would be returning to work in the next few days.
    Mr. Wrigglesworth: Does the right hon. Gentleman agree that the overwhelming majority of people want to see the two sides together discussing the issues in the dispute and trying to reach a settlement? Will it not be most regrettable if the chink of light that we saw in the pronouncement of the chairman of the National Coal Board and Mr. Peter Heathfield this weekend come to naught? Will he use his good offices with the chairman of

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    the Coal Board to ensure that the offer of talks is still on the table? Will he press Labour Members, who probably, through their party resources, have contributed about £2 million to the National Union of Mineworkers during the dispute, to put similar pressure on Mr. Peter Heathfield and his colleagues?
    Mr. Walker: I agree with the hon. Gentleman. I thought that the Opposition were endeavouring to get the two sides to speak to each other again. I hope that they will succeed in achieving that task. I have made it clear today that the Government favour that approach, and Mr. MacGregor has made it clear that he favours it. I hope that the NUM will accept the challenge.
    Mr. Hardy: The Secretary of State was probably right to refer to the talks at Edinburgh as offering some hope, but does he agree that the other talks since then have been more disappointing and that the talks at which Mr. MacGregor is present seem to be abortive? Is he aware that this has led the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers—it has nothing to do with the NUM—unanimously to call on him to withdraw Mr. MacGregor's appointment? The association recognised the danger to peace and stability in the coalfield, which has been badly threatened by the incompetence and negligence of the Home Secretary, who has yet to reply to letters written to him in March and April.
    Mr. Walker: The progress made at the Edinburgh talks was encouraging, and those talks were conducted by Mr. MacGregor. I hope very much that the constructive discussions that took place at those talks will quickly continue.
    Mr. Yeo: Does my right hon. Friend agree that the proper refusal of the steelworkers to agree to Arthur Scargill's outrageous request that they should co-operate to destroy the steel industry shows a complete lack of union support for Scargill, and that those who are on strike as a consequence of the dispute are those who are intimidated by Arthur Scargill's personal storm-troopers?
    Mr. Walker: Throughout the dispute much coal has been produced and moved and not one power station or steelworks has been closed. That remained the position even with the mass picketing at a small part of Orgreave, alas with the need for the protection of the police.
    Mr. Patchett: Does the right hon. Gentleman still deny that the dispute was created by the Government's policy of union bashing? Will he now declare where he stands on the issue, bearing in mind that the only contribution that he has made to a settlement is to attack the NUM president? As the dispute started with the appointment of Mr. MacGregor, who is renowned for union bashing, can the right hon. Gentleman still deny that it is all the Government's fault and that the dispute is about union bashing rather than the coal industry?
    Mr. Walker: If the provision of record investments, a decent pay offer and a guarantee of no compulsory redundancies is bashing a union, I should think that many other unions would like to be bashed.
    Mr. Ryman: Will the right hon. Gentleman deal with two aspects of the dispute that have not been referred to this afternoon? First, while he continues to shirk his responsibilities, will he enlighten the House by explaining why the National Coal Board has not sought to enforce the
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    injunctions that it obtained a few weeks ago? Secondly, is he aware that a haemoglobin examination of many miners' families has revealed serious cases of anaemia as a result of malnutrition among striking miners' wives, who are unable to buy basic foodstuffs?
    Mr. Walker: The second part of the hon. Gentleman's question expresses the need to discontinue this unnecessary industrial dispute. The enforcement of injunctions in the civil courts is a matter for the nationalised industries and for the individual employer.
    Mr. Peter Bruinvels: Did my right hon. Friend read the Sunday Telegraph yesterday, in which it was reported that the NCB had said that up to 40 mines would be closed permanently by December? Does he agree that it is the National Union of Mineworkers, and no one else, that is destroying jobs and trying to cripple the industry?
    Mr. Walker: There is a question later on the Order Paper on this point. There is anxiety, plainly, about the geological condition of the pits and the condition of the machinery in them. There is also considerable anxiety about the loss of markets that is occurring.
    Mr. Skinner: Did the Secretary of State also see in the Sunday Telegraph an article that referred to the number of firms that are losing money during the dispute? Does he know, for instance, that Kennings has stated that its profits have fallen from £4·8 million to £1·8 million as a direct result of the miners' strike?
    On the subject of intimidation, despite what he. the Home Secretary and others have said, why does he: not investigate the case of the cripple, Mrs. Mavis Seales, who went out collecting money for striking miners, returned home and found her front door knocked in? Why does he not investigate the case of Malcolm Crane of Hillstown, who reached home on Sunday morning and found that his car had been vandalised? He is on strike. Why does he not investigate the case of the two police officers who went into the soup kitchen at Creswell and were stealing miners' food while masquerading as pickets? Why does he not investigate all those cases? Are they just a smear by MI5?
    Mr. Walker: I assure the hon. Gentleman that all the cases he has mentioned will be correctly investigated by the police. I hope that at last he might join in deploring the thuggery that is taking place in many villages and on picket lines throughout the country.
    Mr. Orme: After several months of inactivity, why did the Secretary of State make a personal attack upon the president of the NUM? Is that the Secretary of State's contribution to resolving the dispute? Why, after 17 weeks, has he not met the NUM? I know that he has met Mr. MacGregor. Why has he not called them together? The Secretary of State referred to the Edinburgh talks that failed. Will he tell us what happened at Rotherham, and who was responsible for the failure of the talks there? When will he take some action that will help to bring the two sides together and result in a negotiated settlement that is acceptable to the miners and the National Coal Board?
    Mr. Walker: The right hon. Gentleman has endeavoured to see that talks have taken place. He is aware that throughout the dispute the chairman of the NCB has always been willing to have discussions on the basis of the Edinburgh talks.
    Mr. Orme: The NUM is willing to go to talks.
    Mr. Walker: In which case, they can get together quickly. If the right hon. Gentleman is saying that the NCB and the NUM are willing to have discussions on the basis of the Edinburgh talks, the NCB will turn up. Perhaps he will ensure that the NUM does.

    Energy Conservation
    Mr. Nicholas Bakerasked the Secretary of State for Energy what take-up of energy conservation measures there has been among local authorities, local education authorities and other such public bodies as a result of his recent initiatives.
    The Minister of State, Department of Energy (Mr. Buchanan-Smith): Local authorities and other public bodies are taking an increasing interest in implementing energy conservation measures as a result of my right hon. Friend's recent initiatives.
    Mr. Baker: Has there been an increase in the number of inquiries by local authorities and other public bodies, because it is my impression that the take-up of energy conservation measures by those bodies is far too slow?
    Mr. Buchanan-Smith: These inquiries are coordinated by the local authorities' management services and computer committee. I am pleased to inform my hon. Friend that since our energy conservation campaign was launched and the energy efficiency office set up last October, there has been a 50 per cent. increase in the number of inquiries going to that body. I welcome that, because I believe that there is tremendous scope for local authorities and other public bodies to enjoy the benefits of energy conservation.
    Mr. Forman: I warmly welcome the energy conservation campaign, which has been reinforced by the Government, but does my right hon. Friend believe that local authorities — many of which are in difficult financial circumstances this year — have enough resources available to them for those desirable purposes? If not, will he consider providing some additional specific help from his Department to that end?
    Mr. Buchanan-
    Smith: Considerable sums are spent — for example, by the Department of the Environment. Many of the measures of energy conservation are extremely cost-effective for the bodies concerned. Therefore, if they are prepared to invest in energy saving measures, there is a direct revenue return for the councils concerned, to their own benefit and the benefit of ratepayers.
    Eadie: Will the right hon. Gentleman inform the House of any other available information, relevant to local authorities, concerning combined heat and power? It has been the subject of discussion for some time. It is all very well to tell people of the advantages of energy conservation, but some finance must be made available as well.
    Mr. Buchanan-Smith: The hon. Gentleman seems to be slightly behind in his information. The matter of combined heat and power is being examined in different parts of the country and carried forward very satisfactorily.

    Sleipner Gas Contract
    Mr. Ormeasked the Secretary of State for Energy whether he will make a statement on the Sleipner contract.
    Mr. Buchanan-Smith: A decision will be taken as soon as possible.
    Mr. Orme: Will the Minister make a statement before the recess, as the Select Committee asked? Will he confirm or deny rumours that the Government will allow North sea gas to be exported, which could affect both stocks and prices?
    Mr. Buchanan-Smith: As the right hon. Gentleman knows, this is an important matter with far-reaching effects throughout the United Kingdom economy. No decision has yet been reached, so at this stage I cannot say whether a statement will be made. Once the decision is reached, we shall inform the House.

  HOUSE OF COMMONS

    Public Galleries (Access)
    Mr. Jannerasked the Lord Privy Seal if he will ask the Select Committee on House of Commons (Services) to consider the matter of access to the public galleries.
    The Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons (Mr. John Biffen): I know of no general desire of hon. Members for a change in the present arrangements.
    Mr. Janner: In that case, will the right hon. Gentleman go to the Upper Committee Corridor and look at the brilliant caricature by P. C. Ian Nuttall of the long line of supplicant Members queueing up at the Admission Order Office, led by myself on my knees, seeking tickets for the Gallery? Will he look around the Galleries in this Chamber and see the number of empty seats that are allocated to the other place and to distinguished strangers and are never taken up? Will he seek some way to make those seats available, if not to the public, to guests of hon. Members?
    Mr. Biffen: I find the prospect of the hon. and learned Gentleman on his knees somewhat improbable. I shall, of course, draw his points to the attention of the Accommodation and Administration Sub-committee.
    Mr. Dykes: Now that we have a newly elected European Parliament, will my right hon. Friend perhaps look again at the question of access——
    Mr. Skinner: An Assembly, not a Parliament.
    Mr. Dykes: Will my right hon. Friend consider the question of access—[Interruption.]
    Mr. Speaker: Order. The hon. Gentleman has as much right as anyone else to ask questions.
    Mr. Dykes: Despite the fact that there are now more Labour Members in the European Parliament than before, will my right hon. Friend consider the question of access to the Public Gallery and to other public and semi-public places by MEPs?
    Mr. Biffen: My hon. Friend's question raises fairly wide-ranging and somewhat controversial issues which have already been considered by the House, but I shall draw his points to the attention of the Accommodation and Administration Sub-committee.
    Mr. Bermingham: Now that the Lord Privy Seal has, as an experimental gesture, granted access to the Gallery

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    by the blind and their accompanying guide dogs, will he extend the experiment to include those with other forms of physical handicap? It is disgraceful that handicapped people should have such difficulty in gaining access to the Public Galleries in this place.
    Mr. Biffen: Arrangements exist for handicapped other than the blind. If the hon. Gentleman has in mind other forms of handicap, perhaps he will get in touch with me.

    Summer Recess (Dates)
    Mr. Canavanasked the Lord Privy Seal whether he will announce the proposed dates of the summer parliamentary Adjournment.
    Mr. Biffen: The timing of the summer recess is dependent upon the satisfactory progress of parliamentary business. I shall be making an announcement at the appropriate time.
    Mr. Canavan: Will the Leader of the House consider the possibility of the House rising a little earlier this year, even if it means coming back a little earlier, bearing in mind that the Scottish school holidays have already started and may in some cases be almost over by the time that Parliament goes into recess?
    Is it not an absolute insult to family life that the dates of the parliamentary recess are treated almost like a state secret and seem to be more influenced by the grouse-shooting season than by children's holidays?
    Mr. Biffen: When this House was dominated by the land-owning classes before 1914, it usually sat well beyond the opening of the grouse season in August.
    The question of Scottish holidays is, of course, one of those taken into account by anyone determining the Adjournment date. I shall do my best to avoid the precedent created in recent times by the Labour Government in 1966, when we sat until 12 August.
    Dr. Mawhinney: Does my right hon. Friend accept that most Conservative Members would also prefer the House to rise at a date closer to the time when our children leave school than when the grouse leave the moors?
    Mr. Biffen: I quite understand that point.

    Privy Council Office (Staff)
    Mr. Leighasked the Lord Privy Seal what has been the increase in Civil Service staff in the Privy Council Office handling the traditional functions of the office since 1954.
    Mr. Biffen: The number of senior officials, namely five, is the same as in 1954. There has been a reduction in the number of support staff from 28 to 22 over the past 30 years.
    Mr. Leigh: Has my right hon. Friend had an opportunity to read the diaries of Sir Charles Greville, which show that when he retired as Clerk to the Privy Council in 1860, 29 people were employed there. They have increased by 6 per cent., while in the same period the numbers employed at the Home Office have increased from 39 to 36,446 — an increase of 93,351 per cent? Does my right hon. Friend agree that that shows that the taxpayers are given value for money in at least one Department of State, because it is not increasing its functions unduly, and does he further agree that some credit should go to successive Clerks to the Privy Council?
    Mr. Biffen: Yes. In Whitehall terms, that is an illustration of Schumacher's point that "Small is Beautiful".

    Table Office (Access)
    Sir David Priceasked the Lord Privy Seal if he will implement the recommendation of the Select Committee on Procedure (Sessional Committee) in its third report of the 1975–76 Session that, in respect of tabling questions, access to the Table Office should be limited to Members only.
    Mr. Biffen: The imposition of any such rule would be a matter for decision by the House, and not by me.
    Sir David Price: Does my right hon. Friend agree that the recommendation of the Select Committee an Procedure should be a modest discipline on colleagues in relation to the Table Office, and that even the most timorous of hon. Members do not need to be nannied by their personal assistants, secretaries and others and can jolly well table their own questions, as the older of us have always done?
    Mr. Biffen: Those are admirable sentiments, but I must point out that when the matter was investigated in 1975–76, it was discovered that only 6 per cent. of questions were tabled by secretaries and assistants to Members of Parliament. In the light of that finding, no subsequent action was taken.

    Public Gallery (Access)
    Mr. Hannamasked the Lord Privy Seal if he is yet able to confirm access arrangements for blind persons and their guide dogs when they visit the Gallery of the House.
    Mr. Biffen: The Services Committee agreed earlier this month that part of the space behind the partition at the rear of the Strangers' Gallery should be made available as a small partitioned area for two guide dogs, with suitable accommodation for each dog to sit beside its owner.
    Mr. Hannam: Will my right hon. Friend extend the thanks of the House to the Services Committee for at last finding an answer to this difficult problem, but accept that it should not have taken so long? Will my right hon. Friend congratulate the Committee on the ingenious method that it has found for ensuring that guide dogs can stay close to their owners?
    Mr. Biffen: I shall, of course, pass on my hon. Friend's expression of gratitude to the Services Committee. I agree that considerable ingenuity has been shown in creating a special area for guide dogs.
    Mr. Wigley: I welcome this step forward, but is it not a disgrace that it has taken so long for blind people to have access to the Gallery without discrimination? Will the Leader of the House give an assurance that blind people, with their dogs, will also be able to go to Committee and other Rooms, to which people can go without dogs, without discrimination being shown against them?
    Mr. Biffen: One should put into context the circumstances in which blind people have access to the House, as it is only in the Galleries hitherto that they have not been accompanied by their guide dogs. But I shall consider the other matters raised by the hon. Gentleman.
    Sir John Biggs-Davison: Does my right hon. Friend agree that the helpfulness of the police and the staff in the Palace to our blind and other disabled constituents who visit us here is worthy of praise?
    Mr. Biffen: Absolutely. I am delighted that my hon. Friend raised that matter. The whole House will endorse the courtesy with which the staff of the House greet the blind and disabled and make them feel as at home as possible.
    Mr. Greenway: Will my right hon. Friend now confirm, with the welcome news that he has just given to the House, that every category of disabled person may now be admitted to the Galleries, subject to the availability of space and other such limitations?
    Mr. Biffen: I should like to consider that in the context of the answer that I gave to the hon. Member for St. Helens, South (Mr. Bermingham).

  CIVIL SERVICE

    Trade Unions (Meeting)
    Mr. Parryasked the Minister for the Civil Service what subjects he expects to discuss at his next meeting with the Civil Service unions.
    The Minister of State, Treasury (Mr. Barney Hayhoe): I shall be meeting representatives of the Council of Civil Service Unions on 12 July to discuss at their request the decisions about the pay of higher civil servants and their effect on pensions.

    Staffing Arrangements
    Mr. Campbell-Savoursasked the Minister for the Civil Service what representations he has received on staffing arrangements in the Civil Service.
    Mr. Hayhoe: I regularly receive comments and views on matters affecting the staffing of the Civil Service.
    Mr. Campbell-Savours: Now that there is clear evidence that the Government are losing some of their most brilliant people from the Treasury, what does the Minister intend to do to stop this outflow of people who are necessary for government?
    Mr. Hayhoe: It is good that there should be a flow two ways, both of people coming into the Civil Service with experience of commerce and industry, and of people leaving the Civil Service and going to commerce and industry. With regard to career prospects for the high fliers in the Treasury and elsewhere, if that is what the hon. Gentleman has in mind, I can assure him that careful attention is being given to career planning and training opportunities for them.
    Mr. Forman: What representations has my hon. Friend received from civil servants in the Customs and Excise Department, particularly in relation to the possibility that there might not be enough of them at the sharp end to deal with the serious drug importation problem?
    Mr. Hayhoe: The union concerned has certainly made representations, put forward a paper, and claimed for 500 additional Customs and Excise staff. The matter is being carefully considered. Sixty additional staff have been
    16
    allocated this year to enhance preventive controls. I pay tribute to the remarkable success rate of the Customs and Excise in seizing heroin. Five times as much heroin was seized last year as five years ago.
    Mr. Wallace: Does the Minister agree that unless there is a substantial increase in staffing in Customs and Excise to tackle the growing problem of drug smuggling, much of the other work done by the Minister's right hon. and hon. Friends to control drug abuse will be seriously undermined?
    Mr. Hayhoe: I do not accept the hon. Gentleman's claim. The numbers involved in the special investigation branch to deal with drugs have been increased significantly in recent years. The record of Customs and Excise on this issue is very good. The advice that comes to me is that the capabilities of our Customs and Excise compare favourably with those of other countries in the world.
    Mr. Maxwell-Hyslop: Since the success rate is the ratio of detection to total imports, how does my hon. Friend know what the rate of total imports of drugs is, so that he can express his satisfaction with the proportion of detections to total imports?
    Mr. Hayhoe: I work on the advice of the professional managers of Customs and Excise, who I think will be regarded all round the world, certainly within the House, as having great expertise. On that advice, I make the assertion to the House that we are not complacent about this matter. The new committee under my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, which was recently announced, makes that clear. The Customs effort is being kept under review and, as I said, 60 extra staff have been allocated for this year.
    Dr. McDonald: Is not the Government's reply entirely complacent, in view of the epidemic proportions of heroin addiction, when a fix is available on the street at £5? Does the Minister admit that the Government are partly responsible for the situation because they have axed 600 staff from the "sharp end" of baggage control since 1979? Is he aware that the Civil Service unions have asked for 500 extra staff at that level and that the 60 staff of whom he is so proud are concerned not with baggage control but with investigative activities? Does he appreciate that, however important those investigative activities may be, heroin smugglers know that they can bring in heroin in baggage at airports and ports without any serious difficulty? Is it not time that the Government faced their responsibilities?
    Mr. Hayhoe: The hon. Lady seems to be arguing in favour of the static, predictable, uniformed staff checks of the past, whereas far greater emphasis is now placed on mobile and flexible controls at ports and airports, targeting mobile teams on high-risk areas. The great improvement in the seizing of drugs is a tribute to those staff and to the new and highly professional techniques that they use. We do not want a return to large numbers of uniformed staff making predictable checks on people coming in.
    Mr. Campbell-Savours: On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. In view of the totally unsatisfactory nature of the whole series of replies from the Minister, I shall wish to raise the matter on the Adjournment.

    Financial Management Initiative
    Mr. Eggarasked the Minister for the Civil Service what responsibility the new head of the Government accounting service will have for implementation of the financial management initiative.
    Mr. Hayhoe: One of Mr. Wilson's responsibilities will be to advise on accounting aspects of the financial management initiative. He will be particularly concerned with the management accounting work on developing budgetary and information systems. He will also supervise the arrangements for developing and deploying the accountancy expertise needed for such work across Departments.
    Mr. Eggar: Will Mr. Wilson be able to insist that Departments publish their FMI plans in detail, and what action will he be able to take if Departments fail to implement those plans?
    Mr. Hayhoe: Mr. Wilson is not a supremo with powers of executive direction over Departments of State, responsibility for which remains with the Secretaries of State and Ministers in charge. As my hon. Friend will know, the Government believe that the plans should be published as widely as possible, bearing in mind problems of security and sometimes of commercial confidentiality.

    Trade Unions (Meeting)
    Mr. Chapmanasked the Minister for the Civil Service if, when he next meets representatives of the Civil Service unions, he will discuss the effect of the reduction of the number of civil servants on recruitment.
    Mr. Hayhoe: As I have said, my next meeting with representatives of the Civil Service unions will be about the pay and pensions of senior civil servants.
    Mr. Chapman: Despite the reduction in the total number of civil servants and in the numbers recruited, will my hon. Friend confirm that about 30,000 new recruits are
    18
    still taken on each year? Does he agree that in those circumstances there should be no inhibition on obtaining the best people for the variety of important jobs carried cut by the Civil Service?
    Mr. Hayhoe: Yes, I confirm that recruitment to the non-industrial Civil Service is running at about 30,000 per year — in 1983, it was 29,300 — although I should emphasise in passing that that is less than half the 1978 figure of 64,700. I assure my hon. Friend that the standard of applicants is high and that there is certainly demand for the places available.
    Mr. Madden: What redress will civil servants have if they refuse to transfer and are threatened with suspension without pay?
    Mr. Hayhoe: The code of practice and the terms and conditions of employment are all set out in the Civil Service regulations, copies of which are in the Library.
    Mr. Michael Morris: Will my hon. Friend bring us up to date on the recruitment of graduates into the Civil Service?
    Mr. Hayhoe: A substantial number of graduates are being recruited, often into grades which 20 years ago attracted very few. For example, graduates now form a high percentage of entrants into the executive officer grade.
    Dr. McDonald: The Minister referred to an interdepartmental committee being set up to consider the necessity to recruit staff into the Customs and Excise, and elsewhere in the Civil Service, to deal with heroin addiction. The committee is not at the moment inviting any outside views on this important and serious matter. Will the Minister make every effort to ensure that the committee invites the views of interested bodies, to stress the need to control this type of addiction?
    Mr. Hayhoe: I shall pass on the hon. Lady's comments to my hon. Friend.

Enterprise Oil
3.30 pm
Mr. Stanley Orme: On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. Last week the Secretary of State for Energy made a statement on Enterprise Oil. He assured the House that no company would be allowed to purchase more than 10 per cent. of the shares. On the stock market this morning, Rio Tinto-Zinc has purchased just under 30 per cent. I ask for a statement to be made to the House at the earliest possible opportunity. This turn of events shows once again that Government policy is in a shambles. Will the Secretary of State now make a statement on what is to happen and what action the Government will take?
The Secretary of State for Energy (Mr. Peter Walker)rose——
Mr. Robin Maxwell-Hyslop: Further to that point of order, Mr. Speaker. What point of order arises from that question?
Mr. Speaker: Absolutely none, but I believe that the Secretary of State is about to respond.
Mr. Walker: In view of the inaccuracy of the remarks of the right hon. Member for Salford, East (Mr. Orme), and in view of the fact that the next question on the Order Paper is on this subject, I would like to answer it, if you will give your permission, Mr. Speaker, for the hon. Member for Clackmannan (Mr. O'Neill) to ask it.
Mr. Speaker: We have reached the end of Question Time. I had to make a judgment on question 1, with which eight other questions were answered. It seemed to me that this was a major matter facing the House today.
Mr. Martin J. O'Neill: On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. As the Minister has indicated, uncharacteristically, a willingness to reply to the question, would it not be for the convenience of the House if he did so?
Mr. Dick Douglas: Further to that point of order, Mr. Speaker. We recognise that you are in difficulty because of the strictures in relation to extending Question Time, but very important matters of public probity and responsibility are at issue. On behalf of hon. Members on both sides of the House, I crave your indulgence in allowing the Secretary of State to reply to the question put down by my hon. Friend for Clackmannan (Mr. O'Neill).
Mr. Speaker: In view of the importance of the matter, have I the leave of the House to allow the hon. Member for Clackmannan (Mr. O'Neill) to put his question?
Hon. Members: Aye.
Mr. Maxwell-Hyslop: No.
Mr. Speaker: I believe that the consensus of the House is that the hon. Gentleman should be allowed to ask his question.
Mr. Maxwell-Hyslop: On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. Whether you should allow a question after the end of Question Time and whether wholly spurious points should be permitted to masquerade as points of order are wholly different matters.
I put it to you, Mr. Speaker, that, if a point which is in no way a point of order is allowed to progress, there will be no end to the spurious points of order that will be raised.
20
Furthermore, if something requires the leave of the House and an hon. Member shouts "No", that is the end of the matter.
Several Hon. Members rose——
Mr. Speaker: Order. Allow me to dispose of this matter. The hon. Member for Tiverton (Mr. Maxwell-Hyslop) is a constitutional expert and I am most grateful for his views on the matter. However, I must take into account the fact that the calling of questions today was in my hands. I allowed question 1 to run rather longer than usual because of the importance of the matter. I am in the hands of the House. The hon. Member for Tiverton is right —there are no rules that allow me to do this—but if the House wishes the question to be asked I am prepared to allow it. I believe that it is the wish of the House that question 7 be asked.
Mr. Dennis Skinner: Further to the point of order, Mr. Speaker.
Mr. Speaker: Order. I do not need any more points of order on this matter.
Mr. Skinner: Further to the point of order, Mr. Speaker.
Mr. Speaker: Order. I shall take the point of order after question 7 has been asked.
Mr. O'Neill: I ask the Secretary of State for Energy question 7—whether he will make a statement on the sale of Enterprise Oil.
Mr. Peter Walker: The sale of Enterprise Oil for £392·2 million was completed last week. Dealings in the shares commenced this morning and prices have varied from a small discount to a small premium.
RTZ has announced that it intends to purchase further shares in the market. However, as a result of the decision taken by the Government last week that no individual company should obtain more than 10 per cent. of the equity as a result of the flotation, any further purchase of shares by RTZ, or any other company, will be subject to the normal rules of the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers and the Council for Securities Industries. These rules apply progressively to holdings of 15 per cent. or more.
The Government stated clearly in the prospectus that in its early years, this company would be free from outside control. I would reaffirm that it is the Government's firm intention to use the powers available to them, including the use of the special share, to secure this end.
Mr. O'Neill: Is not the Secretary of State's statement yet another humiliation for the Government? Does it not mean that the 10 per cent. figure has moved to 15 per cent.? Does it not mean that the flotation is thoroughly disreputable and should be withdrawn at the earliest possible opportunity?
Mr. Walker: Like the right hon. Member for Salford, East (Mr. Orme), the hon. Gentleman fails to recognise that I clearly referred in my statement to 10 per cent. of the issue. There has never been any concealment from the market or anyone else that, after the issue was made, there would be perfectly free dealings in the company's shares and that if they took place the provisions of the special share would come into operation. I am sorry that the hon. Gentleman, like the right hon. Member for Salford, East, did not read my statement.
Several hon. Members rose——
Mr. Speaker: Order. I have let the question be asked, and we must move on.

BILL PRESENTED
  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION (No. 2)
  Mr. David Steel, supported by Mr. Jonathan Aitken, Sir Bernard Braine, Mr. Robin Corbett, Mr. Clement Freud, Mr. Bruce George, Dr. David Owen, Mr. Richard Wainwright, Mr. Kenneth Warren, Mr. Dafydd Wigley and Mr. David Young, presented a Bill to establish a general right of access to official information for members of the public subject to certain exemptions; to establish the machinery for enabling the right of access to be excercised by members of the public; to make new provision for the protection of official information and articles; and for connected purposes: And the same was read the First time; and ordered to be read a Second time upon Friday 6 July and to printed. [Bill 205.1]

STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, & c.
Ordered,
That the draft Education Support Grants Regulations 1984 be referred to a Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments, &c.
That the draft Pedal Bicycles (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1984 be referred to a Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments, &c.
That the draft Deer (Firearms etc.) (Scotland) Order 1984 be referred to a Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments, &c.
That the draft Companies Acts (Pre-Consolidation Amendments) (No. 2) Order 1984 be referred to a Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments, &c.
That the draft Motor Vehicle Tyres (Safety) Regulations 1984 be referred to a Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments, &c.—[Mr. Donald Thomspon.]

SCOTTISH ESTIMATES
Ordered,
That the Estimates set out hereunder be referred to the Scottish Grand Committee:

Class XV, Vote 1, Agricultural support, Scotland.

Class XV, Vote 2, Agricultural services and fisheries, Scotland.

Class XV, Vote 6, Roads transport and environmental services, Scotland.

Class XV, Vote 7, Local transport services, Scotland.

Class XV, Vote 24, Scottish Office administration. —[Mr. Donald Thompson.]

New Ireland Forum
Motion made, and Question proposed, That this House do now adjourn—[Mr. Donald Thompson.]
3.37 pm
The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (Mr. James Prior)rose——
Mr. Dennis Skinner: This is the Secretary of State's swansong—the executioner is by his side.
Mr. Prior: Just because I put the hon. Member for Bolsover (Mr. Skinner) in order the other day, there is no need for him to try to get his own back today.
I strongly welcome this debate, and I am glad that it is on the New Ireland Forum report and several other documents, which are of great use and interest to the House. The New Ireland Forum report was published some time ago. Most people recognise that parts of it were disappointing and unacceptable to the British Government or British people. However, I recognise that there was positive value in its serious examination of nationalist aspirations, its emphasis on the importance of consent, its unequivocal condemnation of violence, its attempt to understand the Unionist identity and its openness to discuss other views. Above all, the tone of the document, its language and what has been said about it since are a very important part of all that has taken place over the past few months.
Much the same can be said about the Unionist document "The Way Forward". Its tone, its recognition of an Irish nationalist identity, its openness and its language are all an important contribution. When the rhetoric of the election campaign or, for that matter, the rhetoric of the divide itself is discounted, I think that there is much more hope of a positive climate than there has been for some while. Surely no one doubts that we should seek to build on the opportunity that now presents itself. In doing so, we all have to be well aware of the present circumstances in Northern Ireland.
I shall now say something about the security situation, and, in doing so, pay tribute on behalf of the House to the work of the police and the Army. There has been a great improvement over the past few years in the security situation, yet still the toll of terror and murder is present. Every incident divides society more, and no one knows that better than the terrorists themselves. They seek to undermine democratic politics, and because they seek to do that we must in turn find a strong and effective political response. Unless we do so, terrorism will go on, as it may even if we do so.
I have to tell the House that I have changed my view over the years. At one time, I felt that a major, strong and effective political response would in itself prevent terror. Now I am of the belief that in the short run political progress may increase terrorism, for a short time before things improve. I have to remember as well that many terrorists are so deeply enmeshed in crime and criminality of all sorts that it would be very difficult to wean them away from it.
We still face a very difficult security situation, and we have to couple that with an equally bad economic position. We have unemployment of just over 20 per cent. We have a very young work force with more young people coming on to the labour market than anywhere else in the United Kingdom or in most countries of Western Europe. We
24
have more women wishing to return to the labour force. All this means that, even given that there is no deterioration from the present position, over the next four years the number of unemployed is likely to rise to some 25 per cent.
The difficulties of attracting inward investment on which so much of the future employment of the Province depends are, of course, made far greater by the terrorist activity that still takes place. Nor do I believe that it is healthy for a society to be as dependent on public expenditure as Northern Ireland has been in recent years. Again, that poses a serious problem for Northern Ireland.
It is against that background of violence and economic deprivation that we look today at these reports. If I feel a sense of urgency, it is born of an intense desire to find a way to help a very remarkable people — a people of immense courage. Today, in a ceremony at the Cenotaph in Belfast, people will be paying tribute to the Ulster division which took part in the battle of the Somme. Throughout its history, the people of Ulster have found occasion to show quite extraordinary courage. We should all pay recognition to that fact.
There is great resilience in the Province. When one considers the setbacks of the past few years it is little more than a miracle that Northern Ireland has maintained as great a degree of normality as it has. The Province is an extraordinarily friendly place. Despite all that in historical terms—some would have said even in modern terms—the Northern Irish have suffered at the hands of the British, they hold out the hand of friendship in a way that would do credit to any other part of the world. For all those reasons, it is not surprising that as Secretary of State I feel a sense of urgency and an enormous desire to do what one can to help the Province forward.
There have been some notable improvements over the past few years. Housing in Northern Ireland is now improving dramatically, particularly in Belfast. Leisure facilities and health and social services have all prospered. That is of credit to both Governments. We should not be ashamed of taking credit for it. Nor should we underestimate the much greater fairness that there is in society now compared with 15 years ago. There is the ombudsman, the Fair Employment Agency and the Standing Advisory Commission on Human Rights. In his 1983 report the ombudsman said that he has not received one complaint of political or religious discrimination. However, despite that, the minority still feel that they have fewer opportunities and do suffer discrimination. They feel it in jobs and in contact with the police and the Army. I hope that the news of the last few days that Shorts is contemplating an additional factory to occupy part of the old De Lorean factory will come about. That is another sign of the need to spread jobs as widely as we possibly can.
Mr. Martin Flannery: When the Secretary of State says that there have been no complaints of religious discrimination to the ombudsman, surely he realises that that is because people feel that it is hopeless to complain. That is why, among other reasons, this struggle is going on.
Mr. Prior: That sort of comment does not help at all. I am trying to speak in as conciliatory and reasonable a way as I can. There is nothing to stop people from

25
complaining. They complain to me if they want to, and I am certain that they are capable of complaining to the ombudsman as well.
It is true that we have tried, as did our predecessors in government, to encourage political understanding within the communities. The way that we chose was to set up an Assembly through the Northern Ireland Act 1982. The Assembly has done valuable work and its committees have been of considerable importance. It is equally true, as in this House, that sometimes the plenary sessions have been less successful, but that is nothing particularly marked in modern chambers of Parliament. The Assembly was designed to ensure that the difficult problems did not have to be taken head on in the early days of the Assembly. John Morley, Mr. Gladstone's Ireland Secretary, said:
"The best guarantee of justice in public dealings is the participation in their own government of the people most likely to suffer from injustice".
That is another reason why I want to see the whole community represented in an assembly in Northern Ireland.
That, then, is the background against which to judge the prospect for movement. Burke once said:
"nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he could only do a little".
The dangers for the people of Northern Ireland of sitting back and doing nothing are greater than the obvious risks of seeking to make some political advance. There are several documents before us, and there is much common ground between the Unionist document "The Way Forward" and the report of the New Ireland Forum. In an interesting article in the Belfast Telegraph on Friday, Dr. Garret FitzGerald wrote;
"Reading the two reports"
—that is, the forum Report and "The Way Forward"—
"as objectively as a committed participant in the preparation of one of them can do, I am struck by the extent to which they together provide a basis for dialogue. This is true despite the fact that the principal thrust of each is different, and that the gap between the nationalist and unionist approaches in the two documents remains, naturally enough, very wide."
Indeed, "The Way Forward" says:
"The time is now ripe for both communities in Northern Ireland to realise that, essentially, their problems will have to be solved in Northern Ireland by their political representatives and that any future prospect for them and their children is best provided for within the Northern Ireland context. This will require a mutual recognition of each other's hopes and fears. Only rights can be guaranteed, not aspirations, but it is the responsibility of the majority to persuade the minority that the Province is also theirs."
In trying to plot a way forward, that gives us a good deal to work on.
However, the forum report was much less than fair to what successive British Governments have sought to do during the past 15 years. There has been much discussion about the realities, which are contained in the first part of chapter 5 of the report. But there is one overriding and abiding reality from which we cannot escape, and that is that consent is simply not forthcoming for any formulation that denies the Unionists their night not only to belong to the United Kingdom but to be apart from the Republic. That consent must be free and cannot be coerced. I do not think that any hon. Member believes that coerced consent could possibly work.
This is where the report's difficulties begin to show. It outlines three models. The first is a unitary state, the second a form of federation, and the third is called "joint authority". The report makes it clear that each is to be
26
achieved by "agreement and consent". Inasmuch as any of the models significantly alters the sovereignty of Northern Ireland, it is a dangerous fallacy to imagine that the Unionist majority will agree. It is equally false to imagine that the Government or anyone else can engineer or induce such agreement. I do not know how those who seek a unitary state by consent imagine that they can secure it in the foreseeable future.
But it would be unfair to the tone of the report and to the way in which it has been presented by the Irish Government to concentrate only on those detailed points. The report leaves room for other views. As it says:
"The parties to the Forum also remain open to discuss other views which may contribute to political development."
Indeed, Dr. FitzGerald described the report as an agenda and not a blueprint. He put particular emphasis on the realities and principles set out in the first paragraphs of chapter 5. Recognising our different perspectives, he suggested that we give our own understanding of the realities in Northern Ireland I agree that that would be helpful, and I have already mentioned consent. It is a fact that the majority of people in Northern Ireland are totally committed to maintaining it as part of the United Kingdom and are firmly opposed to becoming part of a united Ireland on any terms. Unionists utterly reject incorporation into an Irish state with what they see as its Roman Catholic ethos, its tradition of neutrality and political parties from a very different background.
At the same time, there is a substantial and significant minority of people in the Province who are strong]Ly committed to Northern Ireland sooner or later becoming part of a united Ireland. They feel no sense of identification with many aspects of government nor with those whose job it is to uphold law and order in Northern Ireland. They resent the fact that there is so little scope for expression of their Irish identity. They see themselves as excluded from any effective exercise of political power over the affairs of the Province. That increases the suspicion with which they view the actions and motivations of both Unionists and the Government of the United Kingdom.
Fifteen years of violence have deepened suspicions and mistrust in both communities. To that extent, agreement is now harder to achieve. To suggest that there is some simple and quick solution that can somehow overcome those fundamental differences only arouses false expectations and fears, and so leads to greater instability and violence. Therefore, we must be realistic about our objectives and difficulties.
The second reality is that, whatever views may be taken about the merits of partition, now, more than 60 years on, Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom and is recognised internationally as such. Indeed, Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom for more than 180 years and Protestants have been part of its society for much longer than that. It is right, therefore, both in principle and in practice, that the constitutional position of Northern Ireland should be amended only by the freely given consent of its people. That has been recognised—and, I think, is still recognised—by successive Irish Governments.
For our part, that is, of course, set out in section 1 of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973. However, I do not believe that enshrining it in legislation is of very great importance. I have always felt that what mattered was not what was written in the Act but the consent of the

27
people. All sorts of things could be overturned in an Act, but without the consent of the people such changes could not be made. If the implications of that reality are fully accepted, they should open up the possibility of dialogue without fear of misunderstanding or misrepresentation. The more the demand for repeal, the greater perhaps the suspicion. But I personally do not believe that that is all that important.
The third reality is that, as long as Northern Ireland is a sovereign part of the United Kingdom, its government and administration must ultimately remain a matter for this Parliament. It is for Parliament to decide. Parliament rightly has to take account not just of the wishes and strongly held principles of the majority but the strongly held views and principles of the minority. It must be satisfied that there is the necessary degree of acceptance, since without that no democracy can be made to work. It must also recognise the interests, values and standards of the people of the United Kingdom as a whole. This does not necessarily mean that the Province will be governed in exactly the same way as other parts of the United Kingdom or that it must be governed exactly as the majority wish. We shall take account of all views.
The fourth reality is that the government and administration of Northern Ireland must be undertaken in the light of the needs and responses of the people there and of the resources available to the United Kingdom as a whole. We believe that these needs are best met in a devolved administration which has the support of both sides of the community. When it comes to the government and administration of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, there is no Unionist veto, just as there is no nationalist veto.
We recognise the sense of grievance and frustration which history has created in the minority community. So, as we are committed to the support of the majority in their right to self-determination, we are equally committed to the minority. Arrangements should be directed at recognising the Irish identity, and at developing the minority's participation and confidence in all the structures and processes of Northern Ireland. Some aspects of our practices and administration are not sensitive enough to those requirements. We are ready to talk with the constitutional representatives of the minority community to identify what these are and to see what we can do to help. But while the Government are prepared to recognise and accommodate the sense of Irish identity among the minority in this way, they cannot accommodate any identity, whether Unionist or nationalist, expressed through violence or through rejection of the law and institutions of the country.
Mr. Dafydd Wigley: The Secretary of State says that neither the nationalists nor the Unionists will have a veto in the consideration of what is acceptable and important to this House. Given that both in London and in Dublin there are large areas of common interest which are vital and which are seen through similar eyes, will the right hon. Gentleman confirm that there will be no veto from Northern Ireland when there is a large measure of agreement between Westminster and Dublin?
Mr. Prior: That will be so, where changes in the Northern Ireland constitution are not involved. Of course, we are prepared to consider all views, but implicit in
28
everything is obtaining the consent of the people of Northern Ireland if any change in the constitution is to be made.
The fifth reality is that geography, as well as the fact that many people in Northern Ireland feel an allegiance to Dublin and to the Irish state, calls for a close relationship between the United Kingdom Government and the Republic. We have much in common. Much of our history is shared. We have a cultural heritage which is distinctive but intertwined. Family ties bind many of us together. We share many of the same concerns in society, in our economies, in our relations with other parts of the world, in our parliamentary traditions and our democratic values. We are major trading partners in the European Community. We share a common border and we have a joint and abiding concern for the peace, stability and prosperity of these islands. We have a terrorist problem, the political creed of which knows no boundaries and which is a problem and threat to us both. These are the realities of our relationship.
Recognising all the realities—both those which affect Unionists and Nationalists in the north and those which derive from the position of the Irish state and the Government — how should we proceed? A degree of institutional co-operation already exists. Ideas in many areas — security, economic and parliamentary — are worth exploring for the benefits that they will bring to all sides.
A parliamentary body drawn chiefly from Westminster and the Dail could be of value and could strengthen further the good will of the Anglo-Irish parliamentary group. But, however beneficial such ideas might be, not least for security arrangements, they are unlikely to be accepted and therefore they are unlikely to be workable, so long as the suspicion is that they are directed, not at reflecting the interest of the minority and or common concerns, but at advancing the Republic's constitutional claim against the wishes and consent of the majority of the people.
The need for assurance and countering alienation is not all one way. That is why I think that Dr. FitzGerald's recent interviews on radio and television and in the press have been valuable.
The purpose of comparing our realities with those set out in the forum report is to gauge what our relationship could and should be, so that it gives greater confidence to both communities that they can fulfil their traditional roles within Northern Ireland.
Mr. Merlyn Rees: The Secretary of State used the word "chiefly" a few moments ago in relation to the parliamentary tier. He said that the body would be "drawn chiefly from Westminster and the Dail". Where else?
Mr. Prior: I hope that representatives might also come from the Northern Ireland Assembly. I think that the body has importance without that. That is why I do not want to push that issue too far at this stage.
Mr. Julian Amery: Many of us are in favour of representation from Westminster and the Dail, but we have strong reservations about representation from the Assembly.
Mr. Prior: That is one view. People must work out what is acceptable for themselves. I think that a number of people from the Assembly would wish to come to such

29
a parliamentary institution. If they do not wish to come, they will not. They will boycott the body. That is an old Irish custom with which I am familiar.
Summing up, the present situation is not satisfactory. It is not satisfactory for the Government who face the continued drain on our political, economic and human resources. It is not satisfactory for nationalists in Northern Ireland, who feel cut off from decision making and from a proper recognition of their Irish identity. It is not satisfactory for Unionists, who are blamed for their intransigence and who are as cut off from decision making as the nationalists, particularly at local government level, which they value so much. It is not satisfactory for the Irish Government, who are challenged to propound and justify nationalist aspirations and who are menaced themselves by terrorist violence. It is not satisfactory for our two countries, knowing Northern Ireland can remain a source of friction and ill will between us.
If we are to find ways of taking things forward, we must each be convinced that they will lead to real improvement. The Government are not prepared to introduce measures which are designed simply to enhance the interests of one group or the other and which are guaranteed to lead to further turmoil.
We have in the next few months the opportunity to find some better ways, following from the forum report, "The Way Forward" and the other documents produced by the political parties and the Assembly. I want to see careful, detailed and substantive discussions taking place between the parties. I hope that each political party in Northern Ireland will be ready to talk to each other, without commitment other than to finding some better way forward. They have not always been prepared to do that. I hope that they might do so without great publicity or damaging speculation. We must have patience and allow things to be taken quietly and steadily.
I am convinced that it is better for the parties themselves to find common ground than for us to try to force it upon them. However, I have no illusions that this will be easy. The Government could not possibly stand idly by. For their part, the Government will want to have talks with each of the parties involved and with the Irish Government. In addition, the Prime Minister will meet the Taoiseach before the end of the year. We want that to be a useful and constructive meeting.
Throughout all our talks, we shall test whether, and, if so, in what way, those we meet wish to be involved with the arrangements that might develop. Unionists can take part in the knowledge that the position of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom is secure. Nationalists can do so knowing that we want to find an acceptable way to involve them and that we are concerned about the views that the Irish Government have expressed on their behalf.
There are many possibilities. I have stated my preference for a devolved administration. It has much to offer both Unionists and nationalists. It would complement well the development of normal Anglo-Irish relations. Within the various levels of administration, it should be possible fully to reflect the width of interest within both communities and to safeguard the concern of each, while recognising the British and Irish aspects.
I do not rule out any of the schemes now being tentatively discussed in the Assembly's Report Committee. I do not wish this afternoon to mention specific proposals. What is important today is to open the debate, to start people thinking about how to respond and
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to drive home once more the dreadful penalty of failure. The aim is to move towards agreement or, at least, towards acquiescence which could then lead to a shared perception of what is acceptable. It is mainly a matter for the political parties in Northern Ireland, for their constituents and for their leaders. It will require from them both flexibility and imagination.
In the past, we have been too preoccupied with the search for the ideal. People have been too ready to hold out for their ideal. Any new arrangements must, almost by definition, fall short of everyone's basic ideal. But accommodation and agreement provide by far the best basis for the future. I warn against dramatic or hasty gestures and the constant cry for new initiatives. Only by steady, quiet progress and confidence-building can we achieve results. The coming months are, therefore, crucial. We have a real opportunity to take matters forward. No doubt there will be much rumour, a good deal of apprehension and many attempts at misrepresentation. We expect the terrorists to try to upset the prospects for progress, as they have tried to do for some time.
I have tried to set out the economic and security worries that beset us. Within Northern Ireland the people have an overwhelming desire for peace and employment. Whether a Catholic in New Barnsley or the Bogside or a Protestant in South Armagh or the Shankill, they are the people of Northern Ireland and they deserve better than they have had these past 15 years. We are in politics in this House to further the welfare of the people. Never was that a more worthy objective than in Northern Ireland, and that is why today should be a further step along that difficult path.
4.13 pm
Mr. Peter Archer: In a debate of this sort, there are two possible roles for the Opposition. We may believe that the Government are fundamentally wrong, that vital principles are at stake and that unless the Government can be turned aside from their course it will inevitably lead to disaster. Then, the task of Opposition speakers is to urge the Minister to think again, if he will listen, and, if he will not, to rally resistance. That is an easy speech to make. If the issue is plain and important enough, if the folly of the Government's course is obvious to everyone other than the Prime Minister, the Opposition can have a great time at the Dispatch Box evoking cheers on the one side and catcalls on the other. The Government have presented us with no shortage of such issues—divisive, confrontational and disastrous.
But if the Opposition believe that the Minister is confronted by problems that are not of his own making, that he is anxious to avert a tragedy, that he is not without compassion, and I believe all those of this Secretary of State—although he will not thank me for saying so, I am not sure that he is entirely at home in the Cabinet—it may be that the Opposition can best serve those immediately affected by encouraging the Minister to persevere and by stiffening his back. Of course, the task then of Opposition speakers is less dramatic. They have not to evoke cheers but to encourage serious thought. The price is that the debate will be low key and less entertaining.
I have my differences with the Secretary of State; there is little accord between us on economic issues. Indeed, if anyone doubts that, they should read the report of our debate on industrial training last week. Some of the Secretary of State's remarks in his opening speech might

31
lead me to join issue with him, but our differences can be debated on another occasion. Unless he succeeds in his major objective to initiate a discussion, and unless the parties are interested in discussing the nature and extent of the issues, debating our differences does not matter.
If the political leaders in Northern Ireland say, "We do not want to discuss; we prefer slogans to ideas; we want the waste and the alienation and the frustration to continue; we want to underline our differences in human blood; we want to leave behind as our political testament a trail of alienation and violation," then the real nature of the issues does not matter. All of us in the House care for the people of Northern Ireland. The Opposition have no other concern. There is no practical advantage and no political mileage in one outcome rather than another. We are concerned only to plead with the parties to rest their cases not on the repetition of slogans, but on rational discussion and to explore how the interests of everyone can be fairly and effectively protected.
The Secretary of State has urged the parties to undertake a dialogue. If ever I was blessed with the gift of persuasion, I hope today to persuade them to try. Democratic politics and constitutional processes are about exploring differences and saying how they can be resolved. But if each side is content to blame the other for refusing to discuss, while the misery slides into tragedy and the tragedy into chaos, nothing would be more pointless than for the Secretary of State and me to debate the constitutional details of our differences.
I do not propose to rehearse the cost of the troubles in human life or the economic resources that are vitally needed for other purposes. The tariff is too well known. If the price is not obvious, it cannot become more so by my reciting statistics. I endorse what the right hon. Gentleman said about terrorism. We shall have an opportunity to discuss that on Thursday, and I am content to leave it there. If it is not obvious that every section of the community, from all the traditions, would benefit if the future could become certain rather than have hanging over their heads a chronic uncertainty, I doubt whether I could make it more obvious by spelling it out.
I wish to make clear where the Opposition stand. We believe that political parties in Great Britain should level with the people of Northern Ireland. They are entitled to an honest statement. I believe that much of the anxiety and mistrust arises because British Governments have not always made their position clear. The United Kingdom Government cannot accept the role of a silent traffic policeman; they are necessarily involved. If there is to be any way forward, we must tender a view with which the various parties can express their agreement or disagreement.
The Opposition believe that the interests of the people of Northern Ireland will be best served by the unification of Ireland. My hon. Friends and I have given our reasons for believing that many times, and they are well known. I should be happy to debate them on any proper occasion. Perhaps, if some of my hon. Friends catch your eye, Mr. Speaker, they may wish to deploy them again today. There are right hon. and hon. Members in the Chamber who disagree. I have heard their reasons and I respect them.
We believe in unification, but by consent, and there is no hedging or fudging on either part of that proposition. I have been asked to confirm that consent means consent
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freely given. It does. That is not an announcement of policy but a statement of the dictionary definition of the word. Of course, consenting to something is making a decision, and no decision is ever wholly free; it is always made within certain constraints. — [Interruption.] Making a decision entails taking account of the consequences of doing something or of not doing it. When we talk about consent, we mean consent, and that is only to recognise the practicalities.
I agree with the Secretary of State that it is not what is in an Act that is important. The shotgun wedding of 1 million with 3 million people without their consent would simply not be workable. I am sure that there are those who cannot wait to speak in the debate to declare that that is an idle policy because that consent, they say, will never be forthcoming. I disagree. I will do my best to persuade the people of the Loyalist tradition that, given appropriate conditions, agreement would be the voice of wisdom.
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: Put up candidates.
Mr. Archer: How we resolve our differences is a matter that I do not intend to debate with the right hon. Member for Down, South (Mr. Powell) today. I believe that agreement would be the voice of wisdom and that future generations of Northern Ireland Protestants would agree with that. I believe there will come a time when they will see that, but I may be wrong. If there is to be any peace for the people of Northern Ireland, we should all consider it possible that we may be wrong. Time will decide which of us is right. History will adjudicate on who can say, "I told you so."
But today we are not discussing unification. Nobody in his right mind would ask the Loyalist parties to come forward today and declare their consent to unification. If I were in their position, I should want to be much clearer as to what was on offer and much more specific as to the conditions on which, no doubt, they would insist.
All that is being asked today is that the parties should agree to talk. Right hon. and hon. Members from the Loyalist tradition should accept that we in the Opposition want to talk to them as friends. There is no purpose in that unless we talk to them as honest friends, and there are things that they should know. It will not do to say that if there is no agreement on the ultimate constitutional solution, we cannot change the status quo.
The status quo is not neutral. It is seen by the Nationalist people as a victory for the Unionists, and one third of the population of Northern Ireland will say that nobody asked their consent to the present arrangements, and they will say that they did not consent to them. The requirement of consent cannot be construed as a veto over any initiative, any experiments or any political developments. A province cannot be governed by opinion polls or referendums.
I know that the Unionist people are not happy with the status quo, either. Those of us who have taken part in debates in this House late at night on unamendable orders know that direct rule is not a sensible way of governing Northern Ireland, if there can be any agreement on an alternative. We shall be discussing that later today.
Those who are content to rest indefinitely with the status quo, if such there be, have completely failed to grasp the sense of frustration, the degree of alienation, that exists among normally decent, law-abiding people who

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find that they perish because there is no vision. At stake today is their confidence in constitutional politics. Not the Ombudsman, not even the courts, can restore that until they see some hope of a constitutional solution.
Mr. David Winnnick: Does my right hon. and learned Friend agree that while, of course, there are no simple solutions—only a fool would believe that there are simple solutions to the tragedy in Northern Ireland — it is a fact that not only was the minority community in Northern Ireland never asked for its consent over partition but that part of the whole argument is that the consent of the Irish people as a whole was never sought? Partition was imposed for one reason only, and that was to provide an in-built majority for the Unionists, and hence the six rather than the nine traditional counties of Ulster.
Mr. Archer: My hon. Friend knows the history of Ireland well, as I do, but my purpose today is not to be divisive. Subsequent contributions may deploy those arguments. But we should not spent too much time concentrating on the history of Northern Ireland. We might do better for a change to concentrate on the future.
Rev. Ian Paisley: Is the right hon. and learned Gentleman not aware that the present boundary of Northern Ireland was discussed in and ratified by the Dail, was ratified by this House and Stormont and was lodged at the League of Nations? Therefore, it had acceptance by the elected representatives of the whole of Ireland.
Mr. Archer: If we embark on a discussion of the history of the matter, I suspect that we shall debate nothing else today. I had hoped that the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) had grasped the fact that the one thing that I did not wish to do was to open historic sores. We should concentrate on the future. If the hon. Gentleman prefers not to do that, then that is a matter between him and his conscience.
Our message to the Government is that we cannot adopt the role of a passive observer. If there is a tide in the affairs of men, it may be at the flood. If ever there was a moment when dialogue seemed possible and when only the most callous and blind remained wholly intransigent, that moment is now.
We do not expect the Loyalist people to announce their complete agreement with every proposition in the forum report. That report is essentially an invitation to talk, as Dr. FitzGerald has repeatedly reminded us and as the Secretary of State reminded us today. What is new about it is a recognition by the parties on the Nationalist side that the Unionist people have an identity that they are entitled to cherish and protect, and that they can legitimately ask that any solution should recognise their interests.
It has evoked a response from the Unionist side. "The Way Forward" is not likely to provide a definitive solution to all the differences. Those on the Nationalist side will say that it does not go far enough to meet their aspirations, but it demonstrates that on the Unionist side, too, there is recognition of the Nationalist identity and a willingness to discuss how that can be given effect.
Those two documents are the product of a generation which has learnt, and learnt the hard way. It is inconceivable that they would have been produced 20 years ago. So we call on the Government to invite the parties to the table. It may have to take the form of a formal
34
conference. It may require defensive opening statements with the television cameras concentrating on personalities seen entering and leaving. If it must have a dramatic launch, so be it, but, like the Secretary of State, I envisage it being an on-going discussion that gets down to business when the tumult and the shouting dies, and that it may last for a long time.
The issues will not be solved quickly and easily. There will be tough talking. I will settle for that if they are talking to one another and not past one another. Of course, neither side will offer its most tempting concessions at the outset. Each side will keep its bargaining factors until the end.
Mr. James Molyneaux: The right hon. and learned Gentleman will have noticed that there is currently a little dispute taking place in this larger island about the future of the mining industry. Does he feel that it might be helpful if the Prime Minister were to invite the Leader of the Opposition, the Leader of the Liberal party, the Leader of the SDP — together perhaps, with Mr. Scargill providing the secretariat—to settle this little matter?
Mr. Archer: As the right hon. Gentleman asks me, one of my complaints about the Prime Minister is that she has abdicated responsibility for the settlement of that dispute. I should like the parties to be brought together for talks because I believe that that is what democratic constitutional politics is all about.
We do not want a conference with a spotlight, film crews and television cameras. We want the parties to be in a position in which they can talk quietly and get down to the serious issues between them. The leader in today's edition of The Guardian — which I consider to be a thoughtful piece— suggested that we should attempt in this debate to establish where the Unionists draw their bottom line. I shall be amazed if that is spelt out in this debate. There may be differences within the traditions as well as between them. Whether the rational elements or the hardliners on either side prevail may depend on whether the other side seems ready to respond with reason. Hysteria on one side of the divide is necessarily nurtured by hysteria on the other.
If I am asked what the agenda is to be, I have a problem — [Interruption.] Surely even Conservative Members can see what the problem is. Any attempt to spell out an agenda in the first place will be thought to be too limiting. I hope that nothing that the Secretary of State said today was intended to limit the agenda. I know what I should like the parties to agree on, but what I want to see does not matter and what Conservative Members want does not matter either. Let us recognise our limitations. Let nothing be excluded from the agenda. Let everything be on the table. Let there be a rolling agenda that unfolds as the talks proceed and as the parties come to understand one another.
Part of the problem will be the vocabulary itself. Some words are highly emotive, but when they are analysed the beast in the cage turns out to be a pussy cat. We find that certain words have no rigid single meaning. We may find that the problems are not so intractable as it is fashionable to think. I have invited friends in both traditions to List the elements in their identity which they fear may be in danger, and the list is not usually a long one. At the end of the day it usually resolves itself into one factor on each side on which the two traditions appear to be

35
irreconcilable. There is the link with the United Kingdom on the Loyalist side, and on the Nationalist side it is the reunification of Ireland.
I am not persuaded that those two aspirations are irreconcilable. National sovereignty is a concept that in our generation is becoming more flexible in a hundred ways. Peoples in different territories find that their economies, their protection from pollution, their security and their prospects of peace are dependent upon arrangements with more than one Government. Some communities find no difficulty in claiming protection and offering their loyalty to more than one nation state.
The Secretary of State referred to the sacrifice and the heroism of the people of Northern Ireland in successive wars. I endorse that and I pay my full tribute to it. There are many churchyards in the Republic where tombstones bear witness to the sacrifices that were made voluntarily by people on the other side of the divide. The tragedy of the Loyalist community is its growing conviction that its history and collective sacrifice have not gained it acceptance as an integral part of the United Kingdom by the 50 million inhabitants on this side of the water.
In Great Britain, Northern Ireland is seen all too often as a problem. It has never been treated as an integral part of the United Kingdom. Its relationship with London has been clouded over the years by anxiety and mistrust. Every tragedy has its comic side. The salvation of the people of Northern Ireland is that just when we come to think that the river of tears will never cease, their sense of humour breaks through.
Many years ago, one of my Loyalist friends gave me a copy of Robert Harbenson's book entitled "No Surrender". The younger generation will regard the book as rather dated, but in a perceptive account of his childhood and youth in Belfast is Robert Harbenson's description of the reaction in Sandy row to the coronation of King George VI. There was a complete outpouring of loyalty and the children at school were duly presented with a magnificent coronation book, which they greatly prized. It contained photographs of the Royal family. Unfortunately, their beliefs were shattered. One of the pictures showed the then Princess Elizabeth, who is now our Queen, being received by the Duke of Norfolk, and they had discovered that the Duke of Norfolk was a Catholic "So it was all a con. We cannot trust the English. There was King Billy's successor shaking the hand of a Mick." It is an example of the tragic and chronic sense of imminent betrayal. If Northern Ireland were no longer seen as a problem, if the occasions for contention were removed, if the future were certain and if the relationship were seen as an opportunity and not a running sore, I believe that its links with this side of the water could possibly be happier and more relaxed.
Now we come to the hard bit. I have been asked what the Opposition will do if there are parties who are so afraid of the transformed and unknown world in which they will be living when the problems are solved, political leaders who are so uncertain about their own positions when people have no more need to fear, that they will not embark on discussions—people who are prisoners of old habits and old ways of thinking. I am asked what the Opposition would be urging the Government to do in those circumstances.
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This is where I cannot win. If I decline to spell out the Opposition's view, it will be said that we have not thought the issue through. If I explain what we would do, I shall be accused of threatening. We have no wish to threaten. The tragedy of politics in Northern Ireland is that there have been too many threats. To indicate what we would do if there were no solution is not to threaten reasonable people who want a solution, any more than the Theft Act is a threat to honest people who do not propose to steal.
Of course we have contemplated the possibility that our appeal may fall on deaf ears. We have considered what we would do in that unattractive situation and we shall do no service to anyone by concealing our position. If it transpired that some parties were completely intransigent and that there was no prospect of breaking the deadlock by the people of Northern Ireland, we would urge the Government to initiate Government-to-Government discussions with the Republic. I am pleased that the Secretary of State has told us that he has that in mind in any event.
There are matters which common sense demands should be discussed. I could spell them out in detail but we have not reached the stage when it is necessary to do so. If I do spell them out, I shall be thought to be restricting the agenda for the talks that I really want to see take place —talks between the parties in Northern Ireland. But if I am pressed to give an example of areas of administration and policy where it does not make sense for the people in different parts of one island to treat one another as rivals, or even as enemies, and where the two Governments can offer their people a better future by working in partnership, I shall do so. I find it hard to see advantages in having two competing authorities concerned with attracting overseas investment into Ireland. I fail to see the sense of having two agricultural policies and two seats at the EC. Any dairy farmer will confirm that the force of my argument was strengthened a month ago. In a former incarnation I was involved in trying to resolve the problems that arise for those who have to enforce law and order in two separate jurisdictions.
As the Secretary of State said, I see nothing but sense in trying to establish an all-Ireland chamber in which members of this place and members of the Dail can meet for structured discussions. If I am asked whether I would include members of the Assembly, the answer is that I would leave that to the discussions. I do not want to preempt what is said, but I would be rather in favour of their inclusion.
Dr. Brian Mawhinney: The right hon. and learned Gentleman has left me genuinely confused. Did he say that he sees no point in having two seats at the EC? Does he mean that my right hon. Friend should represent Irish interests or that the Taoiseach should represent United Kingdom interests? What precisely did he mean by that statement?
Mr. Archer: Again, the danger is of being too rigid. What matters is being discussed at the EC. If agriculture is being discussed I should have thought it not beyond the wit of man to arrive at arrangements which would enable the voice of northern and southern Ireland to be heard as one. It has been done at the United Nations in the context of members of the EC. One does not have to believe that words have one inflexible meaning and that no analysis can ever change it.

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Those are only examples. Discussion of all those possibilities could lead to a substantial change inpeople's lives. Let us not speculate where they would lead. Let them, at least, be discussed on their merits. What matters is that national boundaries are seen—if I could have the attention of the hon. Member for Peterborough (Dr. Mawhinney) who kindly asked a question — as the artificial things that they are. Of course, I should hope that Governments would invite the representatives of the Northern Ireland people to their discussions. No one would want to settle these matters in the absence of the political leaders from Northern Ireland, but the choice would have to be theirs. No one can compel people to attend free discussions.
We ask the Government to make it clear that abstention will not veto the discussions. Those who choose to be absent can hardly complain afterwards that they were not present when the decisions were made.
It is significant how many people in Northern Ireland, from both traditions, are working for reconciliation. They believe that everyone in Northern Ireland should be working together to restore the economy and alleviate the economic distress of which the right hon. Gentleman has spoken. I believe that history will record their contributions more dramatically than they are reported today.
It must be in everyone's interest— with the possible exception of a few characters whose position and status depend upon human misery— that the conflict should be resolved. Everyone would be better off in a safer and more law-abiding society. Everyone would benefit if the wasted resources were directed to where everyone agrees they are needed. Everyone could face the future with greater assurance if the uncertainties were resolved.
I was brought up to believe that a blessing awaits the peacemakers. Our heartfelt wish today for the Secretary of State is that it may rest upon his efforts.
4.41 pm
Rev. Ian Paisley: The view that I wish to put to the House was massively endorsed at the recent European elections. Unlike other candidates, I submitted to the electorate my view on the New Ireland Forum and my view of the constitutional position of Northern Ireland. Therefore, the view that I put before the House today has been massively mandated by the people of Northern Ireland, unlike the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume), who was also a candidate at that election and who made it clear that he was campaigning only on European matters, and that the response to the forum was a matter not for the Northern Ireland people but for the British Government. So much for the consent of the people of Northern Ireland. I shall return to the matter of consent in a moment.
I am glad that in his opening remarks the Secretary of State stated that he had changed his view about a political initiative and settlement as a means of doing away with terrorism in Northern Ireland. For a long time representatives from Northern Ireland have continually stated in the House that no political initiative or political compromise — if one can use the term — will rid Northern Ireland of the Provisional IRA and the INLA and their acts of terrorism.
Political developments in themselves will not bring peace to Northern Ireland. The wanton terrorism of the Provisional IRA denies peace to Northern Ireland. The
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logic of that belief is that the Provisional IRA's campaign of terrorism can be assuaged or in some way defeated by some magical, political formula. Those of us who know something of the agony of Northern Ireland and its citizens know that that is dangerous nonsense.
We must face the fact that Government have a responsibility to deal with terrorism, because terrorism must be eradicated and not accommodated. Political advantage must be won by argument and not by blackmail. I am constrained to point out that, if and when any political settlement is arrived at, that moment will be when the IRA will unleash an even greater and more horrific campaign of terrorism against the people of Northern Ireland and against those engaged in a political settlement there. Her Majesty's Government will need to prepare long and hard if that day is to arrive. These are political realities that the House must face.
It is essential that any new Northern Ireland Administration should not conduct their business in isolation or excluded from interest in security. Arrangements must be made to ensure that the elected representatives of Northern Ireland have some voice in security matters. I welcome the fact that in Cmnd 7950 the Government recognise that need.
Dr. Garret FitzGerald appealed to the people of Northern Ireland and to the Unionists of Northern Ireland in his message printed in the Belfast Telegraph on Friday night. I should like to make a couple of comments on that appeal. His argument is spurious when he says that Unionists have rejected the forum because they have not had the opportunity, or, in many instances, the inclination, to read and study the text. Unionists in Northern Ireland have read and studied carefully the text of the New Ireland Forum report.
Dr. FitzGerald realised something of the gut reaction of Unionists when such proposals are put before them. When he spoke at a Trinity college law society seminar in February 1978, the present Taoiseach—it was not said by some Unionist or Paisleyite—the leader of the Fine Gael party said:
"Northern Protestants"—
you will pardon my reading as he said it, Mr. Deputy Speaker—
"would be bloody fools to join the Republic under its present Constitution."
He went on to say that when addressing Protestants from the Shankill road he had said that as a half northern Protestant himself he would not be happy about unification with people who had not shown themselves to be open-minded. The hon. Member for Foyle cannot object to my saying that we do not want to go down the forum road when the Prime Minister of the country had that comment to make. [Interruption.] I have read the report and I shall deal with it in a minute or two. It is a pity that some of those who are interrupting me did not read the whole report. [Interruption.] Well, if they have read it, I trust that they will continue to read it and that they will get enlightenment upon it.
Dr. FitzGerald was right when he said that the Republic and its Governments have not been open-minded in regard to the northern Protestants. I am concerned about the maintenance of the Protestant way of life on the island of Ireland. To some people, that is something that one is not supposed to do. In some places, one is not supposed to offer any criticism whatever of the politics of the Vatican or any criticism of the Roman Catholic Church.

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I was castigated by the hon. Member for Foyle because, during the European election, I issued a leaflet dealing with that issue. But when a Roman Catholic Member of this House tells the people of Northern Ireland that they should enjoy going into Europe because Roman Catholic social doctrine will dominate the European Community, I can only say that I do not want to live under any system that is dominated by Roman Catholic social dogma. I shall continue, as an Ulster Protestant, to declare where I stand on these issues, whether this House likes it or whether anybody else likes it or not. If criticisms are made about my stand, I shall be happy to hear and to answer them.
I want to see the Protestant way of life continued and maintained on the island of Ireland. We are told in the forum that our Britishness will be respected. That is the joke of the century. We have already seen the respect for Britishness in the controversy over the name of Londonderry, the very city from which the hon. Member for Foyle comes. If on that issue the people of that city, led by the SDLP, could not allow the name "London" to remain as part of the name of the council, one wonders how much Britishness will be maintained in any united Ireland.
"'Will you walk into my parlour?' said a spider to a fly".
Ulster people are too dead fly to go into Haughey's parlour or to go into the parlour of Garret FitzGerald.
How has the Protestant ethos been maintained in the south of Ireland? How has the Protestant population been maintained in the Irish Republic? The answer is that 7 per cent. of it has been taken away. When the partition came about, approximately 10 per cent. of the people were Protestants. Today only 3 per cent. are Protestants. In other words, 200,000 Protestants have disappeared from the Irish Republic. The Protestant churches in the south of Ireland are always highlighting their concern over that issue. We have a rapidly diminishing Protestant population in the south. If it is the beautiful country that we are told it is, and if it is the country in which everybody prospers, is it not strange that the Protestant population should be almost eliminated from it?
In the report of the New Ireland Forum, some very interesting statements are made about the blessings that Protestants have experienced in the south of Ireland. I refer to chapter 3, headed "Origins of the Problem", on page 8, for those who have a copy of that interesting document. Paragraph 3.2 reads:
"However, the constitutional, electoral and parliamentary arrangements in the South specifically sought to cater for the minority status of Southern unionists and did so with considerable, if not total, success."
It is a wonderful degree of success. The Protestants numbered 10 per cent. when partition came about and are now only 3 per cent. of the population.
Mr. Jeremy Corbyn rose——
Rev. Ian Paisley: It is that attitude to the south that I want to highlight.
Mr. Corbyn: Will the hon. Gentleman give way?
Rev. Ian Paisley: No. I shall not give way. I want to keep within a limited time so that other hon. Members may have the opportunity to speak.
Mr. Corbyn rose——
Rev. Ian Paisley: I give way to the hon. Gentleman.
Mr. Corbyn: Will the hon. Member comment on the statements made by Mr. Seabright, as a member of the Belfast city council, towards Catholics in Northern Ireland and in the rest of Ireland? I do not hear the hon. Member condemning any of the disgraceful, terrible and shocking remarks that that person made.
Rev. Ian Paisley: I should like to nail the lie that the hon. Member has just—[Interruption.] I should like to say to him—[Interruption.] If he had read——
Mr. Deputy Speaker (Mr. Ernest Armstrong): Order. The hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) knows that he must not attribute a lie to another hon. Member. He should withdraw his remark.
Rev. Ian Paisley: I will put it in another way, Mr. Deputy Speaker, and say that the hon. Member for Islington, North (Mr. Corbyn) is a stranger to the truth in regard to the matter that he raised. [Interruption.] Statements have been made by members of the party to which the hon. Member belongs and no action has been taken.
Immediately the statement was made to which the hon. Member referred, I, as leader of the Democratic Unionist party, saw the councillor concerned. I pointed out to him —[Interruption.] If the hon. Gentleman has anything to say, I will give way to him.
Mr. Corbyn: Before the election?
Rev. Ian Paisley: Before the election. I met the gentleman concerned and pointed out to him that his statement was entirely contrary to the basis and constitution of the party of which he was a member, and could not be reconciled with it. He told me that he agreed with the constitution of the party to which he belonged. I said, "How could you when you have made a statement contrary to it?" Immediately the Assembly party of which he was a member met and expelled him from the Assembly party. [Interruption.] The Whip was taken from him and he was expelled from the Assembly party. Hon. Members should get their facts right. At an Executive meeting, he was suspended from membership until such time as the Executive shall deal further with him. I want to make that perfectly clear, and I unreservedly condemn—as I have already condemned—the statement that he made.
If there are hon. Members who want to push the Democratic Unionist party along a certain road, on their heads be it.
Mr. Corbyn rose——
Rev. Ian Paisley: I shall not give way again. [Interruption.] It was before the election. [Interruption.] Before and after he was suspended, as everybody in Northern Ireland knows. If the hon. Gentleman is suggesting that the people who voted for me did so because of that statement, he knows nothing whatever about the Protestant people of Northern Ireland. [Interruption.] Perhaps the hon. Gentleman's party should put up candidates in Northern Ireland and see how well they fare. They would need to insure themselves against lost deposits.
Before the intervention, I had referred to paragraph 3.2 of chapter 3 of the report. I will bring the House up to date about what is happening in Northern Ireland. A judge of the High Court in Northern Ireland, Lord Justice Gibson, had before him three police officers who were charged in regard to the shooting of an IRA man. He found them not

41
guilty, and he made a statement from the bench. As a result of that statement, Dublin interfered— the Roman Catholic hierarchy interfered. I have no objection to the hon. Member for Foyle, who is an elected representative —or any of the elected representatives of the national community—interfering. That is their prerogative and I make no objection to that. Outside people interfere. What happened? His holiday house in Donegal was burned and when the telephone message went through to the fire station it was not answered until the house was well ablaze. That is the sort of thing that is happening today in the Irish Republic. I do not want to go along that road, but if the hon. Member for Foyle wants to discuss that with me at any time, I shall take him down that road and he will see how dark and how bloody it is.
The statement from the New Ireland Forum immediately raises questions in the mind of every Unionist. The right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West, the Opposition Front Bench spokesman, was lecturing the Loyalists for not wanting to talk. I am ready to talk at any time with the elected representatives of the people of Northern Ireland. It was not my party that boycotted the Atkins conference. I was at the table. I shall not talk with Dublin, but I shall be talking with the elected representatives of the people of Northern Ireland.
In Northern Ireland, there is an Assembly that was set up by the House as an elected body. It has a Report Committee which is now taking evidence from everyone who wants to give evidence about a way forward for Northern Ireland. The hon. Member for Foyle and the members of his party should be in that Assembly. They should be arguing with their own fellow Ulstermen on the Floor of the Assembly. If they cannot persuade their fellow Ulstermen, so be it. They have an opportunity. [Interruption.] The hon. Member for Foyle laughs. If he thinks that he cannot persuade us, there is no consent and we should all go home and not bother about this document. That is what we shall be doing anyway, at the end of the debate.
I shall not be talking to a man who says that he will be murdering my kith and kin. I have just been castigated by the hon. Member for Islington, North (Mr. Corbyn) for my remarks about Councillor Seabright. Now he turns on me, after I have condemned those remarks, and says that I should put my arms round Gerry Adams, who is as much a murderer as any of the people who have done deeds of violence. I shall not be sitting down with Danny Morrison or Gerry Adams or any other Sinn Fein IRA members. Let me make that clear. That is where we draw the line.
The forum——
Mr. Merlyn Rees: Will the right hon. Gentleman give way?
Rev. Ian Paisley: I am not a right hon. Gentleman.
Mr. Rees: I should have known better, Mr. Deputy Speaker. Would the hon. Gentleman ever sit down, or has he ever sat down, with anybody from the Red Hand Commandos or the UVF during the Ulster workers' strike?
Rev. Ian Paisley: Yes. There is a difference between what the right hon. Gentleman has said and what he did. At one time, if my memory serves me right, he was the man who saw to it that they were no longer outlawed. He will remember that. He had better be very careful about his facts. I want to make it clear that, during the Ulster
42
workers' strike, both Official and Democratic Unionists were involved. It is a pity that there were not more men on the hillside.
Mr. Michael McGuire: Will the hon. Gentleman give way?
Rev. Ian Paisley: Time is short, but I shall give way to the hon. Gentleman.
Mr. McGuire: I am grateful to the hon. Gentleman, because I know that he is pressed for time. He said when referring to my hon. Friend the Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume), that he was prepared to sit down with elected representatives who were fellow Ulstermen. Why does he draw the line at Adams? After all, whether the hon. Gentleman likes it or not, he is an elected member of the Assembly.
Rev. Ian Paisley: I have made my position clear. The Government have taken that stand, as have members of the Opposition Front Bench. I think that the hon. Gentleman should realise that example is better than precept. When he converts the Members on his own Benches, he can start preaching his gospel to me and perhaps I shall hear him.
Paragraph 4.4 of the forum's report reads:
"various measures were introduced on the basis that they were essential to defeat terrorism and violent subversion, but they have failed to address the causes of violence and have often produced further violence."
The report simply says, "Let us deal with the causes of violence." But is violence justified? That is the question that northern Unionists must ask.
The report goes on, in paragraph 4.5, to say:
"Nationalists, for the most part, do not identify with the police and the security forces. It is clear that the police will not be accepted, as they are in a normal democratic society, by the nationalist section of the community nor will they themselves feel confident in their relations with nationalists, until there is a change in the political context in which they have to operate."
The Eire Government are supposed to be friendly. In fact, they have the Presidency of the EC and Peter Barry is the President of the Council of Ministers. Yet the report says that, until there is a change in the political context, the nationalist people are justified in their attitude to the forces of the Crown and the forces of law and order.
Mr. Winnick: Will the hon. Gentleman give way?
Rev. Ian Paisley: I cannot give way any more.
That is the sort of statement that keeps the nationalist people from identifying themselves.
Ms. Clare Short: But it is true.
Rev. Ian Paisley: The hon. Lady says that it is true, but who protects the nationalist community and goes to its aid? Who gives them the necessary cover? Is it not the police? In one case, the IRA was prepared to surrender to the police but not to the British Army. We know the IRA's attitude to the police, yet we find that type of statement in the document.
Mr. Winnick: The hon. Gentleman should read out paragraph 3.19.
Rev. Ian Paisley: The hon. Gentleman can read the whole document if he likes in his speech. At the moment I am making my speech.
Before I come to the matter of consent, I must say that I am glad that the hon. Gentleman defines his idea of consent, because that is not the same as the idea of consent

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put forward by the forum or by Charles Haughey. When Mr. Haughey pronounced upon the forum report he said that nobody had the right to impede or to deny the unity of Ireland, which is a natural, logical thing. The people who voted for me and sent me to the House have the right to impede, and I shall do everything in my power to impede, any road to a united Ireland, as will the vast majority of the citizens of Northern Ireland. Mr. Haughey made it clear that the only thing that the Protestants would have a right to discuss were the structures within that united Ireland. That is not consent at all. That consent is not forthcoming. If it had been forthcoming, the hon. Member for Foyle could have put it to his people, come to the House and said, "I have the consent." However, no one in the House really believes that consent to this document is forthcoming.
What does the document hold out? It holds out a unitary state and joint sovereignty or some sort of confederaion, which would take Northern Ireland out of the United Kingdom and put it into some all-Ireland settlement. That is anathema to the people who sent me to the House. They want no part or lot in it, and they will not have it. I am surprised that there are Members of the House who would deny us the democratic right to impede progress towards the unity of Ireland. The unity of Ireland is not a natural, logical thing anyway, for Ireland never was united except when it was under the United Kingdom. "Ireland a nation, is Ireland a notion." Everyone knows that who has read history. All sorts of myths are thrown out about this issue and about a united Ireland. We should come down to the stark reality.
I refer again to the report. It states on page 28, paragraph 5.3:
"However, Britain must help to create the conditions which will allow this process to begin."
The arm-twisting must start. The report continues:
"The British Government have a duty"—
the House is being told what its duty is—
"to join in developing the necessary process that will recognise these realities and give effect to these requirements and thus promote reconciliation between the two major traditions in Ireland, and to make the required investment of political will and resources."
We should leave our cheque book behind when we go. The report further states:
"The British and Irish Governments should enter into discussions to create the framework and atmosphere necessary for this purpose."
With such statements, the forum talks about consent. The right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) says that if the people of Northern Ireland do not consent, the two Governments should go ahead on their own. I thought that the whole basis was of consent, but it seems that, if the people do not consent, in their absence the two Governments should go down this particular road.
Mr. Archer: Perhaps the hon. Gentleman was not listening carefully to what I said. Does he accept that there is a clear distinction between consent to unification and consent to any initiative of any sort whatsoever?
Rev. Ian Paisley: As long as the initiative is not to reach the goal, but if the goal is a united Ireland Unionists will oppose it vigorously. This is a matter of life and death to the Unionists. If any attempt is made to push the Unionist population down that road, it will be resisted unto death. Let no one be under any illusion about that.
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The New Ireland Forum must be answered from a Unionist point of view, but I should like to refer to "The Way Forward". Do we just stay where we are, or do we move forward? There is a lobby for peace among the vast majority of people in Northern Ireland. Why should there not be a lobby? I have followed too many funeral processions, I have held too many widows' hands and I have patted too many orphans' heads not to know the agony that my people have gone through. They are not only Protestant but Roman Catholic bereaved ones. I have received a lot of stick from Unionists for even going to their homes.
I know what I am talking about. There is a desire for peace. That peace can come only within Northern Ireland. It is up to the elected representatives of the Northern Ireland people to get together and seek a way forward out of this impasse, for an impasse it is, and there is no doubt about it. It is said that some people want violence. The happiest day for me will be when Northern Ireland returns to peace and my stay in politics is concluded. I never wanted to be in politics. [Interruption.] Hon. Members may laugh; I do not mind. The call of the people forced me into it. I have always made it clear that, if we return to peace and have a Government for Northern Ireland who bring stability, I shall be happy to bow out. Who would not be happy? A politician's life in Northern Ireland is no easy road. It is no easy road for the politician's wife or his family. That goes right across the religious and political divide. Who wants to choose a life like that?
We are at an impasse. The only way forward is for the elected representatives of the Northern Ireland people to come together. I regret that the SDLP has not seen its way to come into the Assembly. I have said that publicly and personally, and I shall continue to say it. However, I am prepared to talk to the elected representatives of the people of Northern Ireland and to try to find some way whereby we can bring hope for a future when there will be something for our kids and young ones growing up, and some sort of political and economic stability. I say that not because I need to say it but because it comes from my heart.
While I must answer the New Ireland Forum report and deal with the things that are said against the Unionist people, let me say that there is a real desire for peace. If the two parts of Ireland are to live in peace, they will do so only when there is mutual respect. If the Dublin Government are really sincere, there are two things that they can do. First, they can enter into an extradition treaty. They can ensure that those who commit crimes in Northern Ireland find no safety or sanctuary in their territory. If they are not prepared to send them back to Northern Ireland, why not send them back to some other part of the United Kingdom? I believe that Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom. If that is the Irish Government's grave objection, let those people be sent to some other part of the United Kingdom. The Dublin Government must do something about that.
Secondly, the Dublin Government must do something about their claim over Northern Ireland territory. They say that we are not really part of the United Kingdom. They say that their laws, if we could enforce them, are really made for us as well. We say that the 1937 constitution is not acceptable to any Protestant, for it is embedded in the moral theology of the Church of Rome on divorce and other matters. I do not care what constitution the South has. I do not care how they develop. I do not care what

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they do. I make no claims on their territory. Ulster is saying to the South, "Please let us alone and let us remain within the United Kingdom. Let us develop in the way that we wish and you can develop in the way that you wish."
I believe that if both parts of Ireland took that road the time would come again when Government Departments in both North and South could get together as they did in the old Stormont days on matters from which both could benefit. That is the only way. It may be a tiny step, but it is the right one. I hope that we shall take a step down that road today.
5.29 pm
Mr. James Molyneaux: Contrary to general belief, those of us who represent Northern Ireland constituencies have never resented participation in our debates by Members representing constituencies in Great Britain. Indeed, as representatives of an integral part of the United Kingdom, we welcome contributions to these debates from other parts of the kingdom. To assist other hon. Members, I shall speak on behalf of all my colleagues, none of whom intends to take up further time in today's debate. It is possible, of course, that more speeches from Ulster Members might make the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) less keen to chair his proposed all-party conference, but that may be the price that we have to pay.
Each year, around midsummer, Parliament has the opportunity to take stock of the part of the kingdom that we represent. That survey usually takes place in a debate on a motion to renew the Northern Ireland Act 1974 and the mechanisms whereby the Government and the House govern Northern Ireland for a further year. On this occasion, that motion will come later in the day, but the present debate on the Adjournment is a paving operation for that motion and allows the House to advise the Government on how to govern and administer our part of the United Kingdom for the next 12 months.
Last Thursday, the Leader of the House listed various documents which he believed might be relevant to today's business. An Irishman might be tempted to say that some of them were more equal than others. Certainly some are more relevant than others. In terms of the coming 12 months, the report of the New Ireland Forum is the least relevant of all. Before I am accused of rejecting that report without reading it, I should make it clear that we have indeed read it. We take the same realistic view as was expressed by the Government in their statement on the day of publication, when they said:
"The Government stands by its undertaking that Northern Ireland shall not cease to be part of the United Kingdom without the consent of a majority of the people of Northern Ireland and reamins willing to give effect to any majority wish which might be expressed in favour of unity. But Unionist opposition to Irish unity is to the principle rather than the form. As the Report acknowledges, consent has to be freely given."
The Government then added this further comment, which was reflected in the words of the Secretary of State today:
"And there is no reason to expect such consent to a change in sovereignty in Northern Ireland in any of the three forms suggested in the Report."
That statement did not attempt to conceal the Government's disappointment at the forum's failure to achieve its main objective of providing a new approach. As the Government have stated, three options were listed, all designed to break up the United Kingdom and all requiring the consent of the greater number of people in Northern Ireland.
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The report, and, perhaps more significantly, the subsequent clarifying statements, however, are shot through with unspoken admissions that such consent will not be given in the foreseeable future. That central weakness was spotted immediately by the outside world. The reaction was perhaps typified by the anti-Unionist Member of this House who, on the very day of publication, lamented that the authors of the report had made it impossible for any section of the House to help them.
If the prospect was bleak on the day of publication, sympathetic souls have been plunged into despair by the emerging revelation that the three options are not, and never were, real alternatives. Mr. Haughey and his party, which is the largest party in the Irish Republic and which, but for proportional representation, would form the Government of the Republic, reasserted as recently as last Friday that for them there is only one solution: a unitary state—by consent, of course. As the Secretary of State has pointed out, paragraph 5.10 shows willingness to discuss other views, but we must ask ourselves what is the value of that willingness if we are always to be brought back to Mr. Haughey's insistence on that one solution—a unitary state. The time for dialogue, to which the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West referred, might also be thrown away.
At this point, it may be appropriate to explain the difference between the English and the Irish meaning of the word "consent." I cannot help feeling that the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West did less than justice to his own party. He was far too modest, so I shall use the British Labour party to illustrate my point. When that party, with all its integrity, talks about consent, it means the free, cheerful and, to coin a phrase, full-hearted consent of the Ulster people to leaving this nation and joining another. Mr. Haughey and perhaps all the other parties in the Republic, however, interpret consent as something quite different—as agreement resulting from pressure and coercion. I do not suggest that they would contemplate using the same methods as the terrorists, but their problem is that they share the same objective. To attain their objective of a united Ireland, they must use or benefit from pressure in other forms, which take the shape of constitutional devices and economic measures.
Before any realistic co-operation can evolve, the forum parties must be convinced that free consent will not be achieved in their lifetime and that forced consent is repugnant to the British people. Until the English meaning of the word "consent" is fully accepted on both sides of the Irish sea, the limited progress possible must be confined to Northern Ireland. There can be no experimenting with institutional structures at any international level, for the simple reason that these would be seen as—and would, indeed, become—thumbscrews to compel consent.
On Saturday, the Irish Foreign Minister, Mr. Barry, during a visit to Belfast, repeated his declaration that the Irish Government accepted that they had a responsibility to make arrangements with the British Government to give recognition to Irish aspirations. At times, he has been even more explicit and proclaimed that he has a duty to protect the interests of Irish nationalists living under British rule. To be fair to the man, I must say that he has shown that concern by visits not just to Northern Ireland but to large centres of Irish population in England.

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Before considering the type of safeguard required and, presumably, the kind of safeguard in Mr. Barry's mind, the House must consider exactly what disadvantages are experienced by the nationalist minority of much less than half a million people in Northern Ireland. For 12 long years they have been ruled directly by this House and by British Governments — for seven of those years by Conservative Governments and for five by Labour Governments. Do they somehow feel oppressed by British rule and British parliamentary government in a way in which their fellow Irish co-religionists in Great Britain do not? Over 60 years ago, Carson, who was then the leader of the Ulster Unionists, begged the House of Commons not to force Protestants to govern Roman Catholics. The House ignored Carson's plea. The forum ignores the fact that Protestants have not governed anybody for the past 12 years. Parliament now holds the Secretary of State and his Ministers accountable for all legislative, executive and administrative acts and decisions. Indeed, Parliament controls those functions in Northern Ireland far more closely than in England, Scotland and Wales. The forum has not told us where and how Parliament has failed in its duty.
In the absence of any valid answers, we can only assume that the desire for some Anglo-Irish institutional arrangements represents a fall-back position of some kind, now that the three original options are seen to be nonstarters. As a fall-back position, they are far from harmless. They will be recognised for what they are—for devices for obtaining indirectly what cannot be won by frontal assault. Any such experiments will make it impossible to encourage co-operation and participation within Northern Ireland itself. That would be the price to be paid for international structures such as were hinted at by the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West. The price would be the destruction of the improved political climate to which the Secretary of State referred this afternoon; and the tragedy would be that the same international arrangements would bring no practical benefit whatever to the nationalist people in Northern Ireland.
I turn to the possibilities for co-operation and participation in Northern Ireland. This is perhaps the most important aspect of our deliberations today. Both the Dublin Government and the British Government should rid themselves of the notion that the restoration of limited powers to elected representatives would be a bonus only for the Unionists, and that a balancing concession would have to be made to the nationalists. The truth is that limited powers, under strict supervision by the Secretary of State, would benefit both Unionists and nationalists equally, whereas anything seen as a concession for one side would perpetuate suspicion and distrust.
We are now in the real world of the subject of the business on today's Order Paper. The forum report has told us mainly what cannot be done. I point to a more promising path. On the occasion of the tenth renewal of the 1974 Act, we recognise that we have a duty to be positive and constructive. In "The Way Forward", the Official Unionist party has sketched out a practical outline plan which should at least start the process of enabling elected representatives, Unionist and nationalist, to deliver a real service to those who elect them. The tenor and terms of our document offer the nationalist minority in Ulster
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guarantees far superior to anything that the Republic could offer to Unionists in a united Ireland. A key phrase, of which the Secretary of State has taken note and repeated today, declares that
"it is the responsibility of the majority to persuade the minority that the Province is also theirs."
Our paper has outlined a strategy for participation without abandonment of principle. In contrast to the forum report, the proposals in "The Way Forward" could be realised and implemented in the immediate future. It seemed to us that, with the Assembly in being, it might make sense to give that body the task of administering the Macrory-type powers. The Report Committee of the Assembly has at last got down to considering that possibility, and others.
I recognise the obstacles. There is a school of thought that maintains that the Assembly ought to remain in its present powerless state in the hope that Parliament will change its mind and, in one way or another, give Stormont powers to the three pro-union parties in the Assembly without power sharing.
Realistically, I have also to recognise that this Parliament would be reluctant, to say the least, to grant powers to the Assembly without the participation of constitutional nationalism. While it is all very well to urge the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour party to take his party into the Assembly, we have to be fair to the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) and recognise that he and his party were elected on the basis of a pledge to stay out of the Assembly on the ground of its unworkability. I took the same view on unworkability and, two years on, the hon. Member for Foyle and I have both been proved correct in our assessment.
However, I should not like to think that we need wait any longer for some forward movement. We cannot afford to sit still and ignore the local government elections, which are only 10 months away. Councillors are already considering whether to stand for re-election. Other public-spirited persons are being invited to stand for the new wards just created by the local government boundary commissioners. Both groups will be deciding in the near future whether it is worth occupying council seats, in view of the very limited powers retained by district councils. Until now, hope of the return of worthwhile powers has enabled us to retain many councillors of real ability. There is little prospect of their remaining for another term without the prospect of an increased role in serving the local communities by which they are elected.
In the final paragraph of our discussion paper, we say:
"The Ulster Unionist Party recognises that its proposal may be considered by some to be too modest, but it has watched while grander and more ambitious schemes have failed. The Party's objective is to find a level at which consensus may be obtained to effect a beginning in the reconciliation of the divided communities."
For the past 15 years we have suffered from repeated mistaken attempts to find so-called solutions, and to seek solutions on far too ambitious a scale. High-level initiatives by British Governments are just as futile as interference by Dublin Governments. I beg both to read and heed the final sentence of the paragraph from which I have quoted:
"Roads owe no allegiance to those who travel upon them and, for the traveller, such roads are neither green nor orange but only good or bad. It would be a start if the travellers were given a chance to repair them."
That is in line with what I have said about making a modest start, but it has a wider symbolic meaning. All the

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people of Northern Ireland are the travellers. I believe that they are now in the mood to begin the work of repair. I ask the Government and Parliament to give us the opportunity to do so. I say to other parties, particularly those of another tradition, that we are more than willing —we are eager—to join them in getting down to work.
5.39 pm
Sir John Biggs-Davison: We are debating the Adjournment of the House, yet it is strange that this discussion of the future of a part of the United Kingdom is concentrated around a document that emanates from another state. I shall not make too much of that as I took a small part in the New Ireland Forum, as did the hon. Member for Hammersmith (Mr. Soley).
The New Ireland Forum was in large measure intended to benefit the SDLP and to aid the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume), whom we are delighted to see in his place, in competing with Sinn Fein for the Nationalist vote in the European Assembly election. It is understandable, therefore, that no Unionist party took part in the forum. The same was true for the Alliance party in Northern Ireland. For my Back-Bench part, I thought that the Unionist case ought not to go unheard. I made my written submission, which the Forum did not publish. I am not sure why and wish that it had. I was the only mainland Member of Parliament to appear in Dublin castle for questioning by the leaders of the three Southern and one Northern Ireland parties. I do not think that the hon. Member for Hammersmith appeared in person.
Mr. Clive Soley: I did, if that is what the hon. Gentleman is asking.
Sir John Biggs-Davison: I beg the hon. Gentleman's pardon. From such sketchy records as I have received, I thought that he had not. I am delighted that he did. I went in my individual capacity. Unlike the hon. Gentleman, I am not a spokesman with responsibilities.
With reason, my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State praised the tone of the forum report. By the standards of Irish and Anglo-Irish political controversy, it is emollient. It is possible to read good will, at least between the lines. It attempts to understand and allow for Unionist fears and aspirations. Unfortunately, however, all three of the options proposed—a unitary state, a federation or confederation or a joint British and Irish authority for the North—are options that Unionists, by definition, cannot accept. Nor are the options new. Indeed, there is not much new about the New Ireland Forum report. Those options have been in circulation at least since the days of de Valera.
Much has been made of the forum's acknowledgement in its report of the principle that there can be no change in the constitutional status of Northern Ireland without popular consent. That, too, is nothing new. In a communiqu· that was issued in December 1972 after the Sunningdale conference, the Dublin Government said that they
"fully accepted and solemnly declared that there would be no change in the status of Northern Ireland until a majority of the people of Northern Ireland desired a change in that status".
The majority who do not desire such a change are by no means all Protestant. There is neither theological nor historical warrant for equating the religio-ethnic with the political divide. Leaving aside the border poll of 1973, in which there was much intimidation of a section of the
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community by the Provisional IRA, from 1921 onwards, elections and opinion polls have shown that rather fewer than 40 per cent. of northern Catholics are opposed to the link with Great Britain.
My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State referred to the Irish identity. There is much mention of it in the report. I hope that my right hon. Friend understands that there are people who consider themselves Irish rather than British except that they are loyal British subjects. Not all people who consider themselves Irish consider themselves Nationalist. There is the old story of a lady who complained to a former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland saying, "The trouble with you English is that you do not want us Irish to remain British."
The forum report contradicts itself. It asserts:
"the new Ireland which the Forum seeks can come about only through agreement and must have a democratic basis"
and then it chides the British Government for
"the guarantee contained in section 1 of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973".
Was not that guarantee underwritten at Sunningdale by the Irish Government in their full acceptance and solemn declaration of the will of the majority as the prerequisite to any change in the constitution of Northern Ireland? The report says:
"Britain must help to create the conditions which will allow this process"—
the building of a new Ireland—
"to begin."
The implication is, although the Opposition who take a like view would probably deny it, that the loyal majority should be cajoled or coerced into the "new Ireland". The right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) spoke of thumbscrews, but when we take Unionist opinion for what it is and when we think of the huge vote scored by the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) in the European Assembly election — that itself a reaction to the forum—we must conclude that anyone who wanted to achieve the dishonourable end of expelling loyal subjects from the United Kingdom would exert immense political, probably military and economic, pressure to do so.
The economics of a new Ireland were the subject of a document that accompanied the forum report. It is entitled, "The Macroeconomic Consequences of Integrated Economic Policy, Planning and Co-ordination in Ireland." It was prepared by a Dublin firm of economic consultants and includes a commentary by Professor Norman Gibson of the New University of Ulster and Professor Dermot McAleese of Trinity college, Dublin. They concluded that the withdrawal of "the British subvention" to Northern Ireland would
"require what can only be described as catastrophic economic adjustments".
If Northern Ireland is not to be part of the United Kingdom, the whole subvention comes into question. The immediate result would be a
"loss of income equivalent to about 8 per cent. of the GDP of the combined economies".
That could produce,
"as a first-round effect … a fall in disposable income of around £2,000 million".
Continuing losses and higher unemployment—as if it were not high enough already in both parts of Ireland—could not be offset by foreign borrowing as it would be
"doubtful whether foreigners would be prepared to lend even if the authorities were willing to borrow".

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Those people who wrongly style Northern Ireland as Britain's last colony can cite cases of the United Kingdom being more generous to former colonies than to dependencies. We often feel guilty about rewarding loyalty. However, few people will agree to the impudent suggestion that is implicit or explicit in the reported statements of some Irish politicians to the effect that the abandonment of Northern Ireland should be financed by the British taxpayer. I do not believe that there is any chance of that, and I gained that impression from the speech of my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State. So much in this report is Utopian. I sometimes wonder whether a united Ireland is very much more than a political gambit. In the Republic, proportional representation makes for precarious Governments ever looking over their shoulders to small extremist factions, and there is a lesson there for us.
Mr. John Hume: Can the hon. Gentleman point to the evidence that would suggest that a united Northern Ireland is more possible than a united Ireland?
Sir John Biggs-Davison: A united Northern Ireland is most attainable if Northern Ireland is fully integrated with Great Britain, for the reasons that were so eloquently given by the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley. The way forward was shown by the right hon. Member when he referred to the discussion paper of that name published by Ulster Unionist Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly. I was glad that my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State pointed out that the Taoiseach recognised the importance of this paper. The paper asks that the problems of the Province should be solved within it, with "mutual recognition" by "the two communities" of
"each other's hopes and fears".
The authors of the report propose a more democratic system of local government. The right hon. Member for Lagan Valley said that it was necessary, for the morale and standard of those coming forward to be elected to the local authorities, to have an enlargement of council powers.
My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State praised the work of the Assembly, and no one wishes to decry that. When I compare the concept of devolution to a new Stormont with the concept in the document "The Way Forward", I look at the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume), who is willing to discuss these matters with Unionists here in the House of Commons but is not willing to discuss them with Unionists in the Northern Ireland Assembly. As the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley reminded us, my Roman Catholic co-religionists are far safer under this sovereign House than under a devolved Assembly across the water. That, according to those who have always attacked Stormont, is the lesson that should be drawn from Stormont.
As for the Republic, article 2 of the 1937 constitution—referred to by the hon. Member for Antrim, North—claiming all Ireland, is the major stumbling block in North-South co-operation. I pointed this out in my submission to the New Ireland Forum. Article 2 is an encouragement to those who pursue the same irredentist claim by physical force and terror. My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State disclaimed any intention of having a new initiative. So many have been lethal and futile. If we want an initiative anywhere, this is it. The Irish
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Republic has shown that it is perfectly able, after a referendum, to change its constitution, and this is the necessary change.
Suppose that we were going to give ourselves a written constitution in the United Kingdom — the Lord Chancellor for one favours it — it might be thought provocative if such a constitution enshrined a claim to that part of Ireland that departed from the United Kingdom, thus partitioning the island of Ireland. However, that would be more preposterous than article 2 of the Irish constitution.
At the forum, I cited the late Professor Lyons's 1978 Ford lecture at Oxford, in which he said:
"the recognition of difference, especially among Irishmen, is a pre-requisite for peaceful co-existence."
I went on to say that there is the partition of maps and minds. The right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) said that frontiers were unimportant. Kevin O'Higgins did not think so. He said:
"It is useless to seek to abolish the Boundary in law until we have abolished it in our hearts."
Which, then, is more perverse—to seek to haul down the Union flag on Stormont castle or to aspire to raise it again over Dublin castle?
We hear it contended that Ireland is only one small island, naturally intended to be a single political unit. It is also said that Unionists, with or without a capital U, are but a minority in this island of Ireland. That is to argue geography against history, maps against chaps, that Spain should re-occupy Portugal, and that American Republicans should be third time lucky and annex the kingdom of Canada, while meanwhile Canada should have Alaska.
The forum did not take that position, and its report is full of the principle of consent. When self-determination—this is the answer to the hon. Member for Walsall, North (Mr. Winnick)—disrupts an imperial unity such as was imposed from England upon Ireland, there are bound to be those who are left under uncongenial rule, on the wrong side of the border. What power sharing was ever offered to those forgotten southern Irish Loyalists? An attempt was made in 1925 to draw a more generally acceptable border. It failed. There are some who would try again, but it takes two to repartition.
There was one great omission from the report. It failed to propound another option—the option of Irish unity through the unity of these islands. Perhaps a British Isles forum could propose forms of confederacy, if not a joint authority in Dublin, as a possible alternative. My submission to the forum contained examples of what the Prime Minister has called our "unique relationship", which is closer than the former Commonwealth relationship and our present relationship within the Community. We have a common travel area, we now have reciprocal voting rights and we have a virtual common citizenship. How many Irish citizens and Irish passport holders are there living within the United Kingdom, happily and of their own free will?
My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State spoke of the commemoration in Belfast of the battle of the Somme. Beside the Ulster Division there was the Irish Division, and it so happens that Major Redmond, brother of John Redmond the Nationalist leader, and himself a Nationalist, fell on the Somme, close to the Ulstermen. These are things that we remember as links that survive the partition of Ireland and the separation of a part of the former United

53
Kingdom from the rest. Let us build an ever closer association between the two sovereign powers and the commingled cognate people in these islands. The only conceivable united Ireland is one that is part of islands united once again.
5.58 pm
Mr. John Hume: I am grateful, Mr. Deputy Speaker, as the one Member of the House who was a member of the New Ireland Forum and a proud author of that report, that you have called me early in the debate.
Reference was made earlier to the recent election in the North which took place on 14 June. As the Secretary of State outlined at the beginning, the reason for the debate today and for the New Ireland Forum report is the urgency of the situation in the north of Ireland. On that day, around the close of poll, I was in my house in Derry when I heard a commotion in the street. I looked out of the window and saw a group of youths in masks filling bottles with petrol. I was not sure whether, in the heat and emotion at the end of election day, the target was my home or a passing military vehicle. Such occurrences are not unusual in front of my house.
There are 650 Members in the House. If I ventured to ask them what they would do in such circumstances, 649 of them would tell me that they would pick up the telephone and ring the police. I did not do that. I knew that had I done so I would simply have made a bad situation worse. That is a stark reality of life in areas of Northern Ireland that do not give their allegiance to the union.
That situation is described by different people in different ways. I am the only political leader in the north of Ireland who does not go around with a gun in his pocket and who is not driven around by armed policemen. That is because, apart fom my objection to the trappings of violence when I am preaching non-violence, any policeman who would drive me where I live or stand outside my door would be signing his death warrant.
That lack of order in the society that I represent has been described with fancy words. The most recent is "alienation". The search for peace and order on the streets, which the people of those areas want more than anything else, will not be achieved by force. It will not be achieved by armed soldiers or police. We have had all that. We have had 20,000 troops on our streets, armed policemen and the toughest emergency legislation in any civilised country in western Europe. The result has not been order on our streets. The search for order must be based on what order is based on in every civilised democratic society — political consensus.
What I am saying is underlined by the fact that in Northern Ireland today we have a generation of 18-yearolds who have lived through the past 15 years who know nothing except violence and soldiers on the streets, and who, having built up resentment to that type of society, have nothing but unemployment staring them in the face in our desperate economic situation, making them easy meat for recruitment by paramilitary organisations. That in turn makes a bad situation even worse. That is what makes the problem urgent and that is what gives urgency to the report of the New Ireland Forum.
My colleagues from other parts of Northern Ireland from the other tradition have concerns as well. Their constituents are being murdered because they wear a uniform which people, claiming to be Irish Republicans,
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say makes them legitimate targets. Members of the UDR and RUC are seen as defenders of their tradition. Therefore, their murder is rightly seen as sectarian murder.
If one goes to the city of Belfast one finds a massive brick wall built by the Housing Executive to separate Protestant from Catholic and to protect them from one another. That reality does not just represent the sense of urgency but is a major challenge to everybody involved in that problem. That major challenge is to recognise, above all, that all attitudes, whether unionist, nationalist or British, have brought us where we are today. If we are to get anywhere there must be reassessment.
The purpose of the New Ireland Forum is to begin a reassessment of nationalist attitudes, not, as was so contemptuously suggested by the hon. Member for Epping Forest (Sir J. Biggs-Davison), to throw out a lifeline to my party or to any other party. We do not need such a lifeline. The New Ireland Forum is a serious attempt to face up to a serious problem in Ireland. When the representatives —the democratic voice of three quarters of the people of Ireland — speak about a serious problem in that island, the House had better listen. It will be giving another message to Ireland if it rejects the democratic voice of nationalist Ireland and does not give serious attention to what it has to say.
I do not claim that everybody in the nationalist tradition in Ireland is all virtue and that everybody else is to blame. We have only to look at our past approach to recognise the mistakes. We have only to look at the narrowness of Irish nationalism, its definition, its sectionalism, and its exclusionism, tied solely to the Gaelic and Catholic traditions and exclusive of other traditions represented in the House from Northern Ireland, to recognise that that narrowness of itself is divisive. It is pushed to its extremes by those who tell us that the height of Irish patriotism is the right not only to die for it but to kill fellow Irishmen for it as well. It is clear that there is need for a massive rethink in that tradition, and that was what the forum was all about.
It is long past the time when Irish nationalist attitudes should be rooted in the attitudes of the 1920s or earlier. That applies to everybody in the House. Nobody would run a shop on the corner of a street on the methods of 1920. Nobody would run the economy of a country on the methods of 1920. Nobody should run the politics of Ireland or anywhere else in 1984 on the attitudes of 1920, to say nothing of the attitudes of the 1690s.
The unionist tradition is represented strongly in the House. My tradition is under-represented because of the undemocratic voting system that elects people to this House. The unionist tradition in Ireland, as we have heard again today, has always stood for the integrity of Irish Protestantism and for the protection of that tradition within Ireland. That is a noble and laudable objective that deserves the support of everyone in Ireland because any country is richer for its diversity. Any country that does not recognise that the basis of unity is diversity recognises nothing.
My quarrel with the political leadership of that tradition, is simply that the methods used to protect that integrity have been the wrong methods—that of holding all power in their own hands without surrendering an inch. Again, the mirror image is ourselves alone: all power in our hands. That is an inherently violent attitude that can lead only to conflict. There must be a reassessment and a recognition that that tradition is best protected by

55
examining how best to share the island of Ireland with those with whom they share that piece of earth, and what structures, agreements and arrangements can bring real unity based on agreement and acceptance of diversity.
Of course, there are two documents in that tradition that are mentioned on the Order Paper as "other documents". Indeed, the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) referred to "The Way Forward", whose contents are not particularly exciting. However, its tone is new, in the sense that it is completely different from any other document from a Unionist party. Some have said that it is a tactical document that is designed to offset the impact of the New Ireland Forum. But I am prepared to recognise it as a genuine document, because I believe that any movement—even only a centimetre—out of the trenches in Northern Ireland should be encouraged. If that party's leaders believe what they say when they claim that they want to accommodate the different loyalties in Ireland, I am ready to talk to them.
I am sorry that the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) is not in the Chamber. But the document entitled "The Unionist Case" would have been better entitled "The Way Backwards" or "Towards 1690", because it has absolutely nothing to offer. As I expected, we heard about the size of the hon. Gentleman's vote in the recent European elections and about how it must govern the British Government's thinking. But we have heard all that before. This problem came in with the playing of the Orange card in 1912. The political representatives of Unionism threatened that they would resist by violence if the British Government did not do as they wished. That overthrew a democratic decision in 1912, and taught Unionists the lesson that if they defied and threatened a British Government, that Government would back down. It also taught others in the nationalist tradition a lesson — that if hon. Members win by democratic means in this House, that decision will be overturned anyway. That lesson gave birth to those who believe in violence and force.
Those two attitudes lie at the heart of the Northern Ireland problem and its intractability today, and were both repeated in 1974 in the Ulster Workers' Council strike. Every time a British Government move towards change, they are faced with the same threats from the same sources. The hon. Member for Antrim, North says that the Government do not have the consent of the Unionists. Many people talk about consent, but consent cannot be unqualified. We are told that people voted on the basis of opposition to the New Ireland Forum report. The Democratic Unionist party put an election advertisement in the Northern Ireland press, which was turned down by the Belfast Telegraph as being too sectarian. This is how votes were sought:
"Do you know that the Pope has appointed Mary as the 'Madonna' of the Common Market and views the EEC as the work of Divine Providence."
That is what the hon. Member for Antrim, North said. Indeed, the Prime Minister will be interested in the next few lines of the advertisement, which state:
"Do you know … that Mr. John Gummer the Chairman of the Conservative Party has stated that the Common Market will help to take the Protestants back into the Church of Rome. (See copy of Gummer's letter in 'The EEC and the Vatican' available from 256 Ravenhill Road, Belfast)."
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Furthermore, the right hon. Member for Strangford (Mr. Taylor) was said to be a member of the British Conservative group in the European Parliament and so associated with "Gummer's pro-Vatican stance". The hon. Member for Antrim, North said that people should vote for him instead of the right hon. Gentleman for that reason. That is the sort of thing that people voted for.
If consent is refused because of prejudice, we cannot allow prejudice to determine political change. I could cite further examples of such prejudice. For example, Lisburn council is run by the Democratic Unionist party. It does not have many powers, but one of them is to collect the dustbins. However, it refuses to collect them on the Poleglass housing estate because it will not collect Catholic bins. The council will not give its consent to that. Under public health legislation, the Minister has to force the council to collect them. If that council will not collect Catholic bins, who can ask me to sit in an assembly with such people when its purpose is to achieve power sharing? Does the Secretary of State think that I have lost my marbles, or that my electorate would think anything of me if I did that?
If consent is refused, reasonable reasons must be given, and they must not be based on prejudice. The veto handed over in the British guarantee to Unionism has been extended to a veto against all change, and has thus paralysed political development in the north of Ireland. There has been some complaint today that the forum report is too harsh on previous British attempts to solve the Irish problem. That may or may not be so, but it is true that all previous attempts have failed. That is the harsh reality. Consequently, the British Government, no less than the rest of us, must start making some reassessment.
The position of successive British Governments has not changed since 1920, because they have only one position and that is the guarantee to Ulster Unionism that there will be no change in the constitutional position of Northern Ireland without the majority's consent. There is no other policy. The policies on power sharing and security have not been implemented because of the veto, thus making a bad situation worse.
Because that guarantee was given to a population that was created on the basis of a sectarian head count—that is how Northern Ireland was created — solidified sectarianism in Northern Ireland has encouraged the majority who want to protect their rights to maintain sectarian solidarity. Consequently, sectarianism has remained the motive force of politics in the north of Ireland, and every election proves that. Until that is changed, there will be no movement.
Dr. Mawhinney: I have been following the hon. Gentleman's speech closely. He began with a story about petrol bombers outside his house, and said that he did not call the police as it would have made things worse. He has just said that the implementation of the security policy made things worse. Earlier, he spoke about the wall dividing Protestants and Catholics. He has given the impression that some other security policy would be better and more effective. Perhaps he could help us to understand his point by explaining that security policy.
Mr. Hume: I have already done so, and if the hon. Gentleman reads my speech he may understand that policy. However, in brief, I said that any security policy or system of order must be based on political consensus.

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The absence of that political consensus in the north of Ireland is the Achilles' heel that has been exploited by every terrorist. Those who live there know that. There will be wholehearted community backing for the forces of law and order only if that community gives its loyalty to the institutions of the state. One must create the political situation to allow that.
Today, the Secretary of State said that the three options in the forum Report were not on, because they did not have the consent of the Unionist population. What is the British Government's view? Let us hear what they think of those proposals. Let us not hide behind the Unionists. I am sick and tired of people representing Irish unity as something that should not even be talked about. In 1984, we are talking about 5 million people within a Europe made up of countries that have twice this century slaughtered one another by the million, with a savagery far worse than anything that I have ever seen. Yet that Europe held its second direct elections to the European Parliament some 40 years after the end of the second world war. It has been able to build institutions that allow those countries to grow together at their own pace. Is there something wrong with that being an objective for Ireland? Is there something wrong with the people of Ireland finding a way of building institutions that allow them to grow together at their own speed, in peace, harmony and unity — and a unity that accepts the essential diversity?
That brings me to the New Ireland Forum itself, about which much has been written and said. A major consensus within Ireland, within a democratic nationalist Ireland, should be heeded. Any rejection of it should be carefully considered, because of the massive advantage given to other people.
We are not talking about an extremist document. The document says clearly and honestly that the narrow ground on which we have concentrated for a solution up to now — the narrow ground of Northern Ireland — does not deal with the whole problem. Relationships between the communities in Northern Ireland are only part of the problem. The relationships within Ireland and between Ireland and Britain are the problem. Northern Ireland illustrates the failure to solve that problem. No attention was paid to that problem by the House from 1920 to 1969.
Only within a British-Irish framework can the solution be found. The most important aspect of the report is not the three options, but the views of Irish Nationalists about the ways in which realities must be faced if there is to be a solution. We also say that we are willing to examine other ways of accommodating those realities and requirements. If we are praised by the Government for being willing to look at all options, it ill behoves the Government to start dealing out options themselves.
I invite the House to read chapter 5 of the report carefully. It contains a list of realities which must be faced if we are to solve the problem. Hon. Members should say with which realities they disagree. If they agree with the realities, surely they must agree that the only major proposal in the forum report is to get the Governments together to create the framework and atmosphere in which the realities can be discussed to bring about an end to the Irish problem.
All options and all points of view must be considered. Nothing should be ruled out and nothing should be ruled in. There should be no preconditions to allow people to stay away. That should be the beginning of the real dialogue if we are to find solutions to our problems.
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I end where I began, in my own city. This House of Commons was elected on 9 June last year. Those with an interest in such matters know that 9 June is the feast of Columba, the founder of Derry. In his early days, he was regarded as a rather turbulent priest who caused conflict between the clans in the north-east of Ireland. He thought that stubbornness and pride were the causes of conflict. He went into exile in Iona, where he became a substantial influence in determining the culture and civilisation of most of Scotland. When he was there, he crowned a Scottish chieftain on the stone of destiny, which subsequently became the stone of Scone and which now lies in Westminster Abbey. It was taken back to Ireland once because of the trouble between the clans. He called a convention because he believed that negotiation and discussion without preconditions were the better way to solve the problems than going to war. There was a difference of opinion between the Dalriada, a clan from the area represented by the hon. Member for Antrim, North — the people of the Antrim coast and the people of south-east Scotland — and the people of the clans in the area covered by my constituency. The problem was to whom should the Dalriada pay tribute— the Irish high king or the king of Argyll. The solution was simple. Columba said, "Let them pay tribute to both." In that way he solved the complex identity problem and preserved the unity of the Irish clans. Since then, he has been known in Irish history as a dove of peace. There should be a dove of peace in Government today.
6.25 pm
Dr. Brian Mawhinney: I am pleased to follow the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume), who has made a considerable contribution to our debate. Some months ago, members of the All-Ireland Forum came to the House to talk to Back Benchers of various parties. Some of us said that the report would be judged on the extent to which it was realistic. I welcomed the dialogue over many months, but I have to say in honesty that I regret the report. The debate examined the problems in the Republic with a new determination which had not existed previously. It was reflected in the forum report in terms of the difference of attitude that it portrayed in relation to the northern Unionists.
The report also portrayed a new attitude towards the United Kingdom Government. It is interesting that one of the three options mentioned—that of a joint authority—flies in the face of the traditional cries from the Republic. Those cries have always been, "Brits out". By definition, the term "joint authority" involves "Brits in". That change of attitude in the Republic is welcome, but it has not been as much commented upon as it should have been. I understand the problems encountered when it became necessary to write the report. The report had to span a considerable expanse of Irish thought.
I declare an interest. I was invited to go to Dublin by the Irish Government, at their expense, for 24 hours to meet the leaders of the various political parties after the forum report had been produced. I was invited to talk to them and to try to ascertain for myself some of the thinking behind the report. This evening I reflect not only my views, but my assessments based upon those discussions. I thank the Irish Government, Mr. Spring, Mr. Lenihan and Mr. Barry for their courtesy at the meetings.
I came back with the impression that a new realisation of what was possible in the island of Ireland had developed. Of

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course, the aspiration was still for a united Ireland. That is made clear in the report. Yet I detected an undercurrent of realisation that such an option was simply not viable. To the extent that the Irish Government have changed their opinion, it is because they have understood in a real and new way what has been said here this evening—that 1 million Protestants cannot be coerced into a united Ireland. The hon. Member for Foyle pointed to the problems of alienation in the Province, which is crucial to the current debate. However, he must realise that, whether he likes it or not, there are another 1 million people who will not be forced into alliances of which they disapprove.
The second thing that changed thinking in Dublin was, strangely enough, the Falklands war. From that an understanding arose that, if the Prime Minister felt so strongly about the concept of British citizenship that she would mount such an operation, there was no way in which the British Government would simply hand over people in a negotiated settlement with the Dublin Government.
The third aspect making an impression is, as the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) said, the Government's initial reaction in reminding everyone that Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom and will remain so while the majority want that. What has not been mentioned, but should be, is that that statement came from a Minister who is a member not merely of the Conservative party, but of the Conservative and Unionist party. That might help the hon. Member for Foyle in his quest for a British Government view of the current position.
One of the things that impressed me most during my visit to Dublin and my discussions there was something that Dr. FitzGerald wrote in the Belfast Telegraph last Friday. He said:
"The fact is that the horrors of violence in Northern Ireland cast a dark shadow over this entire island."
The hon. Member for Foyle is right in saying that there is alienation in the Province. There must be a certain sense of deja vu every time this House meets to discuss the problems of Northern Ireland. We spend our time arguing about the reality of the constitution and the border. Perhaps a window of opportunity has come for us to stop discussing the constitution and to accept it as it is, and that, in the foreseeable future, it will not change. If we could persuade unionists and nationalists simply to stop debating the constitution and to accept it as it is, that would open all sorts of possibilities and a framework for future discussion.
I immediately accept that such a proposition would not commend itself to the hon. Member for Foyle. Yet he has shown a commendable desire this evening to open discussion about Northern Ireland on a Dublin-London axis and to start addressing the problem of alienation. That alienation is incontrovertible. Whether it be 90,000 or 150,000 people—which is roughly the range of those who voted for Sinn Fein in elections during the past 20 or 30 years — it is a substantial core. That core is not simply motivated by a different political aspiration. The hon. Member for Foyle has a different political aspiration, but he does not behave in the way that characterises the leaders of Sinn Fein. This House must understand that those people are disaffected with the state. It must also understand that, whether we like it or not, they provide a cover for violence, which not only kills constituents of
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right hon. and hon. Members who represent Northern Ireland — and the remainder of the United Kingdom through the persons in the security forces—but kills jobs and investment.
There is no doubt that the threat of violence spilling into the Republic is having a profound influence on the views of the Irish Government. In fact, the hon. Member for Foyle—a member of the forum—made it clear that that was part of the urgency of the problem that brought the forum into being. Dr. FitzGerald also wrote in that same article last Friday:
"If we do not find and support a solution we too could be overwhelmed by the problem."
The time has come for people to react to the world as it is and for sterile debate about constitutional issues to be set to one side so that we can devote our energy to trying to find ways to come to terms with that alienation before it swamps not only the North but the South and makes its way across to the mainland. I welcome the new sense of realism in the Irish Government, as represented by Dr. FitzGerald's remarks in the newspaper. It takes a big man to set aside his ultimate aspirations and to realise that they are not achievable and that the pressure being brought to bear makes it imperative that something lesser should be negotiated and accepted.
My right hon. and hon. Friends on the Treasury Bench have an important role to play in trying to persuade the Irish Government that the alienation in the North cannot effectively be tackled while they are holding out some political hope that a united Ireland is a possibility in the forseeable future. If the consequence of the forum discussion, and the knock-on effect that it has had in the Province and in Britain, is to lay to rest once and for all debate about the constitution in the immediate and foreseeable future so that we can address ourselves to the real issues and to finding mechanisms in Northern Ireland that will command some support from the minority community and help slowly to dissipate the alienation, the House will feel that it is a prize well worth seeking.
I agree with the hon. Member for Foyle that there is no doubt that, over the years, this House and successive British Governments have robbed the minority community of some sense of their identity. They maintain that position despite what seem to be common-sense facts to the contrary.
I wonder whether the House noted an interesting parliamentary reply in another place a few months ago, when a Minister was asked on how many occasions prosecutions under the Flags and Emblems (Display) Act Northern Ireland 1954 had taken place during the past 14 years. Someone like me, brought up in the Province, would know that that Act is important: it makes it illegal for the tricolour to fly in Northern Ireland——
Mr. Hume: Not the French tricolour.
Dr. Mawhinney: That is right. The Act has had a chequered history during the past 14 years of—I had intended to say of inducing violence, but we cannot blame a flag for that—being a scene around which violence has erupted from time to time. It is dear to the hearts of all Protestants.
It was clear from the answer that, although flags had been flown, there had not been one prosecution in 14 years.
I have not researched the subject sufficiently to make a recommendation to the Government. My point is that

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there seem to be many ways in which, symbolically and in matters of substance, we can move towards reaffirming the identities of both the Protestants and Catholics, the unionists and the nationalists, in the North.
I appreciate what has been said on both sides of the House about the rejection of violence and the need for constitutional politics. If constitutional politics is to be constitutional, it must recognise not only the Head of State but the legitimacy of the forces of law and order. I hope that in seeking to differentiate between the non-violent and constitutional brands of politics and that other form which is anathema to hon. Members in all parts of the House, the minority parties will find a way to protect themselves from any charge that they are ambivalent about what is understood in normal circumstances by the word "constitutional".
This is not an issue which can be set aside as not being of urgency because, as well as killing people, terrorism is also killing jobs, and that must concern all sensible people in the Province, regardless of their political aspirations and beliefs. If the Province is to have a future, it must have an employment base, and that adds urgency to the discussions.
I hope that in the weeks and months ahead people will look again at ways of achieving discussion in Northern Ireland. I believe that those discussions should primarily be between the parties in Northern Ireland and that the parties should, for the most part, be left to themselves. In other words, the British Government should let them get on with the talks and not seek to be apprised of every detail as the discussions proceed. I hope that, for their part, they will appreciate the need for an Irish-British dimension. The Secretary of State keeps telling us that this is a matter for the Parliaments. Although that may be so, the Parliaments require leads from Governments, and we on this side will want a clear direction on the structures which might usefully be set up. I believe that initially they should be between this House and the Dail, excluding members of the Assembly. That would be a sensible way forward.
I pay tribute to my right hon. Friend for his speech today. It was one of conciliation, realism and hope. The people of Northern Ireland, of both traditions, owe him a great deal.
6.44 pm
Mr. Stephen Ross: Like the hon. Member for Peterborough (Dr. Mawhinney), I have had the advantage of visiting Dublin since the New Ireland Forum report was published and of having discussions, in collaboration with my leader, with the Taoiseach, with the Tanaiste and with leading members of Fianna Fail. I agree with the hon. Gentleman that there is an air of realism among all parties, including Fianna Fail, represented in the Dail.
I should at the outset declare my interest because I come from Irish-Scottish stock via Liverpool. I am a Protestant, but I have three Irish grandchildren being brought up in the Roman Catholic faith. I want them, when they grow up, to feel equally at home, and to be able to live in peace, both in Britain and in Ireland.
I should mention, in view of the Liverpool connotation to which I referred—the hon. Member for Peterborough dealt with the point in passing—the rise of Sinn Fein and the fear of the violence spreading into the South. Concern is being expressed about the local elections next year. We cannot brush matters off and say that those are
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simply developments in Ireland, for if the violence starts to increase, as it appears it might, in the South, it would reach these shores and would occur in Liverpool, Glasgow and even in Southampton.
I had the honour of representing the Isle of Wight when Lord Mountbatten was our governor, and I had the opportunity to speak with him on a number of occasions. We have heard military stories and stories about the bravery of the people of Ireland, from both the North and South. I recall Lord Mountbatten telling me of an occasion when he chaired a Burma Star reunion in Dublin. After a convivial evening, as one might imagine, a number of Irish men from south of the border came to him and said, "When you get back to the big house, Lord Mountbatten, tell your lady that if she is ever in trouble again, we will be over." It is tragic to think that he was killed, blown up, off the west coast of Ireland. I am sure, however, that he would not have held that against the Irish people, for he held them in high esteem.
If he were in his place, I would congratulate the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) on the size of his vote in the recent European Parliament elections. However, I believe that that vote had more in common with a sort of Scargill position as leader of the NUM than, as in the case of the hon. Gentleman, with any response to the forum. I believe that the electorate like the idea of having somebody who they know will shout his mouth off and defend them on occasions, and that is why the hon. Member for Antrim, North got such a vote. It had nothing to do with his views on the New Ireland Forum report.
I now do what I have wanted to do for some time, and that is to pass a verbal bouquet to the Secretary of State. He has done a marvellous job in the Province in the last three years and I regret it if his term in office there is coming to an end. I also pay tribute to his wife, whose work in the Province is much appreciated.
We should say to the people in the South of Ireland. to our American friends and to people throughout the Western world that Britain has tried desperately hard for the last 15 years, under successive Secretaries of State and Governments, to bring peace to the North of Ireland and to put right matters that were wrong for far too long.
There is cause for optimism on the industrial front. Last week I was in Washington and saw regular landings of Shorts 330s and 360s. They are selling in substantial numbers to American airlines. I am also proud of the fact that the middle wings of those planes are made in the Isle of Wight. When I visited Harland and Wolff recently, I found a new optimism there, under Mr. Parker, and some of that comes from the Secretary of State's initiative; when it was in real trouble, he secured an order for that yard from one of the largest oil companies.
The De Lorean affair was an absolute tragedy. Whatever criticism may be levelled at the way in which it was structured, at the time it brought work to a part of Belfast that was desperately in need of it. I was there when it was at its prime and I am pleased to learn that Shorts, if it continues to do well, will take part of that lovely factory. We should also praise the success of LEDU— the local enterprise development unit—which has done a great job. Indeed, I wish that it were possible for the sort of grants and loans that it can make to be made in my constituency.
I also praise the Housing Executive, and not just for its work in Belfast. I was in Londonderry recently and discovered that the investment in housing in Derry is

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terrific. The investment has gone not only into housing but into central redevelopment and a new £23 million bridge over the Foyle, although I am not sure where the traffic is going. We have put a huge investment into Londonderry, though it is tragic, with such high unemployment, to see the empty factories. But we have tried, and I doubt whether anything like that amount of investment would have come from the Dublin Government. The cost to the British taxpayer has been about £1,400 a head, which is a huge burden. Some of the annexes to the forum report tell us that the cost of violence for Great Britain since 1969 has been slightly less than £9 billion while the cost to the Irish Treasury has been about £2 billion. We must remember these sums and realise that they are a burden upon us. We are prepared to pay but we should remind our fellow citizens exactly what the cost is. There are many other costs to be considered, the principal one being the appalling loss of life and of permanent injury. It is tragic that over the past 40 years Northern Ireland and the Republic have tended to drift further apart. The punt no longer matches the pound.
The Opposition spokesman, the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer), talked about agricultural support. I remember talking to a soldier in Ireland and being told about the dislike of the military in south Armagh. I suggested that south Armagh should be merged into the Republic and he replied that there would be no point in doing that because the price of milk in the North was higher than it was in the South. That situation has probably changed recently and perhaps the farmers in the North are now looking with some envy at those in the South.
It was a grave mistake on the part of the Southern Ireland Government to write the banning of abortion into their constitution and we are all aware that the Republic has a growing tradition of neutrality. These features make it much more difficult for the two parts of the island to come together.
I have been reading Bruce Arnold's "What Kind of a Country?", which is a history of the past 15 years in Ireland. I have read also the fine speech which Lord Fitt made in another place on 20 June. I noticed that Lord Fitt was in the Peers' Gallery and I am sorry that he has left. Both Bruce Arnold and Lord Fitt brought home to me the tragedy of the demise of the Sunningdale agreement. It was a great achievement when the Government of the day set up the Sunningdale talks and we should give them credit for taking that initiative. It was a tragedy when Sunningdale was brought down. However, we must try again and respond positively to the forum report, which we must remember is a Dublin initiative. Similarly, we must respond positively to the Haagerupp report, which has not been mentioned so far. Finally, there is the Official Unionist document, which I find constructive. It goes quite a long way with the forum report on some issues, for some of its proposals fit in with the observations that are set out in the report. That is only to be welcomed.
We must pay regard also to the pertinent remarks of a brave and honest man, the Bishop of Down and Connor. Public opinion polls show consistently that there is strong support for a substantial measure of power sharing within the Province. We should surely be able to make some progress on the political front.
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In a speech which I addressed to the Liberal assembly in September 1983 I said that we should concentrate our efforts on encouraging the deliberations of the forum, which was then still considering its report, and on
"establishing and maintaining good Irish/British relations, establishing parliamentary links with the Dail, overcoming terrorism and concentrating on the restructure of the economy of the Province, on the introduction of PR for parliamentary elections and support for continuing European interest in the affairs of the Province."
I am sure that we should respond to the realities that are contained in chapter 5 of the forum report. I agree with the hon. Member for Foyle that most hon. Members will find it difficult to criticise the 10 or 11 points that are contained within it. I accept that there will be criticisms of the proposed solutions much as I should like to see a federal or joint authority type of structure. I know that in present circumstances that is not possible.
We should be able to respond to the forum report with some positive intitiatives. The Official Unionists and the alliance parties call for a Bill of Rights—a proposal that is dear to the hearts of Liberals and our SDP colleagues. My colleague in another place, Lord Wade, has tried twice to put such a Bill through another place. He debated the issue in Belfast not so long ago. We can build on the Unionists' suggestion of devolving more power to the Assembly but I should like further clarification of the role that they have in mind for the minority parties and their power of veto where necessary, a power which I am sure the SDLP will be requiring. I still believe that we could make progress with the concept of all-Ireland courts, a subject which was discussed at Sunningdale.
Last summer there was a great deal of opposition in this House to the initiatives of the Political Affairs Committee of the European Parliament, which led to what has now become known as the Haagerupp report. When the committee's initiatives were debated and voted on in March, the findings and recommendations contained within them were much praised. Conservative Members praised them but they were not allowed to vote for them. There was only one Conservative Member who had the guts to do so.
I shall read paragraphs 13 and 14 of the motion, which received overwhelming approval, and having done so I shall address the remainder of my speech to the matters that are contained in paragraph 14.
Paragraph 13
"calls upon the British Government and the Irish Government to re-examine their individual and collective responsibility for expanding and enlarging their mutual co-operation not only in matters relating to security north and south of the border but also to use their influence with the two communities in Northern Ireland to bring about a political system with an equitable sharing of Government responsibilities which will accommodate the identities of the two traditions and so uphold the ideals and the concept of tolerance vis-a-vis minorities in the two countries and in other European country member states."
Paragraph 14
"urges the Parliaments of the two countries to set up as suggested by the meeting of British and Irish Prime Ministers in 1981, a joint Anglo-Irish parliamentary body with representatives of the two Parliaments and of any elected body truly representative of Northern Ireland, and to have Members of the European Parliament take part in such a body insofar as that meets with the support of British and Irish Members."
My Liberal and SDP colleagues and I have been studying the examples of the Nordic council. We believe that it set out a structure that could help us in the establishment of a parliamentary tier that will link Westminster, Dublin and Belfast.
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: Why Belfast?
Mr. Ross: There are arguments about that, but I think that there is a case for including Belfast. We do not believe that stability can be achieved purely by means of an internal settlement in Northern Ireland. The geographical proximity of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic would of itself be sufficient to create an Irish dimension to the politics of Northern Ireland. In addition, a significant minority of the population in Northern Ireland looks to the Republic for the fulfilment of its national aspirations, and that is bound to have an effect on the politics of the Province. Attempts to express this relationship in institutional form have, unfortunately, not been successful.
The Government of Ireland Act 1920 established two subordinate Parliaments in Ireland and proposed that a Council of Ireland should be established. That proposal proved abortive as the Unionists were unwilling to recognise it. The Sunningdale agreement of 1973 established the power-sharing Executive in Northern Ireland. It proposed also that there should be a Council of Ireland, but that, too, proved abortive. In the view of many, the proposed Council of Ireland fuelled Unionist hostility to the Executive. That hostility culminated in the strike of May 1974, which led to the Executive's collapse.
It is clear that a new approach must be adopted which recognises the Irish dimension while at the same time assuaging Unionist fears that a recognition of this dimension will be a step to Irish unity by the back door. We believe that any initiative should take the form of one linking the two sovereign states of the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic rather than one linking Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic.
The improvement of relations between the two countries is an essential precondition to the resolution of the Northern Ireland problem. We seek to bring together both the Unionists and the nationalist populations in Northern Ireland as well as the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. We believe that the two processes are interlinked; neither will be successful without the other. We want to enable the two traditions in Ireland, the Unionist and the nationalist, to appreciate each other's viewpoint without fearing that in so doing each will be compromising its own deeply held beliefs.
There is already an Anglo-Irish council, which meets at regular intervals and links Ministers and officials of the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. What is lacking is a forum in which parliamentarians from the two countries can meet to discuss common problems and methods of improving relations. We propose that a British-Irish parliamentary council be established. The council would be established by an agreement or treaty between the Governments of the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. The agreement or treaty should reiterate the declaration that Northern Ireland would in no circumstances cease to be part of the United Kingdom without the consent of the majority of its population. This would serve to calm Unionists and to isolate the men of violence.
It should also be stated that the aim of the council should be an improvement in relations between the two countries and not political union. We suggest that it should comprise parliamentarians from the United Kingdom, including Northern Ireland, and the Irish Republic. We suggest a total of 29 members: 12 from Great Britain, five
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from Northern Ireland and 12 from the Irish Republic. There would, therefore, be a United Kingdom majority in the council.
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: The hon. Member has made an important point. Would the five members from Northern Ireland be Members of this House from Northern Ireland?
Mr. Ross: That was not the intention. They would be from the Assembly, but that matter is not fixed. We are putting forward some ideas, and I believe that this is the time to put them forward.
Mr. Michael Mates: What about the 12 members from this House? Would they be Northern Ireland Members?
Mr. Ross: There is no reason why there should not be some members from Northern Ireland among 12 representing this House. I have nothing against that. It is up to the House to devise the measures by which the members are appointed.
There would be a United Kingdom majority on the council but also for the island of Ireland. The parliamentary council would possess consultative powers only. It would be an organ of consultation between the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. Its functions would be twofold. First, it would be able to examine legislative proposals on matters of common interest. In the agreement or treaty establishing the council the two Governments would agree that before any substantial legislative proposals affecting relations between the two countries were promulgated there would be a Green Paper—a consultative pre-legislative stage—so that the council could make known its views in good time and so that it could influence Bills placed before the two Parliaments.
The council would have the power of the Select Committees of the House of Commons to send for persons and papers. The council's role in that area would be particularly important in matters affecting the rights of minoritites. The council would have been able, for example, to consider security legislation in Northern Ireland and the recent referendum on abortion in the Republic.
Secondly, the council would be able to conduct investigations of its own, unrelated to current legislative proposals, and issue reports on matters which, in its view, affected relations between the two countries. It would have a progress-chasing function, acting as a pressure group dedicated to the improvement of British-Irish relations. It could also make proposals for future legislation bringing the two countries closer. It might consider, for example, the role of denominational teaching in Northern Ireland and the Republic, wasteful duplication of expenditure on youth training, and the development of school curriculums more harmoniously attuned to the aspirations of the two communities in Northern Ireland.
Following the EEC's lead, the council could consider the harmonisation of educational qualifications, standards of consumer protection and, more broadly, the subject of how Government expenditure could be more effectively deployed.
We believe that a British-Irish parliamentary council could play a major role in improving relations between the United Kingdom and the Republic. It would be a great mistake to belittle such an institution as a talking shop,

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because it has only consultative powers. As the experience of Westminster Select Committees has shown, the influence that such bodies can exert depends less upon their powers than upon the will to agree on the part of members and the cogency of their recommendations.
The council might conceivably develop into a forum in which solutions of the Northern Ireland problem can be discussed and developed. That would, of course, depend upon the quality of the relationships established between parliamentarians of opposing views. Whether or not the council developed in that way, any resulting improvement in British-Irish relations would, of itself, benefit Northern Ireland. We see the council as contributing to the settlement of the Northern Ireland problem, not overnight—such a rapid solution is hardly possible — but over a longer perspective. Above all, the council could help to destroy the false images that the parties to the Northern Ireland conflict have of each other. They are false images which have done much to bedevil relations between the Irish and the British people over the past 100 years.
The one thing that emerged from the talks with the members of the Dail was that they had not appreciated the views and problems of the people of the North. They are a new generation and they have been fed on stories of the past. They learnt a great deal from going through the forum exercise. If the council were to destroy those false images it would significantly lessen the mutual fear that lies at the root of the conflict, and would, I hope, reduce the political appeal of Sinn Fein whose strength in recent years must be a cause of anxiety to all north and south of the border, and is well understood by the chief executive of the Official Unionists, who called it the ultimate nightmare. I cannot put it better.
7.3 pm
Mr. Fred Silvester: I intervene with some diffidence because I take the point made by the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) that it would be so much better if it were possible for the people of Northern Ireland, of all the parties, to solve the problem themselves. Eventually it must be upon their wishes and consent that anything worth living with will remain, but I doubt whether that is possible. Although I wish well such talks as the right hon. Gentleman so eloquently foreshadowed this afternoon, I retain some doubts as to whether we can deal with the matter within the context of Northern Ireland alone.
One point that I believe should be made as we discuss the future is that my right hon. Friend's creation of the Assembly is a matter upon which we shall look back with great content. Those who expected to find that it was a radical solution, in place by now, never understood what it was about in the first place.
What my right hon. Friend saw, and what the Assembly has provided, is that Northern Ireland needs a forum for itself—a centre for political activity. It is a vessel into which one can pour many concoctions. I believe that it will stay. I see no Government wishing to remove it. One of the difficulties is that, whenever we reach a constitutional problem of this magnitude, it is necessary to go through the hassle and battle of getting a statute through this place. Now that we have the Assembly in place, many different
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permutations can be played. I believe that it will remain as a permanent and valuable part of the Northern Ireland scene.
I come now to the subject of what concoction we should pour into that vessel, and I suggest tentatively that we might consider that on three basic premises. First, we should begin by understanding once again that we are probably dealing with the most powerful political force that exists in the world — the force of the nation. Secondly, I wish we would adopt less of the cloud-cuckoo-land approach — wishful thinking — and attach more importance to the realities of political power and a little less to comfortable evasions. Thirdly—this may sound somewhat different from what my right hon. Friend said —I suggest that it might be better to do nothing if we cannot do enough.
I know that it is unfashionable now to say this, but I think that we should do well to acknowledge that nationhood remains the most powerful political force in the world today. As one who finds the sense of belonging to a nation of the utmost importance, it comes as no surprise to me that other people should do the same. I am aware that many of our most enlightened politicians wish otherwise, but throughout the world we see that, whatever colour people may have in politics or religion, the power of the nation remains strong. We will not merge, substitute or destroy it during our political lifetime.
We should remember that at the heart of the problem —although we might talk about traditions or identities—we are really talking about nations. We have a classic case where nations and boundaries do not coincide. The reality is that this happens more often than we would wish. As a result, it is necessary to arrive at compromises.
One of the interesting points about the documents before us is that they all clearly state our recognition of the nations. Paragraph 4.9.1 of the New Ireland Forum report states:
"Unionists generally regard themselves as being British, the inheritors of the specific, communal loyalty to the British Crown."
In the Assembly debate, on 8 May, Mr. Ferguson said:
"There is not one nation of the Irish, there are two nations."
The DUP document, "The Unionist Case", says:
"The longstanding, cultural development between the two peoples in Ireland has evidenced itself in ways which affect not only their attitudes but their daily lives."
Therefore, we are confronted with the realisation that this is a classic case of two nations in one place, and I see no evidence whatever to suggest that that problem will go away.
It is misleading and evasive to speak of unity by consent, when we all know that such consent is not and will not be forthcoming. The DUP, in its document, says:
"Even if expelled from the United Kingdom, … Northern Ireland would not countenance, either in the short term or in the long term, unity with the Republic."
My second premise is that we should be careful of evasion. There are times when evasion and being willing not to confront issues is helpful. It helps those who have difficult decisions to make, and it can ease the pain. Sometimes it buys time when time is the only remedy. But there are times when it is not so wise, and I think that this may be one of those occasions.
I sympathise with the efforts of all those who distinguish between the content of the documents and their tone. Everyone is leaning over backwards to find common factors in the forum report, in "The Way Forward" and in

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the other documents. There are improvements in tone. There are statements of the other side's point of view, which are set out more clearly than previously, but there are also many substantial differences and lack of movement in the basic positions of both sides.
The right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) talked about a conference with an absolutely open agenda and suggested that talk would solve all. There has been much talk and there have been many conferences.
There are certain basic elements in the situation to which perhaps I come late, because I started by believing that our best course was some kind of administrative devolution, but I think that we have to look deeper than that.
My hon. Friend the Member for Peterborough (Dr. Mawhinney) talked about alienation and seemed to imply that the problems could be solved without tackling the constitution. I do not believe that is possible. There are realities that we have to face.
My final premise is that perhaps—I am not so sure of this — we should do nothing unless we can do enough. The prize, after all, is peace. Everything else turns on that—the economy, the quality of life, the wear and tear on the Army and on the respect for law, and the general poisoning of the political atmosphere both here and in the Republic. All the problems spring from, or are made worse by, the terror, and, above all, by the growing respectability of terror. We shall not end the nightmare by ritual condemnation or goodwill gestures, however well intentioned, which fall short of tackling the core problem.
The hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) said that political developments themselves cannot bring peace. That is right, but it does not follow that peace can come without political developments.
In essence, we face now, as we have faced every year, the twin pillars of terror. One is the pillar of evil—that combination of crime, political ambition, sadism, fear and greed, which motivates much of the violence. The other is the pillar of disillusion—that long-felt belief that, although their methods are evil, the objectives of the IRA are right and that nobody else seems to be getting anywhere.
For the terror to fail, both pillars have to crack. By all means let us be fierce in our assault upon the terrorists, but we need to turn that disillusion into hope. Anything less will fail. Out of the next generation come the terrorists to replace those whom we capture. The people in the United Kingdom as a whole have a right to question whether a policy which relies on so high a level of commitment to security as far as the eye can see is one that can be supported for ever.
Throughout the debates on the Province that we have had in this House, the right hon. Member for Down, South (Mr. Powell) has said that constant change in the constitution is an encouragement to the IRA; that each move is seen as a response to its violence; and each concession an invitation to try again for a bit more. The right hon. Gentleman's solution is to enmesh Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom so that the nationalists give up hope. I agree that we need that stability and air of finality. Constant innovation is disruptive. Although I cannot agree that a policy to tighten the union with the United Kingdom would achieve that purpose, I am also seeking a resting place. We want to be in a place where a generation or two can put down roots, and perhaps be
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able to look back, at the beginning of the next century, and ask what all the fuss was about. That is why I say that if we cannot do enough, we should stay where we are.
What is enough? It is the point at which the minority community can feel that its national allegiance is properly expressed without denying the same right to the Unionists. We shall not change Sinn Fein, for which a break with Great Britain is the only solution, but we need to find the point at which the potential gain from supporting such a line is less to the majority of the Catholics in Northern Ireland than the loss of life and a future which is disrupted by violence and vice. It is a point—I emphasise this—which needs to be underwritten by the overt commitment of the Irish parties and by the joint participation of the Irish police and armed forces in the restoration of normal law.
Such a commitment represents an abandonment of what an Opposition Member was calling the forced consent. There is no forced consent. What is required is an underwriting by the Government of the Republic—and, indeed, by the parties of the Republic—of a solution which allows the Unionists to remain part of the United Kingdom. I believe that is possible, but there is a price to be paid. Our institutions need to recognise what is in practice already the truth.
Large numbers of Catholics hold allegiance outside the United Kingdom. The Queen's writ does not run everywhere. Some of the problems facing Northern Ireland will yield only to joint activity with the South. The security problem cannot be solved without the active participation of the Republic. We need to find a way in which we can bring together that joint allegiance. We cannot have peace without joint security and we cannot have joint security without some recognition of the quality of nationhood, with which I began. To concede too little will not bring peace — merely another round of disillusion as yet another concession fails.
It is tempting to grasp at the immediately obtainable titbit, such as the council to which the hon. Member for Isle of Wight (Mr. Ross) referred. Peace can come only if we can sign up the main political forces throughout the island of Ireland in a combined assault on the terrorist, and therefore a combined effort in regard to economic and political problems.
The structure that allows some measure of joint allegiance does not—nor could it—involve a break of the links between the Province and the United Kingdom. It has been made abundantly clear — and most eloquently by my right hon. Friend today — that no British Government would countenance such a thing; nor indeed, would the British people or the people of the Province.
We should be careful how we talk about sovereignty. Continuously we surrender it, we merge it and we blur it when it suits our interest. What is the point of sovereignty if it cannot be used for the benefit of the people? I suggest that the United Kingdom has made the biggest surrender of its sovereignty in its history to the European Court of Human Rights. It has done that without statute, without debate in this House, and without even much interest among hon. Members. It therefore behoves us, particularly Parliament, not to be querulous about some aspects of sovereignty in return for real benefits of stability and peace. But it is not necessary to go that far. The sovereignty of the United Kingdom over Northern Ireland is not at issue. The achievement of agreement does not require it. The stability that we seek can come in many

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guises, provided that we retain the two essential ingredients—that the loyalties of both nations need to be satisfied, and that the resultant modified union of the Province with the United Kingdom must be underwritten by the Governments and the peoples both of the United Kingdom and of the Republic.
7.20 pm
Mr. Martin Flannery: When I hear hon. Members from Northern Ireland speaking in the House, I always approach these debates with a certain humility, because we over here understand only temporarily what they live through when we go to visit them. I say that equally of hon. Members who agree or disagree with what I say, on either side.
When I heard the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) make his forthright speech I was rather intrigued to hear him say to the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) that he was surprised that he was not in the Assembly. The hon. Member for Antrim, North said that he would like to be able to talk to him and to convert him. What hope was there if one could not do that sort of thing? One might as well, the hon. Gentleman said, go home. The hon. Member for Belfast, East (Mr. Robinson), has come to the debate. At first I thought that he had expressed his view in triplicate.
I always hope that those of us who have been attending Northern Ireland debates for quite a time do not come with great expectations, because we have learnt not to do so. I remember, throughout the years, that the various Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland, including Labour Secretaries of State, conveyed the view, possibly inadvertently, that the security position was improving and that things were clearly on the mend. People like me and my hon. Friends who represent Sheffield—two of them struggle in this area — always cautioned against that. The reality is that we were correct.
None the less, I believe that the debate places a heavy burden on all of us. We have a choice. We can either give some hope to the two traditions in Northern Ireland, and to all the people who are interested over here as well, or we can take up fixed, rigid and entrenched positions and leave those people in despair, fearing that, as the emergency has continued for 15 years, it looks as though many more years will pass before we find a solution.
We seem to have no solutions to offer to this intractable problem. I often think that way, and I believe that all of us do. Unless we hold out some hope, the melancholy cycle of violence, maiming and killing will go on in that small country. It is such a tiny community when it is compared with large countries. On a kind of pro-rata basis, Northern Ireland has lost from 80,000 to 90,000 people in terms of the United Kingdom generally.
If we do not move somewhere else, in my opinion we shall move towards the ultimate catastrophe. There seems to be a sense of urgency, without the need to panic, about the situation we face. The forum was born out of that. I slightly disagree with my hon. Friend the Member for Foyle. Whatever he says about the voting system in Northern Ireland, many people still voted for Sinn Fein. That is the political reality, whatever the voting system is. Possibly, that was one of the main factors that brought about the forum—the disillusionment of sections of the minority Catholic community with the present situation,
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which was borne out in that vote. Sections of that community were alarmed by that vote. The alarm bells were ringing. It was apparent that constitutional nationalism and constitutional unionism were in a certain disarray. We must take all those factors into account.
Whatever we may think about it, I believe that the New Ireland Forum is an honest attempt to prove that there is a peaceful solution by consent. The right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) is a politician to whom I always like to listen. He puts his views clearly, although is viewpoint does not always sound as moderate as the language he uses. None the less, I always like to listen to him. He does not look daggers at anything, or any of us, but he says what he honourably believes. I respect that.
I believe that we can either begin to prove that there is hope of a peaceful solution or we can leave people thinking that, no matter how we try, the problem is so intractable that we are a hopeless lot and are not getting much further with it. Unless there is some movement somewhere towards what we have constantly held out—a peaceful solution—there will be more disillusionment among the people of Northern Ireland and other parts of Ireland.
The three alternatives given—the unitary state, the federal/confederal state, and the joint authority state—have been more or less moved out of court by hon. Members of the Unionist persuasion, and by the Government as well. Therefore, we must think seriously about the stage that we have reached now.
The Official Unionist document is couched in very moderate language. My hon. Friend the Member for Foyle says that it is the most moderate language that he has read in any Unionist document yet. I shall quote from paragraph five on the first page of the document—it did not mince words, but came to the point straight away:
"If Northern Ireland is to have a devolved government with legislative and executive powers on the Stormont model, with the government being drawn from the party or coalition of parties having a majority, this would almost certainly be 'Unionist' in character."
That is made plain. The document continues:
"Its overwhelming political objective would be the maintenance of the Union. Such an arrangement would logically preclude power sharing with those whose aspiration is a United Ireland. Conclusion 12 of the Report of the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention states
'That no country ought to be forced to have in its Cabinet any person whose political philosophy and attitudes have revealed his opposition to the very existence of the State'.
This underlines the logic of the anti-power sharers in these circumstances and the argument is difficult to refute."
The Official Unionists make no bones about it. They say quite clearly that anybody who believes in an ultimately united Ireland has no place with them. Then they wonder why the SDLP did not go into the Assembly. The reality is there. It is categorical and definite. It poses a problem with which all of us are trying to grapple
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: The hon. Gentleman omitted the context from which he was quoting. The context was that of a legislative and administrative devolution to a Northern Ireland Assembly with, therefore, a Cabinet structure. It is necessary to include that context to give the correct meaning to the words that the hon. Gentleman quoted. I am sure that he will agree with that
Mr. Flannery: The right hon. Gentleman is correct. None the less, I reiterate that it is the fundamental viewpoint of unionism that power sharing at all in Northern Ireland is wrong. There are elements in the

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Unionist party that disagree, but there is something important about the vote that the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) received. It is a powerful grouping, and we must look at it as clearly as possible.
I agree with the right hon. Gentleman, but the official Unionists have, in polite language, really asked for a return to the old Stormont. I believe that that is their aim. They will never admit it when they are wrong. They will never admit to the things that the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) said about bigotry and the way that the Catholic minority has been treated. They have always conveyed the impression that there was democracy in Northern Ireland. There never was. The action of the Catholic minority shows that most clearly.
I should like to tell the story of some years ago when I went into the offices of what is now the Democratic Unionist party, which were festooned with Union Jacks — almost like a National Front organisation. I have mentioned this before in the Chamber to the hon. Member for Antrim, North. As we were talking, I happened to see a picture on the wall. It was a photo-montage. I had a look at it, and it showed the hon. Gentleman sitting on a papal throne, and the Pope was kissing his foot.
In the face of such appalling bigotry, where are we going? People try to say that bigotry does not exist. Despite my Irish name, I am not a Catholic. I am trying to grapple as best I can with the terrible problem that confronts us all. Let us be clear that there are reactionary and powerful forces that do not want us to solve the problem. When the hon. Member for Antrim, North was speaking earlier about gunmen I said, "What about the gunmen on the hillside?" The hon. Gentleman made light of that, as he previously made light of the anecdote that I have just told. When I raised it with him later, he said, "It was only a joke." I do not believe it. Certain people think that they have the God-given right to rule over others and they will not let a little thing like democracy get in their way.
I dearly hope, as Dr. FitzGerald does, that there is a chink of light coming from the forum report and certain other documents. I like the ending of his argument. He said that no matter what we feel, we should talk about it. We should get together and argue in as wide a grouping as possible. I believe that the New Ireland Forum is an attempt to do that. Chapter 5.1, paragraph (1) states:
"Existing structures and practices in Northern Ireland have failed to provide either peace, stability or reconciliation."
That is true. There is no hope if those structures remain as they are. The report continues
"The failure to recognise and accommodate the identity of Northern nationalists has resulted in deep and growing alienation on their part from the system of political authority."
Paragraph (4) states:
"The present formal position of the British Government, namely the guarantee, contained in Section 1 of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act, 1973, has in its practical application had the effect of inhibiting the dialogue necessary for political progress."
That point was made by the hon. Member for Foyle. I am not proposing a solution, but to have that fact in the background to help means that one does not necessarily get down to real argument and try to solve the problem because one feels so powerful. All those matters must be considered.
I was particularly pleased when Dr. FitzGerald said that this is not a solution to our problems but only an agenda. In other words, there is nothing final about it. The three
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options proposed are not necessarily the final three. it is suggested that they are worthy of discussion by all of us and should not be immediately and rapidly turned out of court.
We should all realise that although there is no royal road to solving this intractable problem, we must make some political progress, not least because our people are deeply frustrated at the lack of progress. We all know that if we consulted our people, we might get an awful shock, as the Daily Mirror did when it ran a poll a few years ago, and about 70 per cent. of those asked wanted to come out of Northern Ireland. I, for one, see no royal road, and I would struggle against it. Nevertheless the British people have a sense of frustration. If there was a referendum, it would change things drastically. It would have an effect that I personally would not wish.
Some people, many from my own side, for whom I have profound respect and affection, believe that pulling the troops out will solve the problem. I personally am completely opposed to that, having gone to Northern Ireland many times through the years. I fear a blood bath. Those people might be correct that pulling the troops out would somehow be the catalyst not to tragedy but to political movement, and, ultimately a united Ireland by consent, which the Labour party and I believe in. It might come about by other methods if we are not careful. We must consider that.
If the troops were pulled out and there was a blood bath, it would be a bit too late to admit that one was wrong. Although I have much sympathy with the people who think that way, I have never gone on one of their platforms, and would not do so. I would need convincing in many ways that it was right because I believe that there is no quick method to solve this intractable problem. There is no royal road. It depends on our integrity and honesty, as we lean on one another's convictions about the discussion and debate that must go on. However, all the time, forces are urgently grappling, probably in a different way.
The Secretary of State pours sarcasm on those who, every now and again, ask for a new political initiative. However, I say to the Secretary of State that it is the people who struggle all the time for new initiatives who move mankind forward a step. The Secretary of State says, "You are here again asking for new initiatives." I say, "I am here again pointing out that there is practically no movement." That is what worries me. I am worried that the killing will continue and that more people will be in danger. That is why I believe that the forum initiative should be not thrown out but studied to see whether at the end of the tunnel there is the beginning of an argument to carry us forward to something better.
It may sound like a platitude, but that initiative:is a contribution to a continuing debate which must not cease but in which we want some movement. I am sure that we respect one another's views. I have said that I believe that ultimately the only hope is for the island of Ireland to be a united country in its own right. If a powerful, imperialist Ireland had been the order of the day many years ago and had subjugated and taken over a weak England and Scotland and ultimately, due to force of circumstance, had carved out Lancashire and attached it to Ireland, we should certainly not be sitting quiet. We should be struggling for a united England, just as the Irish are now struggling for a united Ireland and we should respect them for it.
Those of us who hate violence believe that the debate must continue. A united Ireland may be a long way off,

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but I believe that the vast majority of the British people believe that it must ultimately come when they see what is now going on. It may be a long way off, but I believe that as the debate continues it is bound to move more and more in the direction of a united Ireland. I believe that the forum initiative is an honourable attempt to grapple with the problem.
Several Hon. Members rose——
Mr. Deputy Speaker (Mr. Harold Walker): Order. So far, the shortest speech has been 17 minutes and the average has been well over 20 minutes. Unless hon. Members are more restrained, many will be disappointed.
7.42 pm
Mr. Michael Mates: What a moment to get to my feet, but I shall do my best, Mr. Deputy Speaker.
I begin by congratulating the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) on some of his remarks, but especially on being the only Northern Ireland Member to stay to listen to what other Members have to say. It is a pity that the quality of debate is lowered by the fact that people declaim and then depart so that their views cannot be changed by subsequent argument. As you, Mr. Deputy Speaker, have requested brevity, and as my hon. Friends the Members for Peterborough (Dr. Mawhinney) and for Manchester, Withington (Mr. Silvester) have made many of the points far more adequately than I could, I shall confine myself to two matters.
When the forum report was first issued, I said that I regarded it as a very helpful diagnosis, that it made many valuable points, that its tone was its most important feature, but that, unfortunately, it had not really gone any distance down the road towards providing for the future. I would say the same about the "The Way Forward", the document produced by the Official Unionist party. Again, the tone is important. I had thought that I hoped in vain for such a change and moderation of the way in which that group had expressed its views in previous years.
Even more important, however, has been the significant series of statements by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland. I believe that that is the most helpful peg on which we and the Government can hang our attempts to make some tentative progress. Because the report had to be signed by all the nationalist parties, one of its most disappointing features was the caveat of Fianna Fail, the largest party, that only a unitary state would ultimately be acceptable. The Prime Minister, Dr. FitzGerald, has not just categorically denied that, but he has faced the fact, which could not be included in the report, that, whatever the aspirations of the Labour party, the nationalist parties or anyone else to achieve a united Ireland by consent, that is simply not going to happen.
In these matters, we are dealing with Governments, not with Oppositions or parties. The head of the Irish Government has very bravely said to his own people and to us that he sees no prospect of consent for a united Ireland in the near future and that the best way forward, in his view, is to work with the situation that we have. That is a most realistic appraisal, and it should put an end for the foreseeable future to the constant remarks of Unionists, extreme and less extreme, that any conversation or improvement in relations between London and Dublin is
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no more than the back door to a united Ireland or the Trojan horse out of which a united Ireland will come. It is not going to happen that way, and the Unionists do neither themselves nor the general debate any service by alleging that it will. Given that clear and brave statement by the Irish Prime Minister, I hope that the two Governments can go forward to improve Anglo-Irish relations I believe that this should be done at Government level. Other parliamentarians may have a part to play, but I doubt whether their efforts could create a viable structure and I do not think that another talking shop is really needed.
That brings me conveniently to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The hon. Member for Foyle asked rather violently about how he could be seen entering an Assembly, members of which were responsible for the Poleglass dustbin incident. I put it to the hon. Gentleman that the future of Northern Ireland is about more than dustbins. The need for debate between all political parties which have denied the course of violence is greater than ever before. When I urged the hon. Gentleman to go into the Assembly, in a broadcast programme just after the forum report was published, he said, "There is nothing in it for us." He should ask himself not what is in it for him and his party, but what they can do to contribute to the debate in Northern Ireland. They should ask themselves what they can give, rather than what they can get. It is because for so long the political parties in Northern Ireland have been interested only in what is in it for them and those whom they regard as their people that attempts to bring people together have failed. Only by approaching things in a more generous spirit shall we ever get way from that attitude
Mr. Hume: First, given the political sterility in Northern Ireland since 1974, this is the first major debate to take place in prime time, and the initiative of my party led to the New Ireland Forum report.
Secondly, under the Conservative Government of 1974 we accepted the terms laid down and negotiated with the Unionist parties and the British Government. We accepted power sharing and went into the Assembly. We were then kicked out following the Ulster Workers Council strike. When the Labour Government invited us to the Northern Ireland Convention, we again accepted the terms laid down by this House and were willing to negotiate, but again the Unionists said that in no circumstances were they prepared to share power. In 1979, when the right hon. Member for Spelthorne (Sir H. Atkins) was Secretary of State, we again accepted the terms and negotiations, but again the Unionists refused to share power.
When the present Secretary of State announced his initiative, before the elections even took place both the Unionist parties made it clear that there were no circumstances in which they were prepared to share power, so the whole purpose of the Assembly was null and void before it began. We were not prepared to put the people of Northern Ireland through another charade. Instead, we took a new initiative, which has led to today's debate. I believe that we were acting in the best interests of all the people in Northern Ireland in so doing
Mr. Deputy Speaker: Order. I remind the House that interventions should be brief.
Mr. Mates: As the hon. Gentleman's intervention was longer than my speech so far, I hope that I may be allowed some injury time, Mr. Deputy Speaker.
The hon. Member for Foyle has reminded us of the past. I agree with most of what he has said about past failures, although I think that he made a mistake when he said that a Conservative Government allowed the first Assembly to fail
Mr. Hume: No. A Conservative Government set it up.
Mr. Mates: I am very proud of the Government who did so.
I take the hon. Gentleman's point. It has become harder for the hon. Gentleman to come back and back again to look for a way forward, but he is a very courageous man. It will take courage for him to abandon his own brand of sterility. Abstentionism is sterile politics, and the hon. Gentleman is made of better stuff than that.
The end of the article by Dr. FitzGerald to which I have referred is addressed as much to the hon. Member for Foyle as to anyone else. Dr. FitzGerald said:
"Let me … take this opportunity to appeal to all those North and South who genuinely seek peace and stability above anything else to put aside their heritage of suspicions and doubts on the one hand, and unrealistic expectations on the other, and to recognise that North and South are interdependent partners in the vital search for peace and stability."
If one added the words "within present constitutional arrangements", that would be as good a recipe for progress as any that could be found. I hope that hon. Members on the Unionist Benches as well as the hon. Member for Foyle, whose courage I admire, will take that brave message to heart. It offers hope for the future.
7.52 pm
Miss Joan Maynard: I welcome the forum report, but I wish that I could agree with the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) that it is not in any way connected with trying to help constitutional nationalism. I remember that it was said that Sinn Fein would never stand for election because it would never win any votes. Sinn Fein has started to stand, and to win votes, and that has come about because the nationalist population has felt that constitutional methods were not producing any results.
I believe strongly that Britain, as the sovereign power in the North, is directly responsible for the crisis there. As the forum report states,
"The continuing crisis in Northern Ireland has reached critical proportions, involving intense human suffering and misery for many thousands of people."
That is true, not only in relation to Ireland but in relation to the mainland. The violence over there has inevitably overflowed into our own country. I believe that ever since we divided Ireland we have denied freedom to the nationalist minority in the North. One cannot deny freedom to others and retain it for oneself. It was inevitable, therefore, that the violence there would spread over here. We have created a problem, and we must take the initiative to try to solve it.
The question is a political one. Politicians have failed, and the men of violence on both sides have inevitably moved in to fill the vacuum. Every day we see evidence of the failure of the British settlement of 1920. The settlement was made against the wishes of the majority. We have heard a great deal today about consent, but there was no consent to the original division of Ireland. The
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nationalists were turned into a political minority by the way in which we divided Ireland. We acknowledged the failure of the 1920 settlement when we suspended Stormont and replaced it by direct rule, but we would not have suspended Stormont had not the minority population rebelled in 1969 and said, 'Enough is enough."
In 1974 the Sunningdale attempt collapsed. For more than 60 years we have not been able to create workable and acceptable political structures. They have still to be established, and it is not possible to establish them within the context of a Northern Ireland state.
The minority population in the North has always been left out of decision making at the political level. For over 50 years it has lived with power and privilege that have been exclusively Unionist. The minority has suffered discrimination in terms of jobs and homes as well as in many other ways. Emigration has been high as a result, and members of the minority population have been, and still are, subject to very high unemployment.
British policy is mere crisis management. We talk constantly of political consensus, but, in practice, we never embark on the politics. We are always discussing the security situation. We resort to crisis management in an effort to contain the violence without dealing with its causes. We have never been able to maintain the Northern Ireland state without repressive legislation in some form or another. There must be something wrong with a state that can be maintained only by repressive legislation, whether in the form of the temporary provisions legislation, the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973, internment without trial, or the Diplock courts. It is said that we have the Diplock courts because no one would dare to give evidence. Is there not something wrong with a state in which people do not dare to give evidence in the courts?
Mr. Corbyn: Does my hon. Friend agree that the history of political repression and denial of justice in Northern Ireland has to some extent been mirrored in recent years in the rest of the United Kingdom, with the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1983 and the policing measures that we have seen in London and other major cities since the British Army was sent to Northern Ireland in 1979?
Mr. Deputy Speaker: Order. We would do well to keep to the subject of the New Ireland Forum.
Miss Maynard: I was talking of the system of law in Northern Ireland. There is no doubt that, because the violence spilled over into this country, the Prevention of Terrorism Act was brought in, and that Act is an infringement of our civil liberties. I also believe that many of the policing methods used in Northern Ireland are now being introduced into the rest of the United Kingdom. The miners' strike is the best example of that.
We are now sinking to the level of using supergrasses to get convictions. The minority population in Northern Ireland no longer has any confidence in the legal system. Many lawyers and barristers in Northern Ireland are also concerned that their credibility is being undermined by the system of law and that the legal system is becoming an adjunct of the military power.
I see no solution in the context of Northern Ireland. There have been many attempts to find a solution within the context of a Northern lreland state. They have all failed. The problem transcends Northern Ireland as we

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know it. Whenever Unionist paramilitaries have taken action to block off the slightest move towards a change in the present situation, we have backed off.
I am sorry to say that I do not agree with my hon. Friend the Member for Sheffield, Hillsborough (Mr. Flannery) as I do not believe that there will be peace or a solution to the problem until we set a date for Britain's withdrawal from Northern Ireland. I remind the House that we had to leave Egypt and India. One day we shall have to leave Northern Ireland. It is possible to stay in a country only as long as one has the people's consent to do so. I know that the consent of the majority remains with us, but that is only because of the way in which the boundaries were drawn. They were so drawn to build in a majority for the Unionists. That gives them the veto. As long as the veto remains, the Unionists will never discuss the politics. We must discuss the politics if we are ever to achieve a solution. They do not need to discuss the politics because they have a veto. They are in a strong position and we are in a difficult one. They always say that they want to remain part of the United Kingdom. The issue should be voted on in the whole of the United Kingdom. I believe that the result would show that a majority favour Britain leaving Northern Ireland. Our people do not want their sons and fathers being killed over there any more than anyone else would.
As has been demonstrated in the Chamber today, seeking the consent of the Unionists is a waste of time. History shows no example of a group of people who have enjoyed a privilege giving it up voluntarily. The Unionists are extremely privileged and they will not give up that privilege voluntarily.
In reality we are seeking the consent of the minority in Ireland. As the report says at paragraph 3.1:
"The existing political systems in Ireland have evolved from the 1920 constitutional arrangements by Britain which resulted in the arbitrary division of the country. Prior to 1920 and during many centuries of British rule, Ireland was administered as an integral political unit. The establishment of Northern Ireland as a separate political unit was contrary to the desire of the great majority of Irish people for the political unity and sovereignty of Ireland as expressed in the all-Ireland election of 1918."
The report presents an entirely different ball game as it talks of the real majority in Ireland, not the gerrymandered majority in the North.
I should like to ask some questions of the Minister and my hon. Friend the Member for Hammersmith (Mr. Soley). How will the Unionists ever be brought to consent to constitutional change while the status quo is backed by the British guarantee? Do the Government and my hon. Friend agree with notion of consent? I believe that they do. Do they agree with the notion of consent within an all-Ireland context? What steps are they prepared to take to win that consent? I do not believe that we shall ever have peace until we find a means of bringing about a united Ireland, as I believe that the Irish people have the same right to self-determination as do we.
8.2 pm
Mr. Ivor Stanbrook: One would think, having listened to the hon. Member for Sheffield, Brightside (Miss Maynard), that there were not well over 1 million British people in Northern Ireland who are proud to be British and wish to remain British. That constitutes one of the problems for people such as the hon. Lady, who
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overcome it simply by ignoring it, as if the interests of the people of Northern Ireland do not count. They argue against the fundamental rule of democracy by which the majority rule. The minority can have their say, privileges and safeguards in the constitution, but ultimately, under the rule of democracy, the majority should have their way. That is what has quite properly happened in Northern Ireland.
It must be acknowledged that ministerial responsibility for Northern Ireland is great. As we understand that my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State might be giving up the burden of his office in the near future, perhaps as one who has often disagreed with his policies I might say that he is entitled to praise for his immense patience, integrity and courage in the past few years.
Much good will has been expressed by both sides. I begin to think that perhaps there is too much good will and too little plain speaking. Although the New Ireland Forum might have been of some value to those who took part in it and although it might be impressive that Irish politicians got together and could agree on any one thing at any one time, it is my privilege as a Back Bencher to say that I believe that the report is a humbug, a deceit, a snare and a delusion. When they subscribed to it, every one of its authors knew that it would be unacceptable to the people of Northern Ireland. According to the publicity given to their deliberations, they set out to find a formula for peace in Northern Ireland — a matter that is none of their business — and have since received a great deal of adulation for their achievements. They have made no contribution to peace in Northern Ireland. It is time that that was said publicly. The constitutional position within Northern Ireland and of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom is of no concern to any foreign state, including the Republic of Ireland, which wants to be recognised as foreign and independent. It was a mistake for the British Government to give so much attention to a document that was prepared primarily by parties in a foreign country and which was commended by a foreign Government.
What is the report's objective? It is to expand the frontiers of the Irish Republic in order to include a part of the United Kingdom. I am glad to observe that a spirit of greater reality can now be found among my colleagues who appreciate that the cause of a united Ireland has not been advanced one inch by the report. It is far more important for us to concentrate on the inherent difficulties, tensions and frictions that arise in Northern Ireland and to consider how to alleviate them to solve the problem that is the basis of the violence there.
I appreciated the interesting and thoughtful speech of my hon. Friend the Member for Manchester, Withington (Mr. Silvester), but these matters cannot be solved by constitutional refinement or by a slight rearrangement of constitutional formulae, which do not matter to people on the ground. Such people are not likely to change their view of their neighbours, the people with whom they have fought, protested and argued, just because of some little constitutional device. That is the approach to politics that is beloved of the Liberal party which attaches far more importance to form and ceremony than to reality.
If we are to solve the problem, it must be solved by the people of Northern Ireland living and working together and working out their own formula. That is why the Government got their priorities wrong when they approached the problem by labelling the debate as being on the New Ireland Forum report and other documents. At

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the minimum, they should have said that this was a debate on constitutional proposals for Northern Ireland. If any one document had to be given precedence, pride of place should have been given to that produced by the Official Unionist party, entitled "The Way Forward".
The Official Unionists are admittedly in a position of power in democratic terms in Northern Ireland. They make up the largest party, they represent the majority community, and they are proposing improvements and developments within their own constitutional arrangements that could go some way towards appeasing the legitimate complaints of the minority. The idea of a bill of rights does not commend itself to me in the United Kingdom, but it is significant that the Official Unionists have proclaimed it. Perhaps even more significantly, that party proposed that local government should be reinstituted on a democratic and parliamentary basis, in that those functions could be transferred to a Stormont. That valuable suggestion should be taken up, not cast aside as if it were just another proposal from another political party. It is a proposal from the most significant political party in Northern Ireland and it should receive far more attention than it has so far.
Perhaps now is an appropriate time for there to be a change in the office of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Perhaps now, having received all the valuable suggestions from different quarters, a new Secretary of State can consider his own way forward. He might start, for example, by having a border poll. One is due now, and this would be an appropriate stage at which to have one to confirm the fact, which so many Irish-Americans and people in the Republic do not believe, that the vast majority of people in Northern Ireland wish to stay within the United Kingdom.
After another border poll, we could proceed with the one solution that has so far never been tried in Northern Ireland — ultimate and complete integration of the Province with the United Kingdom. If we stopped keeping Northern Ireland at arm's length constitutionally and if, in future, we treated it as it should be treated, like any other part of the United Kingdom, such as Wales or Scotland, we would then have a basis from which we could say to every citizen in Northern Ireland, "You are as well treated and have as many rights and privileges under the law as anyone else; religion has nothing to do with it." That is the case elsewhere in the United Kingdom, and it should be so in Northern Ireland. If we were to adopt an integration policy, we could achieve it, and at the same time achieve the peace in the Province that we all so desperately desire.
8.12 pm
Mr. A. E. P. Duffy: That Ireland has had such a bitter experience at the hands of England over the years is almost entirely due to the existence in the past of many who thought like the hon. Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook). The Irish problem has been coming before the House for the past 14 years due to the number of hon. Members in the Conservative party who still think like the hon. Member for Orpington. I hope that now he speaks only for himself, because otherwise there can be little, if any, fulfilment of even the tentative proposals that the Secretary of State put before the House when he opened the debate.
At this stage of the debate, it is unnecessary, even if time permitted, for me to address myself to anything other
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than the general aspects of the New Ireland Forum report. However, it is still necessary, particularly in view of the speech of the hon. Member for Orpington, to remind the House what the report is about. First, it seeks to put an end to the feuding and to promote instead common understanding followed by dialogue and perhaps, in the end, a real coming together.
Secondly, the report does not purport to be a plan. It is an agenda and necessarily incomplete. It does not disguise the fact that it is only the voice of nationalist Ireland—the indigenous people, the people with tenure, the natives. These are the people who feel that they belong and that they are living in the land of their forefathers, and who wonder why they have been punished for that fact for so long in one corner of it.
Thirdly, the report shows some understanding of those in Ireland who prefer to be different, perhaps not even Irish, certainly British. It has striven to see how their wishes could be accommodated with the views of the rest of the people in Ireland. Fourthly, running right through the report is the insistence that no one living in Ireland should feel less at home than another, or less protected by law than his or her fellow citizens. It is attempting to put an end to second-class citizenship. Therefore, Dublin has demonstrated almost unrivalled tolerance, reasonableness, forebearance and maturity. Those are qualities that we in the House do not merit. Can the Unionists or the British match it?
The report has been received favourably overseas, as it has in the more serious British newspapers. However, as we have seen today, some hon. Members still exhibit those symptoms of paralysis that for too long have characterised debates on Northern Ireland in the House. Fair people see that the report presents all sorts of possibilities. The key question is how to get some movement started. That must be the major objective, not some prescribed goal. The structures and gestures now advanced by the Unionist party, as has been confirmed in this debate, may yet amount to a workable alternative to the present unacceptable status quo. We shall all want to read closely the speech made by the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux).
The response of the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley), like the speech made by the hon. Member for Orpington, ran true to form. Everything that the hon. Member for Antrim, North stands for is anathema to tolerance and to reasoned and constructive dialogue. When he comes to the House, he constantly whines about security, but he rejects every political move to bring the two communities together. He and his party, as we gathered from the intervention made by my hon. Friend the Member for Islington, North (Mr. Corbyn), are trying to distance themselves from Mr. Seabright. Some hon. Members may not know, but that gentleman wishes to burn Catholics. The hon. Member for Antrim, North cannot conceal from the House and from his record that he and those immediately round him in the Democratic Unionist party have created people such as Mr. Seabright and the many others like him in the DUP.
The Official Unionist party and the DUP have tactical differences about how to manoeuvre, but hitherto they have been equally opposed to any structure that would challenge the political ascendancy that their forefathers won by force 60 years ago. Now the challenge for the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley is that if we cannot look

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to any party in Northern Ireland to respond positively to this report, other than the SDLP, we must look to Westminster exclusively. There is no other fulcrum.
It is incumbent on the British Government in any event to face up at long last to their responibilities. It is Britain that must carry the historic guilt for creating by conquest and plantation the tradition of violence in Northern Ireland. It is Britain which is ultimately responsible for all the horrors of Northern Ireland. Therefore, there is in particular an onus on Government Back-Bench Members, other than the hon. Member for Orpington. They have a particular responsibility because the Government are well aware that a majority in Britain no longer support the union which, since 1969, has cost more than twice Britain's net payments to the EEC. The British Government must be aware that a majority in Britain wholly repudiates the concept of loyalism in Northern Ireland which defines itself in incitements to break the law and defiance of this Parliament when convenient.
The British Government are equally aware that a majority in Britain wonder why they are not consulted when those same people in Northern Ireland invoke the principle of majority rule. The British Government cannot but be aware that support is mounting in all parties here for the view that Unionist intransigence should not be allowed to block political progress in the Province any longer. The Secretary of State presumably had that in mind when he assured the House this afternoon that in relation to certain initiatives the Government "will not stand idly by". They are supposed to be in charge, as The Economist reminded them in a recent survey of Ulster. It went on to say:
"It is time for something different."
We shall be looking to the Government for results. It is certainly time for something different if—and I believe that this is the inarticulate premise from which all speeches in the debate have started, with the possible exception of that of the hon. Member for Antrim, North—this House is to check the growing strength of the IRA. The Member who is exerting most influence on this debate is the Member who has yet to take his seat. Labour Members accepted their duty to maintain the Union so long as there was no general consent to change. They accepted the Unionists' veto on reform, even though it had been secured under duress. Some have even tolerated the alienation of Catholics in the past, and, by their refusal to come to grips with the real political problem, have handed the initative to the IRA. They would have pleaded in their defence that simplistic solutions cannot work in Northern Ireland and that no amount of constitutional guarantees can overcome the problem of alienation on the part of either community—again, we heard that this afternoon from the Front Bench.
But, thank God, Labour Members now recognise—I hope all of them, certainly the overwhelming majority — that if the Catholic community is not to be completely alienated Labour Members at Westminster cannot go on giving a blank cheque to a system that has brutalised the nationalist, to a state which denies his legitimate aspirations in the land of his fathers, and to an Administration who exclude him from decision making.
Without threatening to act without the consent of the people of Northern Ireland, Labour Members believe that the time has arrived to declare for a united Ireland. In the
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long term, a democratic united Ireland would be a healthier component of western Europe than a divided Ireland. That is almost certainly the opinion of most people in Britain, to say nothing of most people in Ireland. Such an objective, the more it is proclaimed, will not unsettle Ulster Protestants—contrary to what the hon. Member for Hampshire, East (Mr. Mates) argued a few moments ago—more than they are already unsettled. They have been hearing such assurances for the past 14 years in this House. To talk of a united Ireland will encourage some of them to think constructively and positively about coexistence with their Celtic fellow citizens. It will encourage London and Dublin to build up confidence before they pursue co-operation. Their early tasks will relate to psychiatric problems.
Northern Ireland cannot be governed in peace directly from London any more than it could from Dublin. Real progress can be made only when the two Governments feel freer to work towards the evolution of bilateral and even trilateral institutions which reflect and accept, not ignore or coerce, the double dual allegiances in Northern Ireland.
The Economist recently mentioned some of the possibilities that are now available. I shall not recite them, because I know that my hon. Friend the Member for Hammersmith (Mr. Soley) will dwell on some of them when he replies.
Years of plastic bullets and plastic policies have not brought peace any nearer, as the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) warned in a powerful speech. He also warned that if the Government will not face that reality the killings will go on. Children bred in violence in the North will continue that violence. A new generation growing up in the South will be less passive than their parents and grandparents. The divisions will deepen rather than pass away.
What we are witnessing in Northern Ireland is a community in a state of gradual disintegration. The recent scandalous case of Constable Robinson and the incredible remarks of Lord Justice Gibson represent the most disquieting developments. They suggest that Northern Ireland, having already experienced the failure of Stormont, the failure of the RUC and the British Army to prevent a breakdown of law and order, is now beginning to experience the failure of the judiciary as well. When the people, of whatever political persuasion, fail to recognise the independence and impartiality of those who are chosen to administer justice, it really is the beginning of the end.
Given the resilience of the IRA, the electoral advance of Sinn Fein——
Mr. William Ross rose——
Mr. Duffy: I am coming to an end. I would have given way earlier, but not now.
Given the current demographic trends and the deterioration of the North's economy and social fabric, I do not see how any right-thinking person in Northern Ireland cannot be grateful for the opportunities presented by the New Ireland Forum's report. Failure by Westminster to respond positively and constructively to the report will not be forgiven by those who come after us.
8.26 pm
Mr. Peter Lloyd: I agree with the hon. Member for Sheffield, Attercliffe (Mr. Duffy) that responsibility for Northern Ireland lies fairly, squarely and

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fully with the House. Like him, I took some encouragement from the forum report. It goes a long way towards recognising that there are two nations in Ireland. It specifically acknowledges the Britishness of the majority in the North, but, significantly, not that it is British. However, it concedes that successful new constitutional arrangements in Northern Ireland, and with Ireland as a whole if the two were to be brought together, must have the consent of the Northern majority.
Although those acknowledgements are welcome— I believe they are made from genuine good will—some of the assumptions and supporting arguments in the report devalue them. First, there is the crucial matter of consent. The future status of Northern Ireland is not to be decided by the unfettered choice of the people of Northern Ireland. The forum is offering them a one way ticket to Dublin. The date of arrival is unspecified, the choice of route is up for discussion and there may be delays on the way. But it is perfectly clear that there is only one direction, and the forum expects movement along it. Moreover, it is the British Government who must get them moving.
The forum drops the bluntest of hints that Britain must withdraw its guarantee that there can be no constitutional change in Northern Ireland without the consent of the majority there. That is a very curious requirement—half naive and half cynical. At the very time the forum is urging a suspicious North to trust Dublin's assurances to the Unionists, it is showing how little value it places on such assurances by urging London to go back on those that it gave.
Secondly, the Britishness of the Northern majority, although recognised, has not been conceded in terms of a genuine British allegiance. It is seen much more as a tradition and a cultural orientation. It is certainly not afforded the same status as Irish nationalism, which, according to the forum, can have its full expression only in a united and sovereign Ireland. The forum acknowledges that that Irish identity has often defined itself negatively in terms of Ireland not being British and being separate from Britain, but it does not admit that the British identity in Ulster defines itself just as strongly in terms of not being subject to Dublin. It is not a question, as in the story that the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) told us, of to whom the clans should pay their tribute, but of to whom the people should give their very strongly and passionately felt loyalties.
Nevertheless, in places the report speaks as if a reorientation towards Dublin might be encouraged if the Irish constitution were amended in some way to make it more acceptable to Protestant opinion though it really means liberal opinion, as if a Unionist in Belfast might one day say to his wife after a very bad breakfast, "Now that they have got easier divorce in the South, I am seriously thinking of voting Republican." National loyalties are not manoeuvred, changed and engineered in that way.
The forum also argues from a tendentious historical summary that conceals rather than illumines the problems that the forum was supposed to face. There is never a hint in its criticisms of Stormont that the 1920 Act, setting up the Northern Ireland Parliament, was designed not to divide Ireland—that had clearly already happened—but to create structures that would facilitate its coming together again.
Then again, for all the talk in the forum report of the importance for each tradition of the symbols and administrative expressions of their respective identities,
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there is not a word about the impact on Northern Ireland of the Free State's decision, first, to end allegiance to the Crown and, secondly, to withdraw from the Commonwealth. Of course the Free State had every right to make those changes, if that is what it wanted to do and that was the only way that it could fully express its national identity as it saw it; but in such a document it is wrong, misleading and superficial to ignore the impact that that must have had in drastically reducing—if not totally destroying—the possibility of finding common ground between the new Republic and British Northern Ireland.
Furthermore, the forum report contrasts the considerable, if not total, success — that is the forum's own qualification, not mine—with which the Unionists who were left in the South after 1922 were integrated, with the continuing alienation of the nationalist minority in the North. Yet again, however, it does not acknowledge that the Unionists were a much smaller proportion of the population in the South—then 10 per cent. but now down to 3 per cent. —who had no idea of putting the clock back and who received no encouragement from the United Kingdom to do so. In that situation, they posed no threat whatever to the Free State, and had no influence whatever on its evolution to a Republic. In the North, however, the nationalist minority, which was proportionately three times larger, regarded partition as illegitimate and temporary and was encouraged in its intransigence by the South, which formally incorporated the claim to the Six Counties in its constitution in 1937. The minority started out unwilling to work to make a success of the administrative arrangements in the Province.
I put that forward not as a defence of the Stormont system, but as an explanation as to why Unionists could feel that their future depended on excluding Republicans from places of influence. It generates exasperation, not understanding or good will between the communities, to ignore it, as the forum has done.
That is the problem. Given the reality for the present and foreseeable future of the two national allegiances, and particularly their intermingling in Northern Ireland, there is no arrangement in Ireland alone that can successfully accommodate them both.
If the North were integrated, federated or confederated with Dublin, the Republic would find that it had acquired a large, intractable Unionist minority from the North that it would be able to manage no better than Stormont was able to manage the large intractable nationalist minority that it found itself with after 1922. Thus, for the foreseeable future, the only practical arrangement is to ensure that the sharpness of the constitutional divide in Northern Ireland is diluted in the totality of the United Kingdom by reserving legislative and constitutional matters to Westminster, and by providing local government institutions in Northern Ireland whereby the elected representatives of the two nations in Ireland can administer local services and deal with the hundred and one practical problems on which they have everything in common and about which they are quite capable of agreeing without any disloyalty to their ultimate constitutional aspirations, upon which, of course, they cannot agree.
That is why I welcome the proposals of the Official Unionist party in "The Way Forward". Its limited—and it is important that they are limited — realistic recommendations, combined with the goodwill that,

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despite my harsh criticisms, I find pervades the forum report, provide something upon which my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State can build or, as he might put it, make political progress. I hope that he will respond to the suggestions and offers made earlier by the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux).
However, I go further than that. The Republic has within its power a crucial self-denying contribution to make to that progress if only it can bring itself to do so. When politicians from the South refer, as they often do, to Northern Ireland as a failed political unit, they frequently do so with a relish that almost implies that they would be sorry if it actually succeeded. I do not believe that that is because they want the violence, tensions and hatred to continue. Indeed, I am sure that they do not. I think they merely feel that it must be bringing the peace of a united Ireland closer. But I also suspect that at the back of their minds some of them may have the uneasy feeling that if the North ever settled down reasonably happily within the United Kingdom, it might be lost for ever to the Republic.
However, I am sure that, on the premises of the forum's own arguments, that logic is faulty in both respects. The effect of IRA terror, as the forum admits, and of Southern irredentism, which the forum does not admit, has been to increase Unionist distrust of the Republic and to reinforce the determination of the majority to keep it at a healthy distance. When the Unionists feel under threat—and they are under threat—their suspicions will naturally work overtime, and they will not find the confidence or opportunity to develop wide-ranging and relaxed relationships with the South—whose absence the forum rightly deplored—let alone with their own minority in the North.
That is why the best, and perhaps only practical, recommendation that the forum could have made to ease the problem in Northern Ireland, and to bring North and South closer together, would have been the repeal of sections 2 and 3 of the Irish constitution by which the republic claims the Six Counties. That would be a courageous and constructive step, but one no doubt beyond the present political possibilities of the Republic. But it would be no less unrealistic, and considerably more helpful, than the recommendations that the forum actually did make.
Of course, I am not saying, "Leave the Unionists alone and in the fullness of time they will come to see that their natural future lies properly with the Republic." I am not saying that the nagging fear of some people in Dublin that Northern nationalists might come to accept the union and forget Dublin has no basis. I am suggesting that they have the confidence of their own conviction that the Britishness of the Northern Unionists, though genuine enough as far as it goes, overlays an essential Irishness which fear, prejudice, memories of the old ascendency and a healthy respect for the current level of British social security payments combine to suppress.
If that is right, closer relationships with a prosperous, tolerant, undemanding Republic, combined with a minority in the North prepared to help the Province work successfully, is more likely to liberate their natural Irishness, should it be there, than the murderous assaults of the IRA and the constitutional assaults of the Republic and of the Republican minority in the North.
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One may then ask: where is the present justice for the minority, stranded unwillingly in the North, with which the forum was rightly concerned? They will have the same constitutional rights and liberties as the Unionsists in the South enjoyed after 1922, which the forum thought satisfactory. They will have considerably more political influence than those Southern Unionists, if they care to use it effectively, and far more hope that majority opinion may, by reason and constructive example, be persuaded to move in the direction that they wish it to go than will ever be achieved by violence, non-co-operation and constitutional arm-twisting.
Several Hon. Members rose——
Mr. Deputy Speaker (Mr. Ernest Armstrong): I am conscious that several hon. Members have been here all day and wish to speak. The Front Benches hope to catch my eye by 9.20.
8.42 pm
Mr. David Winnick: The views expressed today by the Official Unionists and the Democratic Unionists are those that we should have expected. There is no change or departure from the line that they have advocated for the last 60 years and more. The contribution from the hon. Member for Fareham (Mr. Lloyd), to which I listened with interest, was along the same line.
It would be disastrous if the House came to the conclusion that there was no political solution to the trouble in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland's difficulties, troubles and tragedy should be seen in an international context. The immense harm that has been done to Britain's reputation as a result of what has happened there in the past 15 years should be recognised. Our friends abroad are deeply unhappy and puzzled at the continued failure to find a satisfactory political solution to Northern Ireland. Our enemies gloat.
One of the fictions to which the hon. Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook) and other pro-Unionist politicians contribute is the idea that Northern Ireland is just like any other part of the United Kingdom—like Sussex, the midlands or Yorkshire. Northern Ireland is nothing of the kind. One must constantly bear in mind the history and events that led to the present difficulties.
However much Unionist and pro-Unionist politicians in the House dislike it, the explanation for much of the trouble is that, against the wishes and the will of the majority of people in Ireland as a whole, that country was partitioned. Some now say, on the basis of a document produced by the Unionists, that the Province should have devolution. The House should bear in mind that for 50 years Northern Ireland had a Parliament of its own. The document now produced by the Official Unionists quotes Edmund Burke who said:
"All government, indeed, every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter."
That is indeed a good quote. I only wish that in the 50 years that Stormont reigned, that sentiment had applied.
The solution does not lie in integration with the mainland. Northern Ireland is like no other part of the United Kingdom. If it were, we should not be taking part in a debate based on a document issued partly by a foreign Government.
If we carry on with our existing policy there will be little change in the years leading to the next century. On

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some occasions, as now, less violence will take place, but all the unease and insecurity, tension and terrorism will continue on and off. Existing policies will result in a continuing tragedy for Northern Ireland.
Much has been said about the feelings of the majority community in Northern Ireland. The views and feelings of the minority community are also of great importance. The minority community, since partition, has felt isolated and alienated. The minority community does not identify with the rest of Britain. It would be puzzling if it did. It believes that its country was divided against its wishes and, understandably, it looks forward to a united Ireland. That is a sentiment with which, with my party, I sympathise. Within that minority community is an even more alienated section of young unemployed people whose chances of getting a job are remote, who live in bad conditions which are a breeding ground for the Provisional IRA and other terrorist organisations.
The forum report provides at least a basis from which to seek a political solution. However much I should like a united Ireland, I doubt whether it will happen for many years. I am opposed in all circumstances to terrorism. The idea that the majority community can be bombed and terrorised into a united Ireland is nonsense. The forum report not only condemns terrorism — which has not been emphasised enough by the Unionists today — it rightly argues that terrorism makes a solution more difficult.
Terrorism cannot provide a solution. I have constantly denounced terrorism. Last year, in Northern Ireland with a delegation, I met Mr. Adams, Mr. Morrison and others and made my views clear. I do not believe that they represent the Irish Republican tradition of 1798 and 1916. More important than my view is the fact that people in the Republic of Ireland do not apparently see them in that light either. I asked Mr. Adams, during our rather angry exchanges last September, "Why is it that when the provisional Sinn Fein contests elections in the Republic, it gets no more than a derisory vote?" He did not give, I think, a satisfactory answer.
I doubt whether a unitary Irish state is possible now. We talk about an alienated minority in Northern Ireland, but what would happen in a united Ireland where the present majority in Northern Ireland formed a significant minority? Could they identify with the Republic, its history and its traditions? Once the present majority community in Northern Ireland was part of a united Ireland, could we imagine it celebrating the events of 1916? We must recognise those facts.
That does not mean that there is no other solution. The forum report gave two alternatives. One was for joint authority, which could provide, I believe, a possible basis for negotiation with the Irish Government. However, I believe that the other alternative — a federal or confederal state—provides a more satisfactory solution. There is no reason why, within the framework of Ireland as a whole, there should not be two states with central authority resting in Dublin. If that had been proposed and acted on in 1920, so much of the tragedy that we have debated during the past few years would never have happened.
It is 98 years since Gladstone first introduced his home rule Bill. I do not want to quote anything that Gladstone said then, but he pleaded with the House in 1886 to take a balanced, overall position on Ireland. We know what
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happened—the Bill fell, as did a later Bill. The events before and after the first world war led to the partition of Ireland.
After all these long years, one would hope that the House of Commons would understand the need to find a solution for that part of Ireland—and I stress Ireland—that remained with Britain after the settlement of 1922 of an Irish Free State, and thereafter the Irish Republic.
It is said that we must bear in mind the majority community, and I agree with that. But another view which must also be considered is that of the remainder of the people of Britain. If the Unionists take the view that they have a veto against the political progress that is necessary and desirable in the overall interests of Britain, there may come a time when the views of all the people in Britain need to be consulted.
I am not a great enthusiast for a referendum. However, if a British Government negotiated with the Irish Government, and the results are met with great hostility in Northern Ireland, it may be necessary — as as it was with the Common Market in 1975—to ask the people of Britain whether they agree with the results of the negotiations. The final decision would always lie with the House of Commons.
I listened, of course, with great attention to the Secretary of State. I hope that the British Government will now show courage and resolve. Those have been lacking in Governments of both political colours. I do not pretend that it is a party issue. There has not been a great deal of difference in policies pursued over Northern Ireland by either the Labour or Conservative Governments. I regret that when the successful effort to destroy power sharing was made in 1974, there was not a greater resolve by the then Government. I hope that the Government will show the necessary courage and resolve to seek agreement with the Irish Government on the basis of the alternatives put forward in the forum report. The alternative is continuing tragedy, bloodshed and violence in Northern Ireland during the next 15, 20 and 25 years.
8.56 pm
Mr. Henry Bellingham: I am grateful to you, Mr. Deputy Speaker, for squeezing me into the debate. I shall try to be as brief as possible.
The hon. Member for Walsall, North (Mr. Winnick), like many other hon. Members, looked too much to history and not enough to the immediate future. I shall look to the future and try to be more constructive. I welcome both this debate and the forum which has given rise to wide-ranging discussions and documents. I recognise the effort involved in producing the forum report. It is easy to understand why it has been so heavily criticised by so many people. However, my hon. Friend the Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook) was probably wrong in his criticism. It is wrong to say that all it contained in solutions was what has been coming out of Ireland since de Valera.
If we probe deeply into the report, we find significant points. I welcome its total and outright condemnation of violence. The report has been signed by the Fianna Fail party—even if it has tried since to distance itself from it —whose constitution lays claim to unity, which shows that it recognises that there are alternatives.
Another significant commitment was that of the nationalists to provide full and fair protection for the rights and aspirations of the Unionists. That is quite unprecedented. It shows that the question of unity lies with

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Ulster and that the consent of the North is, therefore, an essential precondition. It is illogical to pressure Britain to procure consent by withdrawing Ulster's guaranteed right to remain in the United Kingdom. Surely consent procured by revoking that right is unacceptable. That point should not be lost on the authors of the report.
The recommendations in the report must be seen against that background. We must be realistic about consent becoming possible in the near future — it will not. That leaves a great deal to be done by the South in trying to make way for any future constitutional changes. The South must be made more acceptable to Unionist traditions in the North. That point was mentioned in some detail in the report. It was never meant to be the last word. As Dr. FitzGerald said, it is an effort to start a dialogue. I welcome the dialogue getting under way with renewed vigour in the immediate future. I look forward to the summit later this year, to great economic ties and links, and to greater cross-border security.
As the hon. Member for Peterborough (Dr. Mawhinney) pointed out, because the violence is spreading to the South and policemen are being killed there, there is a greater realisation that both communities and traditions are in the same boat. I welcome the referendum of 14 June which gave British people in Southern Ireland the right to vote. I must be one of the few Members of this House who will be entitled to vote in the Republic of Ireland. Patrick Henessey, of the Irish embassy, will be pleased to hear that I shall in future be exercising my right to vote in the South.
We are led to the inexorable conclusion that the immediate emphasis must be in Ulster itself, and that brings us to consider the various other documents, such as the alliance paper on joint sovereignty, a document to which reference has not been made in the debate. That finally rejected the argument for joint sovereignty, stressed the importance of the Assembly, and stated:

"Stable government will not be restored to Ulster by a scheme which is not well supported and which does not carry with it the consent of the people of the North."
I am afraid that the DUP document—that issued by the Democratic Unionist party—like the speech of the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley), was coloured by its view that there should be no concessions to the nationalist viewpoint. It did not give an inch to the understandable aspirations of the minority in the North. It was coloured also by unnecessary alarmism and by a vicious anti-Papism that I found thoroughly distasteful.
However, the document was positive about the Assembly, especially in its final chapter entitled, "The Way Ahead," in which it mentioned, rightly in my view, that
"direct rule is totally unacceptable and is tolerated only with a growing impatience"
and it looked more and more to the Assembly as the way forward.
I was pleased to note that the OUP—the Official Unionist party — paper concentrated greatly on local government in Northern Ireland. It was realistic about the possibility of consent becoming available. At the same time, it was sympathetic to the minority tradition in the North. I welcomed that sympathy and thought that the document was extremely positive on that aspect.
I was also interested to read the comments in it about a Bill of Rights, which must be a possibility demanding
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further exploration and discussion in the future. Its paragraph on administrative devolution had much to recommend it, when it said:
"The time is now right for both communities in Northern Ireland to realise that essentially their problems will have to be solved in Northern Ireland by their political representatives and that any further prospect for them and their children is best provided for in Northern Ireland."
That obviously means that the medium through which those problems can be solved is the Assembly. The infrastructure is there. The only people who are not there are the representatives of the SDLP.
We heard months ago that after the forum was established the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) might think of joining the Assembly. We then thought that after the European elections he would think about going in. He had a good excuse for not going in while he was working on the forum report, but now he has no excuse for not going into the Assembly. I appeal to him tonight, in the words of my hon. Friend the Member for Hampshire, East (Mr. Mates) to put as much as he can into Northern Ireland and not just to take, for unless the SDLP goes into the Assembly it will not work. If it goes in, it can work.
There are functions waiting to be rolled to the Assembly. There is scope for the minority to have a real say, through the Assembly, in how Northern Ireland is run—for example, through the chairmanship of committees. Paragraph 5.3 of the forum report points out that that is the best way to promote reconciliation between the two major traditions.
I welcome the unequivocal statement in the forum report that Ulster's future lies within Ulster itself. Perhaps to an extent the report tried to put the horse before the cart by saying that a solution to terrorism and murder could not be found until we had a major political solution. I do not believe that we can even contemplate a major political solution until we have a solution to the local political difficulties. The only way to get that is through the Assembly, through the existing framework, and that is why I urge the hon. Member for Foyle, for goodness sake, to do his best to make it work. If as a result of the forum report and the other documents the hon. Gentleman goes into the Assembly and makes it work, those documents could be seen by history as representing a major turning point in Irish history.
9.5 pm
Ms. Clare Short: The opportunity to discuss the underlying problems in Northern Ireland rather than to react to the symptoms of the problems is enormously welcome. I agree with the Secretary of State that the line taken in the forum report and by my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer), who spoke from the Opposition Front Bench, is unrealistic. We shall not see the reunification of Ireland by consent, for that consent is not forthcoming. That is clear from what has been said by those who represent the loyalist community in the House and from the development of history since partition, especially since 1969.
The debate has been enormously unrealistic—p—
Mr. Archer: Did I hear my hon. Friend correctly? Did she say that the line taken by the Opposition Front Bench was that consent to reunification would never be forthcoming? If so, I obviously failed to make myself clear.
Ms. Short: Not at all. I said that I disagreed with the line taken by my right hon. and learned Friend, which was to advocate the reunification of Ireland by consent. I do not believe that that consent will be forthcoming. If we are serious in advocating the reunification of Ireland, we shall have to face that reality. If the consent is not forthcoming, we shall be fudging the issue and not being entirely honest about what we would have to implement if we were in Government.
The debate has been worryingly unrealistic about the seriousness of the situation in Northern Ireland. It has been suggested that if only there could be a little more talking we might suddenly make masses of progress. There has been much talking through many Administrations, and many previous Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland have found that they could not get anywhere with their way of talking. There is no likelihood that any of the hints and suggestions that have been made today are likely to be any more productive. The situation in Northern Ireland is more polarised than it has been for a long time.
The hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) made an aggressive, startling and shocking speech and then left the Chamber. He did not listen to any of those who succeeded him. The hon. Gentleman enjoyed an increased vote in the recent European elections and in the 1983 general election the Provisional Sinn Fein achieved 43 per cent. of the nationalist vote. It sustained that result in the recent European elections and it looks forward to increasing it when the next local government elections take place.
In Northern Ireland we see a society that is racked by violence. There is high and increasing unemployment, and there are enormous social problems. We live in an economic period in which there is likely to be further increases in unemployment and we shall have to face the tension that is likely to flow from that. We all know what will come about.
In my view, Britain should, must and one day will reunify Ireland by seeking the consent of the people of Ireland and not looking only to the Loyalist community in the North for their consent. That is the policy that I advocate, and I hope to persuade my party to adopt it and implement it when it forms the next Labour Government. I believe seriously that it is the only solution to the problems of Northern Ireland and that it will be implemented in due course.
I shall explain why I take that view by referring to the recent history of Northern Ireland. Ireland was partitioned against the will of majority of the Irish people. Many of those who had come from Britain to live in Ireland during the period when Britain ruled Ireland were opposed initially to home rule and, secondly, to Irish independence. That is not an unfamiliar attitude because we have seen it in Rhodesia and southern Africa. Those who did well in colonial times resisted independence and democracy. It was exactly the same instinct that resisted independence and democracy in Ireland.
When it was clear that independence was unstoppable, the British in Ireland came out in favour of partitioning Ireland. It was an odd solution because the full Province of Ulster, as they called it, would not have provided a majority. The Six Counties were taken because only in that small unit would they have a majority, although they left as many in the Protestant community in Northern Ireland out of the Six Counties as were included. It was a desperate last fling.
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The British Government were not sympathetic to the proposal, so what did the loyalists do? They armed themselves. They prepared to use force illegally to gain what they wanted. That is how Northern Ireland came about—through the threatened illegal use of force. We now hear denunciations of the threatened illegal force on one side, but we must conclude that the threatened illegal use of force that one gets away with is all right and that anyone who wants to upset that order is beyond and outside the political pale. The man who led the threatened illegal use of force that brought about the partition of Ireland—Carson—did not just get his way; he was made a Law Officer, of all things, by a subsequent Tory Government.
I do not believe that many people would doubt that the partition of Ireland was wrong and regrettable on any democratic principle. If we had had a longer history and more experience of decolonisation, it would never have come about. I would argue, and would agree with anyone who argued, that a historical wrong is not a sufficient ground always to demand that it be put right. If a historical wrong becomes a reality, if Northern Ireland had developed a just democracy and a state which could treat its people equally, I would say, and I think that every Opposition Member would say, "OK, let it be. It was wrong to partition Ireland, but if the people of Northern Ireland are happy to live together in that unit, so be it."
That is not the case. Since partition there has been the crudest gerrymandering and discrimination against the minority community because there was always the fear that the minority might become the majority. Those processes continued to keep them down and to keep them in a minority.
Something that we should face, but never talk about, is that if there had not been different levels of emigration from Northern Ireland, because of discrimination and different employment levels in the two communities, the nationalists would already be a majority in the North. The discrimination, injustice and gerrymandering were practised to maintain the false majority that had been created at the time of partition. Following partition and the establishment of Stormont, disgraceful practices continued. This Parliament and all British Governments of both parties ignored them, neglected Northern Ireland and allowed those practices to continue.
In 1969 there was an explosion in the minority community. It was demanding simple things — one person, one vote, an end to discrimination, equal opportunities for all communities — and people who marched and demanded those things were beaten into the ground by the so-called forces of law and order. Another pretence is that there is an impartial criminal justice system and an impartial state in Northern Ireland. There is the hypocrisy of the denunciations of the use of force and the unjust use of power when, in the case of Northern Ireland, the illicit use of force has been entrenched in the state machine.
Following 1969, and the shock felt by the world when focus was beamed on the practices that had been going on for so long in Northern Ireland and Great Britain began direct rule, Governments of both parties attempted to reform Northern Ireland, attempted to bring the discrimination to an end, and attempted to create a just and democratic state. If they had succeeded, I should not be advocating what I do today, but they failed. There is no just and democratic state in Northern Ireland. It is a mess.

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It is full of repressive legislation. There is clear evidence of continuing gross discrimination in employment and all other facets of life.
We can only conclude that Northern Ireland is unreformable. It is a corrupt little state. It was created so that one community could dominate another. People have lived with the constant paranoia that power might be lost. That has distorted the state's operations and prevented the development of a normal democratic and equal state. If I am right in that analysis, as I think I am, and I believe that many people agree with me in private — I have had conversations with Conservative Members in private, and, as many Conservative Members are aware, many members of the Conservative party agree with that analysis—the only solution for Northern Ireland is reunification and British withdrawal.
The other fact that must be taken into account, particularly by the intransigent Unionists, is that the majority of opinion in Great Britain wants withdrawal. That has been made clear in poll after poll for a long time
Mr. Corbyn: Would my hon. Friend care to reflect that there is an overwhelming feeling among progressive opinion throughout the world that British troops should be withdrawn from Northern Ireland, that peace can come only by the British Government accepting that Ireland must be reunited, and that the first step towards that is the withdrawal of the British Army?
Ms. Short: I believe that everyone would like to withdraw the troops from Northern Ireland; there is no difference between any of us on that. The question is whether we can find the political solution that will make it possible. It is my view that only withdrawal in the context of the reunification of Ireland will bring that about. Of course I recognise that that road would be difficult and dangerous. During the debate there have been clear threats from the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) that in that situation he would organise the use of force to resist the wishes of the British Parliament.
In Northern Ireland there is no "no risk" solution, but I believe that, if we aim in the direction that I have outlined, we shall get a solution which can be lasting and just. The situation that we now have—when it is argued that to try to bring about reunification would result in a bloodbath—is itself a bloodbath. In Northern Ireland, 2,000 people have died since 1969. That is the equivalent of 84,000 people dying in Great Britain. If that number of people had died because of political conflict in Britain, we would not tolerate the cause of that conflict, and the political priority to find a solution would be massive.
The truth for Northern Ireland is that it is safer and easier for British Governments to hold the current situation, and to let the death, the suffering and the discrimination continue than to have the guts to tackle the problem and find the ultimate solution.
9.16 pm
Mr. W. Benyon: I do not think that I am the only person in this House who finds the article written by the Taoiseach in the Belfast Telegraph last week a truly remarkable contribution. In that article, in the Forum Report and in "The Way Forward", there appears to be just a glimmer of light, and we must grasp the opportunity that it provides.
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We know that the British presence is the only force at the moment that stands between anarchy and bloodshed — anarchy and bloodshed that could develop into a situation rivalling that in the Lebanon in its attractions to outside intervention. Of course, both sides of the political divide realise that, and a degree of irresponsibility is allowed to flourish in the vacuum. Both sides hide behind the skirts of the British Government. Extremists on both sides triumph over anyone putting forward solutions based on moderation and conciliation, and it is against that background that we must consider the Forum Report.
Unlike my hon. Friend the Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook), I reject the solution of full integration, because it seems to me simply to perpetuate and exacerbate the present situation. Likewise, I must reject the all-Ireland solution proposed in the Forum Report. It would have to be forced through. Indeed, the report itself says that it could be achieved only by agreement, and that is not likely to be forthcoming.
I supported my right hon. Friend in his efforts to set up an Assembly in Northern Ireland, because I believe very strongly that we shall never make progress until the people of Northern Ireland as a whole have responsibility for their own affairs. That is why I hope that Her Majesty's Government will at the very least discuss the two other solutions in the forum report — the federal/confederal state and the joint authority. I make no secret of the fact that I am strongly attracted to the latter, because it would allow both communities to develop with their separate identities within a strengthened territorial framework. It could bring in its wake such things as a combined police authority, all-Ireland courts, and a revised devolved constitution for the Province as a whole. Anyone who has any knowledge of the Province appreciates the difficulties that stand in the way. Extremists on both sides will be adamant in their opposition.
There is one hopeful aspect—this is all I have time for, so I shall end on this note. There is political stability at the moment in London and in Dublin. In both countries we have leaders of exceptional ability. I can only trust that they seize this opportunity quickly, because it may not recur for many years.
9.19 pm
Mr. Clive Soley: I should like to reiterate our gratitude for the New Ireland Forum report and for the reports from other political parties in Northern Ireland in response to the forum report. Having given evidence to the forum as a Front Bench spokesman for the Labour party, I should like to place on record my appreciation of the very skilful and efficient way in which it carried out its studies. It was an impressive exercise, and it deserves much respect and reading.
We should never forget that, because we are where we are in 1984, we have the advantage of hindsight over the past 15 years. If that tells us anything at all, it is that we should not allow those 15 years to be repeated or the experience to drag on indefinitely for another 10, 20 or 30 years. That is unacceptable.
We have a duty to those whose lives have been taken or torn apart by violence to do more than just condemn the violence. We are not historians; we are politicians. We are here to solve political problems. I have heard many references to history today, which sadden me in some respects. A political problem is in front of us today. Whatever happened in the past, it is our duty to solve the

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problem today. That is why the forum report is important. We are talking about a process of which we are part. It is important to continue that process and to make sure that it does not pass away as others have done.
Like many hon. Members, I am sick and tired of standing here, or outside the House, condemning acts of violence. It is necessary to condemn acts of violence and the activities of paramilitaries on both sides, but that is not enough. Our job is to deal with the causes.
One of the things that saddened me about the speech by the hon. Member for Peterborough (Dr. Mawhinney) was that he tried to deal with symptoms, not causes. As a doctor, if not as a politician, he should have known better than to use sticking plaster to deal with symptoms, in the hope that the causes would eventually go away. He talked of not being able to discuss the constitution of Northern Ireland but that is not possible.
One of the main causes of the trouble is the existence of the border and the way in which it was drawn. The hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) made that point powerfully. Nothing can change it. We must respond to and understand the problems that arise from the border. Sooner or later the border, which has so distorted the political, economic and social face of Ireland, must go.
Dr. Mawhinney: Does the hon. Gentleman agree that nothing will be solved in Northern Ireland if we remove a problem for half a million people and create a problem for a million people?
Mr. Soley: I am coming to that very point.
To return to the point that I was making to the hon. Gentleman, by talking of removing the possibility of discussing the border he was giving credence to the paramilitary view on the Republican side, that one cannot get change from the British because they will not allow one even to discuss the matter. I recognise that the border problem, as so many have said before, is that it is a line not merely on the map, but through the hearts and minds of men, women and children.
I am glad to reiterate the Labour party's policy of a united Ireland by consent, with no veto on political developments. The debate has, to a considerable extent, focused on the meaning of consent, and I want to say quite a lot about that.
We refer to unity by consent, because almost everyone in Northern Ireland as well as in Southern Ireland, with the exception of Provisional Sinn Fein, accepts that unity must be by consent. That is one reason. It is obvious that we would prefer to govern by consent. I accept the powerful argument that has been put forward by several hon. Members, that Ireland was divided without consent. They are right—it was. Look at the disastrous bloodshed to which that led. One cannot resolve the matter simply by reversing that. The tragedy is that, like so many things, particularly in the discussion of politics in Northern Ireland, the words begin to mean more than the reality. I do not mind whether the word "consent" is there or not. [HON. MEMBERS: "Ah."] It is the reality that matters. This will please hon. Members, who should understand what I am saying before they say "Ah".
The reality is that 1 million people in the North-east corner of Ireland are not prepared to live in peace and harmony with the other 4 million. The reason why the political parties in the North and South, with the exception of Provisional Sinn Fein, accept the need for consent is
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that they know that they could not deal with the problem if there were coercion. That is the essence of it. Therefore, words such as "consent" and "coercion" are irrelevant to the central issue, which is how to get 1 million people to live with 4 million people when there is resistance to it.
What upsets me and is so sad about the Government's position is that they say—the Secretary of State said it on Thursday as well as today—they cannot get consent. Of course one will not get consent if one does not work or have a policy for it. If one does not work for consent, what does one do? The question that the Conservative Government have consistently dodged is what they would do about Northern Ireland if they did not work for the unity of Ireland in the long run. The Government do not have a long-run policy for Northern Ireland.
My hon. Friend the Member for Sheffield, Brightside (Miss Maynard) properly referred to this matter, and I have said it several times. I said it when I gave evidence to the forum. The essence of British policy since 1969 has been crisis management. I say that without wanting to criticise present or previous Secretaries of State. I can understand how we have got into that situation. For much of the time, we could not have had anything but crisis management, but it should never become a long-term policy. That is what it has become for the British Government.
We would prefer it if all the parties in the North and South sat down to work out a solution for a united Ireland. I do not believe that it will happen tomorrow, just like that. I do not intend to sit down and wait for it, any more than my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) or any other member of my party does. We are working for something much more important than that and, if I may say so, something much more subtle. There is something terribly unsubtle about the Conservatives' approach to the problem.
I am fascinated by the way that Conservative Members say over and over again that they want the Dublin Government or the people of the South to change. The hon. Members for Fareham (Mr. Lloyd) and for Norfolk, North-West (Mr. Bellingharn) said, "If only the people in the South would change." I agree that changes are necessary. The hon. Member for Fareham made the point—there is something in it—that it might reduce tension if the Dublin Government dropped their claim to Northern Ireland, but Conservative Members never put themselves on the other side of the fence and say, "Is not the logical opposite to that that Britain should drop its claim to Northern Ireland to reduce tension?" Think of the implications for both communities if one said that Dublin should drop its request for Northern Ireland to be part of the South. What effect would it have on the minority community? If one said that Britain should drop its desire to govern Northern Ireland, it would have a similar effect on the Unionists. Conservative Members fail to understand the position on the other side of the fence. They constantly attempt to make those people change instead of standing back and saying, as we should all say in this debate, "What can we contribute?"
Sir John Biggs-Davison rose——
Mr. Soley: I shall give way in a moment.
That typifies Conservative policy on Northern Ireland over many years. It is on what people in Northern Ireland and in the Republic should do, not what people in Britain should do. This might head off the hon. Gentleman's

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intervention. The hon. Members for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook) and for Epping Forest (Sir J. Biggs-Davison) are different in this respect. They make it clear that Britain should integrate Northern Ireland fully into the United Kingdom. In that respect, they are different from the rest of the Conservative party, and in a very different wing.
Sir John Biggs-Davison: We are simply asking for a return to what the Irish Government agreed in 1925. In the tripartite agreement they accepted the border
Mr. Soley: That is far too simple, and I shall not pursue it.
The weakness of the Government's position is that they have no policy. Yet everyone knows what is the real ideal of many Conservatives and, I believe, a significant number of Cabinet members. They would dearly love the Unionists to consent to a united Ireland. I am almost sick of hearing Conservative Members say, "You are basically on the right lines, Clive." I wish that they would say that loud and clear in the Chamber, because one of the most important aspects of the present situation is the uncertainty caused by the Government's lack of policy. The message that goes out from the Government is that they have no policy on Ireland. That being so, no one should be surprised if Provisional Sinn Fein increases its vote and the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley) increases his majority. When there is gross uncertainty, people look for certainty. In the absence of leadership from Britain, people will look and vote for authoritarian parties and leadership of one form or another.
As I have said many times, neither Britain nor any British political party has ever treated Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. That is why the Unionists feel that they are slowly being betrayed. In this context, it is as well to remember the old saying in social work and psychiatry: "Just because you are paranoid does not mean that you are not being got at." In his talks in Dublin the Secretary of State can say as often as he likes that Northern Ireland can stay in the United Kingdom, but the Official Unionists and the Democratic Unionists know that the future and procedures of Northern Ireland are being discussed with a foreign Government, which has always been unacceptable to them, as the hon. Member for Orpington and others well know.
If one cannot or will not coerce people, one must work for and win consent. We have already declared our intention to unite Ireland by consent with no veto on political development to that end. We have referred to the need for joint citizenship and to the importance of a British-Irish council to deal with human rights and culture, as well as the importance of setting up an all-Ireland economic development committee and of harmonising the economic, social and political institutions and benefits.
My hon. Friends the Members for Brightside and for Birmingham, Ladywood (Ms. Short) asked what can be done without consent. I will give them an example. I have talked about an all-Ireland police force and court system. As we have said on a number of occasions, we are looking for a system in which, for instance, the police are recruited and trained on either side of the border and deployed as the two Governments think appropriate. I know that that upsets many nationalists, as well as many Unionists, but
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I also know that many of them welcome it because it would bring them some security. The important point is that one can go ahead with that without a veto being applied.
As my hon. Friend the Member for Ladywood knows, the criminal justice system is the third arm of the state. That is why the Unionists are worried. They are worried about the third arm of the state being created without their consent. The issue of consent arises again, because we say that, before consent is won, we shall apply that policy with Dublin as we think appropriate and the British Government will still have the right to extend or end that programme. If my hon. Friends do not recognise that that is capable of winning consent and, above all, cannot be vetoed, they must ask themselves how unity can be imposed.
In all fairness, it must be said that many people rationally and fairly argue that Britain should withdraw, or set a date for withdrawal. In my judgment, even if that view can be justified in the first instance, it would lead to greater paramilitary activity and probably a smaller independent Northern Ireland. Although many people outside the House take that view—across party lines—I do not believe that they have thought through the full consequences.
Setting a date for withdrawal would be particularly dangerous, because it would line up the opposition. Provisional Sinn Fein does not argue for immediate withdrawal. Its attitude is commonly misunderstood. Provisional Sinn Fein believes that there should be a declaration of intention to withdraw and that the Unionists should then be disarmed. It is amazing that members of Provisional Sinn Fein should put forward that argument, when we have been trying to disarm them for 15 years without any noticeable success. I cannot see that the Unionists would choose quietly to hand over their weapons either.
However, if we fail to respond to those arguments, we fail to respond to deep and powerful feelings outside the House to which my hon. Friend the Member for Sheffield, Hillsborough (Mr. Flannery) referred. He reminded us that many people in Britain are fed up with the problem of Northern Ireland.
I do not think that the violence will ever reach such a pitch that it induces us to pull out. In terms of violence, the Provisional IRA cannot win. However, we have to win the argument in the country as a whole. The House of Commons has ducked the argument. Hon. Members are heard to condemn the violence, but they are not heard to describe the opportunities, however they may see them.
The hon. Members for Orpington and for Epping Forest favour total integration, while the Labour party looks towards a united Ireland, arrived at by consent. We must debate those issues. Too often in the past we have excluded parts of the debate and allowed the paramilitaries to dictate the terms of debate.
If one refuses to discuss the constitution and if, like the Secretary of State, one says that the normal political process will never produce consent, one is telling Republicans who support the Provisional IRA and the INLA that the Brits will never give in as part of the normal political process. One is advising people to forget the constitutional nationalist parties and to join the IRA. If Conservative Members choose to ignore that powerful argument, they do so not at their own but at other people's peril.

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Consent must never again be a veto on the wishes and aims of the people of Britain and Ireland as a whole. That must be clearly stated. Consent can be won, and we should never say otherwise. The Secretary of State talks of the difficulty of winning consent in Northern Ireland. We do not talk in those terms in other political situations. No political party in this House would accept that it could not win consent to govern the country.
All options must be openly discussed, and there must be pressure on the British Government to declare their view. The British Government must present a policy. We claim—uniquely among nations—that we do not mind where our border is. We say that if the people of Northern Ireland want the border where it is, it shall stay where it is. If they do not, we shall gladly wipe the sweat off our brow. The tragedy is that we are claiming that we have no view on where the border should be.
I believe that the British Government have a view. In reality, they do not wish the border to remain where it is. However, they do not say so openly. Why should not members of the DUP and of the OUP feel paranoid? I do not blame them. With a policy of a united Ireland by consent, they would know where they stood. If the Government merely state that they intend to continue to respond to the situation, those people do not know where they stand. They say that, at the same time, they will talk to the head of a foreign Government and enter talks at Civil Service level as well as at political level to achieve our aims. I defy any Conservative Member to suggest that people know where they stand in those circumstances. Conservative Members will certainly not convince the Unionist parties of that.
Perhaps the greatest betrayal of all is of the Unionist people of Northern Ireland, especially the working class Unionist people. They see themselves as being in the front line. They are the people who, ultimately, do the fighting. That is an interesting difference between the DUP and the OUP. The Unionist working class gave their blood on the Somme in the belief that that would win the heart of their mistress in London. It did not. British Labour, Tory and Liberal Administrations carried on treating them as different and, above all, as Irish. We are still doing that, and they know it. The Unionist people are not stupid. They understand what is happening. Conservative Members treat them as though they are little children who need to be patted on the head and brought along. One of the most hurtful things of all is desperately to be trying to be a member of a family and constantly being pushed away. That is what the Tories are doing to the Unionist population. They have never been treated as British. They have always been — and I believe always will be — treated as Irish.
We have watched the tragedy of Northern Ireland tearing people's lives apart and costing lives and liberties in Northern Ireland and in Great Britain. As we have often said, great democracies are destroyed overnight not by individual acts, but by attrition. In the past 15 years, we have witnessed the attrition of civil rights, liberties and the democracy to which the people of Britain and Ireland have been accustomed for many years. If we do not respond positively to the forum, that process will continue and it will ultimately drag us all down with it.
9.41 pm
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (Mr. Nicholas Scott): I apologise in
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advance to right hon. and hon. Members who have made important speeches to which I shall not be able to refer as, in common with the Opposition Front Bench. we have given up some time to enable hon. Members to speak. I hope that the House will understand. I am anxious to deal with some of the major points that have been made.
Running through the debate has been the theme that, perhaps in the next few months, the House, Northern Ireland and Ireland as a whole might have a chance to perceive what meteorologists call a window. There might be a gap in the clouds that will enable some action to be taken. That theme ran through much of what the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) and others said. We are encouraged in that view by the way in which the forum report respected, as I do not think any Republican position has done, the Unionist tradition in the North of Ireland and the way in which the Unionist document "The Way Forward" respected nationalist aspirations and the national disposition in the North of Ireland. In both cases, perhaps it was more tone and language than content that mattered, but there are sufficient grounds for encouragement in both. Both documents were non-definitive and non-entrenched and both explicitly laid the path open for negotiation in future.
The scale of the problem is clear from the debate, but I believe that there is a widespread feeling in the House that today, the dangers of doing nothing outweigh those of trying to do something in the immediate future. It would be a gross dereliction of duty for the House not to try to find a way to avoid condemning another generation of Northern Ireland children to a society in which violence is seen as a normal part of the political process, and not to seek to avoid the threat of the influence of the advocates of violence throughout the island of Ireland and, increasingly, across the water in Great Britain. We must try. In the end, we hope to make significant progress, but if, in the beginning, the steps that we can take are small, we should not be disappointed, for the ultimate benefits can still be great.
I hope that when this debate is over, the real dialogues can begin — the dialogues between the parties in Northern Ireland, between those parties and Her Majesty's Government, and between Her Majesty's Government and the Government of the Republic of Ireland. We have to be clear on what our aims are for those dialogues. They are to create within Northern Ireland a system of government that will involve the two traditions and their political leaders in the decision-making process, at least on the day-to-day matters that affect the lives of the people whom they represent. Within these islands, we must build the closest possible working relationship between the sovereign Governments in London and Dublin.
Even that will be a daunting task, and it is not the first time that it has been attempted. Many will seek to undermine that effort, not least, as my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State said, the terrorists to whom any sort of improvement in the political position of Northern Ireland is anathema. If the tone of this debate is a guide for the opportunities of the next few months, we have a right to be moderately optimistic. I detect a growing willingness to listen, a growing awareness of the dangers of doing nothing, and a growing feeling that, within the island of Ireland, the nationalists and unionists must find a better and more enduring way to live together.
I now move on to the central argument that we have had today. The Labour Front Bench has advanced a theory

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about consent, and the hon. Members for Sheffield, Brightside (Miss Maynard) and for Birmingham, Ladywood (Ms. Short) put their view about progress without consent. I say to them, and I reinforce the point made by the hon. Member for Hammersmith (Mr. Soley), that unification without the consent of Northern unionists would be no basis for enduring and stable government in the island of Ireland in any case. It would leave a desperate legacy of bloodshed and violence for years to come. For a perfectly good reason, no constitutional party in the Republic of Ireland advocates such a role, the Government of the Republic of Ireland do not do so, and neither does the SDLP. No British Government could honourably abandon their responsibilities in that way and leave a scene of bloodshed and turmoil for the foreseeable future.
Equally, I disagree with the line taken by the Opposition Front Bench in our debate. It makes a virtue of the fact that the Labour party's policy document last year embraced the concept of Ireland being reunited by peaceful means on the basis of consent. Labour party Front Bench spokesmen have expanded on that policy today. As the hon. Member for Hammersmith put it in writing recently, it is essential to recognise that the intransigence of the Unionists stems from a feeling of insecurity, and that has been heightened by British ambivalence.
Subsequently, as has been reiterated in today's debate, the Labour party has come to a policy by which the first step should be a clear and unequivocal commitment by Britain to a united Ireland. It believes that this would help to clear the atmosphere of distrust and suspicion. If one can believe that, one can believe anything. If both Governments in London and Dublin were to commit themselves to achieving unity by consent, the Labour party believes that we would make progress.
I ask the hon. Member for Hammersmith to consult his psychiatry. His proposal seems best designed to displace distrust and insecurity with paranoia. The cry of some unionists—"Not an inch"—would be a rallying cry for violence in the streets. Any political development from his proposal would lead, to borrow a word from the right hon. Member for Down, South (Mr. Powell), ineluctably to a united Ireland, and it would be resisted to a bitter and bloody end. I beg the Labour party to understand that, for the foreseeable future, the only conceivable way out of the present impasse is to seek to design a structure in Northern Ireland within which both unionist and nationalist will be able to play their part in the day-to-day governance of the Province.
I did not take the same view as other hon. Members of the speech of the hon. Member for Antrim, North (Rev. Ian Paisley). He repeated some familiar themes but he did say that he was prepared to talk. He thought that when one had reached this sort of difficulty it was right for the elected representatives of the political parties in Northern Ireland to get together to see whether they could talk about a way out. I understand why he had to leave the House this evening, but in his absence I would say that it is useful to talk if those to whom one is talking do not have closed minds. I hope that as the talks begin he will play his part in ensuring that that is the background against which the talks take place.
Important and valuable though it is, "The Way Forward" should not be the last word of the Official Unionist party. Indeed, it says that it regards the proposals
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put forward as open to negotiation. I hope that will continue to be its position. The right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) will not expect me to agree with him about the role of the Assembly. Anybody who has had to deal with the Assembly since its establishment knows how well and effectively it has been pursuing the first of the two roles designed for it by the legislation.
The right hon. Gentleman seemed to be saying that progress along the local government route in a sense needed no quid pro quo from the nationalist people because both sides of the community would benefit from it. That is not what I understand the position to be. If he can convince the nationalist people and their representatives that that is so, so be it. While movement on the local government front can be part of an overall approach to the problems of local government, it is unlikely to be enough to secure agreement across the community divide.
The hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) made an important speech. His description of the alienation that exists in many parts of the nationalist community commanded the attention of the House, and hon. Members' minds should be concentrated on that problem for some time to come. He recognised the mutually exclusive and destructive doctrines of "Not an inch" and "Ourselves alone". Like others, encouragingly, he said that he was willing to talk, and the House will welcome that. I wonder whether, as he appeared to do, he should automatically rule out talks with those whose attitude is governed by prejudice. If we were to do that in Northern Ireland, progress might be rather slow. We have to talk on an open-ended basis. He rightly outlined the need and reality for the basis of successful political process —consensus. I know that he will be anxious to play his part in it. I hope that he will and that one of the early steps that he will take in that regard will be to reconsider his party's attitude towards the Assembly and give it a go. That can provide the basis for such a consensus for which the House is entitled to look.
The Anglo-Irish parliamentary body was mentioned. It must be right that the inititative to establish that body lies with the two national Parliaments. Several people have mentioned that tier and its role today. We must all take note of that. My position remains that it must be for the Parliaments to take the initiative. If the will is there in those two Parliaments it would be right for the Government to give the whole process a fair wind and to help with the logistical and organisational arrangements for the establishment of such a tier.
Many times the problems of Northern Ireland have been seen as a triangle with the economy on one side, security on another and the political problem on the third. The hon. Member for Isle of Wight (Mr. Ross) suggested examples of the progress that has been made in the economy in Northern Ireland. We have to run fast in order to stand still, particularly in terms of unemployment and its impact on young people. Substantial progress has also been made against terrorism. I sometimes think that we give too little credit to the courage, commitment and determination of the security forces and their success in cutting terrorism down to its current level. That level is still unacceptable and still has to be worked on, as it will be, by those same security forces.
Without the third side—that of seeking to solve the political problem — the problems of Northern Ireland will endure. Therefore, we need a political system within

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Northern Ireland to share the decision-making process, combined with the closest possible working relationship between London and Dublin. Today, inevitably, many of the difficulties of this process have been highlighted and, in particular, the problem of alienation was mentioned by the hon. Member for Foyle. But some of today's speeches may also have opened our eyes to opportunities for progress. As I said earlier, surely none of us would lightly throw away the chance to make progress, if one exists.
Those who represent Northern Ireland constituencies will not need reminding, but others may not be aware of the degree of co-operation across the political and sectarian divides that already takes place in Northern Ireland on several issues. At the top level the leaders of the political parties in Northern Ireland are able to come together to argue for inward investment for the Province and to present to the Government their cases on economic matters. On the health and education boards, Catholic, Protestant, unionist and nationalist work together for the good of those covered by their responsibilities. Many sporting, recreational and other bodies, too, cross those divides for the good of those who use their services.
Literally thousands of people in Northern Ireland work tirelessly across the sectarian divides — whether it is those at Corrymeela, Winnie Jordan in east Belfast, or those who work in the schools — seeking to find practical ways in which good can be done. We should not forget those who work so hard. Perhaps I may cite one small example that I found very moving. Recently I visited a medium-sized town in Northern Ireland where, coincidentally, the Roman Catholic and controlled secondary schools adjoin. Some 10 or 11 years ago it was necessary to build a double chain link fence between the two schools to keep the children apart. Today there is not one but two huge holes in that chain link fencing, and the children go backwards and forwards taking lesson together on occasions and working together on projects for the benefit of the local community. I just wonder whether it is too much to ask today that we might find a few more holes in a few other fences in Northern Ireland, as that might be of advantage to all the people in the Province.
We know and have been reminded today that there are still substantial dams of intransigence in Northern Ireland and a feeling still of fear on the part of both communities. It is a feeling of "them and us" that hits those of us from
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England very soon after we arrive. But one can also detect strong currents of goodwill and co-operation, and we have seen some signs of that in the willingness to talk today in the House. It must be our hope that those currents will be strong enough to achieve that goals that we have set ourselves. It will not be easy. The whole House will want to wish the leaders of the Northern Ireland political parties well as they set about the dialogue that I hope, and trust, will follow this debate. If they fail, the Government will not be able to neglect their responsibility in such matters. In the first instance, at least, we look to the dialogue to point the way forward.
The House may know that one of my responsibilities involves education in Northern Ireland. When I arrived in Northern Ireland, I was very conscious of the work of a man called John Malone. He was a prominent educationist and an innovator in education and community relations. I was struck by the following sentences from his obituary which appeared not long ago:
"Above all, he was sensitive to the cultural values of others and the importance to the individual of tradition and a sense of identity. Secure in his own tradition, in his strong moral values, in his clear perception of right and wrong—he could reach out with self confidence and abounding charity to other men and women, to draw from their cultural experience to enrich his own, and to aspire to a society characterised by tolerance and pluralism."
The task that the House must set itself is to build structures that will give the people of Northern Ireland in both their communities a sense of that self-confidence for the future—to the Unionists that they can remain a part of the United Kingdom for as long as they wish, and to the Nationalists that they will be fairly treated and that the relationship between London and Dublin will provide a secure guarantee for them—that will allow a society based on that tolerance and pluralism to emerge.
A common theme today has been that we should work towards that end. I trust that in the talks in the coming months, which I hope will be pursued with urgency, we shall see a way forward to ensure that future generations will not have to endure what those in Northern Ireland have had to endure for the past 14 years
Mr. Michael Neubert: I beg to ask leave to withdraw the motion.
Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

Northern Ireland Act 1974 (Interim Period Extension)
10 pm
The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (Mr. James Prior): I beg to move,
That the draft Northern Ireland Act 1974 (Interim Period Extension) Order 1984, which was laid before this House on 12 June, be approved.
As the House will be aware from my remarks at the beginning of the debate which has just concluded, the Government hope in the coming months to have detailed discussions with the Northern Ireland parties. Our purpose will be to see whether agreement can be reached on arrangements for enabling locally elected representatives in Northern Ireland to exercise at least some of the functions which are currently discharged by Ministers answerable to this House.
I do not underestimate the difficulty of establishing the necessary climate of trust which will enable Northern Ireland constitutional parties to reach agreement, but I have always recognised that agreement will take time. Meanwhile, it is necessary to renew the direct rule provisions which provide that legislation which could be passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly after devolution can continue to be passed at Westminster by Order in Council and that the executive responsibilities of a Northern Ireland administration should be exercised by the Secretary of State.
In commending this order to the House, the Government recognise that direct rule is not an ideal arrangement. It enjoys a good deal of acceptance throughout the community and it is generally recognised that the Northern Ireland Departments, to whose staff I pay tribute, discharge their duties effectively and impartially, but, whatever its qualities, direct rule does not provide a system of government with which the citizen can easily identify. I recognise that to be the view of the Ulster Unionists, who do not like the system any more than the rest of us.
That said, I believe that the quality of direct rule has been improved, and improved considerably, by the work and advice of the Northern Ireland Assembly over the past two years. My ministerial colleagues and I are answerable to this House, including as it does Members from Northern Ireland to whose views we devote great care. But we have also found the detailed work of the Assembly, and its Committees, to be of value in focusing attention on detailed as well as general issues and in enabling the Government to be more responsive to Northern Ireland views
Since March 1983 about 46 Assembly reports have been laid before Parliament. Each has been examined closely by the Government and we have sent detailed replies to the Assembly's proposals. In some cases, proposals for draft Orders in Council have been considerably changed to take account of Assembly views. My ministerial colleagues in the Northern Ireland Office have met the Assembly's Committees frequently. These exchanges enable Ministers to discuss detailed issues in depth and to hear the views of elected representatives at first hand on a wide range of issues. We have found this a valuable addition to our debates in this House, where decisions are taken.
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I am naturally pleased that the Ulster Unionist party has rejoined the Assembly and I hope that one outcome of the discussions which I envisage will take place shortly will be that all the constitutional parties will participate in whatever democratic framework may be agreed. But I should make it clear that we do not take the view that devolution as envisaged in the Northern Ireland Act 1982 represents the only way forward. The bottom line for the Government is that any scheme must enjoy support across the community. If that cannot be attained, or attained in the foreseeable future, through devolution as envisaged until now, other, perhaps more modest, schemes will have to be considered. What is needed above all is the will to find a workable, demonstrably fair, system of government and I hope that all concerned will discuss the possibilities including the many documents — outlined today, but especially in the UUP's "The Way Forward"
The practical and psychological benefits across the community of a measure of agreement would be considerable, but, as I said in our earlier debate today, progress requires recognition of the realities. Rather than repeat them, I would simply appeal to the constitutional parties to build on what they have in common — in particular, their shared desire for peace and concern about the economy—and to show that their own proposals for constitutional development pose no threat to others.
We shall persist in our objective of giving the people of Northern Ireland more say and more responsibility in their own government. But meanwhile direct rule must continue if government is to function properly, and I therefore commend the order to the House.
10.6 pm
Mr. Clive Soley: The Opposition accept the need for this continuing legislation. I suppose that it is still true that direct rule is everybody's second favourite option, and as such it is working as well as can be expected in the circumstances. We have noted the greater degree of accountability that the questioning, especially in the Assembly, lends to the present structure, which is welcome. I know that the Secretary of State would dearly like the SDLP to participate. However, it has always been consistent and clear that it would be unrealistic, not only because of its election commitment but because of the position it holds within the minority community, if it was to do that without some recognition of an all-Ireland dimension.
I think that this is the time to reiterate yet again that if the Government choose to look with favour on the idea of some form of British-Irish council, which would give a British-Irish dimension, the Opposition would consider it sympathetically and would want to help in whatever way we could. That might help the various parties that are standing for election in the North, including the SDLP, to participate.
Without some movement towards the minority community, I cannot envisage the Assembly involving all the people of Northern Ireland. In those circumstances, the Government would have to continue with what the Secretary of State has rightly called a bottom line—which is that any legislation must have cross-community support. But such support, as measured by a British Secretary of State, is a poor substitute, as I am sure the right hon. Gentleman would agree, for the elected views

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of the people of Northern Ireland, properly expressed by all the elected representatives in whatever forums are available to them.
I envisage that direct rule will continue for some time. Our previous debate today might mark a watershed in the affairs of Britain and Ireland. Like many other people, I dearly hope that it does. But, for the moment, direct rule must be made to work as flexibly and fairly as possible. The Opposition will do all that they can to assist in that purpose.
10.8 pm
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: The order is of practical interest and concern to all hon. Members because it requires from the House an additional process of legislation for one part of the United Kingdom, which considerably adds to the time exerted by hon. Members on legislation and, to that extent, denies us the opportunity to consider other business. This was by no means inevitable when direct rule, as it is called, was first introduced in 1972, though the present form which is being renewed is the form of 1974, and it may be of interest to hon. Members to understand why the gramophone needle is so obstinately stuck in the groove that this is the tenth year that it has been in rotation, and we are not threatened with any early cessation of that repetition.
When the Northern Ireland Parliament was suspended and then dissolved in 1972–73, little technical change was necessary to enable Northern Ireland to be legislated for and administered like any other part of the United Kingdom. Some legislative provisions would have been necessary, but it was certainly not a consequence of the dissolution of the Northern Ireland Parliament and Government that we should legislate for Northern Ireland in the manner which is continued for a tenth year by this order.
The effect of the order is to substitute in the case of Northern Ireland for the legislation of this House which applies to the rest of the United Kingdom a system of legislation by ministerial Order in Council. The purpose of that was to keep in existence the possibility—which in 1974 was, no doubt, regarded as the imminent possibility—of the revival of the legislative assembly in that Province.
There is here a deeper repetition than the mere annual repetition of the renewal of these orders. The Stormont constitution itself, in its origin in the 1920 Act, represented an endeavour by the Government of the United Kingdom to create a form of government in Northern Ireland which would be amenable to eventual amalgamation with the form of government in the South of Ireland, and one need only read the Government of Ireland Act 1920 to realise that it was paving legislation towards a reuniting—as perhaps it would have been called at that time—of the North and South.
When Stormont was destroyed by this House in 1972—and I was one of those who voted against that action because it was taken by a Government who had not disclosed to the House or the country what they intended to put in the place of the previous constitution—it was not the intention in doing so to bring Northern Ireland into congruence with the rest of the United Kingdom. The object was to establish in Northern Ireland a more
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susceptible or more manageable form of local administration which would still serve the purpose of arriving at some sort of accommodation with the Irish Republic and its desire for the amalgamation of the North of Ireland.
The first essay was the 1972 Act, with the power-sharing constitution and the Assembly which was created under it. That Assembly initially did not contain the mechanism for the all-Ireland dimension. That was supplied just before the establishment of the Executive and was the direct cause of the rejection of that Assembly and Executive by the overwhelming majority of the people of the Province. That rejection caused the incoming Labour Government in 1974 to revert to the temporary status of direct rule. Thus, direct rule is a means of keeping the way open for the establishment of a separate show in Northern Ireland, a separate show which, as we have twice heard in hints, and more than hints, from the Treasury Bench during today's debate, will be the means of creating an Anglo-Irish set up in which Northern Ireland features as a separate entity. That effort has been pursued throughout the years since 1974 to the present day and, although the Government have intimated that there are ways in which they can see normal administration of the day-to-clay affairs of Northern Ireland being conducted by selected representatives, they have always been careful to couple that with the establishment of the Anglo-Irish parliamentary tier, which has been foreshadowed since the discussions between the Prime Minister and the Irish Prime Minister in 1980 and 1981.
That is what direct rule is about. It is not the consequence of Northern Ireland being recognised as part of the United Kingdom, for it is the consequence of a continuing determination to apply what used to be de Valera's formula for reuniting Ireland, the combination of Ulster autonomy with the English interest. Hon. Members can take that phrase and apply it as the key to the political history of the relations between the Government in the United Kingdom and that Province of the United Kingdom from 1920 onwards. If they do so, they will find that the key fits the lock.
The immediate consequence is that the law is made for the people of Northern Ireland by a different process from that which applies for the rest of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland is put apart by the order and it is still kept apart from the rest of the kingdom after 10 years. No other part of the United Kingdom would tolerate this, and hon. Members who represent other parts would be the first to repudiate the proposition that laws should be made for their constituents by an Order in Council and passed under the affirmative procedure. Indeed, I somewhat exaggerate, for only a part of it is passed under that procedure. The vast majority is passed with no parliamentary scrutiny in the form of regulations and orders, which under the devolved constitution would be subject to the negative procedure but which are subject to no procedure and no parliamentary scrutiny, whether by Committee or the House, under the order which is being reviewed.
The order is a declaration that Northern Ireland is to be kept in isolation from the rest of the United Kingdom and that its citizens are not to enjoy the same rights vis-a-vis this legislative House as their fellow citizens enjoy in the rest of the United Kingdom. The official Unionist party has never accepted that and we do not believe that it can be maintained in the long run. We do not believe that in

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the long run Parliament can treat one part of the United Kingdom differently in the basic constitutional respects from any other.
We told the House when we were elected 10 years ago in 1974 that sooner or later the Province of Northern Ireland would have to have full and equal representation in the House with any other part of the kingdom. That is what we told the House and we were right. The House saw the justice of our case and it was conceded in 1977. It became an accomplished fact at the general election of 1983. Following that election, we were returned in 11 out of 18 seats on a policy of which one of the principal items was that we would get rid of direct rule. We said and we say that it is something which cannot be sustained. It cannot be right that laws should be made by different processes in different parts of the United Kingdom and that they should be made in Northern Ireland by a method which denies to our constituents that participation in legislation at every stage which British citizens in the rest of the Kingdom take for granted as part of their heritage
Mr. Soley: Will the right hon. Gentleman tell us what he means by "the long run"? He said that he wants to bring the Northern Ireland method into line with that which is adopted in the rest of the United Kingdom "in the long run"; but that has not been the position for 60 years
Mr. Powell: That is certainly the case, but now that the House has accepted full and exclusive responsibility for legislation for Northern Ireland as it did in 1972 for the first time after 1921, it is only right and just that the House should use the same legislative processes for Northern Ireland as it uses elsewhere. It would be doing that but for the partially disclosed intentions which lie behind the order deliberately to isolate Northern Ireland so that it might more readily be brought into some sort of conjunction with the Irish Republic. We regard that as an intolerable imposition upon those whom we represent. We were sent to the House in an overwhelming majority of Northern Ireland seats to say so.
We are sure that sooner or later the injustice of the manner in which Northern Ireland is treated for the purposes of legislation by the order will be perceived and acted upon, but until that happens it is our duty, on behalf of those who sent us here, to make our protest. We shall, therefore, oppose the order this year as we did last year, and we shall continue opposing it until justice is done to us in this respect as it already has been in others and will yet be in many more.
10.20 pm
Mr. Peter Robinson: Like the right hon. Member for Down, South (Mr. Powell), I do not find the system of direct rule anything close to Utopia for the people of Northern Ireland. However, one needs to bear two points in mind. The first is that after a decade of going through this ritual the least that Northern Ireland Members can say is that the system of direct rule has been improved slightly. It has been improved by the presence in Northern Ireland of an Assembly elected by the people that has functions that made the direct-rule system more accountable. They are powers of scrutiny and consideration of legislation and Government actions. Those are an advance upon what hon. Members in the House had to consider and vote upon some two or more years ago. To
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that extent, at least, direct rule has improved, but it is not improved, and nor could it ever, to the extent necessary to make it an acceptable form of Government in Northern Ireland. I believe that the Government, and I suspect even the Opposition, recognise that to be true.
I believe that when the right hon. Member for Down, South says that he wants Northern Ireland to be treated the same as any other part of the United Kingdom, he is saying that Northern Ireland should have a form of local government similar to the rest of the United Kingdom, should be represented in the House in the same manner as the rest of the United Kingdom and that its laws should be made as are the laws for the rest of the United Kingdom.
I have no hesitation in saying that Northern Ireland is different. It is different from England just as Scotland is different from England, and Wales is different from Scotland. The statute book in Scotland is separate from that of the rest of the mainland as is the statute book for Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is unique in that it is one part of the United Kingdom that has had a devolved Government and Parliament previously. It is unique because it is separated from the rest of the United Kingdom by a stretch of water, and it is remote to that extent. It is unique in one other important facet which was mentioned by the hon. Member for Hammersmith (Mr. Soley). He talked about the paranoia of unionists and their feeling that they were being betrayed behind their backs. It is one thing to call it a paranoia, but in Northern Ireland it is believed to be a reality.
The difference between the right hon. Member for Down, South and myself is that the people in Northern Ireland who support my party do not believe that it is in their best interests to leave their future wholly within a Parliament where they have minor representation.
I was born in a traditional unionist family. I suspect that they voted for the Unionist party. They had no alternative. The union about which I was taught at my father's knee was not the same union as exists today, and we would be fooling ourselves as unionists if we believed that it was. It is different in many respects. The union of which I was taught in my father's day was a union that was there to protect the unionist community in Northern Ireland.
Sadly, I have to say that I see the sort of signs to which the Opposition spokesman referred, where the union is being used as a vehicle to manoeuvre us into the lifestyle of the Republic of Ireland so that we might be more like them and so that we might fit into their way of life. In that respect the union is no longer a safeguard; in fact, it can be a danger.
Therefore, it is important for Unionists to ensure that we have a union that protects the interests of unionists. Laying ourselves on the platter of this House is not always the safest thing to do, and I believe that that is part of the thinking of those who believe in devolution in Northern Ireland. It allows us to have an extra degree of safety.
I do not intend to go into history—enough has been said about the history of our Province in the earlier debate. I intend to look to the future. I was not able to present a document to this House, as the official Unionist party did with "The Way Forward". That is not to say that my party has not presented proposals; in fact, it has presented very detailed proposals to the Report Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly. I do not believe that there is any great advantage in putting out those proposals for publication at this time, but undoubtedly the time will come.

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I believe that the future constitution of Northern Ireland can be discussed and decided only by the people themselves in Northern Ireland. The solution to Ulster's problems will not come from or be enforced by this House. It will not come from the New Ireland Forum or from Dublin. It will come by Ulstermen and women looking at the difficulties that have confronted them and trying to find a way out of them. If I believe that to be true, one of the important elements in the Northern Ireland Assembly is that which allows the people of Northern Ireland the opportunity to put forward other propositions for the constitutional future of our country. In the Northern Ireland Assembly—represented as it is at present by only three parties—it can be done to that limited extent, and the Northern Ireland Assembly is already undertaking that task.
I cannot chide the hon. Member for Foyle (Mr. Hume) for not being present to hear me making these remarks; they would best be put to him directly. Indeed, I was unable to hear his contribution earlier. But perhaps, when he reads my remarks in the Official Report, he will take them into account. It seems to me strange that the hon. Member for Foyle, regarding himself as coming from the Republican or nationalist tradition, is prepared to sit down in a British House of Commons but is not prepared to sit down with Ulstermen in Northern Ireland. It seems strange that he is prepared to consider the future of Northern Ireland with politicians to whom he refers as the British—and even with those in Dublin—but is not prepared to come to the Northern Ireland Assembly and consider them with Ulstermen.
The hon. Gentleman will not arrive at a solution to our problems in London or in Dublin. Eventually he will have to come and deal with the unionist people in Northern Ireland, and I would rather he did that sooner than later. There are several advantages in his doing that within the Northern Ireland Assembly. First, the Assembly has been set up, and that is one of the tasks that has been assigned to it. It is a body of elected representatives who can speak for those who put them there. It is a body that can draw upon the expert advice upon which it is entitled to draw as an Assembly. It can use the staff of that Assembly and the support of Report Committee to assist it. It can have close contact with the Secretary of State and the Northern Ireland Office. Most important, it provides a forum to such people in operating private as well as plenary sessions to deal with the very real problems that concern us all.
I can only put the invitation, and say that I am genuine in saying that I want to talk about the future of Northern Ireland, with other political parties. I can only say that there is no other way to get a solution than by doing that.
Having said that, it is important to remember the words of the Secretary of State when he said in his opening remarks that what is wanted is a workable and demonstrably fair system of Government. There are a multiplicity of systems that would fall within that scope. The nationalist tradition has had, unfortunately, tunnel vision and it sees only one system that could be considered namely power-sharing. There are many systems that would allow the Unionist community to enjoy the British democratic system of Government and which at the same time would ensure that the rights of individuals and of minority groups are protected and still give a meaningful role to the representatives of minority parties. Those can
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be achieved within the many systems of Government. Indeed, the system of Government that my party has put forward to the Report Committee can do just that.
The Government would undoubtedly find that system satisfactory as a way forward. Without going into the details of the system, there are many other possibilities —I am not putting this forward as the only one—that should be considered if people have the charity, good faith and courage to look at those proposals.
All that we need to do is to face together in a spirit of sincerity the challenges that must be faced. This debate may not be like the previous debates over the decade, as this is the first occasion for many years on which we seem to be moving through one of those stages where everything seems to be in or out of a state of flux. Almost anything can happen. That can be good, and it can be dangerous.
I believe that if there is goodwill with the Northern Ireland political parties then good can surely come of that. I must say for the party that I represent that we are prepared to enter those talks in the Northern Ireland Assembly in good faith and in the understanding that we are prepared to examine the proposals put forward by any political party in Northern Ireland. We suggest that the SDLP joins those parties that are already sitting down and joins in that task.
10.33 pm
Mr. Robert Maclennan: I have had the privilege of listening to seven hours of debate about the future of Northern Ireland. I noted in the concluding remarks of the earlier debate that the Minister was perhaps a little optimistic in his belief that a certain theme was running through the debates. There have been many of themes, although not all have been harmonious or in unision. Any Minister who faces such a diversity of views as have been expressed in this debate must have the sympathy of the House.
The House has no practical alternative but to pass the order, although I accept what the right hon. Member for Down, South (Mr. Powell) said about its being far from the acme of political wisdom or democracy as it is known in any other part of the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, he does his own party less than justice with regard to its constructive recommendations in "The Way Forward". That document recognised the distinctiveness of the politics and polity of Northern Ireland. It not only recognised its difference from the rest of the United Kingdom but put forward proposals for its future government, which are different from any that prevail in any part of the United Kingdom.
Most notable was the recommendation that the Government should look with favour upon the introduction of a Bill of Rights, as part of the proposed package of devolutionary measures. I most strongly welcome that proposal from the right hon. Gentleman's party. I particularly commend the suggestion that the Government should look, as I think is implicit in the document, at how best to incorporate the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights, recognising the inevitability of making reservations to take account of the special predicament of Northern Ireland at this time and the existence of emergency legislation.
The right hon. Gentleman did less than justice to the recognition in his own party's document of the different traditions and outlooks of the communities, which is clearly spelt out. The document states:

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"The time is now ripe for both communities in Northern Ireland to realise that, essentially, their problems will have to be solved in Northern Ireland by their political representatives and that any future prospect for them and their children is best provided for within the Northern Ireland context."
That is very different from leaving the affairs of the right hon. Gentleman's countrymen in Northern Ireland to the mercies of a Westminster Government. As I understand it, in the document the Official Unionist party is not recommending a policy of integration of Northern Ireland with this country, nor measures for future legislation that are to be developed pari passu with those prevailing for the rest of the country. It is something of a myth in any event that there is total uniformity within these isles in Government and legislative practice. Scotland is governed and legislated for in a different fashion from the rest of the United Kingdom.
Sir John Biggs-Davison: In this Parliament
Mr. Maclennan: Certainly, in this Parliament. The simple point that I am making is that it is not a uniform procedure
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: It is.
Mr. Maclennan: With respect to the right hon. Gentleman, it is a very different procedure. As one who participates in it regularly, I have to tell him that it is a different procedure
Mr. Powell: The essential point is that, though the legislation for Scotland may be different, it is legislation which is made by the House in its normal legislative processes
Mr. Maclennan: The right hon. Gentleman begs the question when he speaks of "normal legislative processes". They are certainly normal for Scotland, but they are not precisely the same as those that prevail for the rest of the United Kingdom. Perhaps he will wish to look at similar normal, but different procedures for Northern Ireland
Mr. Powell: Not by Order in Council
Mr. Maclennan: I conceded the right hon. Gentleman's point at the beginning of my speech, that legislation by Order in Council is highly undesirable. It must be departed from as soon as there can be agreement about an alternative.
I am wholly at one with the Government in the view that an attempt must be made to get agreement. I thought that there was great wisdom in the view of the hon. Member for Manchester, Withington (Mr. Silvester) in the former debate that there were risks in doing something if what one did was not enough. That interesting plea for the status quo is not so difficult to understand when one bears in mind the history of the past 10 years.
The right hon. Member for Down, South offered a description of the past 10 years which would not be supported or recognised by anyone who lived through that difficult period. I do not believe that it is necessary to ascribe to successive Governments the motives that the right hon. Gentleman suggested to explain the tergiversations of policy that have marked the development of the constitutional arrangements in Northern Ireland over that period. The right hon. Gentleman said that it was all due
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to the fact that successive Governments were waiting to create a new Anglo-Irish entity, to be given responsibility for the government of Northern Ireland, or that there would be some transfer of powers as a consequence of an unspoken premise.
I do not know how the right hon. Gentleman comes to be privy to such matters or whether that reflects the thinking of the present Government, but I very much doubt it. Certainly I know of no such thinking on the part of those responsible for the government of Northern Ireland in the latter part of the Labour Government. The only unanimity from Labour Members today has been their expression to a man and a woman, of the view that a united Ireland is the solution to the problems of Northern Ireland. The motivation of Ministers in the Labour Government, however, was quite different. The right hon. Member for Barnsley, Central (Mr. Mason), who was present earlier, was not inspired by any such objectives and I cannot think that the right hon. Member for Down, South would attribute any such motive to him.
It is not important, however, to know the motives of the Governments who presided over Northern Ireland in the past 10 years. It is sufficient to note the way in which they have oscillated from one solution to another and how unsatisfactory that has been. There was the collapse of the Northern Ireland Executive, which the right hon. Member for Down, South took as his starting point, followed by the constitutional convention which strove unsuccessfully for two years to find a way forward, followed by the abortive five-part framework for partial restoration of devolution, in which the right hon. Gentleman's party did not participate, and then the somewhat more relaxed interim period under the right hon. Member for Barnsley, Central. There was then the constitutional conference in 1980, the establishment of the British-Irish Intergovernmental Council in 1981 and the initiative for the new rolling devolution in 1982.
Those attempts do not form a consistent, coherent search for a way forward and I found myself regretting very much that the Secretary of State felt that he had to persist both in the earlier debate today and at the beginning of this debate in the view that the best way ahead was really more of the same—that is, in seeking to establish some form of devolved institution, which has already been tried and found wanting. I hope that, if tonight is not his valediction the right hon. Gentleman will be successful in constructing such a consensus as is plainly necessary if that is to be achieved. However, nothing that has been said in this debate has given one any cause for hope that there is such a consensus and, in the absence of such a consensus, I do not see how this House can resist the inevitability of direct rule. It therefore rests with those who wish to see some change from direct rule to seek to create that consensus.
The steps suggested today by the Official Unionist party are, in a sense, the most constructive. The proposals in the Forum document are not in any sense an agenda which has any prospect of commanding support. That is recognised by its authors. Hon. Members on both sides of the House have also recognised that the Forum document does not set out an alternative system of government. It is an open-ended agenda. It is a cry for help and a recognition that the Republic of Ireland has some stake in the stable government — the accepted stable government — of Northern Ireland. The cry for help is powerful because this is the first time in 60 years of Irish history that it has been

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expressed, and signed, by representatives of all the political parties in the Republic. The signatures appended to the document have attracted more attention than its contents. Its contents take us very little further.
This debate will presumably—indeed, inevitably—be short. That very fact is perhaps an illustration of the outrageousness of the present system of government in Northern Ireland. It is outrageous that such massive powers as are exercised by the Secretary of State should be voted through the House almost on the nod and that some hon. Members should express irritation that any hon. Member should see fit to debate the subject at all. This matter is of high constitutional importance. If we do not remain sensitive to the need to change the system, we are not responding as we should to the importance of the issue.
The Government will enjoy my support and that of my party in passing this legislation this year, but we enter the caveat that this is not a system on which the British people should build their hopes for the long-term resolution of the difficulties of Northern Ireland. The Secretary of State has issued an invitation to all men of good will to contribute to the building up of a consensus about the next phase. We shall play our part in putting forward our own constructive proposals.
If it is not out of order to say so, I noted with particular interest the comments of the right hon. Member for Lagan Valley (Mr. Molyneaux) about the unsuitability of international institutions. He said that, if established, they would create some pressure—more moral than otherwise—on those who might feel reluctant to be involved in an all-Ireland solution. I agree that any such international institution would not serve a useful purpose. If such an institution were designed to bring about a better dialogue between two sovereign Governments and greater understanding between two legislatures on the problems of each, that would be quite a different matter. I listened with special interest to what the right hon. Member for Down, South said about the appropriateness or otherwise of the participation in any such international institution of representatives of the Ulster Assembly. The force of what the right hon. Gentleman said was not lost on me. He made an important speech.
We shall endeavour to make constructive proposals to ensure that the House does not have to be faced with such legislation too many more times.
10.50 pm
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (Mr. Nicholas Scott): The House was interested to hear so clearly spelt out in the speeches of the hon. Member for Belfast, East (Mr. Robinson) and the right hon. Member for Down, South (Mr. Powell) the two distinctive Unionist stances on devolved government and the treatment in this House of legislation that affect Northern Ireland.
In an important speech, the hon. Member for Belfast, East said that Northern Ireland has had devolved government, and he made clear the determination of his party to play a full part in trying to restore devolved government to the Province. The right hon. Member for Down, South, however, who believes in the deep-laid conspiracy theory, is determined rather to take the route of total integration and wishes all legislation that affects the Province to be treated in the House in what he called the normal legislative manner. The Government, of course, recognise that Northern Ireland is and will remain
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a constituent part of the United Kingdom, but we believe that the special needs and traditions of Northern Ireland make a system of devolved government the more appropriate method of dealing with their affairs.
Sir John Biggs-Davison: When legislation is identical for the mainland and Northern Ireland, why should the time of the House be wasted by duplicating the legislative process?
Mr. Scott: It is important that we retain for Northern Ireland, during the period of direct rule, a separate corpus of law ready for when Northern Ireland is devolved again and has fully devolved powers. We have a temporary arrangement to deal with legislation that affects Northern Ireland. I do not believe that abandoning the search for a proper system of devolved government would contribute one whit to the stability or peace of the Province. I accept that the present arrangements are far from perfect, although I believe that they have been improved by the extremely effective work that the Assembly has done in scrutinising the Government's proposals for legislation. Nevertheless, we ultimately want devolved government that will be able to scrutinies primary and subordinate legislation in detail. For the time being, we go on with direct rule. The hon. Member for Caithness and Sutherland (Mr. Maclennan) advocated a Bill of Rights. I am sure that the Government do not have a closed mind on the matter, but, faced with complex decisions on whether to have one, we must bear in mind that there have recently been extensive advances in Northern Ireland for the protection of individuals and their rights. It ramains open whether the introduction of a full Bill of Rights is necessary.
Mr. Maclennan: I am grateful to the Minister for referring to the Bill of Rights. The Secretary of State alluded to it in passing when he spoke of the existence in Northern Ireland of an advisory standing commission on human rights. He will know that it has believed for a long time that incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights is the best safeguard and would save difficult arguments about what should be included in a Bill of Rights. I hope that the Minister will listen to his own advisory body.
Mr. Scott: The Government have an open mind. This is a complex issue, involving questions such as whether to have such a Bill of Rights just for Northern Ireland or for the whole of the United Kingdom, and how such a Bill of Rights would be properly enforced.
I commend the order to the House.
Question put:—
The House divided: Ayes 144, Noes 9.

Division No. 388]

[10.54 pm

AYES

Amess, David

Brandon-Bravo, Martin

Ashby, David

Bright, Graham

Atkinson, David (B'm'th E)

Brinton, Tim

Baker, Nicholas (N Dorset)

Brooke, Hon Peter

Baldry, Anthony

Brown, M. (Brigg & Cl'thpes)

Batiste, Spencer

Bruinvels, Peter

Beaumont-Dark, Anthony

Buck, Sir Antony

Bellingham, Henry

Burt, Alistair

Benyon, William

Butterfill, John

Best, Keith

Carttiss, Michael

Biggs-Davison, Sir John

Cash, William

Boscawen, Hon Robert

Channon, Rt Hon Paul

Bottomley, Peter

Chope, Christopher

Bottomley, Mrs Virginia

Clark, Dr Michael (Rochford)

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Clegg, Sir Walter

Knight, Mrs Jill (Edgbaston)

Cope, John

Knowles, Michael

Dorrell, Stephen

Lang, Ian

Douglas-Hamilton, Lord J.

Lawler, Geoffrey

Dunn, Robert

Lee, John (Pendle)

Dykes, Hugh

Leigh, Edward (Gainsbor'gh)

Evennett, David

Lennox-Boyd, Hon Mark

Eyre, Sir Reginald

Lester, Jim

Fairbairn, Nicholas

Lightbown, David

Fallon, Michael

Lloyd, Ian (Havant)

Favell, Anthony

Lloyd, Peter, (Fareham)

Forsyth, Michael (Stirling)

Lyell, Nicholas

Forth, Eric

McCurley, Mrs Anna

Franks, Cecil

Macfarlane, Neil

Freeman, Roger

MacGregor, John

Gale, Roger

Maclean, David John

Goodlad, Alastair

Maclennan, Robert

Gower, Sir Raymond

Major, John

Gregory, Conal

Malins, Humfrey

Griffiths, Peter (Portsm'th N)

Marland, Paul

Ground, Patrick

Marlow, Antony

Grylls, Michael

Mates, Michael

Hamilton, Hon A. (Epsom)

Mather, Carol

Hamilton, Neil (Tatton)

Maude, Hon Francis

Hanley, Jeremy

Mawhinney, Dr Brian

Harris, David

Maxwell-Hyslop, Robin

Harvey, Robert

Mayhew, Sir Patrick

Hawkins, C. (High Peak)

Merchant, Piers

Hawkins, Sir Paul (SW N'folk)

Miller, Hal (B'grove)

Hayhoe, Barney

Mitchell, David (NW Hants)

Hayward, Robert

Monro, Sir Hector

Hickmet, Richard

Montgomery, Fergus

Hirst, Michael

Morrison, Hon P. (Chester)

Hogg, Hon Douglas (Gr'th'm)

Murphy, Christopher

Holt, Richard

Neale, Gerrard

Howard, Michael

Needham, Richard

Howarth, Alan (Stratfd-on-A)

Newton, Tony

Howarth, Gerald (Cannock)

Normanton, Tom

Hubbard-Miles, Peter

Norris, Steven

Hunt, David (Wirral)

Oppenheim, Philip

Hunt, John (Ravensbourne)

Ottaway, Richard

Hunter, Andrew

Page, Sir John (Harrow W)

Jackson, Robert

Page, Richard (Herts SW)

Jones, Gwilym (Cardiff N)

Parris, Matthew

Kellett-Bowman, Mrs Elaine

Patten, Christopher (Bath)

Kennedy, Charles

Powell, William (Corby)

Kershaw, Sir Anthony

Powley, John

Key, Robert

Prior, Rt Hon James

King, Roger (B'ham N'field)

Proctor, K. Harvey

Knight, Gregory (Derby N)

Rhodes James, Robert

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Sackville, Hon Thomas

Wakeham, Rt Hon John

Sainsbury, Hon Timothy

Waldegrave, Hon William

Scott, Nicholas

Watts, John

Shepherd, Colin (Hereford)

Wilkinson, John

Silvester, Fred

Wolfson, Mark

Sims, Roger

Yeo, Tim

Skeet, T. H. H.

Soames, Hon Nicholas

Tellers for the Ayes:

Speller, Tony

Mr. Tristan Garel-Jones and Mr. Michael Neubert.

Steen, Anthony

NOES

Beggs, Roy

Robinson, P. (Belfast E)

Forsythe, Clifford (S Antrim)

Walker, Cecil (Belfast N)

McCusker, Harold

Molyneaux, Rt Hon James

Tellers for the Noes:

Nicholson, J.

Mr. William Ross and Mr. Ken Maginnis.

Porter, Barry

Powell, Rt Hon J. E. (S Down)

Question accordingly agreed to.
Resolved,
That the draft Northern Ireland Act 1974 (Interim Period Extension) Order 1984, which was laid before this House on 12 June, be approved.

ESTIMATES
Resolved,
That this House agrees with the Report (19th June) of the Liaison Committee.—[Mr. Major.]

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY DOCUMENTS
Motion made, and Question put forthwith pursuant to Standing Order No. 80(5) (Standing Committees on European Community documents.)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY DOCUMENTS

  BEVERAGE CONTAINERS
  That this House takes note of the proposal for a Council Directive on containers of liquids for human consumption contained in the Department of Trade and Industry's Explanatory Memorandum dated 30th March 1984; and supports the Government's intention to improve the environment and conserve resources without imposing unnecessary legislative burdens on industry.—[Mr. Major.]
  Question agreed to.

Monkeys
Motion made, and Question proposed,That this House do now adjourn. —[Mr. Major.]
11.5 pm
Mr. Greg Knight: I am glad to have this opportunity to raise a very important matter. No one can say that our debates lack variety, and I realise that the subject that I have chosen may be regarded by some hon. Members as rather unusual. However, the ill-treatment of monkeys and the consequent safety of members of the public are matters of concern. I shall refer not to some far-flung corner of the world, but to what is happening in Britain in 1984.
Regrettably, in the short time available I cannot deal with all the areas of abuse, so I shall restrict my remarks to a relatively narrow subject — the misuse and ill-treatment of monkeys in captivity for entertainment and other purposes. I particularly include those animals that are used as props by seaside and street photographers as an aid to attracting custom, and those kept as pets, often in unsuitable accommodation.
The problem is growing. During the past year or so monkeys have to my knowledge been used by street photographers in Hastings, Lytham St. Anne's, Morecambe, Flamborough, Skegness, Great Yarmouth and many other places, as well as in Cornwall and in the Middlesex street market in London, colloquially known as Petticoat lane. In addition, the number of monkeys in private ownership is believed to be on the increase.
Some hon. Members may ask: what is wrong with photographers using monkeys in that way? The answer is that there is a lot wrong with it. I shall endeavour to explain why. It may well be true that a dog is a man's best friend, but, whether or not hon. Members like it, it is undeniable that a monkey is man's closest relative. We are, therefore, talking about a highly intelligent and sensitive animal that needs the company of its own kind, a varied and well-balanced diet and plenty of space for exercise. To deny all or any of those facilities amounts to cruelty and should not be allowed.
Street photographers fall well below what we should expect and require. Invariably, their monkeys are kept in inadequate cages, and when they are being used as business props—which can be for five or six hours a day, five days a week—they are denied proper exercise and are disgracefully treated. I have had reports and letters from all over Britain saying that monkeys have been seen tied with tight-fitting belts. The belts often cause sores in the short-term and lead to intestinal problems later. One photographer whom I met in Skegness said that he never removed the belts that he used for his animals despite their obvious discomfort.
Tonight's debate has attracted a lot of interest. I am delighted to see so many of my hon. Friends here.
I shall read from two of the many supportive letters which I have received. A lady who lives in Cheshire states:
"I had my picture taken, a number of years ago in Stockport market, with a squirrel monkey and I am ashamed to say I never gave a thought to the misery and degredation suffered by that unfortunate animal … I find the exploitation of primates (or any other animal for that matter) by man, for entertainment, very distasteful."
A letter from a lady living in Norfolk states:
"one day last year I went to Yarmouth for the day and going down Regent Street, there was this photographer with this little monkey. It had a collar and lead on which he was using to swing
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the monkey around. I went and spoke to him about it. It had two sores on its tail … I was very distressed to see how it was being treated, so I sincerely hope that something will be done by the House of Commons."
The cruelty aspect is only one matter which gives me cause for concern. A second, equally important, problem is public safety. Monkeys can and do bite, especially when irritated or unhappy. Those used by photographers are often both irritated and unhappy. Why should the public be placed at risk? Within two months, in Sussex, seven monkey bites were reported. One was on a baby's face and another on a baby's finger. In the east midlands recently two people were bitten by a monkey which escaped from a shop. Similar incidents have occurred elsewhere, including London. The story is the same in most parts of the country where photographers operate and monkeys are mistreated or manage to escape.
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is also anxious and has drawn my attention to cases of children in pushchairs having monkeys placed on their laps and being frightened. In a letter the RSPCA confirms that the problem has been with us for some time. The letter states:
"As long ago as September 1980 the Chief Executive of a South Coast resort which was the home base of an operator of monkeys for photographers told us 'I receive several complaints each year from pedestrians who have been bitten by these monkeys.' … photographers appear to be aggressive in thrusting animals into the arms of passers-by in order to solicit custom."
That is exactly what happens. It is why unsuspecting members of the public receive nasty bites.
Why should the public have to face the risk? We have a dual problem — the danger to the public and the cruelty often involved. There are 51 genera of living primates, but only two or three genera of monkeys are commonly used by street photographers. These are known as New World monkeys — mainly the squirrel and capuchin monkeys. Why are those monkeys so attractive to street photographers? The main reason is that the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 does not list New World monkeys in its schedule. That means that they can be owned without a licence and used without restriction.
Those with financial interests would no doubt argue that a licence should not be necessary because a New World monkey is not dangerous. I disagree with that. It is true that some primates are more dangerous than others. Looking around the House, some may say that the most dangerous of all is homo sapiens. But for non-human primates, the difference is only one of degree in terms of the danger that members of the public face. Of course, a gorilla is more dangerous than a squirrel monkey, but even a squirrel monkey—and I assure hon. Members that I speak from experience—can inflict a nasty bite. I do not understand why the public should face that potential danger.
For those who may argue that the New World monkey is not dangerous, I also pray in aid a circular sent to most zoos by the Secretary of State under the Zoo Licensing Act 1981, headed
"The Secretary of State's standards of modern zoo practice".
In the introduction, it states:
"In pursuance of section 9 of the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 the Secretary of State, after having consulted such persons on the list compiled under section 8 of the Act and such other persons as he has thought fit, hereby specifies the following standards of modern zoo practice, that is, standards with respect to the management of zoos and the animals in them."

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That document, in the section headed "Interpretation", under the sub-heading "Hazardous animals" further states:
"'hazardous animals' means those animals listed in the Schedule, for the time being current, to the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, and any other animal which, because of its individual disposition, sexual cycle, maternal instincts, or for any other reason, whether by biting, scratching, butting, compression, injecting venom, or by any other method, is likely to injure seriously or transmit disease to humans."
It goes on to say, and this is the important point:
"For the avoidance of doubt all (non-human) primates will be considered as hazardous animals for the purpose of these standards."
Zoos are being told to consider all non-human primates as hazardous, yet the public are not protected under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act against New World monkeys. Surely that is wrong.
Some may ask how will the Act help? It makes it a requirement that an owner of a dangerous animal therein defined needs to obtain a licence. The question is whether the schedule to the Act should be extended to include the species of monkey that I have described. I believe the answer to be yes.
Should that be done, the Dangerous Wild Animals Act empowers a local authority not to grant a licence unless it is satisfied on a number of points. In the main, they relate not only to the safety of the public, but to the conditions in which the animal is kept. Clause 1(5) states:
"A local authority shall not grant a licence under this Act unless a veterinary surgeon or veterinary practitioner authorised by the authority to do so under section 3 of this Act has inspected the premises where any animal will normally be held in pursuance of the licence and the authority has received and considered a report by the surgeon or practitioner, containing such particulars as in the authority's opinion enable it to decide whether the premises are such that any animal proposed to be kept under the authority of the licence may suitably be held there, and describing the condition of the premises and of any animal or other thing found there."
We have two duties, both of which involve protection. The first is a duty to protect the public from potential danger. The second is to protect monkeys and other animals from exploitation, abuse and inadequate or unsuitable owners. I hope that the Government will discharge those two duties.
11.20 pm
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Environment (Mr. William Waldegrave): I congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for Derby, North (Mr. Knight) on raising an important matter. The subjects that fall to my Department include the abolition of the GLC — [HON. MEMBERS: "And monkeys."] — yes, and monkeys, though why, I am not entirely sure. Having listened to my hon. Friend, the relationship between these subjects may be clearer to the House.
My hon. Friend has persuaded the Government of his case. There is no question, having listened to his arguments, but that there is really nothing more to say. My right hon. Friend will this very month be laying a relevant order under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976. Especially gratifying to us in the Department, and to the many experts who advise us on these matters, is that someone who has first-hand experience of having been savaged by a squirrel monkey has reached the same conclusions as we have about the borderline that we must
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draw. As in all these matters, it is difficult to draw the borderline between what is and what is not a dangerous animal.
Obviously, it is unnecessary for me to do this for the benefit of my hon. Friend, but some of my other hon. Friends might find it helpful to be reminded of the background to the Act and the schedule. The original objective was to list only those obviously dangerous animals that it was, by 1976, becoming fashionable to keep, such as lions and crocodiles. They were obviously dangerous, and the schedule was prepared accordingly, omitting any creature that it was considered unlikely that anyone would wish to keep.
Also, although there was an underlying reluctance to list species about which there might be scope for serious disagreement as to how dangerous they were, some comparatively harmless species were embraced within certain broad categories. Other more dangerous kinds were omitted.
The approach was, thus, insufficiently selective, and a first amendment to the schedule had to be made as early as 1977. By 1981 it became clear that there were far too many anomalies. It was also felt that it was undesirable for the schedule to have to be amended every time there was a change in fashion in pet-keeping. Lions out, crocodiles in—an amendment.
The decision was, therefore, made to embark on a thoroughgoing revision of the schedule and to list all kinds of dangerous wild animals, whether currently considered likely pets or not. As a first step, the Government put through an urgent revision—we did it as soon as we came to power; it was high on our list of priorities—the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 (Modification) Order 1981—the current schedule—to correct the more glaring anomalies. That order bore an explanatory note to the effect that a second-stage review would follow which would consider further modifications, including the addition of certain snakes and certain mustelids, being the relations of badgers
Mr. Richard Hickmet: May we be assured, in the light of my hon. Friend's announcement about the licensing requirements that the Government propose to lay before the House, that right hon. and hon. Members in this place will not be required to be licensed, or that this place will not need to be licensed, on the basis that we fall within the definition of "a primate"?
Mr. Waldegrave: As long as my hon. Friend is not referring to any of the archbishops, the answer is no.
To assist in this review, we assembled a committee of experts. Included were representatives from the British Veterinary Association, the National Federation of Zoological Gardens, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, the Pet Trade Association, the Cat Survival Trust, the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, the Primate Society—nothing to do with the archbishops on this occasion—the British Herpetological Society and the International Herpetological Society. A fine body of men.
My hon. Friend has already said that the sole justification for listing an animal in the schedule is that it is dangerous. There was a great and understandable temptation for some committee members to urge the

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inclusion of certain animals not because they were dangerous but so that the welfare provisions of the Act could come into play. It was made clear throughout that this temptation had to be resisted. Nor has the Act any role in the protection of endangered species.
So, based exclusively on the criterion of public safety, agreement on most of the species was easy. Although it is very difficult to arrive at completely objective criteria defining what constitutes a dangerous animal, a broad consensus was nevertheless reached and most of the creatures that are listed in the proposed new schedule are so clearly above the line that little or no discussion was needed. As always, it was a small number of borderline cases that took up the time. It is not surprising, given the difficulty of defining "dangerous", that the experts failed to reach a uninimous decision on the borderline cases but, having looked at the various views expressed, I am happy that the forthcoming order will present a realistic and defensible list.
I shall mention the borderline cases in a moment, but, before I do, I should like to re-emphasis a point made by my hon. Friend, that there is nothing in the Dangerous Wild Animals Act designed to stop people from keeping the listed animals. It merely requires that, if they are kept, the local authority should be satisfied that they are kept in a way that poses no threat to public safety and causes no nuisance; that the keeper is a suitable person to be entrusted with their care; and that certain minimum standards are maintained for their welfare.
What were the borderline cases?
Mr. John Butterfill rose——
Mr. Waldegrave: No, I must continue with my speech. If I am interrupted on an occasion like this I may lose the track of the argument.
The borderline cases were certain spiders, certain snakes, the civets, the smaller New World monkeys and the raccoon. Perhaps that was the point that my hon. Friend the Member for Bournemouth, West (Mr. Butterfill) wanted to make.
As soon as one mentions spiders and snakes, one enters the realm of folklore. My advisers steadfastly put these considerations behind them. Most of us would run a mile at the sight of a tarantula, but I am advised that in truth it is a most amiable creature. It is reluctant to bite unless under extreme provocation, and then it causes only little more pain than a bee sting. It is not on the list, therefore. As for pythons, boa constrictors and anacondas, their size, like speeches in the House, is directly related to the available accommodation, and the few recorded instances of their having proved dangerous have occurred in their natural habitats. If a boa constrictor happens to live in Africa, it will have plenty of room. If it lives in more confined circumstances, it will be a small example. Therefore, boa constrictors are not on the list either.
The experts were able to reach unanimous agreement on spiders and snakes and on the civets, where the Pet Traders Association's recommendations were accepted without dispute.
There remained one main area where there was an unresolved difference of opinion, the New World monkeys. The Pet Trade Association's representatives, with some expert backing, argued that in ascending order of dangerousness, the marmoset, the tamarin, the saki—perhaps a writer of short stories — the squirrel, the
126
douroucouli and the capuchin were not unacceptably dangerous. Experts from the British Veterinary Association, the National Federation of Zoological Gardens and the Primate Society—on this occasion no "s" should appear after "Primate" — took the contrary view while others suggested that the line should be drawn either between the marmoset and the tamarin or the tamarin and the saki.
The recommendation that I have accepted is that the marmoset should be below the line and the tamarin and all the others above it, the essential difference being the size of the lower permanent canine teeth. Although marmosets can and do bite, I am persuaded that this animal cannot realistically be described as dangerous. I am assured that anyone—my advisers looked into this matter by firsthand experience—who has been bitten by tamarin will know that it is a very different experience from being bitten by a marmoset. I am sure that my hon. Friend will join me in that view.
The Pet Trade Association has, during discussion and in the press, drawn comparison between the risk of injury from dogs and from the small monkeys. There is, however, one important distinction. Dogs have been widely domesticated for millennia and bred for specific purposes. Such risk as they present to human safety is accepted by society.
It is quite another matter to permit uncontrolled keeping of species only a few generations away from the wild; and Mr. and Mrs. Public have a right to know that their next door neighbour is not irresponsibly keeping an exotic pet of unpredictable behaviour and the ability to inflict injury on their child. That is the kind of criticism of our living habits that we, as Members of the House, have to face.
The comparison with dogs brings me to the last of the borderline animals—the raccoon—about which my hon. Friend the Member for Bournemouth, West (Mr. Butterfill) was about to intervene. That, incidentally, is not to be confused with the raccoon-dog — my hon. Friend would not have made that mistake— a canine which has been on the list until now, but which is not considered dangerous and which will be taken off the list by the forthcoming order.
Captive-bred specimens of the raccoon itself are entering trade in increasing numbers and the Pet Trade Association argues that they are essentially domesticated and should be accepted as such. I am not persuaded that the time is right to do so. As I have said, dogs have been domesticated for thousands of years and yet still present some degree of risk to the public, and the postman, as I am reminded. I accept the view of the majority of the experts who were consulted — that a species can be classed as domestic only after many generations of selective breeding. The raccoon is a long way short of achieving that status. It may work away at it and in clue course return to the House in some hundreds of years and achieve that status, but not yet. Meanwhile I consider that it should be regarded as a dangerous wild animal. I do not believe that many of my hon. Friends will want to argue against me.
I should like to offer my thanks to all those experts who attended the meetings held in Marsham street and tried out the difference between being bitten by a marmoset and a tamarin, or who offered their comments and advice in writing, and who helped me make my decisions on the revised schedule. I should like to repeat my thanks to my hon. Friend the Member for Derby, North for bringing the

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subject to the attention of the House tonight. Although we have treated it lightly, there is a serious point here. He is a keeper of these monkeys and we read with great pleasure in Crossbencher at the weekend of the happy event which may be expected by his squirrel monkeys, and we offer our best felicitations. My hon. Friend has done well to raise
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a serious point. We have followed his advice and been grateful for it in the way in which we have laid the order that my right hon. Friend will put before the House shortly.
Question put and agreed to.
Adjourned accordingly at twenty-eight minutes to Twelve o'clock.