Commons Sitting of 22 June 1959

Preamble
The House met at half-past Two o'clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
PRIVATE BUSINESS
  BRADFORD CORPORATION BILL
  Lords Amendments considered and agreed to.
  MILFORD HAVEN (TIDAL BARRAGE) BILL [Lords]
  Read a Second time and committed.
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SERVICES

    Books and Periodicals (Export)
    Mrs. Whiteasked the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster what progress has been made with arrangements for supplying books oversea to countries with currency restrictions or in which low cost books are particularly required.
    Lady Gammansasked the Chancel for of the Duchy of Lancaster, having in mind the amount of literature poured into India and other Asiatic countries by Communist countries, so cheaply that it qualifies as propaganda, what is being done in a comparable way by this country.
    Mr. Hoyasked the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster what action he is taking to increase the supply of British books to countries overseas.
    Mr. G. M. Thomsonasked the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster what progress he is making in his proposals for the provision of cheap British books for underdeveloped territories.
    Colonel Beamishasked the Chancel for of the Duchy of Lancaster if he will now make a full statement of the Government's plans, foreshadowed in paragraph 13 of Command Paper No. 685,
    830
    to encourage the flow of British publications overseas in order that the British point of view may be more widely understood and the large scale efforts of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and China to foster Communism shall be properly countered.
    The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Dr. Charles Hill): The Government's study of ways to encourage the flow of British publications overseas has now been completed. The Government have decided upon the following measures:

    (i) To open negotiations with the aim of enabling certain countries to reduce their restrictions on imports of British publications.

    (ii) To promote the production of low-priced editions of a range of British books for sale in certain countries where there is a large unsatisfied demand for such books.

    (iii) To authorise a further expansion of the British Council's library services and of their arrangements for presentation of books and periodicals.

    (iv) To assist, through the British Council, in the further development of library systems in a number of Colonial Territories.

    (v) To co-operate with the periodical and newspaper publishers in measures to help them increase their circulations in some of the more difficult markets overseas.

    I will, with permission, circulate a more detailed statement in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Mrs. White: I am sure that hon. Members in all parts of the House will be very glad to learn that the Government are now proposing to take action in this matter. I think we are all delighted, especially after the news which we saw this morning about activities in Formosa. No doubt the right hon. Gentleman is also aware that very large numbers of books are being given by the Chinese and other Governments to libraries in India. Can the right hon. Gentleman tell us about how much it is proposed to expend on these matters?
    Dr. Hill: It is very difficult to forecast the expenditure, because it depends in no small part on the number and character of the agreements entered into, for

    831
    which negotiations will now start. Next year, when we shall be beginning to get under way, I estimate, as best I can, the increased expenditure to be about £500,000.
    Colonel Beamish: In warmly welcoming the announcement which my right hon. Friend has made and which I regard as a very important step in the right direction, may I ask him whether there will be any attempt to co-ordinate these efforts with efforts being made by the United States, which are very considerable in this field?
    Dr. Hill: There is a degree of coordination with the United States Government, but, at the same time, there is a primary responsibility on us to secure the greater flow of British books and periodicals.
    Mr. Ede: Will these books be confined to technical books, or will they deal also with philosophy and the English way of life?
    Dr. Hill: In so far as the increase in the British Council's resources is concerned, there will be a concentration on scientific and technical books. In so far as the schemes to be negotiated with countries where import restrictions prevent the flow are concerned, there will be a wide range of books. They will be the books, as it were, ordered by the customers. In so far as the low-priced books are concerned, they will be books thought to have a wide mass appeal and reflecting British thought and ideas.
    Lady Gammans: Whilst thanking my right hon. Friend for his reply, may I ask if he can tell us how soon the measures which he has mentioned will come into force, because there is, I think he will agree, some urgency in the matter?
    Dr. Hill: I am very alive to the urgency, and negotiations on those parts of the proposals which depend on negotiations will begin as soon as possible.
    Mr. Thomson: Can the right hon. Gentleman say how many titles in the lower-priced books are likely to be published next year and also something about the currency methods to be employed? Is it to be a case of blocked currency as in the United States?
    Dr. Hill: On the first question, I cannot now give the number of titles, but I can say that in the first phase—next year's phase—I hope it will be possible to reach up to 2 million copies of low-priced books. On the second question, clearly the negotiation of schemes to overcome import restrictions must not exclude the prospect that the currency again will be non-convertible.
    Mr. Gordon Walker: Whilst welcoming the proposal as a step in the right direction, can the right hon. Gentleman say a word about the cheaper editions? Will they be published in conjunction with private publishers in the form of placing orders and subsidising them, or will the Government themselves publish them?
    Dr. Hill: It will be done in association with the publishers who own the copyright of the books that it is desired to deal with by a low-price scheme, which will involve Government aid to narrow the gap between the economic price and what can be paid in the countries of reception.
    Mr. Deedes: Where the question of choice arises, who will be responsible for selection? Will it be the publishers or the British Council?
    Dr. Hill: I am aware of the delicacy of the matter of the choice of titles. There will be a most responsible advisory committee which will advise on this subject, although in order that the Ministers themselves may be answerable in this House the final decision will be taken by the Minister responsible
    Mr. Shinwell: Suppose a client desires a certain type of book and that type of book is critical of the Government and their policy. Will there be any restriction on its supply?
    Dr. Hill: I cannot forecast what delicate criteria will be applied.
    Following are the details:

    EXPORTS OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS
    In the White Paper which the Government published in March, 1959, about the Overseas Information Services (Cmnd 685) it was stated that a study was to be made of ways and means of increasing the flow of British books and periodicals overseas. This study has now been completed.
    2. It is natural that we should wish to see the widest possible readership for books and

    833
    periodicals from the United Kingdom. British books are part of our national heritage. They can do much to help other peoples to understand our way of life and they can make a very real contribution to the life and thought of other nations.
    3. Many countries have shown great interest in the facilities provided by the British Council in the teaching of English, and the Government have provided the Council with much larger financial resources for this work. But with more people learning English there is an ever-increasing demand for reading matter in English. We must do more to promote the flow of British reading matter overseas.
    4. Other countries are already producing in great quantity, well-produced, attractive literature which is easy to read and inexpensive. This literature is aimed particularly at Asian and African countries. For example, it is estimated that almost 30 million books were produced by the Soviet Union alone for this purpose last year and a very high proportion of this total consisted of books in English.
    5. It is true that British book exports through commercial channels are still larger than those of any country in the world. In 1958 exports totalled nearly £24 million, representing almost two-fifths of the turnover of (he United Kingdom book trade.
    6. But there are several countries which, for currency reasons, impose substantial restrictions on imports of British books and periodicals and our exporters cannot make further headway in these markets.
    7. There are two other major difficulties. First, the low individual incomes in many countries. Second, the lack of effective library and other distribution systems.
    8. The Government have decided therefore to take the following steps to promote exports of British books and periodicals:

    (i) To enter into negotiations with various countries of special importance from our standpoint with the aim of establishing schemes to enable them to increase their imports of British books and periodicals. These schemes should operate broadly on the lines of the British Book Export Schemes which were established during the war and in the immediate post-war period. There are grounds for believing that a number of countries would welcome negotiations to this end.

    (ii) To promote the production of low-priced editions of a range of British books for sale in certain countries where there is a large unsatisfied demand for such books. This will call for substantial Government expenditure.

    (iii) The British Council expect to spend this year about £650,000 on their library services and presentations. The Government intend to authorise a further expansion of library services in several countries and to increase the Council's resources for presentations of books and periodicals abroad.

    (iv) To assist, through the British Council, in the development of library systems in a number of Colonial territories, including the
    834
    establishment of central libraries, regional branches, book vans and book boxes.

    (v) To co-operate with the periodical and newspaper publishers in measures to help them increase their circulations in some of the more difficult markets overseas.

    9. Parliamentary approval for the expenditure involved will be sought at the earliest convenient opportunity.
    10. It will be necessary to proceed in consultation with the Governments of the Commonwealth and foreign countries concerned. The House will appreciate, therefore, that I cannot give at this stage details of the arrangements which we hope to make. A good deal of negotiation will be needed in the coming months, but as soon as agreements have been concluded, I will inform the House.
    11. I am grateful to the several Trade Associations, particularly the Publishers Association and the Periodical Proprietors Association, for the benefit of their advice and I am confident that they will co-operate closely with the Departments concerned in the development of this programme. I shall be informing them of the general lines on which we hope to proceed.
    12. Given the full support of the publishing industry the Government are confident that these measures will lead to a substantial increase in the flow of British publications overseas.
    Mr. G. M. Thomsonasked the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster what was the value of British book exports in 1958 to India, Pakistan, Ceylon, and Israel, respectively; and what proposals he has for increasing these exports.
    Dr. Hill: The value of British book exports in 1958, as recorded in the Trade and Navigation Accounts, to the countries listed in the hon. Member's Question was:

    £

    India

    …

    …

    …

    424,427

    Pakistan

    …

    …

    …

    39,950

    Ceylon

    …

    …

    …

    15,732

    Israel

    …

    …

    …

    9,473

    These figures exclude books sent by parcel post.
    In reply to the second part of the hon. Member's Question, I would refer him to the statement I have made today in reply to the hon. Lady the Member for Flint, East (Mrs. White) and others.
    Mr. Thomson: Is the Minister aware that the small figures he has given underline the importance of the statement he has just made? Can he assure the House that all the countries mentioned in my Question will be the subject of negotiations with the United Kingdom Government?
    Dr. Hill: I am aware of the lowness, particularly of three of these sets of figures. On the question of the countries, I would ask the House to forgive me if I do not name them, because I am anxious that negotiations shall begin with them before there is any public announcement of the countries.

    Africa and Asia (Educational Television)
    Mr. G. M. Thomsonasked the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster what steps he is taking to set up an advisory body equipped to promote educational television in African and Asian countries as part of the United Kingdom overseas broadcasting services.
    Dr. Hill: Although I do not think that an advisory body is necessary, a good deal is being done to provide television stations with educational and other material.
    Mr. Thomson: In view of the tremendous educational drive in the African territories and the great shortage of teachers, is the Minister aware that educational television is likely to play an increasingly important rôle? Will he make every effort to ensure that the British Government are in at the beginning of the tremendous operation and give all the assistance that they can?
    Dr. Hill: I am aware of the problem, but at the moment there is only one television station on the Continent of Africa, and that is in Algeria. Other stations are in contemplation in Ghana and Nigeria. I am fully alive to the problem. It may interest the hon. Member to know that pilot work of teaching English by television is being undertaken by the British Council.
    Mr. E. Fletcher: Would the Minister bear in mind that with the object of disseminating as widely as possible in the next few years British ideas, culture, and way of life, wireless and television will be just as important as the wider distribution of books? Will the Minister see that the schemes are dovetailed and co-ordinated?
    Dr. Hill: I would not venture into a comparison of the comparative value of the printed word and the visual image,
    836
    but I am aware of the great and growing importance of television as a medium for British ideas.

  PENSIONS AND NATIONAL INSURANCE

    Night Workers (Benefits)
    Mr. Prenticeasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance whether he will take steps to amend the regulations for the payment of sickness benefit, etc., to night workers so as to avoid the present situation whereby a man who resumes work on a different shift may lose a day's benefit compared with a day worker who is sick for the same period.
    The Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (Mr. John Boyd-Carpenter): No, Sir. I think the present regulations dealing with payments of benefit to shift workers (Statutory Instrument No. 1277 of 1948, as amended) are appropriate, and I cannot accept that their effect is accurately summarised in the hon Member's Question.
    Mr. Prentice: Would not the Minister agree that under these regulations sometimes a man at the end of a period of sickness may lose a day's sickness benefit and possibly a day's wages? Should not the regulations be amended to ensure that a man who is a night worker will always get as many days' benefit as a day worker who is sick for the same period?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I realise that every possible variation of circumstance is possible, but I am bound to say that the example the hon. Gentleman sent to me does not seem to bear out his contention, since the days he complained were treated as days of work were days on which the man concerned worked six hours on one day and a full shift on the other.

    Leek, Kidsgrove, Biddulph and Cheadle (Assistance)
    Mr. Harold Daviesasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance what was the number of people in the towns of Leek, Kidsgrove, Biddulph and Cheadle, respectively, in receipt of National Assistance for each of the years 1950 to the latest available date in 1959, and the number of these

    837
    provided with a grant this last year to meet any increases in rents.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I am informed by the National Assistance Board that the information asked for is not available as separate records have not been kept for these four towns, which are each situated in much larger areas served by the Board's area offices.
    Mr. Harold Davies: Is the Minister aware that this is the second time in the last two weeks that I have received the reply that this type of information is not available? First, I could not get information on money given to private enterprise. Now, in a little local area like this, we are unable to get the information about the assistance given to subsidise private landlords. Are the figures in today's report those of the overhead expenditure on rent allowance?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: The hon. Gentleman must not ask me to summarise the full report. He has it in his hand and he can perfectly well read for himself. The difficulty about the Question on the Order Paper—and I am sorry I cannot give the figures—is that the four places the hon. Gentleman picked out are quite small proportions of three much larger areas served by the National Assistance Board area offices.

    Pneumoconiosis
    Mr. Hastingsasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance whether he is aware that the percentage of acceptances for pneumoconiosis compensation backed by medical certificates among miners varies greatly in different parts of the country; and what is the reason for this.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: It is impossible within the reasonable compass of a reply to a Parliamentary Question to deal comprehensively with the large number of factors which seem likely to have some relevance to the matter. These, however, include the different consciousness of risk and consequent frequency of application in different coalfields, variations in the type of coal and conditions in pits, and, more recently, the progress of the National Coal Board's programme of X-ray examination.
    Mr. Hastings: May I ask the Minister whether the admitted operations he has
    838
    mentioned do not suggest that there is a need for a reconsideration of standards? In view of the admitted differences in different areas, could not some more unified standard be maintained?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I do not altogether agree with the hon. Gentleman, because it is clear from the circumstances some of which are outlined in my Answer, that there are factors which would cause the proportions and figures to vary from area to area. I do not think one can draw any further deduction as a result of that.
    Mr. Hastingsasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance whether, in view of the high incidence of respiratory disease in miners, he will insist on a general medical examination and test of respiratory function as well as an X-ray examination in all those making an initial claim for compensation.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: As the hon. Member is, I am sure, aware, there is a proper opportunity for clinical examination of all claimants for benefit for penumoconiosis whenever it is needed.
    Mr. Hastings: Will not the Minister arrange that in every initial case where compensation for removal from the industry is demanded there should be a thorough examination, and not only an X-ray examination, so that the individuals who really need removal from the industry may be picked out at once and given a chance to establish themselves in some other occupation? The general medical view is that by X-ray examination alone all the facts are not available.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I have seen the process of X-ray examination in South Wales and the research work done at Llandough, as I know the hon. Gentleman has, and it is extremely interesting. The position is that a clinical examination takes place wherever X-ray photographs suggest that it is necessary, and in the case of a claim being rejected on X-ray examination alone the claimant can obtain a clinical examination by submitting an appeal.

    Short-time Working (Unemployment Benefit)
    Mr. Frank Allaunasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance if he will ensure that workers on

    839
    short time, working only four days a week, should, when a one-day holiday occurs, be paid one day's unemployment benefit in addition to holiday pay.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I see no grounds for modifying the well-established statutory requirement that there must be at least two days of unemployment in six consecutive weekdays before benefit can be paid.
    Mr. Allaun: Surely the Minister never intended that thousands of men with only three days work in such a holiday week should suffer the hardship of one day without pay, holiday pay or unemployment relief. Does not this injustice arise not from the industrial agreement but through a recent Commissioner's ruling which was wanted neither by the employers nor by the workers? Could not the Minister find a way of avoiding this hardship, possibly by amending the regulations?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I cannot see how, in principle, one could justify treating a regular holiday as a day of unemployment, quite apart from the question of holiday pay referred to in the Question, but if the hon. Member will write to me concerning the decision of the Commissioner to which he referred and which he feels has given rise to some trouble, I shall be glad to look into the matter.

    Social Security (Convention)
    Mr. H. Hyndasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance whether administrative arrangements have been, completed for implementing the Convention on Social Security agreed between Belgium and Great Britain in 1957.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I am glad to say that the Belgian authorities have informed me that their administrative arrangements for implementing the Convention have now been completed.
    Mr. Hynd: Does that mean that the claims will be paid immediately now?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I understand from our embassy that claims which have been held up pending agreement will now be dealt with.

    Widows
    Mr. H. Hyndasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance what is the average age of widows who only get a special pension of 10s. per week; how many of them are on National Assistance; and what percentage the latter figure is of the total number on this pension.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I assume that the hon. Member refers to widows who do not satisfy the conditions for National Insurance widow's benefit but receive the 10s. widow's basic pension derived from their husbands' insurance under the old Contributory Pensions Acts. The average age of these widows is now about 53, and it is estimated that about 9,500 of them, that is, about 9 per cent, of the total, are receiving National Assistance.
    Mr. Hynd: Is the Minister still adamant about not increasing the amount paid to these widows? Will he try to do something to end this anomaly?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: The hon. Member will be aware of the fact that these are ladies who, in general, receive a pension in circumstances in which identically placed widows who derive their title from the National Insurance Act receive none. To increase this pension would therefore be to widen the anomaly.
    Mr. E. Johnsonasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance whether, when the new improved scales of National Assistance become operative, he will increase the rates of war pension and allowance payable to aged and incapacitated war widows so as to maintain the preference recently awarded to that special category of war widow.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: As my hon. Friend will be aware, war widows over 70 are from the beginning of this month receiving a new grant of 10s. a week. In addition, the National Assistance Board has recently indicated that it will ordinarily disregard 10s. 6d. of a war widow's pension, and this figure will be increased to 15s. a week if Parliament approves the related proposals which I announced on 15th June. In these ways the preferential treatment of war widows is, in my view, being preserved.
    Mr. Johnson: Is it not a fact that as a result of these very welcome proposed

    841
    increases in National Assistance a widow over 70 years of age will receive exactly the same as a widow under that age? Consequently, it would seem that preferential treatment will disappear.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I do not follow my hon. Friend's argument, which I should like to consider further when I read HANSARD. The facts of the matter are clearly set out in my main Answer, which I would ask my hon. Friend to consider.

    Pension Rates
    Mr. L. M. Leverasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance if he will introduce forthwith substantial improvements in the basic rate of retirement pensions and widows' pensions and the earning rules relating to various awards of pensions.
    Mr. Owenasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance if he will now introduce a Measure to increase the basic rate for all old-age pensioners in view of the recent improvements in the rates of assistance to certain categories of persons.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I will, with permission, answer Questions No. 18 and No. 26 together by saying that, so far as the hon. Member for Morpeth's Question and the first two points in that of the hon. Member for Ardwick are concerned, I have nothing to add to what I have said previously on this subject. With reference to the last part of the latter hon. Member's Question, I would invite his attention to the fact that increases in the earnings limits came into operation on 20th April.
    Mr. Lever: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that he is being as nebulous as ever in saying that he has nothing to add to what he said on another occasion? What we want to know is this: is it not high time that the basic retirement pension was increased in order to make it commensurate with the increased cost of living? Is the Minister aware that many of those people who will be entitled to apply for National Assistance will not do so out of sheer pride? Why not improve the basic retirement pension in order to remove some of the stigma which some pensioners, rightly or wrongly, still feel about having to apply for National
    842
    Assistance? Will the Minister also assist the 10s. widows in their present plight?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: With respect to the hon. Member's observations about the value of the pension in terms of prices, as the hon. Member is aware, the pension's real value is higher than at any time before January, 1958. I do not see how it can be said that I am being nebulous by referring the hon. Member to very clear and comprehensive statements which have been made and which deal with this very complex matter much better than can be done by way of question and answer.
    Mr. Owen: Is the Minister aware that in recent months increases have been given in respect of Service and Civil Service pensioners? Does not he recognise the legitimate claim of 4 million old-age pensioners to share in the prosperity of present-day Britain?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I am aware that a considerable number of social advances have been made under this Government, but in relation to the one to which he referred, he will appreciate that the proposals of my right hon. Friend in respect of public service pensioners were the first made since 1956, whereas the National Insurance pension rates were raised as recently as early last year.

    War Pensions
    Mr. L. M. Leverasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance if he will state the number of limbless war pensioners of the 1914–18 War; the number who now qualify for the age allowance payable at 65 years of age; and the number of 1914–18 limbless war pensioners who died last year before qualifying for the age allowance.
    The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (Mr. W. M. F. Vane): At 27th March, 1959, there were 18,897 limbless pensioners of the 1914–18 War, and 9,175 qualified for the age allowance. In the year ending on that date deaths among 1914–18 War limbless pensioners who were under 65 numbered 329.
    Mr. Lever: Is the Minister aware that those pensioners, numbering over 300, would have qualified for these welcome benefits if the age limit had been lowered

    843
    from 65 to 60? Will the Government give further consideration to the possibility of reducing the age limit to 60, in order that as many people as possible can enjoy the benefits which the Government have given this deserving section of the community?
    Mr. Vane: The answer to the first part of the hon. Gentleman's supplementary question is "Yes". But when the age allowance was introduced the age of 65 was chosen, together with the figure of 40 per cent, disability, because it was felt that by drawing the line there help would be concentrated where it was most needed. It is not intended to apply to Services in any particular campaign or war. Whichever age limit was chosen, the hon. Member would be able to say it was a pity that the line was not drawn a little lower.
    Mr. Goughasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance what positive steps are being taken by his Department to bring to the notice of limbless and other seriously-disabled ex-Service men the full extent of their entitlements.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: Two years ago I sent an individual letter to war pensioners and widows, together with a detailed leaflet, drawing their attention to the various benefits to which they might be entitled, and explaining how to claim them. My own welfare officers, the war pensions committees and the ex-Service organisations are all working to secure that the war pensioner and widow secure all that they are entitled to under the scheme, and the Press have been very helpful in the matter. Last but by no manner of means least is the very great help we receive in connection with individual cases from hon. Members. This is, of course, a continuing problem.
    Mr. Gough: I thank my right hon. Friend for that reply, and I should also like to pay tribute to the devotedness of his staff in this matter. Nevertheless, would he consider arranging, through the television authorities—either the B.B.C. or the I.T.A.—for periodical television programmes to this effect? It would appear that many disabled people still do not know what benefits they can draw.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: The matter does not rest entirely in my hands. The
    844
    broadcasting authorities are always very helpful in these matters, but in this connection there is a danger of stimulating hopes which are subsequently frustrated. Although I should like to consider my hon. Friend's suggestion, I can see that difficulties might be involved in adopting it.
    Mr. Simmonsasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance if he will state the numbers of 1914–18 limb less war pensioners whose assessments of disability have been reviewed during the last 12 months, and the numbers of such cases in which increased assessments have been authorised to take account of deterioration in pensioned disabilities or consequential conditions.
    Mr. Vane: I regret that the information requested in the first part of the Question is not available. As regards the second, the figure for the year ended 27th March, 1959, was about 320.
    Mr. Simmonsasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance if he will now appoint a Committee to review the Tables of Assessments for Specific Injuries, with a view to remedying the grievances arising from the varying rates of pensions for similar amputations and the disabilities sustained in different wars, and to consider especially the amount of compensation paid to those who are directly linked to the Tables of Assessments for Specific Injuries.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: No, Sir. As the hon. Member knows, the existing assessments were those recommended by the expert committee which went into the matter fully in 1946. I do not feel that there has been any change since then which would justify setting up another committee.
    Mr. Simmons: The Minister will appreciate that 1946 is some time away. Does he also appreciate that an appeal in connection with an amputation attracts only a 40 per cent, pension, which is 34s. a week, with no opportunity of qualifying for the supplementary allowances? As has already been proved, amputation brings other things in its train. Should not there be some opportunity, therefore, of a supplementary allowance rather than that a person should be tied to a fixed amount as at present?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: The hon. Gentleman has raised a different question from that on the Order Paper with respect to allowances. His Question on the Order Paper relates to the reviewing of the fixed assessments recommended by the Hancock Committee. About them I can only say that they were worked out by a highly expert body which received expert medical help. The result was to increase some assessments above the preexisting level as well as to reduce others of the kind which the hon. Gentleman may have in mind. On the medical aspect of the matter, I do not think there is a case for a review of this kind.

    Birth Certificates
    Mr. L. M. Leverasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance whether he will accept a shortened form of birth certificate on all occasions when he requires proof of birth; and whether he will give instructions to this effect to all his offices.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: My offices already have standing instructions to this effect. If the hon. Member has any particular difficulty in mind and will let me have the details, I will gladly look into it.
    Mr. Lever: I thank the Minister very much.

    Savings
    Mr. Beswickasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance why he has been unable to put savings invested with co-operative societies on the same basis for disregards as other small savings for the purpose of assessing qualification for National Assistance.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: All small savings are treated alike by the National Assistance Board for disregard purposes, except that an additional disregard in respect of War Savings was introduced during the last war to encourage people to invest in such savings rather than in other ways.
    Mr. Beswick: Does not the change in 1948, when certain small savings were put on an entirely different basis, completely alter the situation? Since so much of the co-operative savings to which I refer go to Government sources and are reinvested in Government
    846
    securities, does not the Minister think that now is the time, for example, to put Post Office savings and co-operative savings on the same basis?
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: No, the War Savings disregard was, as I understand it, introduced primarily as a stimulus to War Savings and not as a considered part of the disregards system for the purposes of assistance. The point which the hon. Gentleman has in mind could much better be met by proposals to raise the disregards generally, which I hope the House will be discussing the day after tomorrow.

    Ashington, Morpeth, Lynemouth and Pegswood (Assistance)
    Mr. Owenasked the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance how many people in the towns of Ashington, Morpeth, Lynemouth, and Pegswood are in receipt of National Assistance; and how many have received an extra grant to meet an increase in rents.
    Mr. Boyd-Carpenter: I am informed by the National Assistance Board that separate figures are not available for the four towns mentioned, which are only part of the area served by the Board's office in Ashington. In the whole of that area, 3,709 weekly assistance grants were current at the end of May. It is not possible to say how many recipients of assistance have had their grants increased in recent years to provide for an increase in rent. Some of the local authorities in the area have increased rents on more than one occasion, and the figures available do not show how many different householders have been affected.

  MINISTRY OF POWER

    Overhead Electricity Line, Midhurst-Marley Common
    Mr. Goughasked the Paymaster-General if he is aware that the Southern Electricity Board has applied to the Minister of Power for his statutory consent and for deemed planning permission to erect an overhead electricity line running from Midhurst to Marley Common; and what is the policy of the Government to protect beautiful country against such encroachments.
    The Paymaster-General (Mr. Reginald Maudling): Yes, Sir. My noble Friend has ordered a public inquiry into objections to the Board's proposals, to be held at Fernhurst on 21st July. He will consider the report of the inquiry and consult his right hon. Friend the Minister of Housing and Local Government before reaching a decision. It is the Government's policy to ensure, so far as is practicable, that areas of outstanding beauty are not chosen for the erection of overhead lines.

    Electricity (Generation Costs)
    Mr. Palmerasked the Paymaster-General what fuel costs per unit sent out in each case have been allowed for in the estimated total costs of generation of ·5d. for coal-fired power stations and ·65d. for nuclear stations.
    Mr. Maudling: In coal-fired power stations now being planned the cost is expected to range from 0·35d. to 0·50d. per unit according to distance from the coalfield. For the latest designs of nuclear stations, the cost is about 0·17d. per unit.
    Mr. Palmer: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that the reliability of these estimates depends greatly on the price of the fuel as a variable, whether it be coal or nuclear fuel, and also that the opinions of experts vary tremendously on this point? Is he satisfied that he has the advantage of the most comprehensive advice?
    Mr. Maudling: I agree that all estimates are subject to a margin of error, but I can assure the hon. Gentleman that we have the advantage of very comprehensive advice from a remarkably efficient range of people in these matters.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: Since the Minister admitted last week that the cost of generating electricity by coal is no greater than generating it by oil, will he support proposals made for converting oil-fired stations for the use of coal, thus saving the foreign exchange required to purchase the oil and diverting a grave social waste by the premature collapse of pits?
    Mr. Maudling: I do not think that arises from the Question on the Order Paper, which refers to coal and nuclear stations.

    Nuclear Power Stations
    Mr. Palmerasked the Paymaster-General what action he is taking under the Ministry of Fuel and Power Act, 1945, in order to promote future economy and efficiency in the supply and use of fuel and power, in view of the fact that the comparison made three years ago between the cost of nuclear electrical power and power derived from coal has proved to be wrong because of the drop in the capital cost of coal-fired power stations and the expected stabilisation of the price of coal.
    Mr. Maudling: My noble Friend could not accept the implication that the case for the nuclear power programme is no longer valid. As I informed the House in reply to a number of Questions on 15th June, it remains reasonable to hope that the cost of nuclear power will fall below that of conventional power within the next decade.
    Mr. Palmer: Is the right hon. Gentleman not aware that, on cost alone, coal, if given a fair field and no favour, can still provide electricity much more cheaply than it can be provided by any other primary source? In those circumstances, would it not be wise for the Minister of Power at least to look again—without antagonism to nuclear development—into the economics of the power investment programme, even if it does mean an admission that the Government have probably made a mistake?
    Mr. Maudling: The hon. Gentleman is, I think, neglecting two things. First of all, we cannot place all coal-fired stations on coalfields. The economics of a coal-fired station away from a coalfield is very different from the economics of one placed on a coalfield. Secondly, we are at the beginning of an enormous expansion of the nuclear power industry, and unless we put a real push behind it we cannot expect to reap the full benefits which we hope for from the work of our scientists and technicians.
    Mr. A. Roberts: Is the Minister contemplating building any additional coal-fired power stations in the future?
    Mr. Maudling: Yes. As we have made clear, the consumption of coal in-the electricity generating industry will rise substantially over the next few-years.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: Would it not be of advantage if the Central Electricity Generating Board were to proceed rather less quickly with nuclear power stations?
    Mr. Maudling: I cannot see how that could be of benefit to it, to the industry or to the country.
    Wing Commander Bullusasked the Paymaster-General what change there has been in the intention to modify three nuclear power stations to enable plutonium suitable for military use to be extracted should the need arise.
    Mr. Maudling: Last year Her Majesty's Government asked the Central Electricity Generating Board to make a small modification in the design of certain power stations to enable plutonium suitable for military purposes to be extracted if need should arise. Having taken into account recent developments, including the latest agreement with the United States, and having re-assessed the fissile material which will become available for military purposes from all sources, it has been decided to restrict the modifications to one power station, namely, Hinkley Point.
    Wing Commander Bullus: While appreciating that much of the detail of this project must be top secret, may I ask if my right hon. Friend can say to what sources of fissile material his Answer refers?
    Mr. Maudling: No, Sir, I am afraid I cannot add anything further to my reply.

    National Fuel Requirements
    Mr. Owenasked the Paymaster-General what steps are being taken to assess the national fuel requirements in view of the changing nature of supply and the impact of scientific development; and whether he will make a statement.
    Mr. Maudling: My noble Friend keeps the national fuel requirements under constant review in the light of all relevant factors.
    Mr. Owen: That reply hardly answers the import of my Question. In view of that Answer, does not the Minister realise the imperative need of a national assessment of our fuel and power requirements, if only to avoid the probability of wasteful capital expenditure
    850
    and the misdirection of scientific research?
    Mr. Maudling: I think both sides of the House agree that a national assessment should be constantly going on. The only difference is that the conclusions reached by the Government and the conclusions reached by back benchers opposite are different.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: Can the Minister not answer the supplementary question that I put earlier on this matter? Will he not support the proposal for converting oil-fired stations to coal, in view of the probability that the nation will make great gains?
    Mr. Maudling: On two occasions already, as the right hon. Gentleman will be aware, arrangements have been made to scale down previous plans for the consumption of oil in power stations. We should thank the electricity industry and the oil industry for their co-operation in this matter.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Can that process not be carried a great deal further with great advantage to the nation?
    Mr. Maudling: It is a matter for the Generating Board, which has entered into commercial contracts which the Government have never instructed it to break.

    Co-ordination
    Mr. Masonasked the Paymaster-General if he will consider setting up a national fuel advisory board under his chairmanship to co-ordinate the fuel-producing industries of the country which would include representatives of coal, gas, electricity, nuclear energy and the oil industry.
    Mr. Maudling: No, Sir.
    Mr. Mason: Does not the right hon. Gentleman realise that my Question proposes the setting up of a committee in an advisory capacity so that the fuel and power industries of the country can jointly work out a policy on the advice of that committee in the best interests of the nation, instead of pulling their own separate ways, which is in the worst interests of the nation? Will he not do something of a similar nature?
    Mr. Maudling: I do not think that the setting up of an advisory board of this kind would add anything whatever to the very full advice which my noble Friend already receives.

    Methane
    Mr. Stonesasked the Paymaster General what is the estimated cost of the liquid methane experiments; and to what extent an estimate has been made of the effects on future demand for coal.
    Mr. Maudling: On the first part of his Question I would refer the hon. Member to the reply given to the right hon. Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) on 14th May, 1959. It is too early to attempt an estimate of the effect, if any, which the use of liquid methane might have on the gas industry's consumption of other forms of fuel.
    Mr. Stones: Is it not a fact that large shipments of liquid methane gas coming to this country will prove very costly and probably hazardous in the broadest sense? Is it not also true that large importations of methane gas will seriously affect the mining industry, particularly the mines around Durham which have been affected over the last few years? Are we not in danger of casting away the substance for the shadow?
    Mr. Maudling: No, these are still experimental shipments and the point is to discover whether it is possible, as it may be, to produce gas for the consumer at substantially lower prices by the importation of this methane than it is produced at present.
    Mr. McKay: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that production of coal up-to-date this year has been about 3½ million tons less than last year? Is he aware that consumption of coal is about 8 million tons less and, therefore, we are over-producing? Is it not true that if opencast mining were abolished we should still have enough coal? What do the Government intend to do about this important question?
    Mr. Speaker: I understand the Question is about methane.
    Mr. Woof: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that a recent successful experimental shipment carried enough methane
    852
    gas to supply a town with a population of 40,000 for twelve months? Does he agree that there will be economic and social consequences inevitably arising through this stage of advancement? Does he not think that further development of this commercially exploitable process ought to be given much more serious consideration?
    Mr. Maudling: I cannot confirm offhand the figures the hon. Member has given, but I agree that this is a very serious matter. The point is that the Gas Council is now conducting experiments. When those experiments are ended, it will be necessary for the Gas Council to put a proposal to the Government. Then we shall be able to consider the technical, economic and social consequences. I am sure it would be right to continue the experiments and to find the facts first.
    Mr. Woofasked the Paymaster- General to what extent recent information in the hands of his Department gives reason to believe that the importation of liquid methane will prove both success ful and economic.
    Mr. John McKayasked the Pay master-General what consultations have taken place between the Gas Council and the Government regarding the importation of liquid methane.
    Mr. Maudling: There was full consultation between my noble Friend and the Gas Council before he agreed that the possibility of liquid methane proving a valuable and economical addition to our gas supplies justified the present experiment. An assessment of the results of the experiment cannot be made until the trial shipments are completed.
    Mr. McKay: While the Government are considering this matter, do they realise that with this importation of cheap gas and cheap oil they are killing the mining industry and creating a position in which there will be serious trouble if something is not done about it by the Government?
    Mr. Maudling: I do not accept, nor does the National Coal Board, that we are killing the mining industry, nor that we should deny that there are possibilities of a cheaper source of supply.
    Mr. J. Griffiths: Do I understand that there were consultations between the

    853
    Ministry and the Gas Council over the development of methane? The Ministry is responsible for fuel and power. Are there to be consultations with the National Coal Board, the Generating Board and all who supply fuel and power?
    Mr. Maudling: The Gas Council asked permission to carry out certain experiments which we considered to be of a highly enterprising character, and my noble Friend was quite right to give it permission to do so.
    Mr. Masonasked the Paymaster-General how many shipments of liquid methane have been brought to this country; whereabouts this is being stored; and whether he is satisfied that all precautions have been taken in the interests of safety.
    Mr. Maudling: Two trial shipments have been landed, and much of the liquid methane has been used. Temporary storage is at Canvey Island. Safety is receiving paramount consideration at all stages of the experiment.
    Mr. Mason: Whilst recognising that this is an experiment which has new dangers, because of the concern there is about it, will the right hon. Gentleman inform the House, first, what the dangers are both in transport and storage, and, secondly, in view of the questions which have been asked, will he inform the House of the coal equivalent of these shipments?
    Mr. Maudling: I think I have already answered the point about coal equivalent, but I could not give that offhand. This is a delicate experiment and we are gaining experience on how better to handle it with complete safety.

    Clean Air Act
    Mr. Woofasked the Paymaster-General what estimate he has made of the effect on coal consumption by the operation of the Clean Air Act; and what estimate he has made of the increased use of electricity, gas and oil in all the declared clean air zones.
    Mr. Maudling: It is too early in the operation of the Clean Air Act to make any such estimates.
    Mr. Woof: Does not the right hon, Gentleman agree that the Beaver Report
    854
    estimated that there would be 8 million tons of smokeless fuel suitable for open grates under the application of the Clean Air Act? In view of the success the National Coal Board in its process development department claims to have had in discovering several new processes for the manufacture of smokeless fuel from small coal, can the right hon. Gentleman say what support will be given to the Board by his noble Friend?
    Mr. Maudling: The question was about coal consumption, but smokeless fuels, such as gas and electricity, are derived from coal. I think the National Coal Board is doing a very good job in trying to develop smokeless fuels from coal.

  COAL

    Low Temperature Carbonisation (Douglas)
    Mr. Patrick Maitlandasked the Paymaster-General to what experimental stations for the study of methods of low temperature carbonisation of coal he is now giving assistance in Scotland; what are the processes under study; and whether, in view of the availability of suitable coal locally, he will assist the establishment of such an experimental station in the region of Douglas, Lanarkshire.
    Mr. Maudling: None, Sir. Research into a variety of carbonisation processes is being actively pursued at research stations of the National Coal Board and the gas industry, and by some private firms. Subject to such recommendations as may be made by the Committee recently appointed by my noble Friend under the Chairmanship of Mr. A. H. Wilson, he is satisfied that adequate facilities for research already exist.
    Mr. Maitland: Is my right hon. Friend aware that there are considerable reserves of suitable coal for the Holford process of low temperature carbonisation at Coalburn and at Douglas Water, near Douglas, in my constituency? Would he be prepared to look at a project which has been worked out for putting that coal to good and lasting use in the making of smokeless fuel, gas and oil?
    Mr. Maudling: My information is that there are no coals of suitable quality

    855
    available in the region of Douglas, though there are suitable coals available elsewhere in Lanarkshire. I shall be happy to look at any project which my hon. Friend cares to put forward.

    Opencast Mining
    Mr. Oliverasked the Paymaster-General, following the decision to reduce substantially the output of opencast coal, resulting in sites having been handed back to their owners, for what purpose consent has been given to further prospecting for opencast coal on the Henry Street site, Ripley.
    Mr. Maudling: The National Coal Board is prospecting this site under an authority issued in August, 1958, that is before the decision to reduce opencast coal output was taken. The Board has no present plans for working the site.
    Mr. Oliver: Can the Minister say for what purpose opencast workings are being handed back to the former owners of the land while prospecting for opencast sites is still taking place? Does not he appreciate the disturbance and anxiety to local authorities when there is prospecting and the possibility that, in the event, it may be necessary to work new sites?
    Mr. Maudling: I thought it was the argument of those opposed to the continuance of opencast coal mining that opencast coal should be regarded only as a reserve, and I think there is a lot in the argument. That being so, I consider that prospecting should continue so that the National Coal Board may have the fullest possible picture of the available resources.
    Mr. T. Williams: Will the right hon. Gentleman notify local authorities, whose permission is sought to carry out prospecting for opencast sites, that the prospecting is merely in order to make provision for work which may perhaps not be carried out for many years? Is he aware that prospecting is going on now in South Yorkshire within two or three miles of four collieries, all of which are producing a million tons of coal a year, and does he expect that to act as a boost to the morale of the mineworkers?
    Mr. Maudling: There are further Questions on the Order Paper regarding the policy of opencast mining. From
    856
    statements made by the Government about the future rundown and the actual working of opencast coal, I hope that local authorities have been made aware that the prospecting going on is from the point of view of establishing existing reserves and not the immediate practical working of the coal.
    Mr. D. Griffithsasked the Paymaster- General how many opencast coal sites will be worked during 1960; and what run down in the number of sites is planned between 1960 and 1965.
    Mr. Sylvesterasked the Paymaster- General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Yorkshire; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. T. Fraserasked the Paymaster- General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Scotland; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. T. Brownasked the Paymaster-General (1) how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Lancashire; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years;
    (2) how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Staffordshire; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. Finchasked the Paymaster- General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Wales; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961. 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. Bernard Taylorasked the Paymaster-General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Nottinghamshire; what reduction of workings is planned in 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. H. Whiteasked the Paymaster- General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Derbyshire; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. Greyasked the Paymaster-General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Durham; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. John McKayasked the Paymaster-General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Northumberland; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. Peartasked the Paymaster- General how many opencast coal sites are being worked at the present time in Cumberland; what reduction of workings is planned in the area during 1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963; and what is the estimated production during these years.
    Mr. Maudling: On 1st June, 1959, coal was being won from 110 opencast sites. I am circulating in the OFFICIAL RFPORT a table which gives the number of sites in each of the main producing areas. The National Coal Board intends to reduce opencast coal output to about 7 million tons in 1960 and, unless circumstances change so as to call for a reconsideration of the position, plans a further substantial fall in later years. The Board is still working out the details of this reduced programme.
    Mr. Griffiths: While appreciating that point, may I ask whether the Minister is not aware that his Answer is really unsatisfactory? Is it not a fact that the rundown can be accelerated considerably, thereby giving the land back to farmers, to improve the agricultural industry and beautify the countryside?
    Mr. Maudling: I doubt whether I could argue the merits and demerits of opencast working very satisfactorily at Question Time. There are very strong arguments on either side. I have endeavoured to give the House the information for which I was asked.
    Mr. T. Williams: In this intended rundown of opencast sites, will the right, hon. Gentleman make it transparently clear to local authorities and others that no new sites will be opened in 1960–61?
    Mr. Maudling: I have already made a statement to the House setting out, I hope very clearly, the decision about the working of sites in the future. I will consider whether further publicity should be given to the position.
    Mr. Sylvester: Is the Minister aware that in the last twelve months new sites have actually been developed in Yorkshire? I cannot ask a supplementary question on the original Question because he has not given us any figures for Yorkshire. But these sites have been developed in near proximity to deep mines, and is it not time that we decided not to develop any more sites and actually stopped those that are not yet fully developed?
    Mr. Maudling: The National Coal Board is running down pretty rapidly the production of opencast coal. There are very weighty reasons, which cannot be developed now, why the National Coal Board should not go faster than it actually is going.
    Following is the Table:

    Number of Opencast sites producing coal on 1st June, 1959

    Scotland

    5

    Wales and Monmouthshire

    16

    Northumberland

    8

    Durham

    14

    Cumberland

    1

    Yorkshire

    14

    Lancashire

    9

    Nottinghamshire

    4

    Derbyshire

    29

    Staffordshire

    3

    Warwickshire

    2

    Leicestershire

    2

    Shropshire

    3

    Total

    100

    Prices
    Mr. Shinwellasked the Paymaster-General what general directions have been given to the National Coal Board with regard to coal prices.
    Mr. Maudling: None, Sir.
    Mr. Shinwell: Does that mean that, subject to financial considerations, the National Coal Board can vary the price of coal as it thinks fit, that no restriction

    859
    of any kind is placed on its commercial activities regarding the prices revealed by the Minister?
    Mr. Maudling: As the right hon. Gentleman is well aware, it means that under the nationalisation Statute this matter of commercial policy is primarily for the National Coal Board. But, of course, the Gentleman's Agreement exists, and is well known to the House, whereby the Coal Board consult the Government before increasing the price of coal. There is no restriction which applies to a reduction in coal prices.
    Mr. Shinwell: Does that mean that the Board would enter into negotiations and consultations with the Minister regarding a possible reduction in the price levels of certain kinds of coal?
    Mr. Maudling: I cannot imagine any Government ever objecting to a reduction in the price of coal.
    Mr. Shinwell: Answer the question.
    Mr. J. Griffiths: Does not this mean that the Board is completely free from the obligation, to which it has been held by successive Governments and which it has observed, that it will not make any price changes without consulting the Government?
    Mr. Maudling: That was not so at all. As I understand it, the obligation on the Board was to consult the Government before making a general increase in coal prices. Any Government would surely welcome a reduction in coal prices. There is the particular problem of the statutory obligation on the Coal Board which hampers its ability to reduce prices in certain circumstances.
    Mr. Griffiths: Since I understand that the Government's policy is that the Coal Board must fend for itself in competition with other coal supplies, the Board might find that it is already getting lower prices than it should from some consumers and perhaps it is charging more to others. Therefore, is it not essential that the Board should have a completely free hand?
    Mr. Maudling: I think the limitation on the National Coal Board's commercial policy arises from two things. One is the gentleman's agreement about the National Coal Board seeking approval
    860
    from and consulting the Government before there is any general increase in pithead prices, and the other is the statutory obligation, arising from the Nationalisation Act, whereby it must not give undue preference in the course of settling its coal prices.
    Sir G. Nicholson: Can we get this matter clear? Surely the National Coal Board is constantly in unofficial touch with the Government. Surely it does not pursue its policy in complete separation from the Ministry of Power, except in regard to rises in price?
    Mr. Maudling: We are in constant consultation with the National Coal Board on all these matters.
    Mr. Shinwell: In view of the replies which the right hon. Gentleman has now given to Questions put to him on this matter, would he not like to look at some of the Answers which he has given to previous Questions and compare them? He may realise—I mean no offence by this—that he has misled the House of Commons.
    Mr. Maudling: I think that my Answers are consistent both with my previous Answers and with the right hon. Gentleman's own Act.

    Industrial Production and Demand
    Mr. D. Griffithsasked the Paymaster-General to what extent he estimates that there will be economic expansion and an increase of industrial production between 1960 and 1965; what subsequent increase there will be in the demand for coal; and to what extent this will substantially reduce United Kingdom coal stocks.
    Mr. Maudling: I would ask the hon. Member to await the National Coal Board's revised estimates of the future demand for and production of coal which it will be submitting to my noble Friend in the near future as part of its review of its long-term plans.
    Mr. Griffiths: Will the right hon. Gentleman answer the first part of my Question and say to what extent he estimates there will be economic expansion?
    Mr. Maudling: I think that question would be proper to put to my right hon.

    861
    Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer, but it has been a great deal more than it was under the party opposite.
    Mr. P. Noel-Baker: Is it not impossible for the National Coal Board to give an intelligent answer about the expansion of its industry until it knows what the Government expect in general expansion of industry?
    Mr. Maudling: Does the right hon. Member not realise that the Government cannot tell the National Coal Board for certain how much coal will be wanted unless they are prepared to tell consumers to use coal when they do not want it.
    Mr. Griffiths: On the other hand, is the right hon. Gentleman not aware that the Coal Board cannot do that until it gets information, or at least solicits information, as to what the Government think desirable in fuel economy? Is he not aware that there has been stagnation and the industry has been approximately at zero in the main? What are we to do for expansion in industry generally?
    Mr. Maudling: I think the hon. Member is a few months late with his supplementary question.

    Smokeless Fuels
    Mr. D. Griffithsasked the Paymaster-General what consultations he has had with local authorities regarding early declaration of clean air zones to the National Coal Board, and the need for them to estimate the amount of smokeless fuel required.
    Mr. Maudling: At an early stage in each smoke control area proposal, the local authority's estimates of additional requirements of smokeless fuels are referred to regional advisory committees, which meet under the chairmanship of the senior regional officers of the Ministry of Power, to advise on the supply possibilities. The National Coal Board is represented on these committees.
    Mr. Griffiths: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that there are various domestic complications arising from this problem? I think he will agree that the minutest inquiries and consultations should take place as there are many difficulties here. I feel convinced that many local authorities think of making smokeless zones regardless of the domestic difficulties. Is
    862
    it not an accepted fact that, from whatever channel it may be decided to extract smokeless fuel, we cannot get sufficient supplies to comply with the Regulations?
    Mr. Maudling: If the hon. Member has any occasion in mind where the supply has been deficient, I shall be glad to have the details.
    Mr. Mason: How many clean air zones have been established? Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that when a local authority declares a clean air zone many people in the zone think that coal is a banned fuel and publicity is lacking in this matter? First, there should be earlier consultation; secondly, the local authority ought to give the Coal Board plenty of notice of intention to declare a zone; and, thirdlly, people in the zone should be conversant with the fact that coal can be used as a smokeless fuel.
    Mr. Maudling: There is a great deal in that as a statement of objective. We are doing what we can with local authorities to increase publicity on the matter.

    Production
    Mr. Stonesasked the Paymaster-General what general direction he has given to the National Coal Board recently on the level of future production required for home consumption and export.
    Mr. Maudling: None, Sir.
    Mr. Stones: Is not the Paymaster-General aware that most mining engineers consider it impossible for the National Coal Board to plan far ahead in its mining operations without being given some idea of what is required of it?
    Mr. Maudling: Yes, but one cannot plan production without planning consumption, and one cannot plan consumption at home, let alone plan consumption abroad.

BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE
Proceedings of the Committee on Education [Money] and Proceedings on the Post Office Works Bill [Lords] and on the Licensing (Scotland) Bill [Lords] exempted, at this day's Sitting, from the provisions of Standing Order No. 1 (Sittings of the House).—[Mr. R. A. Butler.]
ORDERS OF THE DAY

  EDUCATION BILL
  Order for Second Reading read.
  3.31 p.m.
  The Minister of Education (Mr. Geoffrey Lloyd): I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
  I commend this Bill to the House. Its purpose is to give voluntary schools the help necessary to enable them to play their part in the Government's plans for school building, especially for the provision of a wide range of facilities for secondary education, as set out in the recent White Paper, "Secondary Education for All". The Bill is, in fact, designed to prevent the development of a situation in which, through lack of funds, children in aided or special agreement schools have less good opportunities than those in county and controlled schools.
  The Government have approached the problem in the all-party spirit of 1944, and I should like to repeat my acknowledgment of the help and advice which I have had from the right hon. and hon. Gentlemen opposite and from below the Gangway. There has been a feeling on all sides, as there was in 1944, that religious questions should not become an issue of party politics. Among the Churches there is substantial support for the Bill and, though it does not meet all points of view, I hope that it will be accepted as a Measure which, in accordance with our national tradition, has been designed to reconcile as far as possible the differing views of the bodies affected by it.
  From the outset it has been the Government's intention not to depart from the principles underlying the Education Act, 1944, and its predecessor of 1936. Rather, we have tried to apply them to the changed circumstances of today. Broadly speaking, it was the aim of the Act of 1944 to help existing denominational schools to play their part in the reforms embodied in the Act. It was accepted that with higher standards and increased costs the voluntary bodies could no longer find by themselves the sums required to bring their school buildings up to standard, to replace them where necessary and to keep them in repair.
  864
  The Minister of Education was, therefore, required to make a grant of half the cost of alterations and repairs to existing schools, and he was also empowered to make similar grants towards the cost of rebuilding schools on new sites or providing new schools to replace existing schools, in whole or in part. In addition, the Education Act of 1944 re-enacted the provisions of the Act of 1936. This gave local education authorities the power to make grants to the denominations of between 50 and 75 per cent, towards the cost of providing secondary schools for children who had attended denominational schools to the age of 11.
  This had two implications. First, the Churches were not expected to bear unaided the cost of raising the school-leaving age, which was one of the main provisions of the Act of 1936. Secondly, the number of new secondary school places which they could be helped to provide under the 1936 Act was limited to what was needed to match the primary school places existing at that time. In other words, the Act of 1936 photographed, as it were, the existing provision for juniors, and the Churches were to be helped to make corresponding provision for seniors.
  By 1944, however, it became obvious that the existing distribution of Church schools did not everywhere fit in with local needs and wishes. Accordingly, those schools which were unable or unwilling to find half the cost of alteration, replacement and external repairs were given the option of handing over their liabilities to the local education authority and becoming "controlled". Over 4,700 schools have chosen this alternative, and the number of "aided" schools—schools which are fully denominational—is only about half what it was in 1944.
  I should like to dwell for a moment on the magnitude of this change. It means that now only about one-seventh of the children in schools maintained by local education authorities are in aided schools, whereas in 1938 the proportion was about one-third and in 1902 it was more than half. This tremendous contraction in the denominational sector of the educational system has had two consequences. The first is that the old problem of the single school area—areas where the only school within reach was

  865
  denominational—has shrunk to very much smaller proportions. The second is that religious tests for teachers are now applied only in a small minority of the nation's schools.
  These great changes were made possible by the sincere desire of all parties to provide better educational conditions for the children and to ensure that the benefits of the 1944 Act extended to children in all schools, voluntary and county alike. The tide of educational reform lifted the Act of 1944 over the sunken rocks of old religious controversies and carried it safely into harbour. I think that we all realise that the ship was piloted with exceptional skill. I have in mind, of course, my right hon. Friend the present Home Secretary, and the right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede), who was then Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education, and also Archbishop Temple and, on the Free Church side, Dr. Scott-Lidgett, to whose statesmanship the country owes a great debt.
  Before I come to the present Bill I should like to say something about the Act of 1953, which had a significant bearing on the problems of the dual system. Section 1 of that Act went as far as it is possible to go in helping the denominations to build schools for areas of new housing while preserving a link with existing denominational school places. It enabled the Minister to pay grant towards the provision of schools on new housing estates, provided that the pupils had moved from an area where there was an aided or special agreement school which they would otherwise have attended. That provision still stands, and the rate of grant will be increased by this Bill from 50 to 75 per cent. In that way, the new housing areas, which I know present the Churches with great problems, will receive some additional help.
  I come to the present Bill. Its main provisions are two. In Clause 1 (1) it raises the maximum rate of grant on the categories of voluntary school building work eligible as the law now stands from 50 to 75 per cent. In Clause 1 (2) it empowers the Minister to offer up to 75 per cent, grant to new aided secondary schools needed wholly or mainly for the continued education of children from aided primary schools of the same
  866
  denomination. The primary schools in question are those existing now or, of course, schools that may subsequently replace them.
  I do not think that I need say much about the first proposal, which simply raises the rate of grant on work which can attract it as the law now stands. I believe that it is recognised by everyone, including the Free Churches, that some increase is necessary. There have been developments since 1944 which could not be foreseen at the time. These include not only the very big movements of population which I have mentioned already in connection with the 1953 Act but also the increase in the number of children of school age due to the rise in the birth rate. The need to provide new places for these additional children has led to a piling up of arrears of improvements to existing schools and the postponement of the reorganisation of all-age schools into separate primary and secondary schools. These are the tasks which now confront the Churches, and in the meantime there has been a great increase in building costs.
  As the result, the Churches now have to face liabilities in excess of anything envisaged in 1943. I understand that they have already paid out about £18 million, and they will have to pay a good deal more before they start on the programme for the five years 1960–65 with which the recent White Paper was concerned. Proposals for aided and special agreement schools that have been submitted for the first two years alone of that five year period total about £37 million, and, as the law now stands, about half of this large sum would probably fall on the voluntary bodies. It is impossible to make a precise calculation comparing the financial position as it looked in 1944 and as it looks now, since so many of the factors have altered during the last 15 years, but I am quite satisfied that in raising the rate of grant to 75 per cent, we shall not be giving the denominations more help than they really need.
  I turn now to the second main provision of the Bill, the grants and loans provided in subsections (2) to (4) of Clause 1 for new aided secondary schools needed wholly or mainly for children from existing aided primary schools. What we are trying to do here

  867
  is to apply the principles of the 1936 Act to the present situation. That Act enabled local education authorities to make grants to the denominations for special agreement schools; that is, schools built under agreements between the promoters and themselves. These were schools for children of secondary school age who up to the age of 11 had attended voluntary schools. The 1944 Act kept alive this provision of the 1936 Act, but only to the extent that specific proposals had been made before the war, and, of course, the pre-war proposals cannot all fit the circumstances of today, especially where there have been big movements of population in the postwar years. Nor can they be made to cover the wide range of secondary schools which are now needed in place of the "senior elementary" schools which were originally envisaged in the agreements.
  Subsections (2) to (4) of Clause 1 will help the denominations to build secondary schools, including grammar and technical schools, always provided that the secondary schools are needed to match existing aided primary schools, or, of course, schools built to replace existing primary schools. It substitutes an up-to-date photograph of the primary school position for the pre-war photograph, but it still preserves the principle of a limit. It is this Section of the Bill which has caused the Free Churches particular anxiety, and I am sure that the House would wish me to say that these anxieties deserve the most careful and sympathetic consideration. As the right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) told the House earlier this month, the Free Churches have made big sacrifices in the interests of educational advance, and I hold myself under a very heavy special responsibility to do all I reasonably can to meet their point of view.
  It was for this reason that I invited representatives of the Free Churches to meet me last week, soon after the Bill had been published, to give them any further explanations they might want and to consider how any difficulties they might foresee, particularly over the single-school areas, could, in practice, be resolved. I suggested that the best way of dealing with single school areas would be for the Free Churches to
  868
  examine the problem jointly with the Church of England and I offered my good offices in arranging an early meeting. I am glad to be able to tell the House that this offer has been accepted, and that a meeting is to take place later this week.
  I also suggested that if there were a central Committee of the Free Church Federal Council, like the Church of England Schools Council, I should be very willing to make myself accessible to it, to examine with it questions of joint concern and, more generally, to establish regular means of dealing with any difficulties that might arise. I am glad to say that the Free Church representatives thought this a useful suggestion and promised to give it careful consideration. For my part, I very much hope that it will be possible to establish such a body at an early date, and on a firm and authoritative basis, since many of the difficulties which the Free Churches foresee can best be resolved, if they arise, by administrative means. But while the Bill does not touch directly on the problems of existing single school areas, I should like to assure the House that it is certainly not my expectation that subsections (2) to (4) of Clause 1 will lead to the creation of new areas of this kind. I should like to repeat the assurance I gave in my statement to the House on 11th June that in dealing with any proposal under Section 13 of the 1944 Act for a new denominational secondary school I would consider very carefully the use that is made of the new grants.
  I shall also make full use of my powers under Section 13 to ensure that proposals for new schools are consistent with an efficient and economical organisation of schools in the area concerned. This duty is already laid on me by Section 76 of the same Act, which requires me to have regard to the general principle that pupils are to be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents
  "so far as is compatible with the provision of efficient instruction and training and the avoidance of unreasonable public expenditure."
  The only other section of the Bill to which I need call attention is Clause 1 (7), which deals with the date of application. The help given by the Bill is intended to enable the Churches to tackle the programme set out in the

  869
  Government's White Paper "Secondary Education for All". This programme starts in 1960, and the Bill therefore applies to proposals in the 1960–61 and later building programmes, but not to proposals in programmes for earlier years. The building programmes, however, cover only major works; that is, projects costing £20,000 or more. Minor works, that is, projects costing less than £20,000, are, apart from very small jobs, approved individually by my Department. These minor works will benefit if approval was not given before the date of the introduction of the Bill. Where no approval is required, the criterion will be whether work started before the date of the Bill's introduction. The object of these arrangements is to avoid retrospection, to avoid causing delay in the flow of building proposals, and to make it easy to determine by reference to a decision already given whether a particular project will benefit or not.
  Finally, I should like to say a word about cost. The increase in capital grants is likely to cost the Exchequer about £38 million, which may be spread over fifteen to twenty years according to the rate of school building, The increase in the amount of grant on repairs is not likely to cost more than £100,000 a year. It is not possible to say how much the enlarged power to make loans will cost the Exchequer, but there will be some saving in loan expenditure as a result of the increased grants provided for by subsection (1) of Clause 1.
  The total cost to the Exchequer is, therefore, likely to be about £40 million over the next fifteen to twenty years. The benefit to the Churches will, however, be about £10 million less than this, since the new arrangements are likely to transfer most of the responsibility for outstanding special agreement proposals from the local education authorities to the Exchequer. When these schools are built, the Churches will receive the same amount of grant as they do now, but the money will come entirely from the Exchequer instead of jointly from the local authority and central funds.
  I hope that I have said enough to make it clear that this is a limited Measure—
  Mr. George Chetwynd: Could the Minister split up that
  870
  figure as between the increase of 75 per cent. and the amount for the new secondary schools?
  Mr. Lloyd: Speaking from memory—and the figure will be confirmed by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary, later—I think that it is £20 million in respect of increased grant, as the law now stands, and £10 million in respect of the other proposals.
  The Bill is designed to bring the present law up to date and fit it to the facts as they are today, without altering its general framework. As such, I hope that it will be accepted by those people—and I believe they are the great majority—whose chief concern is that the children in all our schools—county and voluntary alike—should have the same opportunities. I am encouraged in this hope by my impression that the 1944 Act has made a great change for the better in the atmosphere surrounding these questions. Certainly, in my negotiations over the past few months I have met with great good will, and I am most grateful to all those who have contributed to the shaping of the present proposals and to the House for the encouragement it has given me to proceed with them.
  3.51 p.m.
  Mr. Michael Stewart: On behalf of my right hon. and hon. Friends I join with the Minister in recommending the Bill to the House. It is the result of discussions, spreading over a good many months, in which my right hon. Friends the Members for Llanelly (Mr. J. Griffiths) and for Huyton (Mr. H. Wilson) and I took part on behalf of the official Opposition. We conducted those discussions with the Minister himself, with the Parliamentary Secretary and with right hon. and hon. Members representing the Liberal Party, and my right hon. Friends and I took the opportunity to see that we were properly informed of the views of the religious denominations on the various matters that have to be considered.
  In those discussions we were all trying to find proposals that would enable educational advance to proceed, and which would be of such a character that they could properly, and without violence to anybody's conscience, be recommended by the political parties to their supporters in the House and in the country,

  871
  and to the general public comprising, as it does, people of all opinions on both political and religious matters.
  It was our view, finally, that the proposals embodied in the Bill were of that character, and if I am to explain to the House why we came to that conclusion I must say a word about the existing law on denominational education. I hope it will become clear that the proposals in the Bill follow directly from our present law and the principles underlying it, and from the educational needs of the present time.
  Perhaps I may first look at the present situation. The schools with which we were concerned in the whole of these discussions are those which the Minister described as fully denominational, and which are known to the law as voluntary aided or voluntary special agreement schools. The present situation is that those schools are maintained by the local education authorities; that is to say, once the building exists, the carrying on of the school—the payment of teachers and all the rest—is made in the ordinary manner by the local education authority, and the schools' boards of managers or governors are appointed in a manner described in the 1944 Act, giving representation to the religious community concerned. The schools receive from the Exchequer a grant to cover a certain percentage of the cost of keeping the buildings in repair, and of keeping them up to standard. That, if I understand it aright, is the present position.
  The essential framework of that arrangement is preserved in the present Bill. The position with regard to day-to-day expenditure, the idea of a proportion of the cost of repairs and of keeping buildings up to standard being made from the Exchequer, and the arrangement about the governance or management of the school are all preserved, but we notice that the first change that is made is that the proportion of the cost of repairs and of keeping buildings up to standard is to be raised from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent.
  The reason for that change is well known to hon. Members on both sides of the House. First, it is an undoubted fact that building costs have increased since the 1944 Act was passed. It is also a fact that what is involved in
  872
  keeping buildings up to standard has increased since the passage of that Act. The community as a whole has required higher standards to be observed, and it is, therefore, not unreasonable, since it is the action of the State that requires the religious communities responsible for these schools to raise their standards, that the question of the exact percentage of grant should be reopened. That fact, combined with the rise in building costs, seemed to us to make a legitimate case for the increase in the range of grant from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent.
  It was gratifying to observe that this part of the proposals, at any rate, was of a nature where we could say there was agreement—with differing degrees of enthusiasm, perhaps—with the religious denominations concerned. The Anglican and Roman Catholic denominations expressed agreement with the proposal and, from the outset of the discussions, it was stated by those who spoke for the Free Churches that they recognised that there was a case for some increase in the rate of grant.
  So far, it seemed that the matter was fairly simple to describe and easy to justify, but we then had to face a rather more complex aspect concerned, particularly, with secondary education. The grants that I have described as being for keeping buildings in repair and up to standard were paid, of course, to fully denominational schools existing at the time of the 1944 Act, but they were also paid, as a matter of common sense, in respect of a school that simply replaced or substituted for a school existing at that time.
  For example, if an actual school building had to come down to make way for, say, a road widening project, and a new building was to be erected, in law, as in common sense, that school ranked for grant, so that the grant was paid, where that situation, or a similar one, arose, not only for the repair or keeping up to standard of an existing building, but for the bringing of new buildings—though not, in fact, new schools—into existence.
  There was then the more complex matter of schools for the education of displaced pupils. I think that I may say that officials at the Ministry will have some cause to welcome the present legislation, in view of the strain that

  873
  administering the law with regard to displaced pupils must have placed on them since 1944 and, further, since 1953, when the definition of "displaced pupil" was somewhat enlarged.
  A displaced pupil is, of course, a happier creature than a displaced person. If my understanding is correct, a displaced pupil is one whose family has moved as the result of, say, housing projects, and of whom it can be said that if the child's home had not moved the child would have attended an aided or special agreement school.
  It was, therefore, accepted in the 1953 Act that when the child goes to its new home it should not be deprived of going to such a school there if reasonably possible. Schools which came into existence wholly or mainly to provide for the needs of displaced pupils similarly ranked for grant, but only in proportion as their pupils were displaced pupils. A school 80 per cent. of whose pupils were displaced pupils would get 80 per cent. of the old 50 per cent.—in other words, a 40 per cent. grant. Hon. Members will realise that this was likely to create considerable difficulties of administration.
  I am not developing this point merely through a love of administrative curiosities, but we now reach a point in the argument where it has a direct bearing on the secondary school problem and the second part of the Bill's proposals. Let us consider the position of a family who moved at a time when one of the children was at the age when it was just about to proceed from primary to secondary school. If that child, had it remained in its old home, was likely to have gone to a secondary modern school, probably it would have been a secondary modern aided denominational school and the child was, therefore, a displaced pupil.
  When the child went to another school it carried its portion of grant with it. But what if the child were one for whom grammar or technical secondary education was considered appropriate? The number of grammar and technical denominational schools is very small. It could not, therefore, be argued that if the child had stayed in its old home it would have attended a denominational school. So, when the child moved it was not regarded as a displaced pupil and did
  874
  not take to its new school a proportion of grant.
  That resulted in a position which, stated in cold terms, no one would want. The nation was saying, in effect, "We are prepared to accept the principle of help to denominational education and, in certain circumstances, to accept the principle of aid to denominational secondary education, but not if the child is the kind who would normally attend a grammar or technical secondary school." Moreover, the surprising result which was produced in some areas was that if the child attended a comprehensive school but received there the kind of instruction normally called grammar or technical education, it was also not to be considered the kind of child who attracted grant.
  The more one looked at this situation the more desirable it became to try to devise a means by which it could be said, "If this child has been receiving denominational primary education, and if it is the wish of its parents, it ought to be able to receive denominational secondary education of a kind suited to its age, aptitude and ability." That would appear to be the commonsense way out of the administrative tangle in which the nation as a whole, with the best intentions, tied itself.
  That conclusion is reinforced when one looks at certain other aspects of the secondary problem. It is in the sphere of secondary education that in the years immediately ahead some of the biggest demands will be made on the religious communities. First, there is the very large increase in the numbers of secondary school children which we must expect. Secondly, there is the fact that the education policies of all political parties strongly stress the importance of getting rid of the all-age school, of getting the senior child out of an overgrown primary school and into a school where it can receive a proper secondary education.
  How was that to be done without giving real cause of offence to religious communities and going against, in fact if not in name, the principles of the 1944 Act, because many of the all-age schools were denominational schools? If there was to be an end of the all-age school, and if secondary education was to be provided to those children, an increasing demand would be put on the religious denominations responsible for the schools.

  875
  In addition, it is common ground in the education policies of all political parties that the size of classes in secondary schools should be reduced. I do not think that any one would want to see that happen only in the ordinary sector of education, and not in the denominational sector. If we are to make progress in that sphere there will be an increasing demand on the religious denominations concerned. Also, all parties are concerned with the importance of scientific and technical education. Although it is ordinary local authority expenditure to provide the equipment necessary for that purpose, in planning buildings we must consider the needs of a scientific and technical age. The schools must be of a size and character that can house the equipment appropriate for proper scientific and technical education. On all counts, therefore, if one believes in advance in secondary education generally, we must face the fact that a bigger demand will be made on the religious denominations.
  It is at this point that it is important to consider the Act to which the right hon. Gentleman referred in addition to the 1944 Act, namely, the Education Act, 1936. In many respects, that was a rather sad little Act. It purported to raise the school-leaving age in what appears to me, having recently looked again at the debates on the Bill, to have been a rather half-hearted and dispirited manner. The point about the Bill which is relevant from our point of view is that it was universally accepted when it was being debated that in so far as the school-leaving age was raised, and in so far as a bigger demand in the education of senior pupils was imposed on the denominations, we should be prepared to give increased help to meet that demand.
  The principle that if a child in its earlier years received a denominational education there should be provision for it to continue that denominational education in later years was accepted. If one reads the debate on the Bill, it is interesting to find how little argument or discussion there was on that point. Most of the controversy—there was quite a lot on the Bill—turned on what I call the half-hearted and dispirited nature of the proposal to raise the school-leaving age. I cannot resist reminding the House of the remark made by the gentleman who
  876
  was then the hon. Member for Hampstead—he is no longer in the House—that it was not desirable for many children to stay at school beyond the age of 14 because if they left school and went into industry at an early age it would increase their chance of becoming great industrial leaders of the future. I do not think that that view is widely held in any quarter today.
  However, the 1936 Act, as I say, because the State was saying to the denominations, "You must make increased provision for the education of senior pupils", accepted that increased help must be given. Similarly, today, if we want secondary education to be improved substantially, as we all do, we must recognise that that imposes an increased burden on the denominations. It appeared to us, therefore, that there was a legitimate case for the idea now embodied in the second main proposal of the Bill, that grant should be payable for secondary schools serving wholly or mainly the needs of pupils attending existing primary denominational schools. I am sorry if that phrase sounds a little ponderous. The trouble is that if one leaves any word out of it, the nature of the proposal is profoundly altered.
  I recognise, as the Minister himself has said, that on this proposal—and I regret this very much—it was not possible to secure the unanimous agreement of the religious denominations. It was not a proposal that was at all welcome to the Free Churches. We ought, however, to notice these points. First, it is a proposal of limited application. What one might call the primary base of denominational education remains the same. On that primary base, today there is constructed a rather ragged pyramid of secondary denominational education giving very varied opportunities in different parts of the country or in different circumstances to children whose parents wish them to attend a denominational school. Broadly, over the years, the effect of the Bill will be to turn that ragged pyramid into a regular column but without widening its primary base.
  Secondly, those who are concerned or troubled about this proposal in the Bill should notice that Section 13 of the Education Act, 1944, still stands. It neither is now, nor will be, possible for persons interested in denominational

  877
  education to establish a denominational school wherever and whenever they please—far from it. It is necessary for the persons making proposals for a school of that kind first to submit them to the local education authority for its comments and then both the proposal and the local education authority's view must come before the Minister for his decision. He has to give the decision on educational grounds and be satisfied that there is need for a school of that kind before the idea can even proceed any further, much less attract grant.
  Thirdly, I am sure that Free Churchmen generally will notice with much interest and approval the part of the Minister's speech in which he described the recent steps he has been able to take to increase the amount of general good will with which, we trust, the Bill will be welcomed. The right hon. Gentleman is much to be congratulated on having taken those steps and on the success that has so far attended them. I particularly liked the suggestion of some kind of permanent link between the Free Church communities and the Ministry of Education. In the past, the discussion of questions like this may have suffered from the fact that no such permanent link existed.
  We have sought and obtained agreement among all the parties in the House on the Bill. We have sought and gone a long way, although, unfortunately, not the whole way, to obtaining agreement from the religious denominations. There is, however, one other party to the matter whom we should consider, a body less formally organised than the political parties or the Churches. I am speaking of the large body of the general public who do not themselves send their children to denominational schools and, indeed, do not wish to do so.
  Some of them will be people who do not profess the Christian faith. Many of them will be people who do profess it but who do not consider that a denominational education at school is the best thing for their children. That is, after all, what the great majority of people do. They profess the Christian faith but they do not send—indeed, they do not want to send—their children to denominational schools. But it is, I am sure, true that the great majority of those people desire good education for their own children
  878
  and, as a matter of public spirit, for the children of all people in the nation. They want to see education improved. What they expect of us is that we shall find a way of improving it that, as far as is humanly possible, will do violence to nobody's conscience.
  That is what we have all tried to do in the Bill. It is rightly called an Education Bill. It comes into existence, not because of special pressures from this or that denomination, but because of the educational needs of the time. It is an inevitable corollary from policies about education to which all parties are committed. The Minister and I have frequently argued in the House as to the form which secondary education should take in the future and, I dare say, we shall argue again, but it would not be appropriate at this moment to reopen that controversy. I am, however, gratified to observe that the nature of these proposals is such that whether secondary education proceeds either on the lines in which we on this side believe or on the lines foreshadowed in the Government's White Paper, the Bill will make it possible for such advance to be made without awakening again bitter controversy or doing violence to anyone's conscience. For all these reasons, it seems to me that we may all properly commend the Bill both to the House and to our constituents.
  4.17 p.m.
  Mr. Clement Davies: I should like to state my reasons for expressing the hope that the House will give the Bill a Second Reading. The Act of 1944 marked the beginning of a new era and epoch in our educational system. The people and Parliament of that day demanded that there should be brought into existence a national system of education and a national standard of education, a national system for primary education, secondary education and further education. Until that Act was passed, primary education had been provided for all, secondary education for some, and further education for very few.
  That Act was not imposed upon the country by any party or any party Government. It was introduced into the House of Commons by an all-party Government towards the end of the war. Although one desires, naturally, to pay the fullest tribute to the wonderful work

  879
  that was done by the present Home Secretary and by the right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede), the Act was a response to a demand made by the public generally throughout the whole country.
  As has already been said by the hon. Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart), there was not complete agreement between the denominational people concerned about that Act. On the whole, however, the main structure of the Act was accepted ultimately by us all. The Free Churches had always objected to the grant of money to denominational schools. They have always taken their stand upon the principle that there should be no religious test for teachers and that public money voted by this House should be controlled by the public and not by anybody else.
  Even in 1944, there were many of us—there are few of us now—who remembered the tremendous controversies at the beginning of the century, especially over the Balfour Act, of 1902, when there were thousands, especially among my own fellow countrymen, who became known as passive resisters. But the passage of time, of over forty years and, much more than that, the fact that the people had been through the furnace of two world wars, when men of various denominations and men of no denomination lived, fought and died together, had brought us nearer to one another.
  Therefore, we accepted as the dominating principle that every child should be given every assistance so that it might make the fullest use of its talents and develop those talents in the best form. What we felt was that a child should not be deprived of the opportunity, or handicapped in any way by poverty or the lack of any facilities; that the child should not be handicapped by anything outside of himself or herself. That was, to my mind, the dominant principle which we in this House felt at that time, and which, indeed, was felt throughout the country, should be applied throughout the land. That is why we accepted it.
  Not without a struggle; many of us did take part in it, and did ask for further and better protection, as we considered it necessary, in that Act. But that was the dominant reason why we accepted in
  880
  1944 the dual system. If parents demanded a school of a certain denomination for their children, then regard had to be paid, by the assent of the whole of this House, to the wishes of those parents, subject, of course, to the proviso which has already been mentioned by the right hon. Gentleman, and to which I shall refer later, and which is contained in Section 76. In furtherance of the main principle we meant, by the Act of 1944, that denominational schools should have as good facilities and as good teachers as the children in non-denominational schools. If we did not intend that, then we were failing to adhere to the principle which, as I have said, guided us.
  The Act has worked well. The situation today is far superior to the situation as it was prior to the coming into effect of that Act. However, there is still very much to be done, as has been pointed out by the Government's White Paper, "Secondary Education for All." There are still a great number of bad schools. I am not at all sure that all the schools which, in 1944, we knew to be dangerous to the health of children have been actually wiped away. There is still insufficient room and there are still very inadequate facilities. There is still a need for more teachers.
  I wish that we could create the necessary room, the necessary schools, and have the necessary teachers, so that we could fully implement that Act and raise the school-leaving age to 16. I wish, also, that we could have established already—I think it would make a very great difference to our young people if we had—the county colleges, as was intended by that Act. The sooner we set about the task which we set ourselves in 1944 the better it will be for the whole country.
  However, several events have happened, as the right hon. Gentleman has mentioned, which have made it very difficult to carry out the intentions of that Act. It has been difficult for the local education authorities and, of course, it has been difficult for the denominations. The building of schools has had to be postponed because there is a general shortage of builders and a general shortage of building materials. They were wanted for houses, they were wanted for factories, they were wanted for offices as well as for schools. There has been a greater movement, I think,

  881
  of population than in any other fourteen or fifteen years. There has also been an unexpected and rather greater increase in the number of children. Coupled with that, there is, very rightly, the need for a better standard of building and better facilities than were even envisaged by us in 1944. Finally, of course, comes the enormous increase in costs.
  I know the anxieties of the Free Churches. They have been very well expressed in a letter last Thursday in The Times, signed by the Moderator and the Vice-Moderator and five of the general secretaries. The main objection that is expressed, I think, in that letter is the paragraph where they state that these proposals are a departure from the Act of 1944 in detail as well as in spirit. Of course, there is a departure in detail: naturally, for 50 per cent. has become now 75 per cent.
  Much more important is the question: has there been a departure in spirit? I think not. I think that all will agree that, the cost having gone up and the standards required also having become higher, there is a bigger burden upon the denominations and the local education authorities. Can the denominations meet that extra cost? They have already found about £18 million. They will have to find, according to the figures given by the right hon. Gentleman in the White Paper and repeated in his speech, about another £18 million in the next two years. I do not see how they can possibly do it. Then, if they do not, and we leave them in that position, the principle of the Act of 1944 will not be adhered to and not be carried out.
  If the principle in the Act of 1944 was that there should be a proper system of education giving equal opportunity for every child whatever the denomination of its parents, then, if there was an objection to the dual system, that was the moment to object. That was the moment for a fight. But once that has been accepted I cannot see that there can be any principle whatsoever in percentages. If the principle has been conceded on 50 per cent. there cannot be a principle when that 50 per cent. is raised to 75 per cent.
  I agree with the hon. Member for Fulham that probably it is Clause 1 (2) which creates the greatest
  882
  difficulty. As he very rightly said, this was accepted in 1936 and what had not been completed in 1936 was reinforced again in 1944. I can see the argument there is for this extension, which has already been very well explained by him. If the circumstances therefore fully justify it, then I think that this extension will still be in accordance with the principles of 1944.
  There is one matter, of course—that applications will come pouring in without any real justification and be backed by very strong representations. Reference has already been made to the protection which is already there. There is full protection in Section 13. The Minister has been given powers such as were never given to any of his predecessors in the office of President of the Board of Education, and he has got statutory duties placed upon him which were never part of the functions of the President of the Board of Education.
  Further than that, there are the words he has already quoted, and which I think it well to refer to again, in Section 76:
  "In the exercise and performance of all powers and duties conferred and imposed on them by this Act the Minister and local education authorities shall have regard to the general principle"—
  and these are the important words—
  "that, so far as is compatible with the provision of efficient instruction and training and the avoidance of unreasonable public expenditure, pupils are to be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents."
  Therefore, the parents' wishes are to be regarded and followed wherever possible, but there is the proviso that in following those wishes the instruction given to the child shall be proper instruction and there shall be no unnecessary expenditure of public money.
  I should have thought that taken together, and especially Section 105 (3), where, again, the duty is placed upon the shoulders of the Minister of deciding whether an inquiry shall not be held before a loan is made, these provisions are such as to give complete protection to the public. I am grateful to the Minister for the assurance which he gave last Thursday and which he repeated today. I am grateful to him for taking the initiative in meeting the Free Churches last week and for suggesting a joint meeting at which he offered to preside, a suggestion which has now been accepted by

  883
  all. The meeting is to take place this week. I hope that all will consider with very great care and accept the suggestion which the right hon. Gentleman has made for the setting up of a Free Church Council similar to the Church of England Schools Council so that at the higher level all can discuss these matters before any real trouble arises and thus get rid of difficulties which, in fact, on examination, are often found to be nonexistent.
  The real principle is the care of the child. We of my generation have seen the greatest changes ever seen by people at any time since the beginning of man. We have come through tremendous ordeals. We have had to face extraordinary problems, but it is my belief that the problems which will be facing the country within the next forty years will be far greater than any that we have had to face. If that is so, it is a duty incumbent upon us to equip the present generation in a way in which they can answer the tremendous responsibilities which will fall upon their young shoulders. This is necessary not only for their own sake and for the sake of this country, but for the sake of the world. Although military power has largely passed away from it, this country is still in a position to give the leadership which the world needs. For all these reasons, I commend the Bill to the House.
  4.33 p.m.
  Mr. Gilbert Longden: After what the House has heard from representatives of all three parties, it would seem that there is not very much need for me or anybody else to say much more, and I shall not keep the House long.
  We owe the existence of this Measure to the fact that in this country we have a dual system whereby, on the one hand, there are the county schools which are provided and maintained by the State through the local education authorities, and, on the other, there are the voluntary or Church or denominational schools, in part provided by the State and in part provided from funds voluntarily raised by denominations, but maintained wholly by the local education authorities.
  That is the dual system and I would entirely agree with the right hon. and
  884
  learned Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) that those who have accepted the dual system must surely accept the Bill. If one does not accept the dual system it is understandable that one should be opposed to the Bill, but I had hitherto believed that in 1944 the dual system was accepted by all parties in the House and by all the denominations, too, that is to say, that the Church schools should continue side by side with those of the State.
  I had always supposed that the reason for this was that all parties agreed with Section 76 of the Education Act, 1944. That Section has been repeated verbatim twice already in the debate. It is sufficient for me to say that it provides, as a general principle, that children should be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents. If that is so, we must face the fact that many parents, and not by any means only Roman Catholic parents, prefer that the kind of Christian teaching which they have begun to give to their children in the home should be continued in the school.
  This is the only point on which I would disagree with the admirably clear and brief speech by the hon. Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart). I believe that there are more parents who so wish than he seemed to think. In other words, there are more parents for whom the agreed syllabus is just not good enough.
  It was felt, I suppose, and I would certainly feel, that parents should be able to have this wish fulfilled and not only by paying the fees at some private school which they might not be able or willing to do. Therefore, it was agreed that the Church schools should continue, and because it was important that the children who were educated in them should enjoy material benefits not inferior to those enjoyed by the children educated in State schools, Sections 102 to 104 of the 1944 Act provided for a 50 per cent. grant from the State for certain purposes, on certain terms, which are familiar to us all.
  Churches which are ready to make the effort to raise their share of the funds necessary to maintain or, in some cases, to provide "aided" and "special agreement" schools are able to control the religious worship and instruction given in them. In 1958, there were 5,587 such schools in England and Wales, which is

  885
  rather under 20 per cent. of the total number of 29,000 schools. Of those 5.587 aided and special agreement schools, 1,976 were Roman Catholic, that is, rather under 7 per cent. of the total number of schools; and those numbers include the primary schools which are not affected by this Bill.
  Today, however, as has been said, the standards demanded of the facilities for secondary education are higher, and the cost of providing them is much higher, than in 1944. Therefore, if we genuinely mean to help the Churches, the 50 per cent. grant is no longer enough. For example, if a secondary school in 1944 cost £50,000, the Church would have had to find £25,000. Today, such a school would probably cost £200,000 and the Church would have to find £100,000, or four times as much. Even if the Bill is agreed to, the Church will still have to find £50,000, which is twice as much as was envisaged in 1944.
  Equally logical, to my mind, a consequence of honouring the 1944 settlement is to provide, as the Bill does, that if a denominational primary school is not "matched" by a convenient secondary school of the same denomination to which the children can go on, the State will grant 75 per cent. towards the cost of providing one. Therefore, I support this Measure for the following reasons.
  First, I strongly support Section 76 of the 1944 Act, which specifies that where-ever practicable—and it is certainly so here—children shall be educated in accordance with the wishes of their parents. From this, it follows that I am in favour of Church schools. Indeed, I think that seldom has it been more necessary that sound and sufficient Christian teaching should be available in our schools to those who want it.
  Secondly, the offer was originally, and is still, open to all denominations; the concession, if it be one, is open to all who care to pay for it.
  Thirdly, the State is responsible for providing the requisite number of schools for all pupils, irrespective of their religion, and would otherwise have to pay the whole cost of all schools. Therefore, this is not only a case of the State helping the Churches, but also of the Churches helping the State.
  886
  Fourthly, Section 25 (4) of the 1944 Act enacts that
  "if the parent of any pupil in attendance at…any voluntary school requests that he be wholly or partly excused from attendance at religious worship or instruction, or both, in the school, then…the pupil shall be excused from such attendance."
  So conscience is protected in the few remaining single-school areas.
  In conclusion, I confess that it distresses me that the Church schools should cause so much disquiet in the minds of those who are neither Church of England nor Roman Catholic. I agree with the late Archbishop William Temple that "the difference between Catholic and Protestant is very small as compared with the difference between Christian and non-Christian." I cannot envisage, even as a remote possibility, that the Protestant Reformation in this country is endangered by this Measure.
  Even though the spokesmen for the Free Churches, whose letter in The Times has been mentioned by the right hon. and learned Gentleman, think otherwise and do not agree with these proposals, I must in all fairness say that they are not justified in ascribing them to political expediency. As I understand that term, it means something unprincipled. It means doing something one knows to be wrong, or, at any rate, something of whose rightness one is not convinced, to appease, placate or win someone over to one's side. But in this case the Government believe what they are doing to be right: and in any case it would not be a very profitable "expedient" to do something which both the other rival parties agree that they would do, too. I must regretfully say that I consider that charge to be patently unjust and unworthy of those who made it.
  For the reasons I have tried to express, I shall support the Bill, and I respectfully congratulate all those whose efforts and collaboration has brought it about.
  4.43 p.m.
  The Rev. Llywelyn Williams: I would not wish to depart in any sense from the tone and the spirit of the four speeches to which I have listened this afternoon. I find myself able to accept what my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart) said, namely, that the vast majority of

  887
  the people, whether they believe in denominational schools or otherwise, would wish that all children should be given the very best in facilities and school buildings that the country is able to afford. I would say a very loud "Amen" to that thought.
  I have heard my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) speak about the shocking conditions which obtain in many denominational schools, and I concur with him that no enlightened community can look on equably when we see the disparities in the conditions as between State and denominational schools.
  It is a strange thing to do, for me an unusual thing to do, and in the House of Commons a dangerous thing to do, but I am going to indulge in a prophecy which I am certain will be vindicated by history. Within twenty years another Minister of Education will be standing at the Box opposite, and as the result of—some do not like the word "pressure" and one can use whatever word one wishes to describe the elements which are mixed up in this type of situation—announcing to the House that the 75 per cent. is to be increased to a higher figure, and this will go on until, finally, the 100 per cent. will have been achieved.
  I will not argue now the merits or the demerits of these increases. An hon. Member taking part in a debate twenty years hence will be able to say whether the hon. Member for Abertillery spoke the truth or not when, on 22nd June, 1959, he ventured to make this prophecy.
  I fully agree with the concluding remarks of the hon. Gentleman the Member for Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. G. Longden) and thus, of course, with the remarks made by my right hon. Friend the Leader of the Opposition, when he spoke recently after the Minister had announced the proposals of the Bill. My right hon. Friend said, quite rightly, that this is not, and should not be, a matter to be thought of in terms of party political differences, but should be completely above party. I thoroughly agree. The worst thing that could happen today or at any time would be for this issue to be a question for bargaining as between one party and another.
  888
  That is why, having indulged in one prophecy, I will now perform the most magnanimous political gesture that has ever been seen in the House of Commons. I read with alarm, indeed with abhorrence, that the London Baptist Association, in declaring its opposition to the Bill, asked its members not to vote for the Government at the next General Election.
  Sir Cyril Black: If the hon. Gentleman will give way, I can reassure him, because that was an incorrect report.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: Well, that intervention has spoiled a very good reply I was going to make. I was about to beg the London Baptist Association not to vote against the Government on that issue, and I was going to give 12 good political reasons why they should vote against the Government at the next General Election.
  The Minister and my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham referred to the fact that the political parties unitedly accept the proposals of the Bill, and that two at least of the three major religious bodies concerned in it accept it. The other, the religious body to which I am affiliated, the Free Churches, cannot accept the Bill, except with serious reservations. I believe that the Free Churches, by and large, would accept the first part of the Bill. They would be much more critical, of course, of the second part of the Bill.
  The House must not minimise the opposition of the Free Churches. I do not want to magnify it unduly, but there is opposition. My hon. Friend the Member for Fulham did one great service—and I wish to follow him in this respect—by suggesting plainly that a somewhat exaggerated picture has been painted in Free Church circles of the provisions of the Bill. Indeed, to judge from the correspondence I have been receiving from Free Church correspondents from all over the country, one would think that one might go to sleep on a Sunday night and on Monday morning find new Roman Catholic schools springing up all over the country.
  The Bill is rather limited in scope. While I cannot support it—I might as well make my personal position perfectly clear—I shall not try to elevate my

  889
  opposition to the realm of first principles. The right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) dealt with that point very effectively.
  There is a belief in Free Church circles that the Bill will do very much more than it can do. I was particularly encouraged by the remarks of the Minister and by the way in which he has tried to meet Free Church objections. He met the Free Church leaders last Thursday and he gave them some assurances. Obviously, the letter referred to by the right hon. and learned Member for Montgomery, which was published in The Times of Thursday, 18th June, was written before the Free Church leaders met the Minister. But even though their anxieties must have been somewhat allayed by what he said and what he promised to do, they, that is, the Free Church leaders, surely cannot go back on one part of that letter.
  Referring to the assurances of the Minister, the letter says:
  "…such assurances—welcome as they are—are not the equivalent of legal or statutory safeguards, nor do they abolish single school areas, which in our view is what should be done. Moreover, Mr. Lloyd admits that religious tests for teachers, which we also believe to be undesirable, are 'inseparable from the dual system'."
  No matter how we welcome—and we do welcome it—the sincerity of the Minister and his obvious desire to meet as far as he can the Free Church point of view on these things, he surely will not expect us to think of those friendly and personal assurances as being equivalent to, or as powerful as, statutory safeguards for the Free Churches and for Free Churchmen.
  I wish now to refer to my own personal objections and the objections of many Free Churchmen to the Bill. The first objection can be expressed very simply. I believe that it will have the effect of strengthening the dual system. It either strengthens it or weakens it. The dual system was accepted, of course, in 1944 and, from my own point of view, I believe that a very important principle was abrogated by the Free Church leaders themselves at that time. I know that their justification is that we were all then in the middle of a war, that our backs were against the wall and that it was no time to quarrel about the furniture when the house was on fire.
  890
  I make some allowances for their attitude, but I believe that the general principle was abrogated then so that, in one sense, we cannot now turn back the clock. However, I am still entitled to pose this question in the House of Commons today. Is the dual system any stronger or weaker as a result of this Bill, or does it just remain exactly as it was in 1944? In my belief—I may be wrong, and it is for hon. Members to enlighten me if I am—the dual system has taken a step forward. I am not very happy about the outcome of further steps in that direction.
  I wish to address my next few remarks not only to the Minister, but to my hon. Friends who are Roman Catholics, and with whom I have had very friendly and amicable discussions on these points. I wish to ask my hon. Friends whether, since we Free Churchmen have yielded on some points—willy-nilly, perhaps, but we have yielded—the Roman Catholic authority would, at least, be prepared to consider doing what the Anglican community has done. The figures were given by the hon. Member for Hertfordshire. South-West.
  Since 1944, the Anglican community has allowed the larger part of its denominational schools to become controlled schools. In Wales there are now no aided denominational schools at all, except, of course, the Roman Catholic Church schools. I believe that there would be a much more settled attitude in the minds of Free Churchmen generally if now, or at a later stage, the Roman Catholic Church showed a willingness to do this. I know that some of my hon. Friends on this side who are devout and loyal Roman Catholics accept this point of view, but I wonder whether the official Roman Catholic hierarchical authority would allow some adjustment on this question of aided and controlled denominational schools.
  Mr. R. J. Mellish: I take my hon. Friend's point, but may I ask him a question in return? Is he saying that he and those like him would accept the Scottish system?
  The Rev LI. Williams: Without trying to avoid the gist of the question, I will say we would be more likely to accept the Scottish situation. I cannot, of course, speak for anyone officially. My

  891
  hon. Friend will understand that. Since his question was directed to me, I now speak purely in a personal capacity. I think that we should be more likely to accept the Scottish system if we saw evidence forthcoming from the Roman Catholic Church that it, for its part, would be prepared to accept controlled status rather than aided status.
  Mr. David Logan (Liverpool, Scotland Division): In view of the anxiety which my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery (The Rev. LI. Williams) is expressing, would he be prepared to give back to the Roman Catholics of this country all the property and churches which they had and make moral restitution so that he might have a moral cause instead of a debating one?
  I do not want to enter into this debate. I have been in every one on this particular problem for twenty-nine years. My hon. Friend the Member for Bootle (Mr. Mahon) will be speaking, and I do not, therefore, wish to interfere with his speech. However, I will say to my hon. Friend that the sooner he and those like him begin to achieve unity in other Christian bodies and leave the Catholic body alone, the better. The moral lesson to learn is that they must unify as the Catholic Church has done. In that way, we shall achieve better results.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: That is a very difficult interruption to deal with. The strength, and, at the same time, the weakness, of the Free Churches is that we cannot be united and undivided. Some, perhaps, would regard this as weakness and others, perhaps, as strength.
  I have another reservation to which I should like to draw the Minister's attention. I feel that there is some ambiguity still with regard to the displaced pupil when the provisions of the Bill come to be administered. I should be very grateful if the Parliamentary Secretary would deal with this query. Would the displacement or transfer of a pupil, who for various reasons is now in a State primary school, possibly because there is not a denominational primary school available, and who is moved on after the age of 11 to a secondary denominational school bring with it a grant? I am sure that an answer to that question would clear some ambiguity which is in the minds of many Free Churchmen.
  892
  The only possible justification for the Bill is the increase in costs. No one can deny the importance of that issue. I have here a document prepared by an educational expert, whose name I cannot mention because I have not his authority to do so, in which he questions very much whether school building costs have increased, as the Minister would suggest to us today? I will read part of the letter:
  "Figures can be produced to show that the cost of building schools on the basis of per sq. ft. superficial area has, in fact, only increased by 10 per cent. or 15 per cent. per sq. ft. since the outbreak of the war. In the meantime, however, the Ministry has altered its building regulations substantially since the passing of the 1944 Act. This has been done specifically for the purpose of reducing the cost and the economical effects which have resulted from the change in these building regulations more than offset the small increase in the cost per sq. ft. to which reference has been made above. This is true of both primary and secondary schools."
  Would the Parliamentary Secretary deal with that?
  I have nothing but the highest regard for the financial sacrifices which the Roman Catholics have accepted. The figure of £18 million was quoted by the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery, and even with the passage of the Bill a further £18 million commitment will be incurred. I repeat that I have nothing but admiration for people who are prepared to make sacrifices for their religious beliefs, and the most cogent test of sacrifices at all times is whether one is prepared to pay for it.
  I have, however, this reservation: do not my Catholic friends, whose loyalty to their faith is undoubted—a thing which always earns respect—think that during the last ten years there has been a danger for the Roman Catholic Church in willingly, of course, and of its own volition, accepting financial obligations which have been greater than it has been able to carry and which has made it inevitable for such a Bill as this to be presented to the House; and should not, therefore, a greater sense of responsibility be developed with regard to the incurring of these very heavy burdens and commitments?
  I have spoken as a Free Churchman. I can also speak as a Welshman. I have been toying with the idea—but I am

  893
  afraid that, like many other ideas I have toyed with, it will never be accepted—of the possibility of Wales being exempted from the provisions of the Bill. Why not? Wales is predominantly a Nonconformist country and we are proud of that fact. I am not pushing that idea very far because not only do I know that the Minister will not accept it, but it is doubtful whether I shall be able to carry my hon. Friends from Wales with me.
  This has been a difficult speech for me to make. When I speak in the House of Commons I like to speak either in full support or in full opposition.
  Mr. Logan: That is what I like.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: I accept my hon. Friend's feeling. I cannot, with my hand on my heart, support this Bill, but, at the same time, I cannot push my opposition to the extent of making it a matter of cardinal principles. The 1944 Act makes it impossible for me to do so because this Bill is the inevitable logical consequence of that Act. I regret the 1944 Act, but the step has been taken and the clock cannot be turned back. It is, therefore, with very halfhearted feelings of sorrow and regret, that I have made this speech on behalf of at least one Free Churchman.
  5.7 p.m.
  Sir Cyril Black: I am glad to have the opportunity to make a very brief speech immediately following the speech of another Free Churchman. I am quite sure that the hon. Gentleman the Member for Abertillery (The Rev. LI. Williams) and the House will understand that, as an Englishman, I should be foolhardy to enter into discussion of whether any special arrangements ought to be made for Wales. It would be very much better for me to leave that matter to be fought out among the Members representing Welsh constituencies.
  Reference has been made to a fact which overshadows all our debate today. Although there has been a very wide measure of agreement, both among political parties and the church bodies, there is still a lack of enthusiasm for the Bill on the part of important Free Church sections of opinion. From the many letters and resolutions which I have received from fellow Free Church people and from Free Churches, I think
  894
  that there exists a good deal of misunderstanding about the Bill and what the Minister and the Government are trying to do. I should, therefore, like quite briefly to touch upon this matter as a Free Churchman myself and to examine some of the points that have been made in those letters and resolutions. Some, I think, are based upon a misunderstanding, but one at least seems to me to make a valid point.
  In the first place, we must recognise that we can only usefully examine the proposals of the Bill in the circumstances of 1959 and not in the circumstances of 1902. That appears to be something which some Free Church people have so far failed to realise. Any attempt to revive and recreate the bitter controversies of 1902 would be utterly unrealistic and could have no relevance in the entirely different circumstances which now exist. The banners under which Free Churchmen marched and fought in 1902 bore the slogans, "No State money for denominational teaching", and, "No public money without public control".
  That root and branch opposition to the dual system in 1902 could be logically sustained and may at that time have had much to commend it, but it has to be recognised that the White Paper of 1943 and the Education Act, 1944, provided that the voluntary schools should be neither ignored nor eliminated and that the dual system should continue. It is in that context that we have to view the proposals of the Bill.
  It seems to me that the indignation of some Free Church people at the increase in the grant from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent. and to the new limited category of aided secondary schools which will qualify for grant has been very considerably overdone. These concessions, as other hon. Members have suggested, do not seem to go beyond the spirit of the 1944 Act, but are designed, after fifteen years' experience of the working of that Act, merely to meet drastic changes in conditions during that period.
  I cannot see that any case of high moral principle can be made out in these regards. I suggest that it cannot be morally right to make a grant of 50 per cent. and morally wrong to make a grant of some other percentage. This is a matter of arithmetic. It is a matter of

  895
  expediency and of what is reasonable in the conditions which now apply.
  I now come to the point on which the Free Churches have a strong case and on which every effort should be made to meet them. That is the difficulties of the single school areas, with which we are all familiar. The grievances of Free Church people in regard to the single school areas are of long duration. They have been the cause of much bitterness and ought to be remedied to the utmost extent possible. The problem, as has already been pointed out today, is confined to Anglican schools and does not affect the Roman Catholic schools. The Bill is based on a recognition of the right of Anglican and Roman Catholic parents to have reasonable provision made, if they desire it, for their children to be educated in Anglican and Roman Catholic schools.
  Personally, I am prepared to recognise that right as being reasonable and just to the parents concerned, but I am bound to point out that if that right is conceded in the case of Anglican and Roman Catholic parents, Free Church parents have an equal right to say that they do not wish their children to have to attend Anglican or Roman Catholic schools, preferring that they should be educated in the ordinary local authority schools. That seems to be the whole crux of the grievance of the Free Churches. I regard the claim of the Free Churches in this matter as being reasonable and I consider that every possible effort ought to be made to meet it and to overcome the difficulties.
  For that reason, I welcome the statement which the Minister made this afternoon about his further meeting last week with the Free Church leaders and the steps which he proposes to take to seek means, in consultation with them and the Anglican authorities, to find a cure for this festering sore of the single school areas. I hope that the Minister may find his efforts rewarded in this respect and that he will be able to find some solution to what seems to me to be the only serious remaining problem with which we are confronted.
  In conclusion, I hope with all my heart, as I think all hon. Members hope, that sober counsels will prevail in this matter and that the Bill may not prove
  896
  to be the starting point of bitter controversies such as occurred in 1902 and in the years that followed. Whatever the rights and wrongs and merits and demerits may have been, those controversies were bad for education, bad for politics, and bad for church relations. The present century has seen a great and welcome improvement in church relations and if organic Christian reunion is, as I think, still a long way ahead, the churches are rapidly moving into an era of increasing friendship and understanding.
  Let us never forget that the main battle of the forces of Christianity is against apathy, unbelief, and Communism. Let our resolve be to try to find some solution to this problem which all can accept with honour and which will avoid Christian people wasting their strength in fighting among themselves while the enemy is at the gate.
  5.18 p.m.
  Dr. Horace King: Apart from a few remarks towards the end of his speech, I agreed with practically everything the hon. Member for Wimbledon (Sir C. Black) said. I say only in passing that when he referred to Communism he meant revolutionary materialist Communism and was forgetting that the earlier Christian Church was a Communist body.
  I think that most people in the country will accept the Bill as a reasonable and just Measure and as one which does not depart fundamentally from the basic principle of the Education Act, 1944. In the debate I want to appeal to my fellow Nonconformists, whose views I understand and respect, to accept the Bill with good will and to do their utmost to see that the whole country accepts it in a generous and non-controversial way.
  The contribution of Nonconformity to British education has been like the contribution of my right lion. Friend the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) to the British Labour Party—massive. What Nonconformists are asked to do under the Bill is something much smaller, but something which can be of significance for some of the nation's children.
  It has been said that from 1800 to 1870 Parliament was the cemetery of deceased education Bills. Sectarian

  897
  differences killed them all, from the first one of Whitbread in 1807, which was destroyed on a Motion by the then Archbishop of Canterbury. However, while we were busy killing education Bills, for instance, all those of the great reformer 13rougham, the country began to give subsidies to the voluntary schools and the first Education Act in 1870, while setting up State schools for the first time, had to continue to subsidise the voluntary schools. The dual system as we know it is as old as the first Education Act.
  The dual system has never given to any religious group just what it wanted. Each new Education Act has seen the revival of acute religious and nonreligious differences. To me it is a tragedy that we might have had secondary education for all way back in 1931 by a Measure which came before the House in that year if we could have solved the financial problem of the denominational schools. I believe that it is for ever to the credit of the present Home Secretary and of my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) that the 1944 Act ended—and I would hope for all time—the bitterness of the struggle, to which the hon. Member for Wimbledon has just referred, between the various faiths in this country over education, because that bitterness checked educational progress for nearly a century.
  It is against that background that I hope that all who want to see real equality of opportunity for our children will avoid reviving old deep issues. I am grateful to my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery (The Rev. LI. Williams) for the speech which he made, knowing as I do his deep Nonconformist faith, and I would urge all to look at this question practically and generously.
  In a letter to the Press, the secretary of the Southampton branch of the Free Church Council writes:
  "The Free Churches have always believed that the dual system of education is fundamentally wrong and had hoped that, as a result of the 1944 Act, time would see its end. We in the Free Churches have looked forward to the time when all schools would be run by the State and that in such schools the basic teaching of the Christian religion would be given."
  He ends by enunciating the classic principle that there should be no use of public money without public control. I
  898
  am quite certain that many hon. Members have received letters from Free Church councils more or less in the same vein.
  In a more moderate letter to The Times, the leaders of the Free Church state that the Bill
  "will result not only in the continuance of the dual system, which we do not believe to be in the best interests of the nation, its educational system or its children, but also in the strengthening of that system."
  Again, the letter of the Free Church to The Times emphasises the principle of no public money without public control.
  I respect the views of my fellow Nonconformists—indeed, I advocated them up and down the country until the passing of the 1944 Act—but I would ask all Free Churchmen to realise that the dual system, ancient in origin, is firmly embodied in the 1944 Act, as it is in each of the previous Education Acts. It would be a disservice to education to attempt now to rewrite that Act by destroying the dual system. Moreover, I would say to Free Churchmen that there are other parents in the country whose religious views Nonconformists do not share, but whose rights to hold those views are as precious to this House of Commons as our own right to hold Nonconformist views.
  I understand, too, from the reference in the letter to The Times, that the Free Church leaders were prepared sympathetically to consider
  "some increase in the building grants for denominational schools."
  Indeed, in my wanderings up and down the country, I have heard mentioned the figure of 65 per cent. so that on the increase of grant the issue is not one of principle but of the amount of money to be conceded.
  If the Bill offends against the principle of giving public money without public control, so does the 1944 Act. Whether one approves it or not, that battle is over. When we include the whole of the education costs we are already contributing out of public funds something like 90 per cent. to every voluntary Church school.
  To a Free Churchman the great achievement of the 1944 Act, from the Christian point of view, was that it wrote the act of worship—the broad Christian teaching that we know as the

  899
  "Agreed Syllabus"—into all our schools and into the law of the land.
  Here may I say how much I regret that some Anglicans and Catholics have suggested that it is only in their schools that education is Christian in concept. Let anyone who is foolish enough to think that visit morning assembly in any of our State schools, see at lesson-time the work that is being done in the non-Church schools, see throughout the day the ethical and spiritual training that is common to all our schools, whether State schools, or Anglican or Catholic. Nonconformists and people of all religious faiths have every reason to be happy with the Christian work now going on in our State schools.
  But the Catholics and the Anglicans have always stood by the view, which made an Archbishop of Canterbury vote against the first Education Bill of 1807, that their own form of Christianity is an integral part of the education of their children. I respect that view, even if I do not share it, just as I ask them to respect the majority opinion which non-Anglicans, non-Catholics and even many Anglicans, hold about the Christian education which they can receive inside the State system.
  The simple issue is just how great a burden we place on the shoulders of those parents who opt out of the State schools for conscience sake. I believe that there must always be some burden. I hope that my hon. Friend is here in twenty years' time to see the non-fulfilment of the prophecy which he has made—I am afraid that I shall not be with him. I think that a 100 per cent. subvention of any faith would of necessity involve a 100 per cent. subvention of all faiths, and of no faiths, and would disintegrate the whole State system of education. If people are to opt out for religious reasons they must be prepared to make a sacrifice.
  We fixed that sacrifice in 1944 at 50 per cent. of the cost of providing adequate school buildings. For the Catholics, that meant something like £18 million to £20 million for new schools. They were to borrow that at a low rate of interest. Despite what my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery has said about the expert view which he has had on the none rise in
  900
  the cost of school buildings, I would ask him to get in touch with any member of any education committee in any part of the country when he will find that just as inflation affected everything else, so it affected the cost of building schools.
  The Rev. LI. Williams: Will my hon. Friend allow me to correct the error? I said that the rising cost was between 10 and 15 per cent., according to the statement which I received. I did not say that there had been no rise.
  Dr. King: I would refer to the experience of any hon. Member who, like myself, is a member of an education committee, that the rise in school building costs is infinitely more than that. There is the increased cost of materials and of labour, the new standards that we continually impose on local authorities and Church authorities alike, and the crushing burden of interest which Tory financial policy has laid on local authorities and on Churches alike. All these give the Catholics a financial load to bear which has been estimated as being nearly four times what it was thought to be in 1944. For the Anglicans, the figure must be something on the same scale.
  I share the admiration of my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery for the sacrifices which Catholic parents make for their children. I think that they should be an inspiration to all of us who seek to persuade the whole nation to be prepared, as it must be prepared if Britain is to survive and flourish, to make even greater sacrifices in rates and taxes for the whole of our children. But I believe that the extra load which the Catholics carry in addition to rates and taxes, for every Catholic has to pay an education rate and his education taxes, has turned out to be much heavier than they can carry or ought to be asked to carry. If we do not do something about it Catholic children will suffer.
  Without this Bill, there are two alternatives. Either the denominations will hand over some of their schools to the nation or some of the denominational schools will remain inferior to the State schools. For this reason the majority of our poorer school buildings have always been Church schools. The Anglicans have given up many of their schools

  901
  to lighten their own financial burdens. I believe that the Catholics, whose conviction on this issue is much more fundamental, will never give up their schools. This means that, unless further financial aid is forthcoming, Catholic building programmes will be whittled down in quality, standards will be as low as they can get by with, and Catholic children will suffer thereby and not have equal opportunity with other British children.
  A Catholic secondary modern school has been opened in Southampton this year. Until then almost all the Catholic children in Southampton were in an all-age school. All the other children in Southampton have been in reorganised primary and secondary schools for the past twenty years. It was grand and exciting to visit a school where for the first time Catholic children are to partake of the great advances that we are making in our other schools towards secondary education for all, and to talk to a Catholic headmaster, or an enthusiastic Catholic body of governors not about religious differences, but about education and how we should cooperate in doing all we can so that these children shall have the best education possible.
  If we are to get all Catholic children out of all-age schools, it is necessary to provide, as the Bill does, that the grants which apply to primary schools should apply to the new secondary schools for Catholic children which are essential if we are to carry out the 1944 Act. An all-age school is bad whether it is a Church school, a Catholic school or a State school. Just as the Minister in his five-year plan hopes to get rid of some of the all-age schools that still blot the educational picture on the State side, so this Bill—
  Mr. Geoffrey Lloyd: All of them.
  Dr. King: The Minister says all of them, and I hope that is true. I hope that the Bill will enable the Catholic community to do the same.
  I am troubled about the lack of facilities for grammar school education for Catholic children. I have often used my influence as an educationist to try to persuade Catholic parents, and often very successfully, to let their children go
  902
  to the grammar school to which they have won a place, even if it is not a Catholic school, rather than lose the opportunity of a grammar school education.
  I should like to see the Catholic community set up grammar schools of their own up and down the country to give their children real equality in secondary education. On the other hand, it may be that some of the new secondary schools will turn out to be pioneers in secondary comprehensive education.
  I, too, was sorry to read the report in the Press that some Free Churchmen had said:
  "Vote against the Tories because of this Bill."
  I was very glad to hear the hon. Member for Wimbledon say that the report in the Press was a mistake. I know of a hundred good reasons for voting against the Tories, but this is not one of them.
  Mr. Ede: The hon. Member is not very good if he knows only a hundred reasons.
  Dr. King: Britain has learnt to separate religion from politics more so than any other country in the world. That separation has been good both for religion and for politics. There are Anglican, Catholic, Free Church, and no church, Tories, Socialists and Liberals in this House. There are all creeds on both sides of the House and in all political parties. To spark off old and deeply felt religious points of view and make party politics of them would do harm to politics and education and to religion itself.
  To say this is not what the Free Church in their letter unkindly thought, that this is political expediency. It is a recognition by both sides of the House that the dual system is the law, and that it ought to work justly and efficiently. If it is creaking in any way, if it is imposing burdens which impair educational advance, unless we are prepared to scrap the law, we have to play honestly by the dual system and give all children outside State schools the chance of equal opportunities with those inside. I ask my fellow Noncomformists to accept the Bill in the spirit in which it is proposed.

  903
  Most people in this country have what they want as Christians inside State schools. Let us be glad about that. Let us do what we can to build up the ethical and spiritual training inside our State schools, but let us at the same time respect the consciences of those who do not share our satisfaction with the State system. Let us temper the load that they carry for their faith. They will still be left with a burden of many millions of pounds to carry even after the Bill is passed.
  Joseph Chamberlain attacked the 1870 Act and said that its author, Forster, had thrown education into the hands of two ecclesiastical organisations which had been foremost in obstructing the advancement of the nation. He was a Unitarian like my hon. Friend the Member for South Shields. That was one view of the 1870 Act.
  Mr. Ede: He was alluding to the Anglicans and orthodox Nonconformists.
  Dr. King: On the other hand, Shaftesbury, an Anglican, attacked the 1870 Act for the opposite reason. He called it:
  "Everything for the flesh and nothing for the soul, everything for time and nothing for eternity."
  It is between those two extremes that in the Education Acts of 1870, 1902, 1918 and 1944 Britain has established the dual system. Whether or not it should have been done may be arguable, but there is no point in arguing about history. The law is the law, and our task is to interpret it generously.
  I congratulate the Minister on grasping this nettle, and I congratulate my hon. and right hon. Friends on helping him to hold it. Perhaps it may be too much to expect complete agreement. In this Education Bill, probably uniquely, the people of my own Christian sect are opposed to the settlement. In the words of their own letter to The Times, I urge them to think again. This Measure is going through. Let it have the good will of all who have the welfare of our children at heart.
  5.37 p.m.
  Captain L. P. S. Orr: I should like to make it clear that I am not speaking on behalf of my Northern
  904
  Ireland colleagues, and that I am in no sense speaking as a Northern Ireland Member, because the Bill rightly excludes Northern Ireland from its provisions. The provision of education is one of the matters which this House devolved on the Government and Parliament of Northern Ireland. We have our own system over there. We have our own problems and difficulties. We have to deal with them as our Parliament thinks fit, and it is not for us in this House to discuss whether the arrangements are good or bad. It would be improper if in any sense I became a spokesman for Northern Ireland opinion in speaking on something which peculiarly affects England and Wales.
  I happen to be in a difficult position because this year I am chairman of the United Protestant Council, which is a federation of twelve of the principal Protestant societies in the United Kingdom. It is the view of the Council as well as my own conviction that I want to express rather than any Northern Ireland view of the matter.
  When my right hon. Friend the present Home Secretary introduced the Education Act of 1944, he quoted with approval the saying of Plato that the principle to which our laws are directed is that of making the citizens as happy and as harmonious as possible. Such, he said, was the modest aim of the Bill. The Education Act of 1944 was a great advance. It was a milestone in our educational history. Whether or not it has made the citizens happier. I am not sure, but it has obviously made the children happier, in their better-appointed schools with better provisions of every kind. Whether universal and better education ultimately makes man happier is a matter for philosophers and not for politicians. At any rate, all will accept that the Act was an advance in the matter of education.
  The question of harmony is one upon which we can be more positive. Since 1944 there has undoubtedly been a greater degree of harmony on educational matters among the churches. There is no doubt that prior to that date, especially in the early part of the century, there was considerable religious strife, bitterness and difficulty in the matter of education. The 1944 settlement or agreement certainly mitigated much of this difficulty and strife, and to

  905
  the extent that there has since been harmony in the educational field the 1944 Act has fulfilled one of its modest aims.
  The point should be made, however, that it was not the Act itself which created the harmony. The harmony was created by a considerable concession, upon a point of principle, by many people who thought that the dual system was wrong. Let us take the two most extreme opposing views before the settlement. Members of the Roman Catholic Church took the view—and take it now, I believe—as a cardinal matter of conviction, that their children ought to be educated in schools over which they have control and that it would be wrong for them even partially to submit to the control of anyone else. They believe that teachers should be approved and selected by themselves. That that is a sincerely held belief they have demonstrated by the way in which they support their schools, and nobody would deny them the right to hold that view.
  I hope that, in turn, they will not deny that those who hold the opposite view do so with equal sincerity. That view has always been that denominational education in itself is wrong and undesirable; that it is not a good thing to take a section of our young people and educate it, from the moment it is able to learn, completely separately from the rest of the community; that it is wrong to erect a community within a community, and is also wrong in principle to provide public money without at least some measure of public control.
  Mr. Mellish: We had better get the record right. The system of teaching in every one of these denominational schools is decided by the education authority, as regards the three "Rs". The whole question of control is a matter very much for the State. It does not depend upon a weird idea of certain people who might want something quite different.
  Captain Orr: I accept that, but I was talking primarily of control over the appointment of teachers, because it is the teacher who ultimately gives the lead in putting into a child's mind the kind of traditions to uphold and the way in which history is taught, and everything else. There is a danger that this will mean taking a group of young people
  906
  from the community and educating it apart from its fellows, in a different tradition.
  Mr. Mellish: Will the hon. and gallant Gentleman please take it from me, as one who has been to one of these schools, that that is not true? History and the three "Rs" are taught in no way differently from the way in which they are taught in State schools.
  Captain Orr: I said that there was a considerable danger of that happening. It may not happen in schools of which the hon. Member has knowledge, but it is by no means unknown throughout the world.
  Mr. Logan: I cannot help intervening, but I shall not say too much. It is a little strange that a man from Northern Ireland—a Catholic country—should argue in this House on a point which is likely to break down all that we have been doing. He had better get back to Northern Ireland and get that country straight.
  Captain Orr: I will reply in the words of the hon. Member for Abertillery (The Rev. LI. Williams) who earlier said, "That is a difficult intervention to deal with." It is arguable whether or not Northern Ireland is a Catholic country.
  But, to continue, before the 1944 Act there were two strongly opposed views, which I have tried to put as fairly as I can. How were those two views reconciled? They were reconciled by a sacrifice on the part of those who believed that the dual system was wrong, and I hope that that fact will be remembered.
  That sacrifice was made then because it was difficult to see any reasonably fair and justifiable alternative. Nearly one-third of our schools at that time were voluntary schools, and in setting up a great edifice of State education we were faced with the question whether we were going simply to abandon one-third of our schools and allow them to become derelict, as they would have become, or take them over by the State and violate, in an extremely violent manner, the consciences of those who thought that that would be wrong. The agreement reached has become known as the 1944 settlement, but it was a concession on a point of principle, with very clearly defined limits.

  907
  We must now examine whether the Bill destroys or goes beyond the 1944 settlement. We are told that, having made a concession on a point of principle, it would be wrong to draw the line any further as to the amount of State support. In other words, the concession which we then make is being used against us in this argument. There may be a case for raising the aid to the primary schools from 50 per cent.—
  Mr. Ede: It is not for the primary schools.
  Captain Off: It is for the existing primary schools. There may be a case for raising the grant from 50 per cent., but it would be interesting to know just how the figure of 75 per cent. was arrived at. What would be the case against a figure of 100 per cent.? The hon. Member for Southampton, Itchen (Dr. King) produced an argument against the figure of 100 per cent. At what point exactly, and by what criterion, are we to fix this figure in the future? The hon. Member for Abertillery prophesied that the time would come when a Minister would announce another rise. Where exactly is the line to be drawn in the future? It is that sort of consideration which lies behind a good deal of the disquiet among those who are unhappy about this Bill.
  When we come to the entry into secondary education, there is more objection than to the raising of the grants in the primary field. There is a strong feeling that we are now to extend and perpetuate the dual system right through the whole scale of education, from the cradle to the university.
  Mr. Mellish: Yes.
  Captain Orr: The hon. Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) confirms that that is the ultimate aim.
  Mr. Mellish: The hon. and gallant Member must not be allowed to get away with that. If I had my way, we should be discussing quite a different Bill, but the hon. and gallant Member must not think that, because that is my opinion, it means that everyone else thinks the same. I wish I were as important as that.
  Captain Orr: I am much obliged.
  Mr. Mellish: So am I.
  Captain Orr: Let us get it right. The hon. Member says that that represents his personal view. I think that I am right in thinking that it is the view of the Church to which he belongs.
  Mr. Mellish: I do not know.
  Captain Orr: I understand that is the belief of the Roman Catholic Church about what ought to happen.
  We who think that the dual system is wrong would deplore that happening and we think this Measure represents a further advance towards it. It may be "turning a ragged pyramid into a regular column", but we have to add something to the ragged pyramid in order to do so. We think this a move in the wrong direction and as such it is upsetting the general understanding which underlay the harmony produced by the 1944 Act and the harmony which followed its implementation. If that harmony be destroyed and ruptured, which heaven forbid, the fault will lie with those who disrupted it.
  I am sorry that this Bill is being hurried through its stages in this House. Were it a fair and proper Bill I think it could have stood a more prolonged examination. I am sorry that the Government have rushed it through and particularly that this should have been done by the Government and by the party of which I am a member. Many of my best friends in this House are in favour of the Bill but nevertheless, in the position which I occupy, I feel it my duty to register my objection and opposition to it.
  5.55 p.m.
  Mr. Simon Mahon: The House will forgive me if I do not follow in detail the remarks of the hon. and gallant Member for Down, South (Captain Orr). I wish to make my own speech.
  I welcome this Bill in so far as it makes a necessary and substantial contribution towards the building and maintenance of voluntary schools. To say that I am completely satisfied with its provisions would be untrue. To say that I am not gratefully appreciative would be equally quite false and ungracious, for I am indeed most grateful, and I

  909
  speak on behalf of and with the authority of the Catholic people of this land who voiced their warm appreciation of all that is being done and has been done for them to relieve them of the financial burden of the education of their children.
  In a recent speech in Liverpool at the opening of the Cardinal Allen Grammar School, His Grace the Archbishop of Liverpool, Dr. Heenan, said that Catholics did not want education to become a subject of bitterness. He said that he hoped that when this Bill was debated it would be done without rancour. Up to now I think that has been so, and I am most grateful. His Grace went on to pay a most generous tribute to the non-Catholic and Nonconformist people of this country for bringing the negotiations to finality with so great a measure of good will and moderation.
  As one who is aware of that good will, I hope that what I have to say today will be received in the same way. I hope I shall not be considered too repetitive if I offer sincere thanks to the Minister, the Parliamentary Secretary, the Leaders of the Labour Party, the representatives who engaged in the negotiations and the Liberal Party for their patience and understanding in their treatment of this most complex problem.
  In the presentation of a Bill of this nature to the House of Commons, certain considerations must always be borne in mind. I am sure the House will agree that the statement of my right hon. Friend the Leader of the Opposition on 11th June expressed those requirements to the fullest possible extent.
  My right hon. Friend said that there were three such requirements. The first was that there was a need for all-party agreement. As he said,
  "…we do not want religion or religious questions to come into our party political battles."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 11th June, 1959; Vol. 606, c. 1188.]
  Secondly, there is the need to ensure that those educated in Church schools do not suffer in comparison with others regarding the quality of education which they receive. Thirdly, so far as possible the proposals should be acceptable to all denominations. However, in the complexity of a society such as ours to
  910
  achieve these three requirements would be truly miraculous. Therefore, while all the denominations concerned are not fully satisfied, some agreement within this framework has been made, and I express the hope that as time goes on better understanding will be possible.
  In recent months, the Minister has made two statements which outlined the needs of the Churches. In the White Paper on Secondary Education he said that the Government recognised that the Churches might need further assistance. On 11th June, he underlined this in the House by stating that the Government would press forward to implement the 1944 Act further and that the Churches would need financial assistance to provide the facilities to achieve the Government's aims. Thirdly, he pointed out—this is very important and is the crux of a great deal of what has been said today—that the White Paper of 1943 and the Education Act of 1944 had already provided that the voluntary schools should neither be eliminated nor ignored and that the dual system, while being radically adapted, should continue in existence. That battle has been won or lost, according to one's point of view, and the dual system is now part of our education law.
  To say that the Church schools of the different denominations are in need is certainly not to overstate the case. Anyone who has been concerned in the great redevelopment of our cities, particularly in the North, must be aware of the efforts of the denominations to fulfil their educational obligations under present legislation. Whilst tributes have been paid to Roman Catholics and to the Church of England, I am aware that this has been a great personal responsibility for those concerned. Hon. Members have been talking today of Catholics wanting 100 per cent. assistance; I would remind them that I come from a family which, like many others, has made the maximum sacrifice for this country. We have done everything that the country has asked us to do and have been patriotic to the last degree. In view of this fact I do not think that 100 per cent. assistance would have such a detrimental effect on the future of this country. Why is it such an abnormal and unreasonable request?
  People try to stigmatise us, but we have made sacrifices for our freedom.

  911
  We are most appreciative about this country. As Catholics, we think it is the finest country in the world, and we are prepared to make any sacrifices to maintain its position. That is the way I regard this country, and it is the way that this country should regard the Catholics. Why should we be regarded as 75 per cent. citizens? I thought that those prejudices had all gone at Caen and Tobruk.
  The whole concept of education is changing. The Churches are facing liabilities that they could not have foreseen in 1944. All these things have been said by the Minister. The cost of school buildings has increased; there have been movements of population on a scale hitherto unthinkable, and there has been a large post-war birth rate in many districts. Any one of these things would have caused any Administration at least to consider granting further aid to the denominations. When those things all happen at once, or over a relatively short space of time, educationally speaking, the responsibility is very great indeed.
  People will say that this should have been anticipated in 1944, but one would have had to be very clever to say precisely what would happen in 1959. The Parliamentary Secretary came to my constituency some time ago to open a grand new school, and he made a very favourable impression. He was good enough genuinely to admire some of the houses that surrounded this new school, and we were very pleased about that. The point about it was that a town of 80,000 people was building 1,000 houses a year. While the housing committee was very pleased, the education committee was not so pleased as all that, because it had its own worries. There was a very simple theory in the mind of the director of education—and this is something that I learned as chairman of the housing committee—that very often a new house means a new baby. Some of us will have to consider moving our address in the next few months, but I hope we shall not become unduly alarmed about that.
  The point is that the Education Act, 1944, thought it was very clever in anticipating the requirements of the transferred child. Without going into the old troubles, I would say that there is no such thing as a transferred child but only the child of a transferred family.
  912
  That word "transferred" has caused a great deal of trouble in educational administration.
  The Bill makes two main proposals. I want to ask the Minister a question. I do not believe in being ambiguous. In learning to respect my own conscience I have learned to respect everybody else's. One proposal of the Bill is to raise the maximum grant for eligible schools from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent. Secondly, the Bill offers a maximum of 75 per cent. for new aided secondary schools which are needed wholly or mainly for the education of children from aided primary schools of the same denomination. Here the Minister makes a very important proviso, which is that the primary schools are those which are in existence now or are replacements. How I wish that he would offer a maximum of 75 per cent. for the new aided secondary schools without reservation.
  How I wish we had been able to take the whole of this matter out of politics by offering 75 per cent. on all schools. A final settlement of 75 per cent. was offered by the bishops of England and Wales for the building of primary and secondary schools. That would have been good and would have finalised the matter in our generation; but I must not appear ungracious or ungrateful, for there have been great difficulties for people in connection with the Bill and I appreciate them. The Bill costs £40 million. What the special agreement in the 1936 Act was, I do not know, but I suppose the sum in the 1936 Act was £10 million. That means that the Bill will relatively cost £30 million. I know the denominations will be appreciative of it.
  There are one or two myths I want to try to dispel. It has been said over and over again, and will continue to be said, that to give further financial aid to denominational schools such as this Bill envisages giving is unreasonable for taxpayers generally. I have never held that view. I have been in this business of denominational schools almost since I was a child, and the whole of my family had a long history of educational service in Lancashire. I think the position has been rather—I say this quite truthfully to the House—that, had it not been for the vocationalism of teachers in denominational schools and the sacrifices of those who require denominational education for their children, the Exchequer

  913
  would have been bearing a greater responsibility than it has borne over many years.
  I am not alone in this view, because it would appear that the Manchester Guardian on 12th June supported my view. The Manchester Guardian said:
  "If there are enough children of a particular faith in one area to sustain a new school, and if people of the same faith are willing to contribute a quarter of the cost of building in order to guarantee the character of the teaching there, then the denominations are contributing to costs which would otherwise have to be met from public funds."
  As a man from Merseyside where this great denominational problem and responsibility of the Church of England and Roman Catholics is so great, if I tried to assess the contribution which the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church have made in the City of Liverpool and the Archdiocese of Liverpool I should be sorely put to it to give a figure. It must be remembered that the contribution we have made denominationally in Liverpool to this country's greatness has been very considerable indeed.
  The Times is a newspaper we can quote. It said:
  "As these schools are part of the national system, it would be utterly wrong to condemn their pupils to a second-class education merely because the churches could not keep up the pace of the general national reform."
  That statement is very well worth repeating.
  I do not want to keep the House too long, but I want to say one or two things about the Bill. It does not anticipate the need of great areas where primary education is the first consideration, but it does take full notice, as the Minister said, of secondary education. For the first time in the history of educational legislation, it gives denominations assistance to build grammar and technical schools. I think that impresses me most. During my lifetime I have seen in my constituency the percentage of school places of this sort growing from almost nil to nearly 18 per cent., but there are still too many blind alley jobs and too many dead end jobs. They are the sort of jobs which oppressed the boys of my generation, as they did me. To fight one's way through, even into this House, never mind anywhere else, is a test of anyone's character and guts. We have plenty of that on Merseyside,
  914
  but the point is that these new provisions will open new avenues.
  Without exaggerating the position, I should say that half the industrial unrest in Liverpool is due to the fact that when they leave school children go into jobs which bring unrest to the person concerned. That unrest they carry throughout their industrial life. The greater opportunity this Bill will provide will prove to this House one day how wise this sort of provision is. As has been mentioned, a common mistake is made in thinking that Catholics and the Church of England can build schools as, where and when they will. I say clearly and bluntly that we are subject to control, and rightly so, by local authorities, by our own disastrous financial position—that certainly controls us—and also by Section 13 of the 1944 Act.
  This Bill is full of the basis of controversy, but it has been debated today with the maximum of charity. The paramount point which all of us in this House must keep in mind is that it is the child that matters and the education of the child that matters most of all. Education to me is not only for the benefits it will undoubtedly bring to our great British industrial, technological, scientific society. That is necessary and desirable, but education for me has always had a deeper and greater significance. As has been mentioned by the Minister, when we consider the condition of the world, the rivalries which sometimes come into the efforts of our society seem very small indeed when put alongside the problems which confront all who wish fervently in their hearts to see Christian principles progress in the contemporary world. It is my contention that the passing of this Bill will make a notable contribution to this end. It will not only do that, but in my heart I hope it will give to other nations an example of moderation and toleration which they might well emulate with profit.
  6.17 p.m.
  Mr. Peter Kirk: I hope that the House will forgive me if I spend a few moments on the past. It is to a certain extent a feeling of filial piety which brings me to my feet because, as the right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) will remember, my father was one of the strongest opponents of the settlement reached in 1944.

  915
  I should, therefore, like to recall, in connection with some of the words that my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Down, South (Captain Orr) used, the opposition that he then expressed. My hon. and gallant Friend said, very rightly, that a big concession had been made by the Free Churches in 1944. I think what he overlooked was that an equally big concession was made by the Church of England at the same time, a concession which my father opposed and which I personally at the time regretted. We should not overlook that fact, because it has a considerable bearing on the subject we are discussing today. The 1944 settlement was a settlement which demanded sacrifices from all, not from just one side. It is in that light that the change the Government now propose, and which I fully support, should be considered.
  We are not merely asking our friends in the Free Churches to make a further sacrifice; we are asking them to realise that sacrifices have been made all round. Mention has been made of the very great effort made by the Roman Catholics to raise money for their schools. That is appreciated by all, but equally great efforts have been made by the Church of England to raise money to keep their schools going.
  It is true, as the hon. Member for Abertillery (The Rev. L1. Williams) and the hon. Member for Southampton, Itchen (Dr. King) mentioned, that the Church of England has allowed some of its schools to pass into the control of the State, but that has not been done with any lightness of heart. I can assure hon. Members it has been done out of grievous necessity and, in many cases, with a great feeling almost of shame on the part of those who let them go.
  One of the aims of the Church of England, as well as of our friends in the Church of Rome, has been to raise money to keep as many of their churches as possible in existence, because we believe very strongly that denominational education is something which we have to offer to the life of the country and we wish to keep it going. We do not demand a particularly privileged status. We may have had that in the past in the Church of England and it may have been wrong. What we demand is (hat where we are doing a job well the
  916
  consideration of the State should be given to the fact that we are doing it well.
  Although we agree that this change is undoubtedly upsetting to some of our friends in the Free Churches, we feel that it can be justified by the increase in costs through the passage of time. Like the hon. Member for Itchen, I was surprised by the figures given by the hon. Member for Abertillery about the increase in educational costs since 1944. I shall be very surprised if the figure is anything near 75 per cent.
  Concessions were made all round in 1944 and an agreed settlement was reached. That settlement has worked very well but has proved to be deficient in this one respect. This afternoon we are reviewing the position after a period of fifteen years and putting right this deficiency.
  Two problems, which were raised by my hon. Friend the Member for Wimbledon (Sir C. Black) in, if I may say so, a magnificent speech, are the core of the matter. The first is the question of the dual system. I do not want to go into that today because it is fundamental, but it is not touched by the Bill. The Bill works on the principle that the dual system has been accepted, and I suggest that there is not very much point in anyone arguing against the dual system when discussing the Bill. There may be arguments against the dual system but this is not the time for them. It was accepted on all sides in 1944. I will not go into why it was accepted or the circumstances in which it was accepted but will merely point out that in fact it was accepted. This Bill is within the framework of the dual system, and the system itself is not in argument at the moment.
  The second point which I think is important, and which my hon. Friend the Member for Wimbledon raised, concerns the single-school area. This is a very difficult question for the Free Churches, as is fully recognised. My right hon. Friend, in introducing the Bill, referred to the fact that he was encouraging the Church of England and the Free Churches to have discussions on the point. This is very welcome, but such discussions have been taking place for the last eighteen months on a large number of points, including this, and I hope that I shall not be out of order if I draw attention to a statement which the Church

  917
  of England Schools Council released to the Press on 19th June. In it the Council said:
  "In the course of the friendly negotiations with the Free Churches over the past eighteen months, the Church of England made suggestions to meet any hurt of conscience still felt by them"—
  That is, still felt by the Free Churches—
  "in respect of the dual system. In particular, concerning single school areas, we suggested that in such schools further facilities, over and above those which already exist, should be given for children to receive religious instruction in accordance with the agreed syllabus."
  That means without Church of England teaching.
  Perhaps I may mention, in passing, that I know for a fact that in a large number of dioceses and areas in the country that is already being done. On the request of any parent no child need be compelled to receive teaching which its parent does not want it to receive. That is right and proper, because there are areas, particularly rural areas, where the only school is a Church of England school, and nobody in the Church of England wishes to ram down the throat of any child teaching which is conscientiously repugnant to its parents.
  A second suggestion which the Church of England made is that the local Free Church community should be enabled to appoint to the managing bodies of such schools. I attach very great importance to this and I hope that in the discussions which take place there will be agreement about it. Particularly in areas where there is a large Free Church community, it is surely right and proper that if we, in the Church of England, have the only school, the Free Churches should have a large say in the management and control of that school. That is a most important point which should be put on record in the debate. I am glad that the Minister has encouraged further conversations and I am sorry that those which have been held so far have not yet been successful. Perhaps in the future there will be a happier result.
  Those are the only points which I wish to make in welcoming the Bill. I regard it, first and foremost, as a step forward in education and also, as my hon. Friend the Member for Wimbledon said, as strengthening the Christian basis of this country, which we should all have at heart. I hope that there will be no
  918
  bitterness as a result of it, because feel that it is a moderate and, I might say, a modest Bill towards something which we all want and which is worthy of the support of all of us.
  6.26 p.m.
  Mr. Ede: I am glad that the hon. Member for Gravesend (Mr. Kirk) made reference to his father at the beginning of his speech, because, as one who was closely associated with the negotiations over the 1944 Bill before it became an Act, I can bear testimony to the line which the hon. Member said this afternoon was that of his father in those discussions. I think that it was because he took that line that we saw him only once in any of the conferences which we held with the hierarchy of the Established Church, and I am bound to say that I thought that the treatment which he finally received in the Church Assembly was the kind of treatment which can be meted out only by one theologian to another.
  As the hon. Member knows, my views did not very closely approximate to those of his father, but, on the only occasion on which we met in conference, his father gave me an invitation to stay with him so that we might talk the problem over. It was a matter of regret to me that I was unable to accept that invitation.
  I regard some of the arguments which I have heard this afternoon as just fantastic. There is nothing more fantastic, however, than the Financial Memorandum which was attached to the Education Bill. 1944. I have a bound copy of it here. The Financial Memorandum laid it down that the total expenditure from public funds in England and Wales when that Act came fully into operation would be £203 million a year. It is fantastic that in 1944 we could have believed that the implementation of the Bill would cost the country only £79·8 million more than it had been spending in the year war broke out. It has been very kind of people in the interval since never to remind either the present Lord Privy Seal or myself of the prophecies which we laid before the House.
  One of the astounding things about education is that for the year 1958–59 the estimates were not £203 million, but £617 million. This is in spite of the

  919
  fact that we have done nothing worthwhile about county colleges and we have not raised the school-leaving age to 16, although the more enlightened parents are raising it for us, which I think is a great triumph of the Education Act of 1944.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: And we have done little about playing fields.
  Mr. Ede: We have done fairly well with playing fields. In any event, with the Act not fully implemented in any way, we are spending three times as much as the Financial Memorandum laid down.
  At almost every education conference I attend there is a standing resolution calling for the immediate full implementation of the 1944 Act. We have had no revolt on the part of the chairmen of finance committees of local education authorities, and if we could have seen what the cost of education to the country would be I do not think that any of us would have dared to prophesy that in 1944. When we begin to talk about changing from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent., which is going back to what was provided in the 1936 Act, we are living in a world of complete unreality if we try to elevate that into a matter of principle.
  Do not let us forget that the Act of 1936, as the right hon. Gentleman reminded us today, imposed on the local education authorities the duty of making arrangements with the denomination, and gave them the option of paying anything between 50 and 75 per cent. Nearly all the agreements that were reached when the local education authorities had to deal with the arrangement of the finance were for the full 75 per cent. they received part of the 75 per cent. back in the annual Government grant, which at that time was about 60 per cent. of the expenditure, so that what happened then was that the State paid 45 per cent., the local authority paid 30 per cent., and the denomination raised the other 25 per cent.
  When that was freely entered into by the local education authorities everybody accepted it, except Liverpool, which had a special Act of its own and where the position was reversed. There
  920
  the Government paid the grant, and the local rates had to reimburse them for their share of it. When we recall that that happened in 1936, we realise that, in the very much altered costs of today, to elevate a movement to 75 per cent. to a principle cannot be justified.
  Let us face this. There was no settlement in 1944. The first time that I heard the Lord Privy Seal ever use the word "settlement" was last Saturday, when I was with him at Bedford, where he said that we had arranged a sort of a settlement. What we always called it was an arrangement. It was an arrangement made in this House, and that is another thing that has to be remembered.
  The Education Bill, as it left this House after going through Committee and Report stages, was a very different Bill on this point from what it was when it was introduced. I hope that it will be realised, and I hope we all realise, that we cannot shelter ourselves behind conversations between the Minister and religious denominations, or between my right hon. Friend the Member for Llanelly (Mr. J. Griffiths), my right hon. Friend the Member for Huyton (Mr. H. Wilson), my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart), the Minister and the denominations, or even my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies), engaged in these similar private conversations. We in this House must either accept, modify or reject the Bill. There will be a Committee stage, and I hope that there will be opportunities for showing that we are responsible people who accept arrangements that are entered into for us by trusted leaders; but we cannot put the blame on them if afterwards we do not like them.
  I mentioned the way in which that Bill went through the House for this reason. At no time did either of the two denominations concerned think that it would be able to meet the obligations which it was undertaking except by the most tremendous efforts. The last thing that was done in this House, after agreeing to the 50 per cent. grant, was to bring in a system by which the remainder of the capital cost to the denomination could be met by a loan arranged in a business like manner. There was very considerable discussion about this, and this brings me to the single-school area problem.

  921
  When the Bill left the Committee, loans for the remainder of the capital cost to the denomination could be arranged at what was then computed to be 4½ per cent. annual repayment, which would wipe out the loan in a period of approximately forty years. Owing to a discussion which took place late in the Committee stage, when the new Clause to incorporate that provision in the Bill was being given its Second Reading, the Nonconformists—and I speak as a Nonconformist, and not as a Free Churchman; I am a Nonconformist, and I generally manage to non-conform with anybody, both in this House and outside—objected to loans being made available in single school areas. Section 105 (3) of the Education Act directs the Minister, when he has an application for a loan from a single school area, to give consideration to that matter and to consult other people in the neighbourhood who may be regarded as feeling a grievance if a denominational school is established in an area in which there is no provision for a county or controlled school. The Minister can hold a local inquiry, and he has to consider the result.
  Last Thursday, I asked the Minister how many such grants have been applied for, and I gather that the Ministry has at last received one, and I understand that the right hon. Gentleman has it under consideration. That was what the Parliamentary Secretary told me in a Written reply. I mention that because I want the House to realise that one of the things that was done in the closing stages of the discussion on the Education Bill of 1944 in this House was to give some recognition to the Nonconformist problem that arises in the single school area.
  I speak with some feeling on this matter, because I was brought up in a single-school area. The lords of the council in those days were the national education authority, and they condemned the school in which I was being taught as being insanitary. A public meeting was called to decide how this situation was to be met. My father went armed with a resolution that we should have a school board in Epsom, but the meeting opened by the chairman saying, "I shall not ask you for any money, because all that is required to meet what the lords of the council want has been provided for us by the Epsom
  922
  Grandstand Association". At that time, and I am talking now about 1890, the railway companies would support any denominational school, and, indeed, Crewe never had a school board, because the railway company would make a grant to any school so that there should not be a school board rate in the area. It was because of that that Lord Hugh Cecil, as he then was, said in the debate in 1902 that that Act of 1902 would be the necropolis of the voluntary school.
  As long ago as that it was realised that the problem of keeping voluntary school buildings up to a satisfactory standard in competition with State and rate-supported council schools, as they were called, would be beyond the capacity of the denominations. The real issue in this matter was settled not in 1944, but when the House of Lords threw out the Bill that was introduced by Mr. Birrell in this House to correct the 1902 Act. That was when this matter was settled.
  I rejoice that feelings are not as bitter now as they were then, but I ask the House and the Minister to realise that in the villages, the feeling about the single-school area is very strong. Nowadays, it does not matter in the towns All the big towns have such a variety of county schools that if a child goes to a voluntary school there he does so because it is nearest to his home, and his mother wants him to run errands in the dinner time, or for some other reason the nearest school is the one that counts.
  Let us be clear on this. I do not believe that there is a single non-Catholic child in a Catholic school unless the parents let him go there for reasons of convenience. After all, the hon. Gentleman the Member for Wimbledon (Sir C. Black) and I—though he is a Free Churchman and I am a Noncomformist—have, nevertheless, been appointed by the Surrey County Council, for a considerable number of years now, to be its representative governors of a Jesuit college, to which my hon. Friend the Member for Bermondsey (Mr. Mellish) will send a succession of pupils for a good many years to come and of an Ursuline convent school.
  What is the problem facing the governors of the Ursuline convent

  923
  school? It is to keep the non-Catholic child out of it, because there are a number of non-Catholic parents who think that if they can get a girl in there she will acquire a polish, a sauvity and a general demeanour that will fit her, no matter what her brain power may be, to be either a good lady's maid or a lady's hairdresser.
  I say quite frankly, as a Nonconformist, that I do not regard the Roman Catholic schools as proselytising, but the problem of the single-school area, as was recognised by the hon. Member for Gravesend (Mr. Kirk), is that, even where the school is controlled, what this Act said should happen in a controlled school very often does not happen. According to Section 26 of the Act, the religious instruction to be given in a controlled school has to be the agreed syllabus, except for the children of parents who ask for instruction according to the trust deeds.
  I get complaints from all over the country that in controlled schools steps are not taken to ascertain the wishes of the parents. I would urge those who are to attend these conferences over which the right hon. Gentleman is to preside to see that it is made clear to the managers of controlled schools that the law with regard to religious instruction therein is as I have stated. I hope, too, that the Church of England, through its diocesan authorities, will take steps to see that that provision is carried out, for I am quite sure that that would do a great deal to soften the feelings that now undoubtedly exist in a good many villages where Nonconformist children receive church instruction, although the law says that in a controlled school the normal system of religious instruction shall be the agreed syllabus.
  Another question mentioned by the right hon. Gentleman was that of managers. Last night, I rang up my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Montgomery to remind him of a meeting over which he presided in a Committee room on 26th April, 1944, when the Noncomformist Members of the House met the four leaders of the Federal Free Church Council, headed by Dr. Scott-Lidgett, to consider what we should do on Report—the Committee stage had been completed.
  924
  The right hon. and learned Gentleman reminded us that we could deal only with matters of great importance, and Dr. Scott-Lidgett said that there was only one thing that remained, and that was the problem of the single-school area. He said, "We accept the controlled school. That is a solution." That was on the assumption that the law would be obeyed by the people who allow their schools to become controlled, and I hope that the hon. Member for Gravesend will agree with me, that if they opt for controlled status they have to obey the law, even if it is a little irksome. They should know the law before opting.
  Dr. Scott-Lidgett said, "There are three things that the Church of England has offered us. The first is that we should be able to appoint a Noncomformist teacher. We object to that because it is against our principles. We do not believe in religious tests for State servants, and do not want our people to get in through a religious test when we object to others doing so." The second offer was that there should be a discussion at diocesan level to see whether something could be worked out. The third offer was the appointment by the Free Churches of a foundation manager.
  We are not now talking of something that happened last week, but of something of which we heard on 26th April, 1944. Since then, there must have been thousands of schemes for the management and governorship of voluntary aided Church of England schools. I should have been a little more ready to believe that something is to happen next week if something on those lines had happened between 1944 and 1959, because every time the issue is raised this is something that is put up as one of the things that might be done.
  I say to the Minister that if the Church of England would agree to an arrangement by which a person not of the faith prescribed in the trust deeds of the school could be elected a manager or governor of a voluntary aided school it would give a very great deal of confidence to the Free Churches. It would wipe out nearly all the bitterness about the single school area. Steps should be taken to ensure that the foundation still has a majority on the board of managers or

  925
  board of governors. I hope that it may be possible for that to be done.
  I should like to congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham on the lucid way in which he explained to the House the very complicated matters raised in the Bill. I think that he made a convincing case for the line which he has taken on it and I unhesitatingly align myself with him. There is only one thing one which I am bound to express uneasiness. As I understand the arrangement, any voluntary denominational primary school that is built from now onwards does not confer on its pupils the right to a denominational education of the same sort when they pass on to secondary school.
  I do not think that such an arrangement can be permanent. The difficulty does not arise today; it will arise in about six or seven years' time, when the children pass on from the denominational voluntary school where they have been brought up, and of which their parents and religious leaders approve, and then may be expected to fit into a local arrangement which deprives them of the religious instruction which their parents want them to receive.
  That was why we in Surrey brought into the county system the Jesuit college and the Ursuline college, to which I have referred and of which the hon. Member for Wimbledon and myself are governors. We had cases like the one alluded to by my hon. Friend the Member for Southampton, Itchen (Dr. King) where children of great promise passed the dreaded 11-plus examination with great credit and then there was no place available for them in a Catholic school.
  Whether we like it or not, the Catholic says. "My child shall not be educated unless he is in a Catholic atmosphere". One may think that that is narrowing, but that is the Catholic parents' belief. As my hon. Friend the Member for Bootle (Mr. Mahon) said, the Catholic is not a second-class citizen. We are all equal citizens, and the Act of 1944 laid down that the wishes of the parents were to have overriding consideration when it came to matters of this sort.
  I therefore regret that there is in this arrangement what The Times called some
  926
  impermanence. Frankly, I hope that we shall in the not too distant future be able to reach an agreement, not merely between the political parties but between all the religious denominations, by which we shall be able so to arrange matters that in accordance with Section 76 of the Act most children will not be in a school which may involve conflict between the school, the home and the Church. There can be nothing worse, either for the school or for the pupil, than such an atmosphere as that should exist.
  I regret to say that this impermanence seems to me to be self-evident on the face of the Bill. Someone will have to meet the situation that it will create if it persists. Apart from that, I think that all those associated with the political negotiations on this Measure should be congratulated on the results which they have achieved. I sincerely hope that it will not be long before we shall have an atmosphere where such bitterness as remains in a single-school area can be eliminated and where we shall not have to worry about what will happen to the religious education of a child when he moves on to a secondary school. I wish the Measure well.
  6.57 p.m.
  Mr. Joseph Reeves: I am sure that we have all listened to the debate with considerable interest, particularly to the contribution of my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede). So far, however, we have heard only about the interests of various religious bodies. It may surprise hon. Members to know that there are citizens in the country who cannot accept the religious interpretation of the Bill. There are members of our community who cannot accept the Christian faith. They may describe themselves as humanists or rationalists, but they are certainly not in agreement with the arrangement arrived at in 1944. Although the Bill which we are discussing is entitled the "Education Bill", in my view it is more concerned with financial grants to religious organisations than with education as such.
  The first criticism that I should like to make of the Measure is that it is one for which no hon. Member has received a mandate. The people have not been consulted about its provisions. I may be told that it is no more than an amendment to the Education Acts of

  927
  1944 and 1953 and that no new principle is involved. It is my view, however, that certain interests are obtaining every ounce of advantage from a very highly disputable principle.
  Previous Acts were not expressions of the popular will of the electorate. In 1944, when the war was nearing its agonising close, a Bill was produced with the object of making a fundamental change in our educational system at a time when it was felt that the children of the common people were entitled to more equitable treatment than they had previously received. Before 1944, the great majority of children had no hope whatever of any form of higher education. Their education stopped dead at 14 years of age. The Bill of 1944 was designed to abolish this grave social injustice. When it was decided to provide a limited measure of secondary education for all children, the problem of religious instruction in the schools had to be tackled. It was decided that as this issue was of such a controversial character, not only would it be right to seek agreement amongst the religious bodies concerned, but with the political parties as well. The 1944 agreement resulted from those consultations, except that the Free churches were reluctant parties to the agreement.
  Members of Parliament at that time had no mandate whatever to depart from the previous practice. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Randall Davidson, himself had admitted that the result of the election of 1906 had established that the nation had decided in favour of the popular control of its schools. In my view, the nation has never given its assent to a departure from that principle.
  The Education Act, 1944, was a grave departure from that clear-cut principle. The Free Churches were never happy about the compromise, as it was called, and the humanists were totally opposed to it, because the public were called upon to pay most of the costs of denominational schools without having any control or any measure of control.
  Children are entitled to understand the history of Christianity, and their knowledge would be gravely lacking were it not revealed how mankind embraces a considerable variety of religions. I
  928
  therefore say that this Parliament has no mandate to force taxpayers and ratepayers to go further than this by paying for the instruction of children in an outmoded moral and ethical concept of life, depriving them of the educational advantages which would be made possible by the release of this time for instruction in less controversial subjects.
  When the present Home Secretary, who was the Minister involved, discussed with the Committee of the whole House on 10th March, 1944, the question of the collective act of worship which should open school activities, he said:
  "the … provisions of the Clause indicate that a parent who desires his children not to join in this act of worship, is not obliged to cause the children to attend. Therefore, it is not a compulsory act of worship, or a compulsory church parade, as some people imagine."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 10th March, 1944; Vol. 397, c. 2401–2.]
  It is, however, compulsory for the education authority to provide such a period of attendance at a collective act of worship and virtually compulsory for teachers to participate in one way or another. It is true that parents may withdraw their children from such an assembly. Indeed, they may also withdraw their children from lessons involving religious instruction. This right, however, is an unjustifiable demand on parents. Many may not wish that their children should be segregated during this period.
  Roman Catholics withdraw their children when they cannot provide school places under their own control. Indeed, in all probability, this is the reason—it may be even the main reason—why they have asked for the increase in the grant of from 50 to 75 per cent. so that they can provide for more of their children. Jewish parents withdraw their children and many humanists do the same. Is it right that such segregation of children should be the outcome of a State system of education which uses compulsion on one of the most debatable issues of our modern life?
  The situation embarrasses an increasing number of parents who wish to make their own arrangements regarding the moral, ethical and even religious instruction of their children. Free Churchmen as well as humanists are opposed to this provision, to which they have not given their complete assent and, in many cases,

  929
  upon which they have not even been consulted.
  I have with me a circular which I received only a few days ago from the London Baptist Association. This circular makes the assertion that
  "the Minister of Education did not at any time call together all interested parties around one table to discuss the difficult issues involved in his proposals."
  Mr. Ede: No Education Minister has done that since Sir Charles Trevelyan called them all together and lost his Bill as a result.
  Mr. Reeves: If the Minister had done so, he would have met the objection at least of the London Baptist Association. The Association also states that it is
  "not assured that sufficient consideration has been given to the opinion of the large number of people who are not associated with any church."
  I wonder whether the House realises the significance of that. I am not saying that, but I would have said it if the London Baptist Association had not said it for me.
  It is true that my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart) referred to a growing body of people who cannot accept the Christian philosophy and to a larger body still who are completely apathetic on this issue. The truth is that there is a growing body of opinion which cannot accept in any way the Christian philosophy. The Minister has not invited us at all to talk with him on our attitude towards the Bill. It is true that we met the Parliamentary Secretary, but it was not at his invitation. It was at our request.
  Finally, the London Baptist Association states
  "the proposed increased grants strengthen the already privileged position of denominational schools."
  There is no doubt about that. Those who have listened to the debate this afternoon must realise that the position of the denominational school is being strengthened, particularly in the second field.
  It is right that the leaders of the political parties and of some of the denominations should give their approval to a scheme of such a controversial character involving disputed dogmas, both within and without the Christian community? I am sure that it is not. With the passing of the years the people of
  930
  the country will regret this truly opportunist alliance.
  Let me read—[Interruption.] I have no doubt that I shall be taken to task for putting forward this point of view. I hope, however, that hon. Members will be tolerant and give me one or two more minutes. Some time ago, the Free Church Council issued a document on denominational schools. At the end of a critical analysis of the Bill, I was surprised and delighted to read these words:
  "The privileged position of the denominational schools is introducing a clerical and anticlerical struggle into our country compared with which the old antagonisms of Church and Chapel will seem child's play."
  The Minister has said that everything in the garden is lovely, that we have almost got 100 per cent. agreement and that we are going to have further conferences with the Free Churches. No doubt he feels that his difficulties will be overcome. That, however, as I have read, is what the Free Church Council had to say on the situation.
  May I introduce a personal note into this debate? I have three daughters. The two elder daughters went to school and participated in the collective worship and attended lessons in religious knowledge. They are now humanists in spite of the fact that I am against propaganda at home in these matters which are, in my view, matters which a person has the right to decide at a period of maturity. The third child asked to withdraw from religious lessons because the teacher of religious knowledge said to her that she was an atheist. Of course, I had no alternative on that account but to comply with her request.
  But I hate this segregation of our children. They have to go into a back room while the religious lessons are being given. I should like my child to know something about comparative religion. I should like my child to know all about the great religions of the world. I do not want her to be bothered with the multiplicity of doctrinal conflicts which occur in the British Christian Church. I am not in any way interested in those things. My child has no right at all in this matter; she is segregated, and she is put into a back room with Jews, Catholics, and a number of other children who are withdrawn. It is my view that such subjects are only appropriate for full

  931
  discussion when years of maturity and understanding have been reached.
  Certain of the Churches are not so tolerant as we humanists are. Headmasters and headmistresses, and in many cases teachers, are forced to participate in collective worship and the teaching of a subject in which they do not believe. In many cases, in spite of the conscience clause, their future would be in grave jeopardy were they to reveal their true beliefs.
  Dr. King: Surely my hon. Friend knows that no teacher is compelled to take part in an act of worship, and it is against the law of the land to interfere with the professional prospects of a teacher because of his religious views?
  Mr. Reeves: I did not say anything otherwise. I said they could take advantage of the conscience clause, but woe betide some of those in certain of our schools were they to take advantage of the clause.
  In our modern life it is the duty of the State, acting on behalf of its people, from whom it derives all its power, to provide a complete system of education upon the basis of equality of opportunity for all. Indeed, as a humanist I would go further and say with the Master of Balliol in the Report of the Commission on Adult Education in 1919 that
  "Education should be both universal and lifelong".
  This can come about only when the State confines itself and its activities to the provision of educational facilities for its people, leaving to the religious bodies and the non-religious bodies freedom to carry out their work in their own way and of making known their deeply held views on such subjects. Because the State is composed of non-religious as well as religious citizens, it is violating the principles upon which our political democracy is founded if it denies to what it may think to be a minority the rights it concedes to numerically more articulate groups in the country.
  The Act of 1944 provided that if schools under denominational authority were to concede a considerable measure of public control they could become controlled schools, in which case the problem of building standards would
  932
  become the responsibility of the community. On the other hand, those who stood out for complete denominational control were granted 50 per cent. of the cost of reconstructing schools so that they might be brought up to modern standards. They had the right to appoint their own staffs and teachers, and no teacher, unless of a particular denomination, could hope to find an appointment in these schools; the whole cost of the educational and religious activities as well as half of the cost of building improvements and the rebuilding of unsuitable or black-listed schools being provided out of public funds.
  It would be intolerable if we were to go farther along this disputed path. The proposed increase of grant is unacceptable to a growing body of the public which resents religious domination. Anglicans accepted controlled status for many of their own schools and thus lost denominational management. The Roman Catholics stood out against such an agreement. None of their schools was allowed to become controlled. They thus accepted 50 per cent. financial responsibility for the reconstruction of unsuitable schools, but reserved their control.
  This dual system of education is educationally inefficient, and unfair to those who cannot accept denominational Christian doctrines. If public money is to be forthcoming for the school building programmes, the public has the right to control the activities of the schools. The 1944 concession to denominational teaching was more than generous. It was dangerously partisan. If a Church wishes to control a school and appoint its teachers it should be prepared to pay at least in part for the privilege.
  Humanists, and Free Churchmen, for that matter, have been most tolerant over the 1944 agreement, but if the dual system is to be extended—we have heard today how it is to be extended; it is going to be extended in the secondary schools from an uncertain pyramid to a column—as is envisaged in the Bill, a new attempt will have to be made to divorce the State and its education system entirely from religious controversies, controversies which are now brewing. In my view, this Bill is a legislative Measure to break the 1944 agreement in favour of a minority religious interest.

  933
  In the Government's White Paper a large scale development of our secondary school system of education is envisaged. May I ask the Minister whether the increased percentage grant is to be paid for new denominational secondary schools? If it is, then assuredly it is a further departure from the 1944 agreement. I should like to ask the Minister how many schools are likely to be involved in this programme.
  This dual system is one of the greatest political errors of this century. It will increasingly divide our people into conflicting groups as the demands of the authoritarian elements in the State gain concessions. The Government should never have truckled to these elements. The Government's job is to provide a comprehensive and efficient system of education holding widely varying religious and non-religious views.
  Those like myself who believe that the discoveries of modern science have made supernatural religion an anachronism demand the right to ensure that their children are not taught doctrines which cannot stand up to the challenge of modern criticism. But we wish to concede to religious bodies the absolute and uncallenged liberty to disseminate religious doctrines out of school according to their needs.
  I was reading—[An HON. MEMBER: "The hon. Member still is."]—only the other day the debate on the Education Act, 1944, which dealt with this issue, in which my hon. Friend the Member for Aberavon (Mr. Cove) said:
  "I do not want to exaggerate, but this Bill can be pretty fairly described as a Bill for compulsory religious teaching throughout the whole State system of education. Not only does it do that, but it preserves and extends religious denominational teaching through the schools. This is a revolution in British educational history … I am not so sure that State compulsion will lead in the direction which hon. Members opposite desire. It is possible to make religious teaching very unpopular."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 10th March, 1944: Vol. 397, c. 2402–3.]
  I would say that the way to do that is to start to teach the children when they are of an immature age.
  How do the Government, how do the political parties and the religious bodies, feel about the results of religious teaching in the schools? Are our people more religious as a result of this sustained effort? Every hon. Member knows the
  934
  answer to that question. The trouble facing all of us is that we have ignored the trends of our times. We have failed to deal with the vacuum caused by the lack of belief in supernatural religion. We have proceeded blindly to enunciate notions which today are not accepted even by well-known churchmen. Prior to 1944, the Cowper-Temple Clause was at least a way of reconciling public control with religious susceptibilities. Cannot we find a new formula more in keeping with our age, agog with new scientific discoveries, but needing the teaching of the best which moral and ethical principles can provide?
  Religious people, and the growing army of unbelievers as well as the many millions who are completely apathetic upon such matters, need the inspiration of the good life and the unselfish cause. Communal co-operation in such a cause would do untold good in an era of scepticism. It serves little purpose to be told by a well-known bishop that we are a nation of pagans. Are we not concerned about the precipitate fall in attendances at churches and in Sunday schools? I will refrain from mentioning the Gallup poll figures on church attendances, because I should only hurt the susceptibilities of my friends and colleagues.
  Religion speaks to the people of this country through all the media available, through the Press, through television, through the radio, and yet much of it falls on deaf ears. We pay a high price for our bigotry. History may have hard things to say of our blindness to perceive the impact which science has made upon current philosophical thinking. Those like myself who believe that the great gifts of science have enabled man to throw off many devotedly-held superstitions want to see the joining together of all the progressive forces of the land to conquer disease and the remnants of poverty. We want to see the abolition of overcrowding and of slums, and indeed of all social injustices and inequalities. Above all, we want to banish the incalculable possibilities of war from the face of the earth. If this could be our mission in this nuclear age, surely we could accord to one another the right to equality of treatment for all children in our schools.
  Our parties are demanding our loyalty to this new political and partly religious

  935
  agreement. I am permitted to invoke the conscience clause and refrain from voting. To walk through the "No" Lobby would be a mere convention. I raise my voice instead against the Bill. I am sure that this way is far more effective.
  7.23 p.m.
  Mr. T. W. Jones: My intervention will be very brief. First, I am very pleased to disagree with everything that my hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich (Mr. Reeves) has said. I have never believed in denominational schools. I believe that education is a matter for the State and the State only, but provision, of course, should be made in every school for religious instruction.
  I am a Protestant and a staunch Nonconformist. I say that I am a staunch Nonconformist, Mr. Speaker, because I am a member of a small religious denomination known as the Scotch Baptists. Paradoxical as it may appear to you, as a Scotsman, there are no Scotch Baptists in Scotland. They are confined to North Wales, and were you to ask me tonight to explain just what we stand for it would take me a long time.
  Briefly, I would say that we are the very antithesis of Roman Catholicism. All that we teach is absolutely contrary to anything taught in the Roman Catholic Church. We disagree fundamentally with Roman Catholics, and they disagree fundamentally with us, but I have good friends among Catholics in the House and outside. Indeed, I am on good terms with the Bishop of Menevia, who virtually is the bishop of the whole of Wales. I hope, therefore, that my good friends in the House will not think me unkind towards them in anything that I am about to say, because it will be said in the best of spirit and because I want to have it off my Nonconformist conscience.
  Britain is still a Protestant country, and I would maintain that it is only in a Protestant and democratic country that one would be presented with a Bill such as this. They would not have this Bill in Colombia, in Spain, in Italy, or in France. Therefore, I hope that our Catholic friends will appreciate and reciprocate the toleration and the great
  936
  measure of magnanimity shown by non-Catholic people in this country.
  Let us face frankly the fact that if any hon. Member of the House opposed the Bill he would be denounced from every Roman Catholic pulpit throughout his constituency. I know from my own experience that what I am saying is true. In a free country this should not be. It is unworthy. So my appeal is that I hope with the Second Reading of the Bill—because there will be no Division this evening—the spirit of toleration shown by the Protestants, and the Nonconformists in particular, will be reciprocated.
  I should also like to believe that the Bill will finalise the question of grants to the denominational Churches. The 1944 Act embodied proposals which had been agreed by all denominations, Protestant and Roman Catholic. The 50 per cent. for the schools was accepted and it seemed at the time that everyone was satisfied with it, but before fifteen years have elapsed there has been a great agitation, of which our mail is the proof, over the last two or three years for the grant to be augmented. Indeed, this Bill is a direct result of that agitation.
  What worries us as Nonconformists is: will this be the end, or shall we hear in a few years' time that the grants should be increased to 80 per cent., to 90 per cent. and eventually to 100 per cent.? I believe that if any member of the Roman Catholic Church who is also an hon. Member of this House could assure us this evening that this will be the end, it would bring great satisfaction to Nonconformists. If no hon. Member is authorised to do that here, then I appeal from the House to the Roman Catholic leaders of the country to make such a declaration in the interests of the Bill and in the interests of true education.
  Mr. Mellish: At least this can be said, that if I can catch Mr. Speaker's eye I can show him clearly that we missed a chance here tonight in not arriving at a settlement which would take this question out of politics for the rest of the century.
  Mr. Jones: I am pleased to hear my hon. Friend say that.
  Mr. Mellish: We missed the chance.
  Mr. Jones: How?
  Mr. Mellish: I must develop that in a speech. I am hoping to catch Mr. Speaker's eye.
  Mr. Jones: Then I will sit down to give my hon. Friend a chance of developing the theme, because I shall be pleased to hear what he has to say.
  7.33 p.m.
  Mr. L. M. Lever: I have listened to every minute of this important debate today and I am sure that all of us have been impressed by the temper and the good feeling and the mutual tolerance expressed on this important subject.
  I am sorry, Mr. Speaker, that I cannot answer the question of the hon. Gentleman the Member for Merioneth (Mr. T. W. Jones), but I can tell him that he has shown, as have his Nonconformists colleagues, a sense of tolerance and good will today which reflects credit not only on their faith, but on this great country. I wish the world could listen in to the spirit and the temper of the debate, because I am sure that not only have we made an educational advance by giving fuller scope to the denominational schools but, in addition, have shown great tolerance.
  As a Jew I also am deeply interested in denominational schools. I do not agree with my hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich (Mr. Reeves) that we ought to have a uniform system of education divorced from denominational schools.
  Mr. Reeves: Universities.
  Mr. Lever: Whatever my lion. Friend likes to call it, I believe that every denomination is entitled to retain its own conscience in a free and democratic society, and as a member of the Jewish faith I fully support the Bill and my community fully supports it. I believe that the country is not worse for denominational teaching, but is the better for it. I think that a nation which believes in God will be a better nation than one which is atheistic and agnostic and indifferent to the sacred verities of religion, whatever that religion may be and whatever the conscience of the individual concerned.
  I am glad to see that in this country we are showing a proper spirit of mutual respect and tolerance, each retaining his
  938
  own conscience yet working together as members of the great British family. I have been a member of a large education committee for eighteen years. I was chairman of -its finance committee and I was nauseated by the arguments that went on in the 'thirties as to whether this item for the school was the financial responsibility of the local education authority or that item belonged to a denomination.
  For instance, if one wanted to have a toilet outside the building, it was the responsibility of the denomination; if one wanted it inside, it was that of the local education authority. If one wanted a new chimney pot, it was the liability of the denomination. If one wanted to have the flue put in order, it was the responsibility of the local education authority. Those conceptions befogged our educational system and I am very glad indeed that we are gradually but surely getting away from that narrow conception which clouded our education in days gone by, and are showing a spirit worthy of the age in which we live.
  A great deal has been said about the denominational schools. I believe that the dual system has come to stay, I hope that it will stay, and that it will become stronger if people wish it to be stronger. It is wrong for a denomination to have to pay not only for its primary schools, but also for its secondary schools, and to fulfil obligations which should not devolve upon it. After all is said and done, those who want denominational teaching should have a right to it. Every parent should have the exclusive right to have such religious education for his child in a school of his own denomination.
  One would sometimes think that those who are members of the denominations are just recipients from the common pool. The members of the denominations contribute to national taxation and they contribute to rates. If they feel that, in conscience, they wish their children to be educated at particular schools, they have every right to say so. They do not deny the right of those who do not want denominational teaching to have such education as they want. Neither should those who do not want denominational teaching deny it to those who want it.
  A great deal of play has been made about control, that the denominational

  939
  schools are not under anyone's control. We are all under the control of Parliament. We are all under the control of our democracy in our schools as in any other matter. Under Section 13, the members of the denominations cannot build a new denominational school unless they have the approval of the local education authority and of the Minister for it.
  Even if they have established their school, the school is subject to constant inspection not only by Her Majesty's inspectors at every stage of the curriculum, but, in addition, the local education authority, even though in a minority, sends representatives to the schools of the denominations. If things are not up to standard in a particular denominational school, is it to be thought that the representative of the local educational authority, who, in many cases, may not be of the same faith, will not faithfully report back to the education committee about how things are going? It is sheer nonsense to say that denominational schools are not under the aegis of some supervision.
  Today, we have taken a great step forward in showing greater justice towards the denominational schools than we have shown hitherto. I am glad to think that children of different denominations, whether they be Anglican, Catholic, Free Church, or whoever they may be, will have this advantage. I respect the Free Church conscience as much as I respect the conscience of anyone. When I was Lord Mayor of Manchester, I used to accept the invitations of all the denominations. I should continue to do so, although I belong to the Jewish faith. I respect them all. They are all doing very valuable work according to their conscience, whether in their Churches or their schools.
  I affirm that that is the spirit in which we should approach the problem, the spirit of conscience within ourselves and the spirit of botherhood towards each other. It is that temper which has today been shown to be one of the great features of this country, greater than one could find in any other part of the world. I hope that it will continue. I have seen it in this country very often. If one is conscientious towards one's own faith and tolerant to the faiths of others, that is the way to achieve the future progress
  940
  which we so sorely need. If we bicker with each other, as we did in days gone by, we shall not create a happy atmosphere that is so desirable.
  Every credit is due to those denominations, such as the Roman Catholic community, who are very keen on their own faith and having their own schools. They are very fine citizens. They have done their duty in peace, in war and at all times. When I was the chief citizen of a great city, I was very glad to welcome their co-operation as I was to welcome the co-operation of Nonconformists, Anglicans and those of my own faith. There should be nothing to divide us in these matters. I hope that the Bill will receive the wholehearted and unanimous support which it deserves in a free and civilised age in the greatest country in the world.
  7.45 p.m.
  Mr. Eric Fletcher:
  We have had a great variety of opinion expressing many points of view. My hon. Friend the Member for Manchester, Ardwick (Mr. L. M. Lever) has expressed a point of view not previously put forward, but he expressed also the feeling which other hon. Members have had about the spirit of tolerance in this debate.
  I was very glad, too, that my hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich (Mr. Reeves) had an opportunity of putting his point of view. Although I did not agree with what he said and I do not agree with his outlook, I feel it to be most important that in this debate in the House, which is concerned primarily with religious teaching in schools, we should hear from one who, I think, described himself as a humanist or rationalist and who spoke on behalf of those—a growing number, one must admit—who do not accept the Christian philosophy.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich was totally opposed to any kind of denominational teaching in schools. It seemed to me that the arguments he addressed to the House put into focus much of the somewhat narrower field we had been covering during the debate. He reminded us that we are now living in a country in which, although there is a great deal of diffused Christianity, there is a very large number of people who not only do not

  941
  conceal the fact that they do not accept Christianity but who tend to boast of not accepting it.
  All of us should bear in mind this important fact as the background of what we are discussing. As I see it, we are very fortunate in this country to have a system which has been evolved and hammered out by consent, a system in which there is an agreed measure of religious teaching in all schools, an agreed religious syllabus in State schools as well as the dual system which permits denominational teaching in the denominational schools. I am not sure whether this country is unique in this respect. It is certainly very different in the matter of religious teaching from most other countries. There is nothing like it in the United States of America, in France or in most Continental countries. I do not know whether Sweden is an exception. I feel that we can congratulate ourselves on having worked out a system which, in accord with our long national traditions, enables the Christian virtues and the Christian philosophy to be put before all schoolchildren throughout the country.
  Like other hon. Members, I have received a good many communications from those who feel strongly about this Bill, notably Free Church Ministers and those representing Free Church organisations. I regret that this Measure is not a fully agreed Measure between all the Churches in the same way as it is fully agreed between the political parties. As carefully as I can, I want to say something about the representations which I have received from Free Church people in my constituency.
  The first observation I would make was touched upon by the hon. Member for Hertfordshire, South-West (Mr. G. Longden). Whereas I can understand my hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich, a non-Christian, from his point of view objecting to all denominational teaching in schools, I regret that during the last few weeks the spearhead of the opposition to the Bill, such as it is, has come not from non-Christians but from Christian bodies, namely, the Free Churches.
  I believe that in itself to be a matter for regret, and I was very glad to hear the speeches made by such respected leaders of the Free Churches as the hon.
  942
  Member for Wimbledon (Sir C. Black) and certain of my hon. Friends who spoke, including the hon. Member for Abertillery (The Rev. L1. Williams). If I may say so, I think that they dealt with all or nearly all the criticisms of the Bill which were expressed in the letter to The Times of 18th June signed by a number of distinguished members of the hierarchy of the Free Church Council.
  I would have thought that the first of their arguments had been effectively disposed of by a number of speakers in this debate. As my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart) pointed out, there is nothing in the argument that the Bill is a departure in any way from the spirit of the 1944 settlement. I regard it as an essential Measure bringing up to date in the conditions of 1959 what was implicit in that agreement.
  However, we must also face the question asked, particularly by my hon. Friend the Member for Merioneth (Mr. T. W. Jones), my hon. Friend the Member for Abertillery and others, as to whether, in twenty years' time, the matter will be carried a stage further and there will be a demand for an increase from 75 per cent. If I had to answer that, I would say that just as there is no magic in 50 per cent. so there is no magic in 75 per cent., but I hope that we will regard this as a purely academic question. I hope that the Roman Catholic Church will be able to recognise that it has received a very generous measure of treatment in this Bill. I speak on these matters as an Anglican, and, therefore, it is perhaps easier for me to speak than for a Roman Catholic or a member of the Free Church, because in this debate the position of the Anglican community is relatively simple. It entirely approves of the Measure and has no criticism of it. It has, however, one suggestion to make, which has already been made, and which I will venture to repeat before I conclude.
  As I have said, I hope that the Roman Catholic community will recognise the generous measure of treatment it is receiving. I hope that the Free Churches also will be ready to discount what seems to me a quite unreal fear expressed in that letter to The Times of 18th June. One must face the fact that underlying this attitude of the Free Churches is a fear of the growth and revival of Romanism. It has been

  943
  expressed, not perhaps in those words, in some of the letters I have received. One of my correspondents from the Free Churches tells me that it is the duty of the Opposition to scrutinise every Bill in the interests of the minorities concerned. My correspondent rather suggests that I should be failing in my duty if I did not look at this from the point of view of the Free Church minority. I would point out that the Roman Catholic Church is also a minority interest in this country, and until the last century a minority deprived of a great many privileges. As an Anglican Member, I readily acknowledge the right of all minorities. It seems to me that in some of the publications which I have seen—and I think that the hon. and gallant Member for Down, South (Captain Orr) rather gave expression to the same attitude—it has been suggested the Free Churches have a duty to act as the opponents of a revived or an increasing Roman Catholicism. I hope that I am not doing him an injustice.
  Captain Orr: I think that the hon. Gentleman is doing me a slight injustice. I am an Anglican and I was speaking for those opposed to the dual system and not specifically for the Catholic Church.
  Mr. Fletcher: I think that we must recognise that since 1944 this country has accepted the dual system and that it has come to stay. That being the case, we have a duty to accept it not only in the interest of education but also in the interest of Christian tolerance. Granted the dual system, the Roman Catholics have the same right as anybody else. They make great sacrifices to maintain their denominational schools. I am glad to think, with my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede), who gave us a wealth of history about Education Bills from the early days of the century, that we can all rejoice that religious tolerance both in the field of education and generally is much greater than it was 50 years ago and, indeed, in most of our past history.
  We can congratulate ourselves that in this country in the last generation or two—in my lifetime, at any rate—there has been a much greater degree of religious toleration than ever before. I think—the words of Archbishop Temple have already been quoted—that the
  944
  real division in the nation today is not between Catholics and Protestants or between one denomination and another, but between Christians and non-Christians. I do not think the Free Church bodies need be so alarmed about the growth of the Roman Catholic population.
  Unfortunately, in this country, as one knows as a matter of history, the fear of Papism is almost ingrained in our people. It dates from long before the Reformation, long before Henry VIII; it existed in the time of King John and earlier. It is not entirely a religious bias. Long before the Reformation it was grounded in political emotion. We have however long emerged from the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries, when people still remembered the fires of Smithfield, and read little but Foxe's "Book of Martyrs." I think that this debate and the general outlook of tolerance which has been manifested by most speakers and—I am glad to recognise it—by so many Free Church speakers, contrary to some of the Free Church literature which we have been receiving, is very healthy and very wholesome.
  I conclude by stressing one other matter. It has been recognised that the Free Churches have a grievance, or think that they have a grievance, in what are called the single school areas. As I am a London Member, I am not very familiar with the details of rural single-school areas, but I would remind the House of the very sympathetic and encouraging statement put out on behalf of the Anglican Church one day last week in a release to the Press quoted in The Times, and other newspapers.
  As there stated the Anglican Church is prepared to do everything it can to meet the legitimate grievance—if that is the right word—or legitimate representations of the Free Churches in these single-school areas. The Anglican Church thinks that the problem has been exaggerated and is not aware that there have been more than a very few specific complaints and difficulties in single-school areas. But in so far as such problems arise, the Church of England has said that it is prepared to see that in single-school areas there are facilities over and above those which already exist for ensuring that children receive religious instruction in accordance with

  945
  the agreed syllabus. It has also agreed that the local Free Church communities should be invited to appoint managing bodies for some of these schools.
  Conditions vary from one district to another according to the conditions of the trust deeds, but the Anglican community puts this offer forward not as part of a bargain, but unconditionally, in an attempt to meet genuine Free Church difficulties in single-school areas. It is very heartening to know that the Minister is to participate in forthcoming conversations in that respect. I put that as one further indication of the growing degree of tolerance, understanding, mutual sympathy and harmony in the relations among all the Churches on this subject and it is in that spirit that I, like so many others, commend the Bill to the House.
  8.2 p.m.
  Mr. James Griffiths: We have had an interesting, temperate and moderate debate, and hon. Members who have taken part in it have spoken with deep conviction and with an almost unanimous desire to approve the efforts which have been made to reach an arrangement which would commend itself to the House and the country.
  When, earlier last year, the Minister announced that he felt that the Government's education programme and other considerations had convinced him that further aid would have to be given to denominational schools if we were to make the educational advance which we all desired, I at once approached him—and I thank him for his courtesy. I asked him whether it was his desire that in 1959, as in 1944, we should seek to reach an arrangement which would commend itself to all parties and which would unite Parliament as far as possible on this matter and receive at least the acquiescence of all the religious organisations. I thank the Minister for having invited representatives of my party and of the Liberal Party to those discussions.
  As one privileged to represent my party at those discussions, I pay my sincere thanks to my hon. Friend the Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart). My hon. Friend came to that task, as to all tasks in education, with knowledge and experience which were of very great benefit.
  946
  I also express my thanks to the representatives of the Liberal Party.
  We all approached this problem desiring to achieve three ends. First, it was desirable to prevent the matter becoming the subject of party controversy and a Dutch auction for votes among the parties at an election. Secondly, it was desirable to secure the agreement of the representatives of all the religious organisations, if that was possible. Thirdly, we felt that to seek to ensure agreement among the political parties and the religious organisations in our approach towards a new arrangement there was one thing which was very important, indeed, essential, and that was to bring any new arrangement within the framework of the Education Act, 1944. All the time, our paramount consideration was the child.
  I want now to speak for myself as a Nonconformist, proud of that tradition, proud of having been nurtured in a Nonconformist home and in a Nonconformist atmosphere and paying my tribute to what that tradition has meant, still means and, I hope, always will mean for this country. My right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) and the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) have spoken of their personal experience, and I shall speak of mine.
  In my early youth, I became a member of the Independent Labour Party, a Socialist, and all my life I have been an active trade unionist. Early in my active life as a trade unionist I was given the very great privilege of representing my trade union at an international conference on the Continent. I was very young, very innocent and, I confess, very ignorant. I had left school at 13 to go to the pit. I am none the worse for that, although I should have been gratified to have had the chance of further education.
  I was shocked to find that on the Continent there was more than one trade union movement. The trade union movement there was split and divided. There was a Christian movement and a non-Christian movement. The Social Democratic parties in Europe were divided on religious grounds. I then made up my mind that I would do all I could to prevent that sort of thing spreading to my country. I believe that I was right to take that view.

  947
  I shall not prophesy; I shall dare to say something about the past and I ask the indulgence of hon. Members opposite when I say something to my hon. Friends. But for the fact that trade union and political movements on the Continent are divided on clerical and anti-clerical grounds, we should have had a Socialist Europe long ago. I made up my mind to prevent these explosive matters becoming the subject of political contention in this country.
  I make no apology whatsoever for being firmly convinced that in the interests of our political life it was desirable to find an arrangement acceptable to all parties, an arrangement which would not become a matter of political controversy at any time and, in particular, at an election.
  We approached the discussions, as the House has approached the debate today, with the further knowledge that in 1944 the parties and the religious organisations had come to a very important decision. I do not want to "pass the buck" to anybody. I accept my part of the responsibility. In the 1944 Act we agreed that we would not legislate the dual system out of existence, and not only that we would not legislate it out of existence but that we would not starve the denominational schools out of existence.
  That was accepted in 1944. I was not in the Government of 1943–44. I was in Parliament. My colleagues were in the Government. At that time the Leader of the House was a friend whose memory will always be cherished, the late Mr. Arthur Greenwood. For the purposes of organising party work we had an administrative committee of which I was a member. Discussions took place and all the parties had to make the fundamental decision, which was incorporated in the 1944 Act, to accept a dual system.
  For a number of reasons I prefer a single State system. But in 1944—not only because we were in the midst of a war; we faced the problem whenever we came to it—had we decided, as a Parliament, to insist on a single State system it would have raised the kind of bitter controversy which we are now trying to avoid. Had we agreed on a single State system we should have compelled all parents to send their children to a State
  948
  school, or, alternatively, pay for their children's education.
  What would have happened then? The only people who would have been able to give their children the education they desired them to have would have been those able to pay for it; which would have made a distinction between the child of the rich man—be he a member of the Church of England or of the Roman Catholic Church—who could afford to pay, and the poor man who could not afford to pay. What Socialist, what citizen, could accept such a system? Therefore, it was clear that if we accepted a dual system, aid would have to be provided.
  I wish to stress this, because it is important. The dual system was accepted. I do not blame the Free Churches for accepting it, I accepted it myself and I think that it was the right thing to do in the circumstances. I do not regret the decision I made in 1944. But, having accepted the dual system, we had a duty to make it work. The worst thing of all, having accepted a dual system, would be to allow it to work under such arrangements that the worst form of duality resulted; a State system of education provided entirely out of public funds, continually advancing and improving, and a denominational side which would be far behind. That would be to have the worst of both worlds. It was, therefore, essential to make the dual system work once it had been accepted and it was in that spirit that we approached the problem and sought to make the right arrangements.
  First, we had to consider whether we should increase the grant from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent. and I am glad that there is general recognition, including that by my friends in the Free Churches, of the strong case for increasing the grant from 50 per cent. Since we were increasing the grant I had to satisfy myself that to raise it to 75 per cent. was right. I agreed to that.
  Now I come to the second provision regarding secondary schools and I wish to explain how I approached this problem. As has been said in the debate, all parties in the House are committed to the expansion of our system of secondary education as rapidly as possible. Indeed, the 1944 Act specifically laid down as one of its major proposals that

  949
  secondary education should be provided for every boy and girl of 11 years of age and over. That was decided fifteen years ago, but we have not carried it out. If my information is correct, there are still about 530,000 children who are in all-age schools. I believe that the figure is correct. It is taken from the Ministry figures. That includes those of primary aid. Of that 530,000, about 300,000—about four out of seven—are in denominational schools. I believe that there are about 150,000 of these children in all-age schools who ought not to be there. Had we implemented the provisions of the 1944 Act, they would be in secondary schools.
  The Government announced their programme for advancing secondary education in a White Paper which was published some time ago. We on this side of the House produced our proposals and our plans for expanding secondary education and they are embodied in our policy statement, "Learning to Live". We have had differences, about which we will riot argue now, about the right way to reorganise and expand the secondary education system. But at least we are of one mind on one thing, that as quickly as possible we must find the resources necessary, the human resources, the number of teachers, and the buildings and equipment, and all that is required to make a reality of the provisions of the 1944 Act in order to provide secondary education for all our children. And as soon as we can we must raise the school-leaving age to 16. On that, we are all agreed.
  We must face the problem that if we are to work together to ensure the final implementation of the 1944 Act, and provide secondary education for all, we must have not only State secondary schools, but denominational schools. I am convinced that unless we make such provision as is made in the Bill—which I support and commend to the House—we shall have the worst kind of dual system.
  We have attempted to keep within the 1944 settlement, for it is laid down clearly in the Bill that a 75 per cent. grant will be made instead of 50 per cent. for replacements and repairs in accordance with the basis of the 1944 Act, for primary schools existing at the time when the Minister made the announcement. We have also provided
  950
  a grant at a maximum of 75 per cent. to secondary schools to accommodate children in primary schools.
  My right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) asked about the permanency of this arrangement. We discussed it very fully and decided on the proposals, which we submitted to the House. We did so because we were anxious to make our provisions as generous as possible, particularly with a view to implementing fully the programme for secondary education, and also because we knew that especially among the Free Churches there was a desire to preserve the basis of the 1944 settlement. I say to my right hon. Friend the Member for South Shields that in my view, while it is true that at the moment the Free Churches are unhappy about these proposals, particularly about the proposal regarding secondary schools, had we departed from the 1944 basis the controversy would have been greater. It might have reflected itself in the House and wrecked the Bill.
  For that reason we were particularly careful to try to retain that basis. We have endeavoured to provide an arrangement by which we shall keep the basic principles of the 1944 settlement and apply them to the changing circumstances. In particular, we have sought to make an arrangement which will enable us to carry out our programme for advancement in secondary education. The case for the Bill on educational grounds is unanswerable. I am absolutely satisfied, and I think I am doing no injustice or injury to the Free Churches.
  We have had a very good debate, in which Members representing various professions have taken part. I am particularly glad that we have heard from my hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich (Mr. Reeves). We have had speeches from hon. Members who belong to the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church, the Free Churches, the Nonconformists, and the Jewish faith. I was particularly glad that the views of what is, after all, a representative section of the community, was being heard in the debate.
  The view expressed by my hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich is what we used to call in the old days a belief in

  951
  "secular" education, the belief that education ought to be the responsibility of the State and be provided out of public funds for all our children. We have heard all points of view expressed, and I pay my respects to those views. I am satisfied that we have carried out our duty to the best of our endeavours and I commend the Bill to the House as an attempt to translate the 1944 Act to meet the needs of today. That is what I claim for it.
  I understand the concern and the anxieties of some of my hon. Friends. We have sought in our discussions to remember those anxieties and to bear that concern in mind. The Minister knows that on more than one occasion we have discussed these matters together very frankly. I thank the Minister for the statement that he made today, and particularly for recognising that there is still, although not so much as in the old days, some disability remaining on Nonconformists in Church schools. There is a sense of grievance. I remember those very early days in politics in Wales, but we hear very little about it now.
  One of my hon. Friends, the Member for Abertillery (The Rev. LI. Williams), wanted Wales to contract out of the settlement. I hold the contrary view I wish that England would contract into Welsh disestablishment. As a Nonconformist, I believe that there are disadvantages about belonging to the established Church of England and that since we have had disestablishment in Wales our religious life has been better. The Church in Wales has been a better Church since disestablishment. I believe that our relations with the Nonconformists are better.
  Mr. H. Hynd: Would it not be better to adopt the Scottish system?
  Mr. Griffiths: Sometimes I think our friends in Scotland might have a word with our friends in England, and look to Wales for guidance in these matters. I understand the disabilities and the sense of bitterness of the Free Churches, but I hope very much indeed that those Free Churches will accept the offer made by the Minister. There will be opportunities for them to bring their grievances before the Minister and the Government
  952
  and even before Parliament, so that those grievances can be met and removed.
  I would say a word to my friends who belong to the Roman Catholic Church and whom I respect, as we should all respect each other. The Free Churches feel very deeply about this matter, but I say quite sincerely that I am glad that we live in a country in which the Roman Catholics, who are the minority, enjoy tolerance. Many churchmen are conscious of the fact that some of their fellows in other countries where the Roman Catholic Church is in power do not enjoy that tolerance. I am sure that it is their desire that Free Churchmen, Nonconformists and people of all faiths in other countries should enjoy the tolerance which I, as a Nonconformist, want them fully to enjoy in our country.
  Mr. Mellish: Speaking as a member of the Church to which my right hon. Friend refers, I would say that none of us would condone the sort of intolerance that my right hon. Friend has mentioned.
  Mr. Griffiths: I am very grateful to my hon. Friend for that intervention, which is what I would expect from him.
  Now I would speak to my friends of the Free Churches and the Nonconformists. I believe that they will make a very great mistake if they now oppose the Bill. They have had assurances that their grievances will be removed. As a Free Churchman I am sure that there is no principle at stake in the Bill. All those principles were settled, and my hon. Friends agreed to the settlement. I thank them for agreeing to it, as I did as a member of my party, in 1944. All that is now in issue is the question whether the Bill applies to modern conditions the agreement made in 1944. I believe that it does.
  If this issue were introduced into the General Election those who did so would be rendering a great disservice to religion in this country. Large numbers of our people would think that religious organisations were entering into political controversy and putting their own partisan interests before the interests of the people. I may be quite wrong about that reaction. I hope that the Bill will commend itself to the House.
  Of course, it is a compromise. I do not know whether it will last, but I hope

  953
  it will. I do not propose to give hostages to the future. I would say to all denominations of churchmen that I hope they will not push this matter so far as to relight old torches that one thought would never be lit again. I hope they will remember that. I am convinced that the Bill and its provisions are essential if we are to carry through the big reforms and changes we want in our educational system. I believe for that reason it will commend itself to the majority of people in this country.
  We are on the threshold of a new age. We are at the beginning of a new industrial revolution. Most of our life has been taken up, most of our time in Parliamentary time has been taken up, in trying to remove the consequences of the failure adequately and sensibly to meet the demands of the first Industrial Revolution. We are now on the thresh-hold of a new industrial revolution and it brings great opportunities to us, but this second industrial revolution will make great demands on the boys and girls now in school and the young men and women now in college. The future of our country is in their hands; their future is now in our hands.
  I believe that in passing this Bill, as I hope we shall unanimously, we shall be showing a spirit of tolerance towards one another and, more than anything else, remembering that our paramount interest must be that of the children of today, who will be the citizens of the Britain of tomorrow.
  8.30 p.m.
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education (Sir Edward Boyle): I rise to thank the House for the reception it has given to this Bill and for the speeches which have been made in the course of this debate. I have had the pleasure of listening to them all, and no one could have wished for a better-tempered or more fruitful debate than we have enjoyed.
  The sole purpose of the Bill, as has been said on many occasions, is to ensure that all children, including those educated in denominational schools, should benefit from the rise in standards in education which all of us in this House are fully pledged to promote. I wholly agree with the right hon. Member for Llanelly (Mr. J. Griffiths) and the hon. Member for Fulham (Mr. M. Stewart) that this
  954
  Bill does not in any way mark a new departure in principle, nor does it go outside the framework of the 1944 Act. The longer I remain at the Ministry of Education, the more convinced I become that the 1944 Act—which established the principle of secondary education for all children in accordance with their age, ability and aptitude—was one of the two or three single most important pieces of social legislation we have passed in this House during the present century.
  Besides the provisions for secondary education in the 1944 Act, there was also enshrined a religious settlement. That religious settlement took this form. On the one hand, the State did not guarantee that every child of Anglican or Roman Catholic parents should have a place in a denominational school at the public expense, but on the other hand the principle was established that those children who were at denominational schools should be well educated. It is exactly in accordance with that principle that we put forward these proposals today.
  I should have thought there was one overwhelming reason why this was a principle which all of us would wish to endorse, because, after all, it is not the fault of any child into what home or religion he is born. Therefore, of whatever faith a child's home may be, it is our duty to see that that child enjoys the best education in his school; and to ensure, also, that the denominational part of our national schools system does not in any way fall behind what is provided in the county schools.
  It is now some months since my right hon. Friend started his negotiations. I hope the House will forgive me for saying that I think he has conducted his negotiations with great skill and patience all through. We had from the very first the great advantage of close discussions with hon. and right hon. Members opposite and hon. Members below the Gangway. I should say, in particular, how much we have owed, not only to the very great interest which the hon. Member for Fulham has taken in the subject, but also the very great deal of time and effort that he has put into studying the details; I am sure this must have been very evident to the House when he spoke on Second Reading this afternoon.
  We have also done our best to obtain full agreement with the religious denominations. As the House knows, we

  955
  have obtained agreement from the Roman Catholics and the Church of England. I hope that some of the things I shall say in winding up this debate may possibly answer some of the points that were made by the Free Churches in their letter to The Times a few days ago.
  I wish to say this about our negotiations with the Free Churches. No one who has any knowledge of the educational history of Great Britain can be in any doubt as to the very great part which the Free Churches have played in the development of our educational system. It must therefore be a matter of very great regret to any Government and to any House of Commons that we have not so far been able to bring the Free Churches entirely along with us. We do not regard today's debate in this respect as in any way the end of the story. We shall do our very best in the weeks and months ahead to keep in close touch with the Free Churches and try to show that their fears as to the operation of the Bill may not prove quite so justified as they have supposed.
  In this connection, I wish to make two points before I come to the details of the Government's proposals. The first is that we decided in 1944 to preserve the dual system. In so far as some Free Church protests have been directed against the dual system itself, therefore, I would point out that this is a matter which the House has already decided. In fact, I agree with the right hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) that in effect this issue was decided as long ago as 1906 when the Birrell Bill was thrown out by the House of Lords. There is a great deal of truth in that. In any case, the point was finally decided in 1944.
  We shall certainly go on as patiently as we can in our negotiations and discussions with the Free Churches on all those points concerning which they have expressed anxiety, but I do not think there is any truth in the suggestion that these negotiations have been rushed. My hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Down, South (Captain Orr), of whose speech I took careful note, suggested that we had rather hurried these negotiations. I do not think that that is true. The first discussions with the Free Churches took place as long ago as last February. We have already had no
  956
  fewer than four meetings with representatives of the Free Churches and, as I think the House is aware, we intend shortly to have another meeting with both members of the Free Churches and of the Church of England. I do not think that there is any justice in the charge that these negotiations have been pursued at too rapid a rate.
  It was natural enough—and I believe that the whole House will agree—that we should want to get the Bill passed during this Session of Parliament. At the same time, we are very keen indeed to remove all legitimate grounds for anxiety as to the working of the Bill.
  I come now to the details of what the Government propose to do. The first of the Government's proposals is to increase from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent. the maximum rate of grant on all kinds of work which can attract Exchequer grant as the law now stands. I think that hon. Members on all sides have agreed that this proposal is not very controversial. As the hon. Member for Abertillery (The Rev. LI. Williams) referred to changes in the cost of school building, I can give some figures to the House which I think are striking. At the start of the century it cost about £12 to provide a place for a child in a primary school. By 1943 that cost had risen to £50 a place in a primary school and £100 a place in a secondary school. Despite the close attention to cost limits, the cost has now risen to £154 a place in a primary school and £264 a place in a secondary school. I do not think that it can be seriously disputed that the cost of providing school places has risen substantially in recent years.
  Furthermore, as the hon. Member for Fulham fairly said, in so far as higher standards have led to the increase in costs, surely that of itself is a perfectly good reason why there should be some increase in the amount of public money spent in aiding voluntary schools.
  The second of the Government's proposals, which has, I think, created more controversy, is the proposal to pay 75 per cent. grant to new aided secondary schools which are needed to match existing aided primary schools—that is to say, existing on the date when the Bill was introduced. This proposal has been fully explained to the House by my right hon. Friend and I will not weary

  957
  the House by giving the full details all over again. At a time when we want to see a general rise in secondary school standards, and at a time when, over a course of five years, we want finally to get rid of all-age schools in both the country districts and in the towns, surely it cannot be right that—as the law now stands—it should be virtually impossible for Roman Catholics to build a new grammar school.
  It is easy to understand how this situation has arisen. As the hon. Member for Fulham lucidly explained, it has arisen from the provisions which we have concerning displaced pupils—that is to say, children who would have attended an aided school in the area from which they have moved. If Roman Catholic children had previously been attending, not an aided grammar school, but a direct grant or a county grammar school, then it is unlikely that they will attract sufficient grant for a new grammar school to be erected in the area to which they move.
  It seems to me that the proposals which the Government are introducing are wholly in line with that rise in standards which we all want to see. May I add, for the comfort of the hon. Member for Fulham and of all those who take an interest in this question of the organisation of secondary education, that, they they probably are aware, the Roman Catholic community are showing very great interest in the variety of types of secondary schools which can be built, and certainly we at the Ministry have by no means frowned upon experimental proposals for Roman Catholic comprehensive schools.
  It is fair to say that the anxieties which have been felt by the Free Churches can all quite fairly be met on the lines which the hon. Member for Fulham mentioned in his speech this afternon. In the first place, as he rightly pointed out, the Governments' proposal is of limited application. It does not in any way, as it were, widen the denominational base. It is important for the House to realise this, because there is quite genuinely a certain amount of misunderstanding about it outside. Suppose we had not introduced the Bill. Suppose we had left the law as it was, or had suggested a straight increase from 50 to 75 per cent. without the proposal for new secondary schools
  958
  needed to match existing requirements. No children would have ceased to go to Roman Catholic schools as a result.
  I am glad to have the approval of the hon. Member for Southampton, Itchen (Dr. King). May I say, since he has caught my eye, just how grateful we were for his contribution, and for those of my hon. Friend the Member for Wimbledon (Sir C. Black) and of the hon. Members for Abertillery and Merioneth (Mr. T. W. Jones), both from the Free Church point of view, which they put very fairly and in a most moderate and good-humoured manner. It is important to realise that we are not as a result of this Bill making it possible for children to go to a denominational school who would otherwise have gone to a county school. We are merely saying that it will be more likely that these children will receive their education in a good Catholic school rather than, possibly, in an all-age school or in an inferior Catholic school.
  We all have our preferences in matters of faith. May I say for my part, although I do not want to become too personal, that I have a good many points of strong dissent from the Roman Catholic point of view, as have many of my hon. Friends. What I cannot see, however, is that anyone could possibly gain from a badly educated Roman Catholic population. I simply fail to see on what possible standard there could be any gain either to the nation or to any religious denomination from a system of education which condemns one section of the community to a less good education than the rest.
  The second point in this connection to which I should like to refer concerns Section 13 of the 1944 Act. The powers which my right hon. Friend enjoys over the approval and location of schools remain totally unaltered by the proposals now before the House. No voluntary aided school of any kind can be erected without the local education authority being at the very least consulted, without full provision being made for the hearing of objections, and without my right hon. Friend having the fullest opportunity to approve or reject the proposals in the light of the evidence put before him. We shall continue to discuss this question of the single school area, and any case referred to us will he considered with very great care by the Ministry.

  959
  Discussions on these matters will certainly continue, though I must say frankly that I do not think that, in the last analysis, anything can replace the judgment which the Minister of Education of the day must exercise. I do not think it is any good approaching this question in an attitude of mistrust. Ultimately, we are in the region of political decision about which my right hon. Friend can be questioned at Question Time, and concerning which he is responsible to this House. All I can promise is that in the new conditions we will operate Section 13 of the 1944 Act every bit as fairly, and in as discriminating a manner, as we have tried to do hitherto. May I add that this applies not only to schools which attract the new grant, but also to those which do not attract any rate of grant at all. My right hon. Friend's powers apply every bit as much to these schools. We shall continue to watch every such case just as carefully as we have always done.
  Thirdly, I would refer briefly once again to the announcement made by my right hon. Friend this afternoon, that we propose to see whether it would not be possible to have a central committee of the Free Churches so that we may have the same easy relations with the Free Churches as we have with the Church of England and the Roman Catholics. These relations are difficult to describe exactly, but I think that anybody who has worked in a Government Department knows how much easier things are when those in the Department know exactly whom to ring up and at very short notice can get into contact with someone in close and regular touch with the Department. It is in that very spirit that we propose to go forward.
  I should like now to answer a few points of detail that have been raised in the course of the debate. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Shields asked whether the law relating to religious instruction in controlled schools was being flouted. I must say that we have no evidence of any very frequent flouting of the law, but if he has any particular cases in mind—he has referred us to one in correspondence—we shall, of course, be very delighted to investigate. I think that this must be a matter where we investigate any individual case that is referred to us.
  960
  The hon. Member for Abertillery asked whether the Roman Catholic child who is being educated at the moment in a county school, but who moves to a new area and attends a new denominational secondary school, can attract grant in accordance with the provisions of the Bill. The answer, surely, is this. The only children who can attract displaced pupils grant are children who would have attended a denominational or voluntary aided school in the area from which they have moved—
  The Rev. LI. Williams: How is the Ministry to know?
  Sir E. Boyle: We can judge from the pattern of the schools in the area from which the children have come whether or not they would have attended denominational schools there. It is only common sense that if the denominational school has not yet, perhaps, been quite completed, and the children have to go to the county school for a short time they should not be disqualified from counting for grant. But there is no question of a child who has been attending a county school, and who could not have attended a voluntary aided school in his area being able to secure the benefit of the provisions of this Bill, or, for that matter, those of the 1953 Act.
  The hon. Member for Greenwich (Mr. Reeves), to whom reference has already been made, spoke, and spoke rightly, on behalf of those who have no religious beliefs. Perhaps I may say that while today we are primarily considering the denominational schools it is right that we should bear in mind that section of the public which has not any beliefs. Do not let us forget, by the way, that at least three highly distinguished Presidents of the Board of Education of this century have been men of no religious belief, so if we are to exclude men of their way of thinking, we should have had to exclude Augustine Birrell, H. A. L. Fisher, and Sir Charles Tevelyan. Therefore, it is only right that children should not be put to disadvantage in the schools for that reason.
  My only other detailed point is this. We must not forget that a very considerable burden will still rest on the churches even after this Bill is passed. As I think my right hon. Friend mentioned, in the first two years—1960–62—

  961
  of the five-year programme, aided school building to the value of £37 million is to be carried out. The fact that the churches will still have a very considerable burden should be remembered by all critics of the denominational schools.
  Here, let me say how much I agree with what was said by the hon. Member for Bootle (Mr. Mahon) on the value of toleration. The hon. Member was kind enough to refer to my visit to Bootle. It is true that I was very impressed by what had been achieved in housing. I was also much impressed with the Warwick Bolam Secondary School. I can therefore assure the House that, however keen the hon. Member may be on denominational schools, that has not prevented great work being done for county schools in his own constituency and county borough.
  There are only two final points with which I should like to trouble the House. First, let us remember that this is a subject on which many people have strong and conscientious feelings. Do not let us underrate how much value many Roman Catholic people, and Church of England people, too, put on their schools. This is a difficult matter to estimate precisely, but I have no doubt about how much time, money, and effort many people put into denominational education today.
  There is a particular reason why we should remember this. Since the war we have lived in a period of very considerable economic advance. I have always thought that one of the strongest arguments for economic advance was precisely that it widens the range of choice and opportunity, particularly for the poorest in our community. But do not let us forget, that it is not only material choice and material prosperity which people value. I believe that freedom of choice in the context of our schools is greatly valued by countless people in this country. That is something which we should not allow ourselves to forget.
  It is difficult for anyone with any knowledge and interest in the educational history of this country not to feel some emotion at winding up a debate of this kind. After all, this is a subject which has occupied a great deal of our history. At the start of the century it caused great controversy, and it still
  962
  causes very great and acrimonious controversy in many countries of the Western world. I believe that one of the reasons why we have had this debate in such an extremely happy and agreeable atmosphere is because of the powerful weight of public opinion in this country today which demands educational advance on a wide front. The great majority of the British public, whether they believe in denominational schools or not, take the view that all children are entitled to gain from the educational progress which is the aim of all political parties today.
  I hope that we shall pass the Bill unanimously without a Division. As I say, it will be our aim from now on to do all we can to meet the reasonable fears and objections of all those who have commented in public on the Bill. I suggest that the House will have acted wisely, not only for the present, but also for the future, in giving a unanimous Second Reading to this Bill, of which all of us, when we look back, will have every reason to feel proud.
  Question put and agreed to.
  Bill accordingly read a Second time.
  Bill committed to a Committee of the whole House.—[Mr. Whitelaw.]
  Committee Tomorrow.

  EDUCATION [MONEY]
  [Queen's Recommendation signified.]
  Considered in Committee under Standing Order No. 84 (Money Committees).
  [Sir GORDON TOUCHE in the Chair]
  Resolved,
  That, for the purposes of any Act of the present Session relating to education it is expedient, in relation to any new expenditure on aided or special agreement schools,—

  (a) to authorise the making of provision to increase the contributions and grants payable out of moneys provided by Parliament under sections one hundred and two to one hundred and four of the Education Act, 1944, by making the amount of the maintenance contribution under section one hundred and two, and the maximum amount of any grant under either of the other sections, three-quarters (instead of one half) of the expenses in respect of which the contribution or grant is made; and

  (b) to authorise the making out of moneys provided by Parliament of grants (not exceeding three-quarters of the expenditure

  963
  in question) and loans in respect of expenditure incurred on the provision of sites for schools or of school buildings in order to extend the facilities for secondary education in any area in England or Wales;

  but for this purpose "new expenditure" shall not include expenditure on work begun before the fifteenth day of June, nineteen hundred and fifty-nine, on work approved by the Minister of Education before that date under subsection (6) of section thirteen of the Education Act, 1944, or under any arrangements relating to work to which that section does not apply, or on work included in a programme notified to a local education authority as the main building programme approved by the Minister for the twelve months beginning with April, nineteen hundred and fifty-nine, or for any earlier period, nor expenditure on the provision of the site on which or buildings to which any such work was done or proposed to be done.—[Sir E. Boyle.]
  Resolution to be reported.
  Report to be received Tomorrow.

  POST OFFICE WORKS BILL [Lords]
  As amended (in the Standing Committee), considered; read the Third time and passed, with Amendments.

  LICENSING (SCOTLAND) BILL [Lords]
  Read a Second time.
  Bill committed to a Committee of the whole House.—[Mr. Whitelaw.]
  Committee Tomorrow.

  PEARLED BARLEY (DUMPING)
  8.55 p.m.
  The Minister of State, Board of Trade (Mr. J. K. Vaughan-Morgan): I beg to move,
  That the Anti-Dumping (No. 1) Order, 1959, a copy of which was laid before this House on 27th May, be approved.
  I shall not detain the House more than a few minutes. The effect of the Order is to levy an anti-dumping duty of 12s. per cwt. on pearled barley originating in the Federal Republic of Germany.
  The Order was laid before the House on 27th May and arises from an application received by the Board of Trade for the imposition of a duty on pearled barley imported from both the Netherlands and the Federal Republic. By December, after six months, sufficient evidence had been produced to justify our investigating further. We made a
  964
  public announcement and invited representations. After consideration of all the evidence, we came to the conclusion that substantial dumping was taking place from both the Netherlands and West Germany.
  The Dutch industry admitted the existence of dumping, but said that it had been compelled to resort to it to keep a share of the United Kingdom market. The Dutch industry has agreed to eliminate the dumping rather than have an anti-dumping duty imposed on its exports. In the case of Western Germany, the arrangements for marketing at home enabled the millers to quote special low prices for exported pearled barley.
  The House will not, I think, want to know the exact details of how this is worked out, but we calculate that the real margin of unfair competition involved in the exports to the United Kingdom from Western Germany was about 12s. per cwt. This was undoubtedly causing material injury to United Kingdom millers and in the circumstances we found that a duty should be imposed at the rate of 12s. per cwt.
  This is only the second time that an anti-dumping duty has been imposed. The first related to silicone fluids imported from France. As my right hon. Friend the President of the Board of Trade said in the debate on that occasion, nobody likes imposing a duty aimed at a particular importer or importers, but when the case is made out we must be prepared to act if our own producers are not to be subject to unfair competition.
  I hope that the House will agree that this Order is right and fair.
  8.57 p.m.
  Mr. Frederick Willey: This is one of those rare occasions on which I can not only congratulate the Minister on his concise and lucid statement, but thoroughly agree with everything he has said. We in the Labour Party—this is not a matter of controversy—agree that we cannot be indifferent to the way in which we obtain our supplies and that we are entitled to protect our producers against unfair competition from dumping.
  We recognise that in taking any such action the Government are in a dilemma, because we want the action to

  965
  be taken as speedily as possible and, at the same time, we must be satisfied that there has been a thorough investigation of the case. In the case of the present Order, I am satisfied both that the matter has been thoroughly investigated and that the Government have acted as expeditiously as they could.
  I was glad that the Minister referred to the Netherlands. We would much prefer to avoid an anti-dumping order whenever we can, but in this case it is clear that the Government have no alternative but to impose the duty under the Order. We support the action that they feel obliged to take. We hope that soon, as a consequence of the Order, we will be able to be in the same position with regard to West Germany as obtains in the case of the Netherlands and that we will have a removal by agreement of this threat to our own producers.
  Question put and agreed to.
  Resolved,
  That the Anti-Dumping (No. 1) Order, 1959, a copy of which was laid before this House on 27th May, be approved.

  PROCEDURE
  All Papers laid before the Select Committee and before the Select Committee on Procedure in the last Session of Parliament and not hitherto reported, to be laid before the House.—[Mr. Redmayne.]

  RIVERS AND COASTAL WATERS (POLLUTION)
  Motion made, and Question proposed, That this House do now adjourn.—[Mr. Whitelaw.]
  9.0 p.m.
  Mr. Anthony Greenwood: In raising the question of the pollution of our rivers, estuaries and coastal water, I propose to do so in the most non-controversial way of which I am capable, for two reasons. The first is that I am raising a matter which is of great interest to a large and influential all-party River Group which has been formed in the House, and secondly, because other hon. Members have matters which they would like to ventilate during this Adjournment debate. So I shall speak, I hope, in a non-controversial way, and certainly briefly.
  966
  The conditions of our rivers and streams today is a scandal. To describe them as open sewers is to use a rather trite phrase, but unfortunately it is perfectly accurate. In some places crude, untreated domestic sewage is poured into our rivers. In many other places inadequately treated sewage is discharged. The credit squeeze has prevented the modernisation and replacement of our sewerage plant on the scale which was necessary. Meanwhile higher up the rivers more and more water is being taken out, thus reducing the flow of the rivers; and so we reach the position that more and more water is being taken out of the rivers above the towns and more and more deoxygenated and often foul effluent is being poured in downstream. The position, of course, is made worse by industrial discharges.
  What is the result? The result is that a quarter of our population is being supplied with water from rivers which are liable to pollution from sewage and trade effluents. Dr. P. H. Silverman told the meeting of the British Association in 1957 that 90 per cent. of Britain's cattle drink sewage-polluted water.
  I should like to give the House some examples of what is happening to a number of our rivers. I hope that hon. Gentlemen in all parts of the House will join in giving similar examples. The Irwell is a river which flows through my constituency and is well know to a number of hon. Members of the House. From a few hunderd yards below its source near the village of Weir, just north of Bacup, the Irwell is polluted and gets steadily worse till it joins the Manchester Ship Canal. Recently, the managers of a school in my constituency complained to me at the fact that foam from the river was blowing across the playground of the school.
  Even the River Irwell can be cleaned. There is one tributary of the river, the River Whitewell, also in my constituency, where local initiative, combined with expert help from the Pure Rivers Society which I was able to obtain, resulted in the river being cleaned up, and now it has been stocked with trout.
  To take other examples, there is the River Avon, a river 100 miles in length, of which only 11 are free from pollution. The River Trent—and I am happy to

  967
  see the hon. Member for Burton (Mr. Jennings) in his place—is one of the most grossly polluted rivers in the country. It was at one time a salmon river. Now, I understand, there are no salmon in the River Trent. In parts there are no coarse fish either, and, indeed, in many parts even lesser river life is nonexistent. The medical officer of health has warned the people against bathing in the river. Regattas have had to be postponed because of the froth and inadequately treated sewage effluents, and the crews of barges have protested at the danger in going through the locks because of the froth upon the river.
  That is a pretty bad situation, but the condition of our estuaries is, I believe, even worse. Outside this building, tonight, millions of gallons of sewage are pouring steadily downstream. Soon after midnight the same sewage will come back again. In three or four days it will have gone away only to be replaced by more sewage which will wash backwards and forwards past this building for the next three or four days. Yet at the turn of the century it was possible to catch roach from Westminster Bridge.
  The Ribble is another badly polluted river, which has been much in the news during the past few months. I hope that the hon. Member for Preston, South (Mr. Green) will be able to take part in this discussion. In the estuary of the Ribble 17 million gallons a day of crude or partly treated sewage are being discharged into the tidal reaches alone, and that is in addition to 33 million gallons of treated sewage which is put into the river in the upper reaches. I am informed by the Anglers' Co-operative Association which, with the Pure Rivers Society, has done magnificent work in rousing public opinion, that the Ministry of Housing and Local Government has refused permission to the Walton-le-Dale Urban District Council to go ahead with a new sewerage scheme. I hope that we shall hear more about that from the hon. Member for Preston, South.
  The condition of the Tyne is even worse. I do not suppose that the name of Elijah Laws is well known in the House. It should be well known throughout the country. He was a fisherman on the River Tyne who has been fishing it for forty years. Even thirty years ago it was possible to have catches of
  968
  500 or 600 salmon at a time. Now, Elijah Laws has been forced to give up work and, in the words of the Newcastle Journal:
  "He is fed-up with going out in his little skiff for days on end without catching a single salmon. He is tired of watching his silver polished hooks turn black at their first taste of the water. He is weary of mending nets that have been eaten and rotted away by the acrid filth that discolours and shames the river and a great area of the sea at their meeting point."
  He has been compelled to give up his work as a salmon fisherman because of the group ignorance and lack of foresight shown during the last thirty years. Now we have reached a position in which the Tyne is virtually destroyed as a river and it will be a superhuman task to revive it again.
  About pollution on our coasts, I will say only that all round our coasts there are sewers which open direct on to our bathing beaches. Two years ago in Cornwall I watched children playing among pools in the rocks which were fed by grossly polluted water from sewers. As the Manchester Guardian put it only a few weeks ago:
  "Millions who think that they are bathing in the sea around the British coast in summer are in fact in diluted sewage … there is a healthy stirring of demand that what is supposed to be clean water should be clean."
  Medical opinion is divided on the extent to which poliomyelitis can be transmitted in this way. I know that there are parts of the coast where no medical officer of health would ever dream of bathing at the height of the season. I know that the polio virus has been isolated in human excreta and that that can be water borne. In these circumstances, we are running a great risk by continuing to discharge untreated sewage into the sea and allowing children to bathe in it.
  I should like to ask the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government when the Medical Research Council's report on this subject is likely to appear. It is an urgent matter. At this time of the year the public will wait anxiously to know what risks are involved. There are many aspects of the problem which we cannot now discuss because changes in legislation would be involved, but I would like to put three points to the Parliamentary Secretary. First, how many tidal waters orders have been

  969
  applied for by river boards and how many have been granted? They are the orders which give river boards power over estuarial waters as well as over the non-tidal reaches of rivers. Secondly, is he satisfied that adequate steps have been taken to ensure proper co-ordination of all bodies which have some control over estuarial waters?
  I do not know whether the hon. Gentleman has read the speech which Mr. C. F. Thring of the Billingham Division of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. made to last year's annual conference of the River Boards' Association? Fie gave the list of authorities who had some control over a single estuary. They were the navigation commissioners, the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, the river board, the inland drainage board, the local district authority, the Crown Estate commissioners, the sea fisheries committee and, on occasions, the county planning committee. It seems to me that there is at any rate a prima facie case in an estuary of that kind for having some body to co-ordinate the activities of the numerous bodies concerned.
  My third point is this: I want to quote from the edition of the Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer for 18th April this year. It reads:
  "The Minister of Housing and Local Government, Mr. Henry Brooke, despite Treasury restrictions, decided in June to devise a national plan to deal with the pollution of rivers owing to increased public and Parliamentary opinion. He ordered a comprehensive national survey into the pollution of rivers by sewage effluents; to assess the size and exact nature of the pollution; to estimate the cost of remedial measures; and to produce a practical plan of action. This was a step in the right direction."
  I ask the Parliamentary Secretary what progress is being made with the survey which the Minister decided to undertake?
  I said that I would be non-controversial and I am, I hope, a patient man, but the Government should appreciate that the patience of many people is getting a little strained about the delay in dealing with the problem of river pollution. Our confidence received a shock when the Minister decided a year ago to extend for three years his power to stop river boards prosecuting in cases of pollution. I hope the hon. Gentleman will be able to say that it will be possible
  970
  in the near future for the Minister to divest himself of that power and to give river boards more discretion than they have at present.
  I have put a number of points to the Parliamentary Secretary. I hope he will be able to tell us that action is being taken, and that what action is being taken will be expedited. I conclude by quoting once again the Manchester Guardian, which said: "It will cost money to undo the harm that generations of national bad housekeeping have wrought. But bad habits ought not to be condoned because they are apparently cheap."
  9.14 p.m.
  Mr. J. C. Jennings: When I first came into the House, just over four years ago, I came in with the intention that whatever I tried to do, or not to do, I would try to make certain of one thing, and that was that the River Trent, at Burton, would be cleaned up. I watched the tactics of various hon. Members when they were trying to get things done, and I came to the conclusion that my best tactics would be to make a noise and to be persistent on the Floor of the House on this matter. Therefore, from time to time, I have made speeches and tried to raise the matter of the pollution of the River Trent.
  I did all that in my sweet innocence. My speeches were read by the Trent River Board. The hon. Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) has adequately described the condition of the Trent. At Burton, as the Trent flows through, there is not a living organism in the river, a river which used to be fished. As he said, the regatta itself has been interfered with by the conglomeration of foam on the surface of the river where the warm water from the new power station at Drakelow comes into the river and activates the latent detergent, producing a horrible mess.
  In spite of the belligerent and highly critical speeches I made here, my main purpose now is to tell the House what the Trent River Board has tried to do and is doing. From my own association with the board, I am convinced that it is absolutely alive to the problem. In this, I am sure that it is symbolic of most, if not all, the river boards of the country. I said that, in my sweet innocence, I took the action I did. Probably my best plan would have been to

  971
  go direct to the Minister or to the Trent River Board, to see what the magnitude of the problem was. Instead of that, after I had spoken here, the Trent River Board invited me to see the Trent from its source right to the Humber.
  In two trips at the invitation of the river board, I was taken, first, from the source to Burton where I saw, in all its magnitude, the dreadful effects of pollution. Later, I was taken from Burton to the Humber, where I saw the magnitude of the problem of flooding. These two major problems facing the river board staggered me.
  When I was taken from the source to Burton, I saw the River Tame and other streams flowing into the Tame from the Black Country and the Birmingham area, and I saw for myself, plainly visible to the eye, the excessive amount of pollution, all of which poured into the Trent at Alrewas, just above Burton. I realised what the river board was up against.
  When I asked what the solution was, I was told that it was neither more nor less than the treatment of sewage—as simple as that. I am delighted to say that fishermen and the rowing lads at Burton and other river lovers have assured me that, during the last year, there has been a slight improvement as a result of the long-term policy of the river board and the local authorities in the Birmingham and Black Country area in dealing with sewage. The gas effluents and metal effluents, of course, are the worst.
  One must understand that it is a longterm problem and that the solution will be achieved slowly. It cannot be dealt with in five minutes. I am delighted to say, from my own observations and what I have been told by the river board officials, that the £10 million scheme which has been started for sewerage works in the Black Country is already having some effect and there should, within five years, he a considerable improvement in the pollution of the Trent.
  Last Friday, I went to the research station at Wallingford, run by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. This was opened in 1952. I was told that I was the first Member of Parliament to visit it, and that more visitors would be welcomed. It is worth a visit. One can see there just what research is going on into the protection of
  972
  rivers. It was my great privilege to see a large-scale model of the Trent at Burton, 100 ft. long and 20 ft. wide. The scientists have reproduced there, with complete accuracy, the topography of the river and its banks, the exact condition of the bed of the river, and all the influences which are at work in the river. It is conducting experiments now to see how to deal with the weir and other obstructions in the river with a view to getting a better flow and training the the banks of the river. That model cost £6,000, and in it the whole being of the river is simulated.
  It was an eye-opener to me that a research body, at the behest of the river board, which is footing the bill, was getting down to the practical difficulty of the cleaning of the Trent at Burton. It greatly impressed me. From being a belligerent critic four years ago, I have not exactly become a peaceful dove, but I am convinced that the river board is alive to its responsibilities and doing everything within its power, particularly its financial power, to deal with the problem.
  Therefore, my contribution to the debate—and I am grateful to the hon. Member for Rossendale for raising this matter again—is to bear testimony to the work that is already being done and to hold out some hope to those hon. Members who may despair. Those who did despair were those living on the banks of the Trent. There can be seen what is being done and what we hope to do. We hope that things will improve in the future, because the evidence of improvement can already be seen.
  9.22 p.m.
  Mr. Edward Short (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central): I am sure that the hon. Member for Burton (Mr. Jennings) will be interested in the river about which I want to say a word because, although he represents Burton, he also comes from the North-East and knows the River Tyne quite well.
  I am afraid that the River Tyne presents much too big a problem for a river board to tackle. I have described the condition of the River Tyne before to the Parliamentary Secretary in a debate on pollution, but I will describe it again. It is a very narrow river. It

  973
  flows through densely populated industrial areas for 10 to 15 miles to the sea. Within those 10 to 15 miles, within a mile or two of the river, there is a population approaching 1 million. The river is tidal beyond Newcastle, which means that the filth in the river flows down and comes up again twice a day. I believe that it is the most highly polluted river in the whole country. The pollution is not just detergents; it is real filth. The state of the River Tyne has only to be seen and smelt to be believed.
  The last time that my hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, West (Mr. Popplewell) and I raised this matter in the House, which was a year or two ago, he and, I think, the hon. Member for Burton took part in the debate. I quoted at that time—it was not my original phrase—from the report of the medical officer of health, who called it an "open sewer." The Parliamentary Secretary doubted that description. He may be interested to know that it appeared quite recently in the report of another medical officer of health on the Tyne.
  The pollution of the Tyne is caused not merely by industrial effluents, although there is a great deal of them. The waste of tens of thousands of houses along the river is poured untreated into the Tyne. I think I am right in saying that there are only two local authorities on the Tyne which treat this, and one is the urban district authority represented by my hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, West.
  The pollution of the River Tyne started towards the end of the last century, when streets and streets of houses were built, each house with a water closet, and all the household waste was poured into the river. That process has continued. There are 15 local authorities on Tyneside, and Newcastle alone is building more than 1,000 houses a year. All the household waste is poured direct into the river untreated and the result is industrial pollution and Tyneside has this great stinking open sewer flowing day and night through its midst.
  The hon. Member for Burton—and I think that I can call him my hon. Friend on an occasion such as this—said that no living thing existed in certain parts of the River Trent. That is certainly true
  974
  of the Tyne for at least 12 to 15 miles. Once upon a time, the River Tyne was one of the best salmon rivers in the country, but today not a single salmon gets through above Newcastle.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) spoke of the effect on health. Certainly, the connection between river pollution and health has not been proved, but I cannot believe that in a densely populated area like Tyneside, with the population living very close to the river, there is no connection between pollution and health. On Tyneside, we have a T.B. figure which is twice that of the national average. I do not know whether there is any connection between that and the river.
  I have raised this matter in an Adjournment debate in the House and asked the Minister of Health to investigate the causation of T.B. on Tyneside. It may be that there is some connection between a highly polluted river and this abnormal T.B. rate. We have a fairly high polio rate. I live near the river and a member of my own family got polio four years ago—not seriously, mercifully, but, nevertheless, we have a good deal of it near the Tyne.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Rossendale mentioned beaches. At the mouth of the Tyne we have two pleasant holiday resorts, South Shields on the south and Tynemouth on the north. In the House of Commons we hear a great deal about Tynemouth. It is a pity that the hon. Lady the Member for Tyne-mouth (Dame Irene Ward) is not here today. In the summer those beaches are crowded with tens of thousands of holidaymakers from Tyneside and I cannot believe that the waters in which they swim and paddle are good for their health, because between those two towns this great sewer pours into the sea.
  All of my constituents—about 50,000 of them—live very close to the river. Not one lives more than half a mile from it. We have schools of 400 or 500 children only a few hundred yards from the river. I ask hon. Members to imagine boys and girls of four and five spending their schooldays within 200 or 300 yards of this river, in some cases only 200 yards from this great sewer running through our midst.

  975
  As I have said, we raised this matter in an Adjournment debate two or three years ago. I must say that on that occasion the Parliamentary Secretary was unhelpful and unhopeful, to say the least of it. So far as I am aware, since then the Ministry has done nothing about the pollution of the Tyne, but the local authorities have themselves taken the initiative. In the autumn of last year, Newcastle took the initiative and called a conference of the 15 local authorities on Tyneside to see what would be done. My hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, West, my hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, East (Mr. Blenkinsop) and the hon. Gentleman the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, North (Mr. R. W. Elliott) attended that conference—and a very enthusiastic and useful conference it was.
  As a result, local authorities have taken the first step of getting together and starting up the machinery of research to find the best way of tackling the problem. In addition, Newcastle has started a number of very minor schemes to extract a certain amount of the solid material from certain areas of the river. Of course, these minor schemes are nothing more than palliatives. I am told that cleaning the River Tyne would cost about £20 million. It is all very well for the hon. Member for Burton to talk about the river board, but its financial resources are limited. That sort of money is not within the realms of possibility for local authorities, either. If the major rivers of the country are to be cleaned, it is obvious that the Government must have some policy for helping the local authorities concerned. There must be some Government financial assistance to help these schemes.
  I hope that the Government will give serious thought to this matter of cleaning up our major industrial rivers and, above all, to seeing how they can give some financial assistance to local authorities which are trying to face a problem which has been cumulative for the last fifty or sixty years and has reached such dimensions, in many other rivers besides the Tyne, that it can be solved only if the Government play their part.
  9.31 p.m.
  Sir Lionel Heald: It is a privilege to be able to congratulate the
  976
  hon. Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) on his good fortune in securing the Adjournment debate this evening. From time to time events so turn out that it is possible in an Adjournment debate to deal with a matter much more thoroughly than is normally the case, and this is an occasion when we are dealing with something very important.
  I have been privileged to be associated with the hon. Gentleman in the formation of the group he spoke of, an entirely unofficial group representing all parties in this House. I am sure that he would wish me to say that it was the late Richard Fort who was responsible for it. He took a great interest in this subject for some time and we are all sad that he is not able to be with us to guide us in our efforts.
  I make no apology for speaking this evening on behalf of a sectional interest and declaring my own interest in it—that of the anglers of this country. Sometimes they are treated almost as a joke, but we ought to realise that is not the way to approach their problems. It is estimated, although I do not know on what the estimate is based, that there are well over 1 million regular anglers, whatever that may mean. Perhaps sometimes I have been an irregular angler. At any rate, there are a large number of people who indulge in this excellent pastime. We hope that in future, with more leisure time available for everyone, more people will spend their time enjoying this harmless sport.
  It is no exaggeration to say that, if the conditions which prevailed a few years ago had been allowed to continue, in another twenty or thirty years fishing in this country would have been very restricted. It does not take very long to ruin a river. Some people do not appreciate that pollution, is not the only thing that matters. If a lot of water is taken out of a river and not replaced, dilution is affected, and that is the antidote to pollution. It means, therefore, that the whole policy has to be co-ordinated from beginning to end.
  It would not be right or fair to say that the river boards do not appreciate the importance of the position and interests of anglers. In places river boards are doing a great deal for the anglers. I understand that there are parts of the

  977
  country where perhaps they are not doing so much. But it must also be borne in mind that the powers of river boards are limited. They can act only after the event, after the pollution has talon place, and the real cure is to prevent it from happening.
  There are some excellent organisations which are doing and have done magnificent work. The Anglers' Association and the Pure Rivers Association are two good examples. They take the matter very seriously—they are not just concerned with it from the nuisance point of view—and they do a great deal of research. They are available to be called upon at any moment to take samples and report on the state of the river.
  A great deal of the pollution that causes the greatest danger happens very quickly. Something is done to this or that control, and it may result in tremendous damage. One of our concerns is whether the Government are taking this matter sufficiently seriously and whether there is anybody whose business it is to take a positive line over it. One realises the position of the Government, and this may underline what I am trying to say. First, we have the Minister with whom we are concerned this evening. He is concerned not purely with rivers, but also with supply of water to all people who want it, and to housing estates and that kind of thing. Then there is the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. As Minister of Fisheries he is very sympathetic to me and my friends, but when he speaks as Minister of Agriculture he is sympathetic towards those who take an enormous amount of water out of rivers and do not put it back again.
  I am not pessimistic about the situation. We heard just now about the harrowing experiences of one of my hon. Friends regarding the Trent Water Board. I am not surprised, because I am told that water boards on the whole are taking that line. I read the other day about a salmon, admittedly a very dead one, which had been found on the banks of the Medway. It may have been a hoax, but let us hope not. It may be that the Thames Conservancy and all those people have behaved with tremendous skill and energy in the last few years so that at last the salmon are coming back.
  We may see the time when hon. Members will line up on the Terrace to take
  978
  their turn at fishing for salmon. They will haul them up, and then we shall have a feast in the House of Commons. That may be looking rather a long way ahead. Let us not be pessimistic. My hon. Friend spoke on this subject in a very encouraging way when we were discussing the Torquay Water Bill and although the result, in the end, seemed satisfactory from some people's point of view, he did not seem to be enthusiastic. I hope he will realise that we want to support him.
  Some people are very apt to say, "None of the industrial people will take an interest in this matter. They are not willing to do anything about it." I do not think that that is true. I have heard recently that they are taking a great interest in these matters and are doing good work about it. I am sure that there are in the Federation of British Industry people who are keen on fishing, as there are everywhere, so the fishermen may win in the end. I hope that it will not be considered improper if one approaches this problem from the point of view of the angler.
  Sometimes we in this House are apt to be very technical and legal, but here is something in which a very large number of people may combine, whether they are anglers, are interested in boating, or are merely children who are interested in bathing. One of the finest things that we have in this country is our beautiful rivers. We really must bestir ourselves about them.
  9.40 p.m.
  Mr. Ernest Popplewell (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, West): I make no apology for speaking again on this subject of pollution. My hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, East (Mr. Blenkinsop) and I have frequently taken part in such debates. Naturally, we speak very feelingly about that river which, even though it may be an open, foul-smelling sewer, is a river we really love because from its waters shipping goes to various parts of the world and it is the source of the tremendous wealth of our part of the north-east of England. So we feel it a shame that this river which we think so much of has been so badly treated. There are literally hundreds of open sewers running into that river.

  979
  As my hon. Friend said, fifteen local authorities are attempting to do something about this problem, but we do not think they are receiving that encouragement from the central Government which they might hope to receive. It may be that the Ministry of Housing and Local Government has never accepted financial responsibility for sewerage and that there is not a Department with particular knowledge which can do scientific research into the problem, and that therefore the Ministry cannot help local authorities a great deal.
  I was exceedingly interested to hear of the experiments which the D.S.I.R. is making at Wallingford. That is a first-class approach, and what is being done for the Trent I hope will also be done for the Tyne. When we had those meetings of which my hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central (Mr. Short) has spoken, there did not seem any avenue by which we could get any real information on the subject. We tried to get information about what was done in relation to sewerage systems entering the Thames. We got an eminent professor, whose name I forget, to come to Newcastle to talk about what was being done in relation to the Thames, but we have not got encouragement from the central Government in connection with this problem.
  Through the ages open sewers have been allowed to run into tidal-waters with the result, as my hon. Friend explained, that this filthy stuff has been carried backwards and forwards until eventually, the current took it out to sea. Newcastle Corporation and the fifteen-men committee have conducted what we feel will be valuable experiments with the assistance of a department of King's College in trying to trace the effect of the current to see where this material is eventually deposited. That might give us a guide, but in my opinion—and I think I am voicing the opinion of the overwhelming number of residents of Tyneside—we should get away from the practice of treating tidal rivers in this way and allowing open sewers to empty into them.
  There must be a method of treating sewage before it gets to the river. I know that in inland areas, urban authorities do this, but in the Tyneside area
  980
  more than 1 million people live on a short stretch of country along the banks of the Tyne and all the sewers fall towards the Tyne. To do anything really constructive in the nature of cleaning the effluent before it goes into the river would be a very expensive job. It would also be a tremendous civil engineering feat to accomplish. In these days it is almost impossible to put such a financial burden on local authorities in that area. I know that I cannot refer on the Adjournment to something which might require legislation, but this may be a point about which the Ministry is thinking.
  Naturally, we should like to know when we shall receive a report from the Committee which, as my hon. Friend the Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) said, the Minister set up over a year ago. I appreciate that a matter of this description cannot be dealt with quickly but must take some time. Much research is necessary. Nevertheless, I hope that the Minister will speed up the publication of the report, even if it is an interim report, in order to give a guide, in particular to the Tyneside area, where, for the first time, people are becoming sewerage conscious. For the first time there is a genuine desire by all fifteen local authorities to work in association with each other.
  We know that there is always a cry that a local authority must be its own master. Petty jealousies arise from time to time. We have seen this happen often in the past, preventing a united approach to the problem. Among the local authorities on the Tyneside, however, there is a genuine desire to deal with this problem, but they want information and assistance. They are calling upon everyone in the area who, they think, can make a useful contribution towards its solution but, with all the skill of the engineers in the area, further research and information is required.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central has explained that two or three small schemes are in hand. One, of I think £30,000, is at Ouseburn, and there is another at Walker. They are trying to discover what percentage of the solids can be removed before the sewage flows into the Tyne. It is essential that this be done, but even afterwards there is the

  981
  question of what is to happen to the sludge in such a densely populated area as Tyneside, where there is great difficulty in providing treatment and in obtaining open runways. Many people thought that the sludge might be extremely valuable as a fertiliser, although I think that events have proved that it is not quite as valuable a fertiliser as some people had thought, except by some method of aeration. I do not understand the technical terms.
  Here again, it is for the Minister to bring his energy and drive to bear on these experiments and to give every possible help to the D.S.I.R., which is conducting experiments. The Ministry should not wait for local authorities to put problems to it. Through the Committee which he has set up, the Minister will know the size of the problem. He should be able to give instructions to an appropriate Department with a view to conducting the essential research which we need if we are to make our rivers as beautiful as they could be.
  I end as I began. We on the Tyneside are very proud of the Tyne and of its achievements. We know what it can do for the welfare of the nation and what it can do to provide work for our people. We also know that it can be an extremely beautiful river and can give pleasure and health to those living on its banks if we utilise the knowledge which we feel certain is available and apply it in the right direction.
  9.48 p.m.
  Mr. Alan Green: I have a triple interest to declare. Four-fifths of my constituency lies on the banks of the Ribble. One-fifth lies on a much worse polluted stream than the Ribble—the Darwen. My own private interest is to supply industrially the paper trade, which is an immense user of water.
  I congratulate the hon. Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) on having initiated the debate. Listening to it, I wondered whether it was not possible, instead of pursuing separate although very laudable interests, for us to combine many interests so that we would have a surge of public opinion behind the demand for cleaner rivers and a more economical and sensible use of our water resources. I think that any other approach is hound to run into the
  982
  kind of political opposition, industrial opposition, or perhaps local opposition, that is summed up in the old Army phrase, "Pull up the ladder, Jack; I'm all right." That is the sort of thing which in an issue of this kind we want to avoid.
  While recognising the separate interests that may be involved, while recognising that old bad habits require to be changed in the public good, it is not just a matter of waving a wand to change those habits. It is a question of getting enough general public opinion behind one, and fusing a lot of quite separate and even conflicting interests into a major and sensible objective. If this can be done, or this process can be helped tonight, then I shall be very grateful to my political opponent for raising the issue here, and I would seek to help him to achieve that objective.
  In the past few years, we have had a substantially successful campaign for cleaner air. I hope that we can launch an even more successful campaign for cleaner rivers and for the better use of natural waters. I am certain that this is not only socially right, but, also, that it is economically right. Every day, as standards in domestic life rise, and as industrial needs continue to increase, there is a growing demand for good, clean, usable water, and it is not only a matter of social habits and needs. It is also a vital economic need for the people of the country.
  To maintain the progress of our modern industries, we must either spend an enormous sum of money on trapping the water in uneconomic sites on which to trap it, increasing the number of reservoirs in very difficult economic circumstances—the best sites for dams have already been used, and the less good ones will be enormously expensive and will arouse tremendous local opposition—we must either do it that way, which is an extremely costly way of impounding water additional to that which we already impound, or we must make our rivers cleaner so that the water already naturally flowing can be put to better and more constructive use. I am sure that this is a central point for any Government of any political character to tackle progressively over the next ten or twenty years.
  I have a constituency interest which, very briefly, I want to mention, though

  983
  I do not want to keep the House on this point. I think that we in this House are entitled to a small amount of credit. Generally, in these Adjournment debates, there are one or two Members present and a Minister or a junior Minister to reply. Tonight, there are perhaps 20 of us here, and no local papers will print it tomorrow. Perhaps we might take some comfort from that fact tonight.
  On 9th November, 1958, at an exhibition at Olympia, my right hon. Friend the Minister of Housing and Local Government said:
  "At the Ministry, I am not holding up any sewerage schemes which are ready to go ahead"
  I hoped to hear from him this evening that he is not holding up the Walton-le-Dale sewerage scheme, which is ready to go ahead. That scheme will make some small contribution to the cleansing of the estuary waters of the Ribble. There is a great deal that comes down that River Darwen through Walton-le-Dale that is, unfortunately, beyond the power of Walton-le-Dale to cleanse. My right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Chertsey (Sir L. Heald) spoke of salmon fishing. The only kind of salmon one can catch in the Darwen is a thrown-away tin that nobody has bothered to open. It is quite a filthy river, and wants cleaning.
  I cannot imagine at the present time that. overnight, by a bit of administrative magic or even by the relaxation of the credit squeeze—with all due deference to the hon. Member for Rossendale, because I think that we should not be too particular about the causes of these things—the River Darwen becoming a crystalline, sparkling, beautiful thing, along the banks of which one could sit in high summer without being asphyxiated. That would take a great deal of time.
  The point to be made is that every little helps, and every little helps not just one particular river or one set of people who have an interest in looking at it, or in using it as a clear stream, but helps the more economical, progressive and intelligent use of the country's natural water, and the real point of what I want to say is that if natural water is not better used and less abused than has been the case so far, if our
  984
  policy is not directed towards that end, we will go short of a most essential industrial, commercial and social raw material—clean water.
  Wherever we look, we want sites for new industry. It is true that that is a matter rainly of land usage. We have to discover whether we can have it, because others want to look over it, or build houses on it, or to shoot, not foxes, but pheasants on it. There are all sorts of interests involved in the use of land, but it is abundantly clear to me and, I am sure, to an increasing number of our people that the one resource out of which we should not run—in this climate—is good, clean, usable water. Yet, within the next decade, the single most cramping factor of industrial and social development—curiously enough, as I say, in this climate—will be the lack of usable water where we want it. Our one overwhelming natural raw material will not be available in abundance unless we stop polluting and destroying the abundance we now have.
  I beg the Ministry to take up this matter, not only for the anglers, whose cause I well understand; not only for those who are frightened—perhaps rightly—about poliomyelytis on our beaches; not only for those who prefer a clean smell to a bad odour; not only for those who like to walk by the banks of a stream on a summer or spring evening, but also for those who, a little later, will have the duty of using Britain's national resources to keep our economic system viable in the modern competitive world.
  It being Ten o'clock, the Motion for the Adjournment of the House lapsed, without Question put.
  Motion made, and Question proposed, That this House do now adjourn.—[Mr. J. E. B. Hill.]
  10.0 p.m.
  Mr. F. H. Hayman: I should like to thank my hon. Friend the Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) for bringing forward this subject on the Adjournment. I join with the hon. Member for Preston, South (Mr. Green) in saying that probably what we ought to do almost more than anything else is to inform the public so that they will be ready for the drastic changes which the Government may have to bring about in their habits,

  985
  and so on. I agree with the right hon. and learned Member for Chertsey (Sir L. Heald) that the rivers of Dartmoor and similar rivers should be kept clean for people who live along them and for anglers.
  We in Cornwall have some very ancient industrial pollution, particularly in my own constituency, where tin mining, as the House will know, has been carried on for many centuries and me washings from the tin have resulted in a red river which still flows quite close to where I live. There is little that can be done about that now. Indeed, unfortunately the industry is in a parlous state. I could tell some very interesting tales about the riches that have been brought up from Gwithian beach after the river has been sieved, as it were, by the tin operators down the miles of its length.
  Today, the worst pollution comes from china clay, a very wealthy industry situated, in the main, around St. Austell There the pollution makes the rivers run like milk. I remind the House—perhaps the Minister will take note of this—that there was serious flooding at Par Station during the winter, when the water in the station was up to the height of the axles of the trains passing through. This was due almost entirely to china clay pollution which covers the valley where the station is situated on the edge of the beach. In addition, anyone going up the Western Region line east of Plymouth could not help but be struck by the china clay pollution of the once beautiful River Plym. I believe that the Cornwall River Board, which takes in that part of Devon, is doing a very good job, but that is an example of the industrial pollution which is going on in this day and age.
  There is also pollution from sewerage, another problem that has to be tackled in Cornwall. It is not quite so bad now, although a lot of it goes into the sea, but as we have 300 miles of coast line there is plenty of chance for it to be diluted.
  One of the worst forms of pollution today is from oil, but I am proud to be able to say that at Falmouth Docks there is the firm of Silley Cox Ltd. which pioneered the separation of waste from oil. It has spent a considerable amount of money on that work and has achieved
  986
  great success which has been followed elsewhere.
  I feel that I am justified in intervening in the debate to make these points, because, even in a place like Cornwall, pollution can be rather terrible.
  10.5 p.m.
  Major H. Legge-Bourke: Perhaps I had better also declare an interest or two. I begin by saying that I am a vice-president of the River Boards' Association and of the Association of Drainage Authorities, a member of the Land Drainage Sub-committee of the Country Landowners' Association, a member of the National Farmers' Union and a former member of the Inland Waterways Association. In addition to those, which are voluntary duties, I have also had the great interest in this House of being Chairman of several Select Committees which have dealt with river matters.
  I would like briefly to take up one point made by the hon. Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) in his interesting and highly constructive and helpful speech. He said that one of the problems now confronting river administration was the great increase in the extraction of water. This is, perhaps, one of the most pressing problems which now has to be faced. Agriculture is tending to move into the fields of irrigation in a way as never before in British agriculture. If this comes about and the water is obtained from the rivers, it will simply mean that the intensity of pollution will increase and today's position will be greatly worsened.
  I think I am right in saying that a sub-committee of the Central Advisory Water Committee is sitting to discuss this very matter now. I hope that we shall hear from my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary, when he replies to the debate, that that sub-committee is making good progress and that we can expect its report within the foreseeable future.
  Another matter which is likely to come before the House fairly soon is amendment of the Land Drainage Act, 1930. It would be wrong, in this debate, to discuss anything involving legislation, but it is worth saying that the report of the Heneage Committee, which went

  987
  into the whole question of land drainage, recommended strongly that something should be done to improve the drainage in upland areas. If that were done, it might increase the flow into main rivers, which might somewhat counteract the tendency towards increased irrigation. To some extent, that may help to balance that problem. Let us hope so.
  It is encouraging to have heard so many hon. Members pay tribute to the work that the river boards are doing. In the past, it has been often said that the river boards were interested only in getting the water away to the sea and did not care what happened to it on the way down. In his book, "English Saga", Sir Arthur Bryant quotes a little couplet from Punch of 1840. It refers to the Thames as
  "Filthy river, filthy river,
  Foul from London to the Nore,
  What art thou but one vast gutter,
  One tremendous common shore."
  Today, we can say that the Thames Conservancy, which ranks as a river board for this purpose, has done a wonderful job. Considering London's vast population, it has done remarkably well.
  One other matter arises from something which became clear as a result of the proceedings of the four group Water Bills which recently passed through the House. I was Chairman of the Select Committee which considered those Bills. It was brought home to us clearly that local authorities, especially those just west of London, have not been paying nearly enough attention to the geology involved in water supplies.
  The tendency throughout the country has been that river extraction has, perhaps, been overdone. Not enough thought has been given to geology. We might, in fact, be able to ease the strain upon our rivers and so improve the flow and reduce the pollution if local authorities could be made to consult more frequently. In our debate upon those four Bills, I was glad to hear my right hon. Friend the Minister say that he would encourage local authorities to do so and to consult the Geological Survey, which is run by Dr. Buchan.
  I am certain that if local authorities were to do that, they might find that they would have purer rivers in their
  988
  developments. We know that considerable developments are going on in what has been hitherto always regarded as rural England. I have in mind places like Bletchley. We now have seriously to encourage all local authorities to take a great deal more trouble than they have done about the underground resources of water as well as the rivers.
  10.10 p.m.
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Mr. J. R. Bevins): I am sure that hon. Gentlemen on both sides of the House will feel grateful to the hon. Gentleman the Member for Rossendale (Mr. Anthony Greenwood) for embarking on this short discussion tonight. I personally am grateful to him for his co-operation and for the non-controversial tones in which he deployed his case, as, indeed, I am to hon. Gentlemen on both sides of the House for the moderation with which they have expressed their views. This debate is further evidence of the interest not only of the House but also of the general public in the condition of our country's rivers and coastal waters. I entirely agree with my hon. Friend the Member for Preston, South (Mr. Green) in what he said about the force of public opinion.
  It is very much an interest which my right hon. Friend and I share. We are most anxious to see clean waterways and beaches. The hon. Gentleman the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Centrad (Mr. Short) referred to his pride in the River Tyne notwithstanding its condition. I can understand that sentiment because the River Mersey, close to which I live, is not a particularly clean river, but nevertheless, having been born by it and lived there all my life, I have a very natural affection for that great waterway.
  I ought to say right away that my right hon. Friend has never adopted a complacent attitude towards this question of the pollution of rivers and beaches, and I think the House will see in the next few minutes that we are making quite substantial progress. My right hon. Friend as Minister of Housing and Local Government has taken a very close personal interest in the problem which we have been debating tonight I believe that he is the first Minister of Housing and Local Government ever to address the River Boards Association,

  989
  as he did in May of last year. It was on that occasion that he expressed the hope that he would go down—or up—in history as "Minister of Clean Rivers" as well as "Minister of Clean Air".
  As the hon. Gentleman the Member for Rossendale knows, the river boards were set up in 1948. In 1951 the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act gave them powers to deal with pollution and to bring about over the years a wholesome river system. That Act applied right away to all non-tidal waters and watercourses, but, as has been said tonight, it can apply to the tidal reaches of rivers only if the Minister makes an order under Section 6, and a river board itself has the duty of seeking that responsibility.
  While the river boards themselves are concerned with the condition of the rivers, it is, of course, the local sewerage authorities, as my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Chertsey (Sir L. Heald) said, who are responsible for surface water drainage, and, as my right hon. and learned Friend emphasised, and rightly emphasised, the truth of the matter is that the river boards, to whom I should like to pay my tribute for the skill and energy with which they are discharging their duties, cannot make the progress which they would like to make in getting rid of pollution unless the local authorities are in a position either to modernise or to construct new sewage disposal works. That is the root of the whole thing.
  It is true, of course, as the House knows, that during certain phases in the post-war years it has been necessary for successive Governments to restrain some of the local authorities who have wanted to embark upon sewerage and sewage disposal schemes, and I think it is probably fair to say, and I think this needs saying, that the suspicion which has fallen on successive Ministers that they really have had no enthusiasm at all for this task has probably derived from the country's intermittent economic difficulties.
  However, the position at the moment is a good deal more rosy than it has been for many years. In pre-war years the average expenditure on sewage disposal works was about £5 million a year. In 1956 it was £15 million. In 1957 it had risen to just on £25 million, and last year it went up to the record figure of almost
  990
  £33 million. I should like to make it perfectly clear that during the last eighteen months, at any rate, no sewerage scheme has been held up on capital investment ground.
  Mr. Short: Can the hon. Gentleman say whether these figures represent any increase in volume of work? There is a vast difference in the value of money.
  Mr. Bevins: Even allowing for the change in the value of money, I assure the hon. Gentleman that there has been an increase in the volume of work.
  Since the end of the war, more than £245 million have been devoted to sewage disposal works and sewerage. It might be helpful if I were to give one or two of the more striking examples of the work done in the country, which is helping the river boards in their tasks.
  Mr. Popplewell: Is there any possible hope of the Minister considering at any time legislation which might enable him to give grants to local authorities?
  Mr. Bevins: As the hon. Member knows, I should be out of order if I answered that question directly.
  Mr. Popplewell: I asked whether it would be considered.
  Mr. Bevins: I may, perhaps, make a passing reference to that later.
  My hon. Friend the Member for Preston, South (Mr. Green) asked about a scheme which would contribute to the lessening of pollution in the River Ribble prepared by the Walton-le-Dale Urban District Council. He asked whether my right hon. Friend meant what he said when he declared that he was not turning down any of these schemes. My right hon. Friend, of course, always means what he says. My hon. Friend will know that the scheme was changed from a partial to a full-treatment scheme which involves the acquisition of a further area of land. As soon as the local council is in a position to confirm that it can purchase the extra land, the scheme for full treatment may be approved without delay.
  I should like to give examples of schemes in progress during the last year or two in relation to rivers which have been mentioned in the course of the debate. In the case of the Derwent,

  991
  the Derby Corporation has been authorised to spend £2 million on the Sponden treatment works between 1952 and 1957. In the case of the River Severn, Gloucester County Borough has been authorised to spend £1¼ million on the Middle Rea Farm Works sewerage scheme.
  The Irwell, of course, is the responsibility of the Mersey River Board. As the hon. Member for Rossendale knows, work has started on a £1 million scheme at the Ringley Fold Works of the Bolton and District Joint Sewerage Board. That will take about two years to complete and should lead to a great deal of improvement in the condition of the River Irwell. There are quite a number of relatively small schemes also under way. In the case of the Ribble, to which two hon. Members have referred, the higher reaches are affected by the inflow of waters from the River Calder.
  There are three schemes either approved or submitted for new disposal works or improvements at Burnley and Accrington. In addition, the Darwen which also flows into the Ribble, will be improved by a scheme prepared by the Darwen Borough Council to improve its sewerage works at a cost of £160,000. The estuary is heavily polluted and we have authorised a number of big schemes by the authorities which are discharging effluents into the river.
  These include a Preston scheme at a cost of £500,000 and a Lytham St. Annes scheme at a cost of £⅓ million. Blackpool schemes are estimated to cost more more than £500,000 and there are a number of smaller schemes. All told, there are before us a total of about £1,200,000 in schemes for improving the quality of effluents which flow into the Ribble and its tributaries.
  Mr. J. A. Leavey: Does my hon. Friend recall whether an application came from the Barnoldswick Urban District Council, because in the last few months the Ribble in the higher reaches has been much polluted?
  Mr. Bevins: I am sorry, but I confess that I have only a vague recollection of that scheme and I cannot be more definite. However, I will gladly look into the position.
  992
  I listened with great interest and some gratification to what my hon. Friend said about the improvement that had occurred in the condition of the Trent. What he said was true. In the last six years, between 1952 and 1957, there have been 137 new or extended treatment works, involving an expenditure of about £15 million, and half of those schemes have already been completed. It is true to say that in the last few years the schemes which affect the quality of the River Trent have accounted for 15 per cent. of the total capital expenditure on sewage works throughout the country.
  Turning for a moment to the troublesome and difficult case of the River Tyne, I am in a little difficulty because, according to Press reports I have seen, certain events have been taking place. My right hon. Friend, however, has not had any formal notification of the latest developments, so it is rather difficult for me to comment as intelligently as I would hope to do upon recent developments. My understanding of the position is that the float tests, which were carried out to see if it would be practicable to discharge untreated sewage into the sea through one single outfall, have not been successful, and I believe that the local authorities on Tyneside have now asked the numerous authorities on the Tyne for their recommendations.
  I am reluctant to comment on what is a Press report, but it may be that only one site for an outfall has been examined on the Tyne, and there may be other outfall sites where the result would be different. If at the end of the day it should prove to be the case that untreated sewage cannot be discharged into the sea without risk to the inhabitants, the only alternative will be for the local authorities on Tyneside to get down to the job of considering either full or partial treatment of the sewage which goes into the Tyne.
  The hon. Gentleman the Member for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central referred to the financial difficulties. It would not be right for me to say anything on that point beyond the fact that the terms of reference of the Armer Committee, which has already been referred to by one of my hon. Friends, include the question of financial problems. I do not say this as implying that my right hon. Friend has it in mind to give financial aid to local

  993
  authorities, because one has to face the fact that many local authorities, large and small, have undertaken substantial financial burdens for the sake of getting on with this work.
  I turn for a moment or two in its broadest sense to the question of river estuaries.
  Mr. Short: If I may interrupt, what the hon. Gentleman says bears out my remark that our problem is probably one of the biggest, worst and most intractable in the country. He has held out no hope and enumerated no schemes on the Tyne. Will he give an undertaking that he will look into the problem of Tyne pollution, and at least discuss it with my hon. Friend and myself when he has had time to look into it?
  Mr. Bevins: I assure the hon. Gentleman and his colleague that my right hon. Friend and myself have been following events on Tyneside with very great care. I just will not do for the hon. Gentleman to suggest that this is the responsibility of Her Majesty's Government.
  Mr. Short indicated dissent.
  Mr. Bevins: It is primarily the responsibility of the local authorities on Tyneside, and if they want either the advice or the technical assistance of my right hon. Friend's Department it is always available for the asking. It just will not do to suggest that the responsibility resides with my right hon. Friend. That is simply not so. I am prepared, and I know that my right hon. Friend is, at any time to discuss the pollution of the Tyne with the hon. Gentleman and his hon. Friends. In saying that, I must make perfectly clear where the responsibility really lies.
  Mr. Short: That is not good enough.
  Mr. Bevins: I do not want to be discourteous to other hon. Members who put questions and I come now to the matter of river estuaries.
  The hon. Member for Rossendale asked about orders under Section 6 of the 1951 Act. There have been two such Orders, one for the River Axe in Devon and the other for the River Wye. At present, there are six Orders before the Minister, and others are subject to talks between the boards and the Ministry. The Ribble is one of these. The only one which we have ever turned down came from the
  994
  Isle of Wight. In that particular case, we could not see that an Order would serve any useful purpose. I should like to make it quite clear that we are ready to consider these applications sympathetically, indeed, almost to lean over backwards to help boards which feel that orders will achieve something worth while.
  My right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Chertsey and my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for the Isle of Ely (Major Legge-Bourke) referred to the dangers which arise from dilution as distinct from pollution. As my hon. and learned Friend said, an investigation is currently being carried out by a committee of the Central Advisory Water Committee. We hope that its report will not be too long delayed. When he has it, my right hon. Friend will certainly study it intensely and do what seems to be necessary as quickly as possible.
  Now a word or two about the problem of coastal waters. This, again, is the responsibility of the local authorities. On the whole, the local authorities are facing their responsibilities. Recent inquiries we have made show that over 100 coastal authorities had either carried out, or were proposing to carry out, more than 160 outfall or sewage treatment schemes. Out of that total of 160, 60 schemes were for partial or full treatment. Those schemes, costing about £20 million, have, almost in every case, already been authorised. One example is the scheme at Bournemouth. Bournemouth has embarked on a full treatment scheme at Holdenhurst, at a total cost of £2½ million. This will very soon be starting and it should lead to a big, improvement in the waters of Bournemouth Bay.
  I was asked about the hazards to health arising from sea bathing. As the House knows, there is at present no established connection between river pollution or water pollution and poliomyelitis. The committee of the Public Health Laboratory Service will probably report towards the end of this year. Whatever the report of that committee may be, even if it says that there is no established connection between the two things, that will certainly be no reason for further complacency about pollution in our rivers.
  Several hon. Members asked about the national survey into sewage. This has never been mentioned in public either by my right hon. Friend or by myself, but it

  995
  is the fact that, some time ago, my right hon. Friend wished to gain a better appreciation of the size of the problem and certain informal inquiries were made of various authorities. We are at present seeking to collate the results, which will obviously require very careful examination. Thereafter, we shall see what action is necessary.
  As one hon. Member said, there is a host of agencies concerned with river pollution. Generally we find that coordination between the river boards, local authorities and industry, especially large-
  996
  scale industry, works very well indeed. In spite of the limitations on our time tonight, I hope that the House will feel that this is a subject in which my right hon. Friend is keenly interested and in regard to which the Government are helping to stimulate local authorities to do a good job.
  The Question having been proposed at Ten o'clock and the debate having continued for half an hour, Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House without Question put, pursuant to the Standing Order.
  Adjourned at half-past Ten o'clock.