Commons Sitting of 26 October 1953

Preamble
The House met at Half past Two o'Clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  GERMANY

    Herr Naumann
    Mr. Wyattasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a further statement on the arrest and release of Herr Werner Naumann.
    The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Anthony Eden): Yes, Sir. Since my last statement on 26th March, the Land Government of North Rhine-Westphalia listed Herr Naumann as a "Category 2 Nazi", and he was thus deprived of the right to vote or to stand for Parliament.
    Herr Naumann was released from custody on 28th July by decision of the Federal Supreme Court. This decision does not affect the decision of the German authorities on whether to bring charges or not.
    As I said in my original statement of 20th January, the intention of our original action was to frustrate a potential danger to democracy in Germany by bringing it into the open and leaving it to the German authorities and the German people to form their own judgment. The House will have noted that in the recent Federal elections, the German people clearly rejected extremist policies of the Right as well as of the Left.

    Shot Down Aircraft (Compensation)
    Brigadier Medlicottasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if his attention has been drawn to the demand made by the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the United States of America for £660,000 compensation for the alleged shooting down of a Soviet passenger aeroplane by American fighters in the
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    Far East on 27th July; and if Her Majesty's Government will make a comparable claim on the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as compensation for the shooting down of a Lincoln bomber of the Royal Air Force in the Hamburg-Berlin air corridor in March last.
    The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Mr. Anthony Nutting): Yes, Sir. A claim was made to the Soviet authorities for due reparation for the loss of the Lincoln and its crew, but the Soviet Government have refused to acknowledge their responsibility. Her Majesty's Government will continue to press this matter.
    Brigadier Medlicott: Is the Minister aware that the parents of the pilot of the bomber, who are constituents of mine, deeply appreciate what has already been done by Her Majesty's Government, but would not the presentation of a further claim to the Russian Government indicate that the loss of a British plane is quite a serious matter as is the loss of a Russian plane?
    Mr. Nutting: I have told my hon. and gallant Friend that we shall continue to press the matter.

  SUEZ CANAL BASE (ANGLO EGYPTIAN NEGOTIATIONS)
  Mr. Wyattasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a statement on the negotiations between Her Majesty's Government and the Egyptian Government on the subject of the Suez Canal base.
  Sir T. Mooreasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement indicating the progress so far made in his negotiations with the Egyptian Government over the Suez Canal dispute.
  Mr. Eden: I regret that I am still not in a position to make this statement. I can, however, assure the House that I shall do so at the earliest opportunity.
  Mr. Wyatt: Cannot the Foreign Secretary tell us at least as much as he told the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Tory Party, and can he take heart and stand up to those 19th Century members of all ages in his party who are trying to prevent the reaching of a reasonable agreement with the Egyptians?
  Mr. Eden: I am not sure that I understand whom the hon. Member is trying to describe. It would not, of course, be anybody of my acquaintance.
  Sir T. Moore: Will my right hon. Friend bear in mind that he will have general support and confidence in his efforts to bring this dispute to a peaceable end, and also, of course, in maintaining our international and treaty rights in regard to the Canal?
  Mr. Shinwell: While I fully recognise the need for a satisfactory conclusion to these negotiations, may I ask the right hon. Gentleman to recognise that it would be most undesirable if the result was that these negotiations, satisfactory though they may be to both parties, were used as a jumping-off ground to enable Egypt to attack any of her neighbours?
  Mr. Eden: What we are dealing with is a revision of the treaty which we signed with Egypt. If the right hon. Gentleman has any special point he wants to raise about our side of the question, I shall be glad if he will put it down.
  Mr. Amery: Can my right hon. Friend give the assurance that if any agreement appears to be in sight, the terms will be presented to the House for a debate before any decision is taken?
  Mr. Eden: My hon. Friend can be assured that the ordinary constitutional procedure will, in any event, be followed.

  EX-FOREIGN OFFICE OFFICIALS (DISAPPEARANCE)
  Brigadier Medlicottasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he has now any further statement to make arising out of the disappearance of Mr. Burgess and Mr. Maclean.
  Mr. Eden: As is now well known, Mrs. Melinda Maclean, the wife of Mr. Donald Maclean, herself disappeared without warning on Friday, 11th September, from her home in Geneva, taking her three children with her. No news has since been received from them but the investigations carried out by the police of Switzerland and neighbouring countries point to the party having crossed the Swiss fronties into Austria the same night.
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  Other than this, I can add nothing to the previous statements made by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham (Mr. H. Morrison) and myself.
  Brigadier Medlicott: Is it now possible to say whether Mr. Burgess and Mr. Maclean left their posts at the Foreign Office of their own free will, or whether they were taken against their will?
  Mr. Eden: It is not possible to say anything more than was said before.
  Mr. Woodburn: Was Mrs. Maclean subject to any supervision? Did she owe any obligations to report her progress to anyone, or was she an entirely free agent?
  Mr. Eden: I am glad that the right hon. Gentleman raised that point. I, of course, have no responsibility whatever for keeping Mrs. Maclean under surveillance. She was a free agent, and no form of surveillance would have been either feasible or proper.
  Mrs. Mann: Is the Foreign Secretary aware that these people's property is being disposed of in England? They are able to instruct their solicitor and, doubtless, money will accrue from the sale of their house. Can the right hon. Gentleman inquire to whom the money will be transmitted? Can he not get the address?
  Mr. Eden: I do not think that that is a matter for me. There are relatives.

  ICELANDIC FISHERIES DISPUTE
  Mr. Doddsasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what progress has been made in settling the fisheries dispute with the Icelandic Government; and what efforts have been made by Her Majesty's Government since the end of July to settle this dispute.
  Mr. Nutting: On 20th May, my right hon. and learned Friend informed the House that Her Majesty's Government had made repeated attempts to achieve a mutually satisfactory solution of the dispute; and that they were willing to consider at any time any constructive proposals which might be put forward by the Icelandic Government.
  Since then, the Icelandic Government have not themselves put forward any such

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  proposals and recent discussions between Her Majesty's Minister and the Icelandic Government have made it plain that they have no present intention of making any proposals.
  Mr. Dodds: Is it not remarkable that the Government have treated this matter so lightly, a matter in which the British housewife is a victim of vested interests, and is waging a war against the vested interests of Iceland? Should not more effective steps be taken?
  Mr. Nutting: Our responsibility at the Foreign Office is purely in connection with the dispute with the Icelandic Government, and if the hon. Gentleman looks at the statement to which I referred and which was made by the Minister of State on 20th May last, he will see that we have put forward at least four proposals for solving this dispute, all of which have been rejected or frustrated by the Icelandic Government.
  Lady Tweedsmuir: In view of the recent import of Icelandic fish, will the Under-Secretary say whether any representations have been made by the Government to the representatives of the fishing industry in this country, and, if so, whether the Government cannot now take the initiative with the Icelandic Government?
  Mr. Nutting: As I have said in answer to the hon. Gentleman's Question, I do not see that Her Majesty's Government can take this matter any further with the Icelandic Government. We have let them know it is for them to make constructive proposals as to how this dispute should be regulated.
  Mr. Woodburn: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that some Shetland fishermen do not seem able to sell the good fish they catch? There does not seem to be any shortage of good fish, because they are throwing them back into the sea.
  Mr. Nutting: That is not really a matter for me.

  BURAIMI OASIS
  Mr. T. Reidasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement on the position at the Buraimi oasis in the territory of the Sultan of Muscat.
  Mr. Eden: Discussions have been proceeding between the two Governments concerned and some progress has been made. Both parties have now agreed in principle to arbitration. It has, however, been difficult to establish conditions in which such arbitration might proceed. I am, none the less, hopeful that a solution will be found.
  I should perhaps add a correction upon a point of fact in the hon. Gentleman's Question. The greater part of the Buraimi oasis belongs to the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi, who is under British protection. Only two of the eight villages in the oasis including Hamasa belong to the Sultan of Muscat, an independent Ruler, who has asked Her Majesty's Government to act on his behalf in the dispute.
  Mr. Reid: Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether there was any dispute about this oasis until the rumour cropped up that it contained oil?
  Mr. Eden: It might conceivably be that there are interests other than water in the matter now.

  NAVAL LAUNCH, HONG KONG (ATTACK)
  Mr. T. Reidasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if the Chinese Government has yet accepted responsibility for firing on a Royal Navy motor launch near Hong Kong and paid compensation in respect of those killed.
  Mr. Eden: No, Sir. The Chinese Government have not yet accepted responsibility or paid compensation. A strong protest was delivered to the Chinese Government on 12th September. The Chinese Government replied on 29th September falsely alleging that the British naval launch was to blame for the incident. A further note was delivered on 16th October rejecting the Chinese allegations, reasserting Her Majesty's Government's protest and demanding a sum in compensation. No reply has yet been received to this further note.
  Mr. Reid: Is there any use whatever in appealing to any part of U.N.O. or the International Court, or is that a useless procedure in this case?
  Mr. Eden: I would rather, at this stage, deal directly with the Chinese Government about this and see how they treat

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  this further Note of ours. I should like then to consider the other suggestions made by the hon. Gentleman.
  Sir H. Williams: Could my right hon. Friend say whether the Chinese Government have yet recognised us?
  Mr. Eden: We are in discussion about that, but we should like to be recognised in a satisfactory manner.

  TRIESTE (ZONE A ADMINISTRATION)
  Mr. Doddsasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement giving the reasons for the decision to hand over the administration of Trieste's A Zone to Italy; and, in view of the danger to peace, why it has been decided to withdraw our troops at such short notice.
  Mr. Haleasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what consultations with, and representations by, the Government of Yugoslavia, took place before the decision to evacuate Zone A of Trieste.
  Mrs. Castleasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs how far the Tripartite Declaration of 20th March, 1948, on the future of Trieste, still represents the policy of Her Majesty's Government.
  Mr. Eden: I would refer hon. Members to the statement which I made to the House on 20th October. Since the House will have an opportunity of debating this subject on Wednesday, I have nothing at present to add.
  Mr. Dodds: Does the right hon. Gentleman take full responsibility for this act of incredible, diplomatic stupidity? Is he aware that there is a widespread feeling in this country that should bloodshed result from this decision, then this Government will bear a terrible responsibility?
  Mr. Eden: I am not called upon to endorse any of the hon. Gentleman's epithets, but I accept full responsibility.
  Mrs. Castle: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that not the least unfortunate part of this sorry affair is that neither side in this dispute knows whether the action of Her Majesty's Government
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  represents the first instalment of the operation of the 1948 Declaration or was intended as an alternative to that? Is he aware that this House cannot properly debate this matter on Wednesday unless the right hon. Gentleman is much more frank than he is prepared to be this afternoon, and clears up this very important point?
  Mr. Eden: If the hon. Lady will be good enough to look at my original statement she will find there a reply which relates to what she has said. I do not want to say any more about it at the present time, because I do not think it will help us to get an agreement.
  Mr. S. Silverman: Will the right hon. Gentleman bear in mind, in any further negotiations about this matter, that it might be advisable to get away from the atmosphere of a Declaration of any kind and get back to the Treaty to which we were a party?
  Mr. Eden: It is not Her Majesty's Government alone that has been making declarations. There have been lots of others.

  Sultan of Morocco (Deposition)
  Mr. Haleasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what representations were made by the French Government to Her Majesty's Government under the Treaty of Algeciras, before the summary deposition of His Cherifian Majesty the Sultan of Morocco.
  Mr. Nutting: None, Sir.
  Mr. Hale: Is the Under-Secretary not aware that at the time of the signing of the Treaty of Algeciras the then Sultan of Morocco refused to sign until he had received from the signatories the most specific assurances and guarantees about his individual and dynastic rule in Morocco? Is it not a fact that the French attitude in Tangier now is wholly inconsistent with the international character of the territory?
  Mr. Nutting: The question asked me what representations were made by the French Government to Her Majesty's Government under the Treaty of Algeciras before the deposition of the Sultan of Morocco. The answer is that no representations were made because no representations were called for. The

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  relations between the French Government and the Sultan of Morocco are not governed by the Treaty of Algeciras but by the Treaty of Fez, signed in 1912, between the French Government and the reigning Sultan. The British Government are not a party to the Treaty of Fez, and we cannot call upon the French Government for advice in advance of any decision made in the matter.
  Mr. Hale: Is it not a fact that the Treaty of Fez made no change in the suzerainty of the Sultan of Morocco, and that the signatories of the Treaty of Algeciras, including Germany, Russia, and Italy, are entitled to information before a settlement of this kind is reached?
  Mr. Nutting: No, Sir, the Treaty of Fez replaces the Treaty of Algeciras.

  ANGLO-PERSIAN OIL DISPUTE (NEGOTIATIONS)
  Mr. Haleasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs the position in the negotiations with the new Government of Iran with reference to the oil refinery at Abadan.
  Mr. Eden: I would refer the hon. Gentleman to my statement in the House on 20th October, to which I would only add that such information as I have received since then encourages me to think that the Persian Government and people understand the sincerity of our desire to see friendly relations restored between our two countries.
  Mr. Hale: I am much obliged to the right hon. Gentleman. He will realise that this Question was put down before 20th October. While we all rejoice at the more hopeful atmosphere, would not this be the time when opportunity should be taken of approaching through the United Nations, the whole question of the control and allocation of the raw materials of the world?
  Mr. Eden: The hon. Gentleman will agree that it is a very large topic that he is raising, and I would not like to postpone any attempt to reach a settlement of our differences with Persia until we solve that larger one, for we might have to wait a long time.

  PHILIPPINES (BRITISH COMPANIES' CLAIMS)
  Mr. Teelingasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what information he has in regard to the progress made in the recovery of the sums in dollars at present owing and in arrears to British companies in the Philippines and, in particular, to the Manila Railway Company (1906), Limited.
  Mr. Nutting: Efforts made by the British company since the war on behalf of the bondholders to obtain payment have not so far been successful. With regard to other British companies, I am not aware of any other outstanding cases, but if the hon. Member will send me details I will, of course, examine them.
  Mr. Teeling: Can my hon. Friend tell me whether the Manila Company has yet approached the Foreign Office with the idea of their supporting them in their claim? Is he aware that there are many shareholders in that company who are most anxious that this should happen and that the American interest in the same claim has already been paid in full?
  Mr. Nutting: Yes, the company have now approached the Foreign Office, I am in touch with them, and I am prepared to consider in what way and at what stage we can help in any representations.

  KOREA

    Sixteen-Nation Declaration
    Mr. Jayasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs the reasons which led Her Majesty's Government to agree to the statement on the 16-nation declaration on Korea, made public on 8th August, that, in case of a breach of the armistice, in all probability it would not be possible to confine hostilities within the frontier of Korea.
    Mr. Eden: The reasons were fully explained in the statement issued to the Press with the authority of the Prime Minister on 15th August, to which I have nothing to add.
    Mr. Jay: In view of the continued delicate situation in Korea, does not the Foreign Secretary now recognise that this declaration was a serious mistake? Will he tell the House whether he agrees with

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    the statement in the declaration that any future hostilities probably could not be confined to Korea?
    Mr. Eden: No, Sir, I do not think it was a mistake, nor do I think that anything specifically new is contained in this declaration; but as a warning, I think it may well have been useful though, for reasons given at the time, it added nothing to our existing commitments.
    Mr. Jay: Does the Foreign Secretary agree with that particular statement in the declaration?
    Mr. Eden: I am not sure that the right hon. Gentleman quoted the words correctly. I should like to look them up. Perhaps he will put a Question down?
    Sir R. Aclandasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what consultations have taken place with other Governments in order to agree on the policy to be pursued in the event of the Korean truce being broken by a military initiative by President Rhee or by forces under his command.
    Mr. Eden: The position regarding discussions was stated by my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the House on 30th July. Our first concern is to ensure that the contingency shall not arise. But if it should, we have reserved our right to decide our course of action in the light of the circumstances which may prevail at the time.
    Sir R. Acland: Is the Minister fully aware that in view of the long course of behaviour of Syngman Rhee in these matters it will prove extraordinarily difficult in almost all circumstances to win the support of British people for any further fighting in Korea in which we are in alliance with him?
    Mr. Eden: That is not the hon. Member's original Question. As regards the original Question, I looked up the Chancellor's statement on 30th July and it is quite specific. It states:
    "Her Majesty's Government are in no way committed before the event to any action they may take."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 30th July, 1953; Vol. 518, c. 1559.]
    Mr. Warbeyasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will define the circumstances in which Her Majesty's Government would take
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    action in accordance with the terms of the 16-nation declaration on Korea published on 8th August.
    Mr. Eden: I have nothing to add to the terms of the declaration, which seem unexceptionable.
    Mr. Warbey: In view of the fact that some glosses on this declaration have been issued from 10 Downing Street during the Recess, and as there is considerable anxiety about the extent to which we may be committed in Korea, will the right hon. Gentleman give an assurance that if any incident arises in Korea the question of determining the responsibility for the act of aggression will be referred to the United Nations Security Council for consideration and that British troops will not be committed to further fighting before that action is taken?
    Mr. Eden: I do not think it is reasonable that I should have to answer without seeing that question on the Order Paper. It goes far beyond the Question which has been put down.

    Prisoners (Repatriation)
    Mr. Wyattasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a statement on the relations between the United Nations Command in Korea and the neutral commission supervising prisoners who have refused repatriation.
    Mr. Eden: According to my information, improved working relations have now been established between the United Nations Command and the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. The Commission has been assured of the United Nations Commander's support and assistance in its delicate and exacting task.
    Mr. Wyatt: It is quite clear, is it not, that the Commission throughout has behaved with impeccable honesty and impartiality and could not have done better in its work?
    Mr. Eden: I paid a tribute the other day to what had been achieved, and I have done so again now.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: In view of the great importance of this matter, will the Foreign Secretary consider, if further difficulties arise, whether it might not even now be desirable to modify the United

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    Nations Command so that it should be more widely representative?
    Mr. Eden: I hope that the improved situation which I have just reported can be developed, rather than that we should attempt anything of that kind at this stage.

    Situation
    Mr. Donnellyasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will make a further statement on the situation in Korea.
    Mr. Eden: I have nothing to add to what I said about Korea on 20th October, except to say that Mr. Dean, the spokesman of all the nations with forces under the United Nations Command, has met today with the emissaries of the Chinese and North Koreans at Panmunjom to discuss arrangements for the setting up of the Political Conference.
    Mr. Donnelly: Returning to the question of future activities by Mr. Syngman Rhee, did the right hon. Gentleman see in yesterday's "Observer" a report from its Seoul correspondent saying that there was considerable apprehension as to what Mr. Rhee might do? Will he not at least go as far as to repeat the warning given in the Downing Street statement in August, of the view of Her Majesty's Government should Mr. Rhee break the truce on his own initiative?
    Mr. Eden: I said something a few minutes ago which exactly corresponded to the question of the hon. Member.

  UNITED NATIONS

    Chinese Membership
    Mr. Hamiltonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what proposals Her Majesty's Government has for supporting the admission of Communist China to membership of the United Nations Specialised Agencies.
    Mr. Nutting: Each of the Specialised Agencies may take decisions on this matter independently of the United Nations itself, but for their part Her Majesty's Government hold that the same considerations apply in both cases.
    Mr. Hamilton: Is it not a fact that both our Government and the American Government have consistently said that
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    Communist China could not be admitted into the United Nations until they gave evidence of good faith? Would it not be a good idea for our Government to take the initiative in this matter, in order to allow Communist China into some of the Specialised Agencies to give such evidence?
    Mr. Nutting: As the hon. Gentleman realises, it is a question largely of which China should be seated in these Agencies. So far as Her Majesty's Government are concerned, we believe that the same considerations apply to the Specialised Agencies as apply to the United Nations.
    Mr. Hamilton: Can the hon. Gentleman explain why the Government supported the entry of Franco Spain into U.N.E.S.C.O., yet cannot support the admission of Communist China?
    Mr. Nutting: That is a completely different question, but I have answered it on many occasions. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] Well, on several occasions. If the hon. Gentleman will look up my answer, I am sure he will be satisfied.
    Mr. Swinglerasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs why the United Kingdom delegate initiated a resolution in the Assembly of the United Nations to defer consideration for the current session of the representation of the Central People's Government of China in the United Nations when hostilities ended in Korea.
    Mr. Nutting: I would refer to the reply I gave to the hon. Member on 21st October.
    Mr. Swingler: Does the hon. Gentleman recall that on 30th July the Chancellor of the Exchequer, speaking for the Government in the House, said that in his view the conclusion of a Korean armistice had brought nearer the time for settling this problem of Chinese representation in the United Nations? Why did the United Kingdom delegate to the United Nations, on 15th September, in direct contradiction to the Chancellor's statement, move to postpone consideration of this issue? When do the Government think that conditions will be fulfilled for bringing it forward?
    Mr. Nutting: Our representative did not act in contradiction of what the Chancellor said in this House. If the hon.

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    Member will look at the terms of the resolution passed by the United Nations this year and compare that resolution on this burning question of Chinese representation with that of the previous year he will see that this year's resolution is much more restricted.

    Charter Revision
    Mr. R. Harrisasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in view of the proposal of the American Secretary of State made in a speech to United Nations Organisation on 26th August, 1953, that serious consideration should be given to amendment of the United Nations Charter when it comes up for revision, what steps Her Majesty's Government are taking to support the proposal that the whole of the 1956 session should be given over to consideration of charter revision.
    Mr. Nutting: Article 109 of the Charter provides that the tenth annual session of the General Assembly, 1955, shall consider calling a conference to discuss revision of the Charter if no general conference of the members of the United Nations has previously been held. If the General Assembly decides to call such a conference, Her Majesty's Government will certainly wish to contribute to its work. I imagine, however, that the conference would meet independently of the regular annual session of the General Assembly.
    Mr. Harris: May we take it, therefore, that Her Majesty's Government are giving consideration to the problems that may arise from the revision of the Charter, and that they will bring their proposals before this House sometime early in 1954 so we can consider the matter?
    Mr. Nutting: In answer to the first part of the supplementary question, the answer is, yes, but I cannot promise at what stage we shall bring any proposals before the House.
    Mr. Noel-Baker: Can the Under-Secretary promise us that we shall have in writing what Her Majesty's Government propose to put before the United Nations by way of revision of the Charter, so that public opinion in the country may consider and debate it before the Government act?
    Mr. Nutting: I am not quite sure of the constitutional position in these matters,
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    but I will certainly take note of the suggestion of the right hon. Gentleman.
    Sir H. Williams: Does not my hon. Friend agree that if the United Nations devotes the whole of 1956 to the discussion of its rules, it will do less harm to the peace of the world than if it has its ordinary meetings?
    Mr. R. Harrisasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will examine the proposals for United Nations Charter revision agreed upon in August, 1953, at the Copenhagen Conference of the World Association of Parliamentarians for World Government, a copy of which has been sent him.
    Mr. Nutting: Yes, Sir.

  BRITISH SEAMEN, SOVIET AND CHINESE PORTS (RESTRICTIONS)
  Mr. Hamiltonasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what restrictions are placed on our seamen when they visit Soviet and Chinese ports; what steps have been or are being, taken to remove such restrictions; and how the sailors of Communist-dominated countries fare in United Kingdom ports.
  Mr. Nutting: The restrictions placed on British seamen in Soviet and Chinese ports follow a general pattern of close supervision, including limitation of shore leave and searching of crews' quarters. Specific allegations of mistreatment of British seamen are investigated and, if well-founded, brought to the attention of the Government concerned. Some districts in the Soviet Union have now been opened to foreign travel and I hope that this will result in an improvement of the situation.
  Subject to immigration control all foreign seamen are allowed to take shore leave at United Kingdom ports.
  Mr. Hamilton: Can the Minister say whether the Government have had any representations from seamen about their unwillingness to go to these ports because of these restrictions? Have any representations been made by the Navigators and Engineer Officers Union on this matter?
  Mr. Nutting: I would hesitate to answer that question without notice. Perhaps the hon. Gentleman will put it down?

  BRITISH COUNCIL PUBLICATIONS (DISPOSAL)
  Mr. J. Hyndasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what action he has taken to ensure that the British Council shall not, in future, dispose of any of its publications or other activities to other bodies, especially abroad, under contracts which, whilst depriving the Council of any further control, convey the right to the purchasers to continue to use the name of the British Council, irrespective of the purposes to which the publication or other activity may be subsequently directed.
  Mr. Nutting: As a chartered corporation the British Council is entitled to enter into contracts for the disposal of its property on such terms as it may consider proper. My right hon. Friend has no power to take action of the kind envisaged in the Question.
  I can, however, assure the hon. Gentleman that the British Council is well aware of the undesirability of permitting unauthorised or misleading use of its name abroad.
  Mr. Hynd: Is the Minister aware that the British Council has already agreed to the sale of a publication called "Things English," in Sweden, that the contract for sale included the right to use the imprint, "Founded by the British Council in Sweden," and that it is alleged, as he knows, that this newspaper is being used for purposes other than that for which it was founded? Can he not give us an assurance that the British Council will not in future take the risk of selling its publications to organisations which might misuse them and use the name of the British Council?
  Mr. Nutting: I will certainly draw the attention of the British Council to the suggestion of the hon. Gentleman, but, as I have already indicated in my answer, my right hon. Friend has no powers to force the British Council to take, or not to take any particular action in this type of case.
  Colonel Gomme-Duncan: Does my hon. Friend not think that the time has now come to consider whether this organisation should not be brought to an end, or at any rate, very much curtailed?
  Mr. Nutting: That is a much broader, and very different, question.

  ACCIDENT, LIVERPOOL (LEGAL ACTION)
  Mrs. Braddockasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he is aware that Mr. F. P. Barry, whose wife was killed on 7th March, 1952, and who was himself seriously injured in Scotland Road, Liverpool, has had to live on National Health Insurance and supplementary National Assistance benefit since the date of the accident and, as the accident was due to an American Service man, if he will take steps to hasten legal action in cases of this sort; and, in particular, in this case.
  Mr. Nutting: I understand that this case concerns a private claim against a member of the United States Air Force who was off duty at the time of the accident. It is not a matter in which Her Majesty's Government can take official action, but if the hon. Lady will send me further details I shall be glad to look into the case and to consider whether there is any action I can take on an unofficial basis.
  Mrs. Braddock: Is the Minister aware that these matters and the arrangements with reference to them, particularly in relation to accidents arising out of the actions of American Service men in this country, are giving rise to great concern to all those who have anything to do with legal proceedings? It is one which obviously needs further consideration, so that people will not have to live on National Assistance while waiting for claims to be settled?
  Mr. Nutting: As the hon. Lady knows, there are two methods of procedure in this case. One is a civil claim in the British courts, although there is no British criminal jurisdiction over members of the American forces off duty. The alternative is to submit a claim to the United States Claims Commission. It was the latter type of action which I

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  had in mind when I said that I would be glad to look into the matter to see whether I could do anything to help.
  Mrs. Braddock: In view of the length of time taken for this case to be considered, and as an offer was made only after a Question appeared on the Order Paper of the House of Commons, does the hon. Gentleman not think that something further needs to be done? The whole matter needs to be looked into, because it is causing concern and disaffection is being created among the British public towards American Service men in this country.
  Mr. Nutting: Be that as it may, I have offered to do my best to help the hon. Lady with the case she has in mind.
  Mr. S. Silverman: Will the hon. Gentleman bear in mind that if only this unfortunate man had happened to be a Japanese, the matter could have been dealt with in the courts in the ordinary way?

  HUNGARY (KIDNAPPED GREEK CHILDREN)
  Mr. Mott-Radclyffeasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he has now been informed, through the International Red Cross, that 600 Greek children, kidnapped by the Communists during the civil war, are to be returned to their parents from Hungary; and what proportion this represents of the total number of Greek kidnapped children originally taken to Hungary.
  Mr. Nutting: No, Sir. I understand that Press reports that 600 Greek children were to be returned from Hungary have been corrected by the Greek authorities as referring to 616 Greek adult hostages. This repatriation was arranged directly between the Hungarian and Greek Red Cross; the International Committee were not involved.
  Mr. Mott-Radclyffe: Could my hon. Friend answer the second part of my Question, and give the number of Greek children known to have been taken to Hungary originally six years ago?
  Mr. Nutting: No children have been returned because, as now corrected by the Greek authorities, these 616 are all
  2424
  adult hostages. Owing to the refusal of the Hungarian Government to co-operate with the International Committee we have no means of knowing how many Greek children were taken.

  ISRAEL-JORDAN FRONTIER INCIDENTS
  Mr. S. Silvermanasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs on what terms the question of incidents on the Israel-Jordan frontier have been referred to the Security Council.
  Mr. Jannerasked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs whether he will instruct our representative to ensure that in the reference to the Security Council of the incident on the Israeli-Jordan frontier full consideration will be given to all incidents on both sides of the frontier.
  Mr. Eden: The Security Council has put this question on its agenda in the following terms:

  THE PALESTINE QUESTION.
  Compliance with and enforcement of the General Armistice Agreements, with special reference to recent acts of violence and, in particular, to the incident at Qibya on 14th–15th October. Report by the Chief of Staff of the Truce Supervision Organisation."
  This Report will, therefore, no doubt cover incidents on both sides of the frontier.
  Mr. Silverman: Does not the right hon. Gentleman think that these terms of reference are altogether too narrow? Will he bear in mind that all these incidents, on both sides, arose out of the continuance of a state of war between the two countries and that that war was, in the first place, an act of unprovoked aggression by the State of Jordan on a new State struggling to establish its existence? Does he not consider that the best service to peace in this area that the Security Council can render is to persuade the Arab States to recognise as a fact that the State of Israel is there to remain?
  Mr. Eden: I think that the terms of reference are the best that can be devised. They begin by saying:
  "Compliance with and enforcement of the General Armistice Agreements."
  And they go on to refer to the incidents in Qibya. It would be impossible to ask the United Nations to ignore Qibya,

  2425
  which is something out of the ordinary even in the sad catalogue of events that have occurred on either side of the frontier. In my own view, this is just about the fairest method of presenting the matter that can be devised. I know that some of the Arab States resented it as likely to slur over the Qibya incident and lose it in the wider issue. On the other hand, Israel would like it to be more general. Personally, I think that it is just about right.
  Mr. Bellenger: Until it is possible to come to a more substantial and lasting arrangement, will the right hon. Gentleman do his best to impress upon these two countries that incidents such as the recent incident really shock the world and do not conduce to the help being given to either country which both should expect?
  Mr. Eden: I have done my best and I am a little discouraged to think that one of this country's Ministers seemed to think that our observations were of no account, and said so in a foreign country.
  Major Legge-Bourke: May I ask my right hon. Friend whether one of the factors borne in mind by Her Majesty's representative in the United Nations when this matter comes up will be the utter powerlessness of the Mixed Armistice Commission to enforce any of their decisions? Will my right hon. Friend instruct our representative to ensure that some improvement in that respect at least is achieved?
  Mr. Eden: Does my hon. and gallant Friend mean in the method of supervision?
  Major Legge-Bourke: Yes.
  Mr. Eden: Yes, that is very important. It is not easy to arrange, as my hon and gallant Friend knows.
  Mr. Shinwell: Dismissing the quite irrelevant observations which the right hon. Gentleman made about a statement made in a foreign country about the United Kingdom, on which, apparently, he has quite inaccurate information, may I ask whether he will convey to our representative on the Security Council the desirability of escaping, as far as practicable, from past incidents and making a positive approach to the solution of this very vexed and inflammatory
  2426
  problem? Is not that the desirable thing to do?
  Mr. Eden: I gladly welcome the right hon. Gentleman's statement that he did not make observations criticising Her Majesty's Government. I welcome that very much. As to the terms of reference, and as to getting away from past incidents to the future, as the right hon. Gentleman and the House know, it is quite impossible to have the discussion now in the atmosphere of what has happened at Qibya without the United Nations taking some account of occurrences there. What we have to do is to balance that with the attempt to try to get a wider settlement of the whole thing.
  Mr. Janner: Would the right hon. Gentleman consider advising our representative to see whether it is possible for Jordan and Israel to come together themselves with a view to discussing peace terms and also see that these incidents, which the Mixed Armistice Commission have already decided on—159 on one side and 25 on the other—are put in their proper perspective when this matter has been dealt with?
  Mr. Eden: As far as I could, I have looked up references to earlier incidents and they seem to me to balance fairly evenly on the whole. I know that Israel say they do not, and that Jordan say they do not, but I am trying, as far as I can, to take an impartial view. At any rate, their numbers add up to very nearly the same. But this new incident puts the matter in a different complexion and we have to admit that that is how it is regarded by a great number of countries. Whether the hon. Member agrees or not, it is in the light of that that I have to try to work.

  MINISTRY OF FOOD

    Slaughterhouses
    Captain Duncanasked the Minister of Food whether the committee looking into the siting of slaughterhouses has yet reported; and what recommendations it has made.
    The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food (Dr. Charles Hill): No, Sir. The committee for England and Wales is still taking evidence from the national organisations concerned.
    Captain Duncan: Is my hon. Friend aware that a policy of moderate concentration of modern slaughterhouses is essential before we can get a meat marketing policy? Is it not vitally necessary to hurry up the work of this committee and of the Scottish committee?
    Dr. Hill: It is necessary, I agree, that this Report should be completed as soon as possible and the committee are aware of that. They are awaiting some representations from representative bodies who desire to give evidence.
    Mr. T. Williams: Will the Minister consult the chairman of this committee and invite him to produce an interim report as quickly as he can?
    Dr. Hill: I should like notice of that.
    Mr. Mikardoasked the Minister of Food when he intends to close the abattoir in East Street, Reading.
    Dr. Hill: My Department will cease using this slaughterhouse when improvements are completed at the slaughterhouse at Caversham Road. I hope that this will be next spring.
    Mr. Mikardo: While I thank the hon. Gentleman for that reply, may I ask him whether he will do his best to see that in the meanwhile, so far as is possible, the nuisance to the neighbourhood caused by animals making noise at night is mitigated?
    Dr. Hill: Yes, Sir. We are doing our utmost to mitigate any inconvenience and nuisance in the meantime.

    Livestock Purchases, Cornwall
    Mr. G. Wilsonasked the Minister of Food the number of fat cattle, sheep and pigs purchased by his Department in Cornwall during the last 12 months: and how the figure compares with the two previous years.
    Dr. Hill: As the reply contains a number of figures, I will, with permission, circulate a statement in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Mr. Wilson: Can my hon. Friend say whether this shows an improvement in production?
    Dr. Hill: It shows an improvement for sheep and pigs and an appreciable fall in cattle.
    Following is the information:

    THE NUMBERS OF FAT CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS PURCHASED IN CORNWALL DURING EACH OF THE THREE YEARS ENDED 30TH JUNE, 1951, 1952 AND 1953

    —

    Year ended 30th June, 1951

    Year ended 30th June, 1952

    Year ended 30th June, 1953

    Cattle

    …

    47,780

    46,359

    39,967

    Sheep

    …

    98,007

    99,501

    116,406

    Pigs

    …

    103,903

    158,525

    215,359

    Milk Purchases, Cornwall
    Mr. G. Wilsonasked the Minister of Food how many gallons of milk were purchased on his behalf by the Milk Marketing Board in Cornwall during the last 12 months; and how this figure compares with the two previous years.
    Dr. Hill: In the financial year 1952–53 about 44½ million gallons and for the two previous years about 42¾ and 42 million gallons respectively.

    Slaughter of Horses (Committee's Recommendations)
    Mr. Rentonasked the Minister of Food what steps he proposes to take in view of the recommendations of the committee of inquiry appointed by him to inquire into the slaughter of horses.
    Sir J. Crowderasked the Minister of Food what action he proposes to take to implement the recommendations of the committee of inquiry into the slaughter of horses.
    Dr. Hill: I am not yet able to add to the reply given to my hon. Friend the Member for Ayr (Sir T. Moore) on 20th October.
    Mr. Renton: Is my hon. Friend aware that since the committee were appointed the slaughter of horses has continued at an alarming rate? Will he ask his right hon. and gallant Friend to treat this as a matter of great urgency?
    Dr. Hill: This matter is being treated as a matter of urgency and sympathetic consideration is being given to the recommendations.

    Eggs
    Mr. Nabarroasked the Minister of Food whether he will now make a statement upon the future of the interim eggs scheme introduced on 26th March, 1953.
    Dr. Hill: I would refer my hon. Friend to the answer given to the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond) on Tuesday, 20th October, by my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Scotland.
    Mr. Nabarro: Will my hon. Friend consider a few more whiffs of freedom in this matter? Does he realise that at present a producer may sell eggs to a consumer direct, but may not so sell those eggs to a retail shop? Will my hon. Friend consider that in the interests of better and fresher new-laid eggs?
    Dr. Hill: My hon. Friend will appreciate that that provision was expressly included in order not to prejudice any proposals which the producers might subsequently put forward for a permanent scheme.
    Mr. T. Williams: Before any change is made from the interim scheme will the National Farmers' Union be consulted?
    Dr. Hill: The Union have been specifically invited to put forward their proposals.
    Mr. Mikardo: Will the hon. Gentleman explain what is the article referred to in the Question as an "interim egg"?
    Dr. Hill: The "interim," I understand, is an adjective in relation to the word "scheme."
    Mr. Nabarroasked the Minister of Food the amount of reduced costs within his Department arising from egg derationing, compared with the former cost of, approximately, £1,250,000 per annum; and when the Egg Division of his Department with all officials in it and the National Egg Distributors' Association Limited are finally to be expunged.
    Dr. Hill: There has been a saving of about £880,000 in administrative costs. I cannot yet make any statement about the timing of future changes in marketing arrangements.
    Mr. Nabarro: Will my hon. Friend bear in mind that I want him to save the other £370,000 at the earliest possible moment by restoring a completely free market in place of the twilight freedom we have at present?
    Mr. T. Williams: Is the Parliamentary Secretary aware that confidence in the
    2430
    Minister of Food among the farming community has been completely lost? Are the Parliamentary Secretary and the Minister going further in that direction?
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Can the Parliamentary Secretary say when all these doubtful manœuvres in which his Ministry are engaged will result in cheaper eggs?
    Dr. Hill: I am surprised that the hon. and gallant Member should refer to manœuvres when the community generally are so delighted to see this development.
    Mr. Nabarroasked the Minister of Food the egg consumption per person since derationing compared with the equivalent period a year ago.
    Dr. Hill: There is no evidence of significant change so far in the total quantity of eggs consumed, but more are available in the towns and supplies passing through commercial channels have increased from a yearly rate of about 104 to about 110 per head of population.
    Mr. Nabarro: Is my hon. Friend aware that the most significant and salutary result of his exercise is that eggs are now sold over the counter instead of from beneath the counter? Will he therefore press on with complete freedom for producers and consumers alike?
    Dr. Hill: This, as my hon. Friend will appreciate, is an interim scheme—an interim and successful scheme. My right hon. and gallant Friend is considering permanent arrangements and, as I informed the right hon. Member for Don Valley (Mr. T. Williams), the National Farmers' Union have been invited to put forward specific proposals.
    Mrs. Castle: Is not the Parliamentary Secretary telling the House that there are more eggs in the shops but no more in people's stomachs?
    Dr. Hill: No, there are more eggs in the shops in the urban areas. So far as the other areas are concerned, the hon. Lady will recall that whereas in the past freedom to sell eggs direct was limited to producers with 25 birds or fewer, the position today is a general freedom to sell to the consumer direct.
    Captain Duncan: In any form of scheme involving complete freedom, will my hon. Friend remember the pledge of the Government about guaranteed prices?
    Dr. Hill: The Government are fully aware of that pledge and intend to satisfy it.

    Christmas Bonuses
    Mr. Lewisasked the Minister of Food whether he will make a statement of his intention to restore the Christmas food bonus which was in operation under the previous Administrations.
    Dr. Hill: No, Sir. The foods which the previous Administration thought most suitable for bonuses—sugar, sweets and tea—are now in free supply, and I am sure that the hon. Member would not have us ration them again in order to dole out a bonus.
    Mr. Lewis: Is the Parliamentary Secretary not aware, from his previous reply that, as is known by all hon. Members on this side, there are many among the poorer classes, particularly old-age pensioners, who cannot afford to have even their basic rations? Surely he will see that these people get a Christmas bonus.
    Dr. Hill: I understand the hon. Member's statement, but I fail to see the relationship between his assertion and the case for Christmas bonuses.
    Mr. Chetwynd: Would the hon. Gentleman not consider giving the people a bonus in the form of reduced prices?

    Flour Improvers
    Dr. Strossasked the Minister of Food when the use of agene as a flour improver and bleacher will be discontinued; and what other substance will be used in its place.
    Dr. Hill: I would refer the hon. Member to the reply given by my right hon. and gallant Friend to the Member for Dartford (Mr. Dodds) on 1st July. Although good progress has been made the investigations are not yet complete. I hope, however, to be in a position to make a statement within the next three or four months.

    Rations (Take-up)
    Mr. Lewisasked the Minister of Food for the latest available date, the total number of rations that have not been taken up, and arrange to have published in HANSARD details of the non-take-up of rations for each of the monthly ration periods as from January, 1953.
    Mr. Willeyasked the Minister of Food, for the latest available period, the non-take-up of rationed foodstuffs, given separately for each foodstuff, and expressed as amounts, percentages and in number of rations.
    Lieut.-Colonel Liptonasked the Minister of Food to what extent the present margarine ration is not being fully taken up by the public.
    Dr. Hill: With permission I will circulate the reply in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Mr. Lewis: Cannot the Minister answer the first part of my Question? Can he say whether the non-take-up of rations is now greater or less than it was 12 months ago?
    Dr. Hill: The hon. Member will find the information he seeks in the very detailed reply that will appear in the OFFICIAL REPORT. It is important to bear in mind that a lower take-up may naturally follow a higher ration and that a high non-take-up can be a measure of increased supplies leading to de-rationing.
    Mr. Willey: While we are awaiting these revealing figures, will not the hon. Gentleman agree that it is very anomalous that at a time when cold stores are bursting with bacon he has, in effect, reduced the ration to 4 oz.?
    Dr. Hill: I do not agree that that is an accurate statement of the position.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Can the Parliamentary Secretary say what is the sense of increasing the margarine ration by one ounce when, as is most probably the case, the figures which he is about to publish will show that the present margarine ration of four ounces is not being taken up?
    Dr. Hill: The increased margarine is available, and it is a new doctrine that we should deliberately keep the ration lower than it need be.
    Following is the information:

    The following table shows for each ration period this year the extent to which deliveries of rationed foods to the trade fell short of the entitlement and, as an arithmetical calculation, the number of rations which the shortfall represents. In addition to the ration requirements of consumers, the entitlement includes the requirements of catering establishments and institutions, and, in the case of meat, the butchers' manufacturing allowance which are not separately distinguishable. None-take-up of domestic rations cannot be isolated.

    UNDER-DELIVERIES OF RATIONED FOODS IN 1953

    NOTE: The symbol + indicates deliveries in excess of entitlement on the four-weekly basis.

    Four-week Period ended

    BACON (a)

    MEAT

    BUTTER

    MARGARINE

    COOKING FAT

    CHEESE

    '000 tons

    Per cent.

    Equivalent rations million

    '000 tons

    Per cent.

    Equivalent rations million

    '000 tons

    Per cent.

    Equivalent rations million

    '000 tons

    Per cent.

    Equivalent rations million

    '000 tons

    Per cent.

    Equivalent rations million

    '000 tons

    Per cent.

    Equivalent rations million

    24th January

    …

    5·4

    15

    7·9

    0·9

    1

    0·6

    0·7

    4

    2·1

    1·7

    6

    3·8

    1·3

    9

    5·6

    0·1

    1

    0·5

    21st February

    …

    2·3

    7

    4·2

    0·3

    —

    0·2

    0·4

    2

    1·3

    1·5

    6

    3·4

    1·1

    8

    4·6

    + 0·6

    + 5

    + 3·0

    21st March

    …

    4·2

    11

    6·1

    0·6

    1

    0·4

    —

    —

    —

    0·6

    2

    1·3

    0·4

    3

    1·9

    0·1

    1

    0·4

    18th April

    …

    4·6

    12

    6·8

    +0·5

    +1

    +0·3

    0·1

    1

    0·3

    0·9

    3

    2·0

    1·0

    7

    4·2

    0·3

    2

    1·4

    16th May

    …

    6·3

    16

    9·2

    0·4

    1

    0·3

    0·2

    1

    0·7

    + 0·9

    + 3

    + 1·9

    0·4

    3

    1·6

    + 0·4

    + 3

    + 2·2

    13th June

    …

    6·6

    17

    9·6

    0·9

    1

    0·5

    0·3

    1

    0·8

    5·4

    15

    9·5

    1·5

    11

    6·4

    0·5

    3

    1·9

    11th July

    …

    6·9

    18

    10·1

    12·0

    10

    6·1

    0·3

    1

    0·7

    1·3

    5

    2·9

    1·9

    14

    8·4

    0·5

    3

    2·2

    8th August

    …

    8·3

    21

    12·1

    6·5

    5

    3·2

    1·2

    5

    2·6

    3·2

    12

    7·1

    3·0

    22

    12·8

    1·2

    8

    5·0

    5th September

    …

    4·3

    11

    6·2

    3·6

    3

    1·8

    +0·3

    + 1

    + 0·7

    + 0·8

    + 3

    + 1·8

    +0·5

    +4

    + 2·2

    3·2

    21

    13·4

    3rd October (provisional)

    1·8

    5

    2·7

    +4·0

    + 3

    + 2·0

    1·8

    7

    3·9

    6·0

    22

    13·3

    4·5

    34

    19·5

    1·3:

    11

    7·4

    Milk-Borne Diseases (Protection)
    Dr. Broughtonasked the Minister of Food what progress has been made in the specification of areas under the Food and Drugs (Milk, Dairies and Artificial Cream) Act, 1950 and the Milk (Special Designations) Act, 1949, for the purpose of protecting the public against milk-borne diseases.
    Dr. Hill: Forty-eight per cent. of the population of England and Wales and 63 per cent. of the population of Scotland reside in areas specified by Orders which have been made or which are now laid, in draft, before Parliament. Surveys are proceeding with a view to specification of further areas.
    Dr. Broughton: While thanking the hon. Gentleman for that information, and understanding that a good deal of the credit goes to the previous Government, may I ask him to let us know, if he can, the approximate date by which the public will be protected against the dangers of bovine tuberculosis by the whole nation's milk supply being either pasteurised or coming from tuberculin tested herds?
    Dr. Hill: I sympathise with the hon. Gentleman's purpose, but it is impossible to forecast when the work of surveying the country will be completed.

    White Bread
    Dr. Strossasked the Minister of Food whether he can give any information as to the response of the public to the availability of the white loaf; and to what extent the purchase of National bread has diminished.
    Dr. Hill: No precise information will be available until the December claims for bread subsidy come in from the bakers. It appears so far that while there are many local variations, the total transfer of demand from National to whiter bread is small.
    Dr. Stross: May I, also, thank the Parliamentary Secretary for the information which he has just given us in the latter part of his answer? Would he tell the House which he thinks the better loaf, taking into account its price? The nation would be most interested to hear.
    Dr. Hill: I have no doubt that the National loaf is the healthier loaf. What has been done is to give the public freedom of choice.
    Mr. Woodburn: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that in many parts of Scotland bakers have discontinued baking the white bread because there has been practically no demand for it?

    Ice Lollies (Composition)
    Mrs. Braddockasked the Minister of Food what steps he is taking to lay down a national standard of purity and content of ice lollies, in view of the nation-wide concern following criticism by medical and lay authorities.
    Dr. Hill: The Food Standards Committee is inquiring into the need for a standard of composition for ice lollies and my right hon. and gallant Friend will consider the matter in the light of their recommendations.
    Mrs. Braddock: Is the Parliamentary Secretary aware that the information which he gave in the Adjournment debate on Thursday is very much appreciated? While waiting for the Standards Committee to deal with the matter, however, would he consider reminding all medical officers of health of the powers which they have and ask them to take whatever action is necessary to safeguard children in the meantime?
    Dr. Hill: I will, of course, consider what the hon. Lady has suggested. I would remind her, first, that Dr. Semple's article was published in a journal which is widely read in the public health service. Secondly, I believe that local authorities will, in general, be aware of their powers under the Food and Drugs Acts, 1938.
    Colonel Gomme-Duncan: Can my hon. Friend tell us whether a lollie is a lollipop with the "pop" taken out?
    Dr. Hill: A lollie is water with a fruit flavour which has been frozen.

    Butter Supplies
    Mrs. Mannasked the Minister of Food to what extent increased supplies of butter can now be procured from various countries; and how far the United States of America has an exportable surplus available for sterling.
    Dr. Hill: My right hon. and gallant Friend is already buying as much butter as he can secure at reasonable prices from New Zealand, Australia and Europe.

    2437
    The quantity which might be available for sterling from the U.S.A. is not known, but, even if available, the sterling price might well be much too high to justify its purchase.

    Margarine
    Mrs. Mannasked the Minister of Food if he will publish in the OFFICIAL REPORT the result of the survey conducted by his Department amongst British housewives regarding their preference in respect of British and Norwegian margarine.
    Dr. Hill: The survey was conducted not by my Department, but by a private market research organisation employed by margarine manufacturers. The results could not, therefore, be published without their permission. The knowledge derived from the survey will be useful when manufacturers are free to cater for the individual preferences of customers.
    Mrs. Mann: Was not the survey undertaken at the behest of the Department? Who, otherwise, instructed them to undertake this survey? In view of the fact that the Minister previously stated that housewives thought that Norwegian margarine had a sour milk taste, does the hon. Gentleman not think it is time to make the amende honourable to Norway?
    Dr. Hill: May I say to the hon. Lady that a good deal of the credit for this inquiry having been undertaken, and the useful results achieved, belong to her for her persistence in this matter. The inquiry was undertaken at our suggestion, following the representations by the hon. Lady, but it was undertaken by an external body at their own expense. I will convey to them the suggestion which she embodies in her Question.
    Mr. Hamilton: Has the Parliamentary Secretary sought the permission of this private organisation to publish the results of their findings?
    Dr. Hill: No, Sir. I would make the general point that the only way of giving expression to consumer preference in this and other matters is by a return to freedom
    Mrs. Mann: As a small reward, could I have a little Norwegian margarine?
    Mrs. Mannasked the Minister of Food how soon he intends to increase
    2438
    the margarine ration; and if he can give an assurance that the ration will contain margarine in keeping with British housewives' preference.
    Dr. Hill: As announced last week, the margarine ration will be increased to 5 oz. from 1st November. In regard to the second part of the Question, margarine must continue to be of a standard quality so long as the present controls remain.

  OIL DISTRIBUTION WORKERS (STRIKE)
  Mr. Robens(by Private Notice) asked the Minister of Labour whether he has any further statement to make on the strike of oil distribution workers and on the steps which the Government are taking to meet the situation.
  The Minister of Labour (Sir Walter Monckton): Yes, Sir. There are indications that an increasing number of the men are realising that there is nothing to be gained by continuing the strike. A number of men have already reported back to work and, as the House will be aware, a resolution in favour of resumption was passed at a mass meeting at Wandsworth yesterday. Further mass meetings are being held this afternoon at Stratford and Wandsworth and I hope I may be in a position to make a fuller statement tomorrow.
  Mr. Lewis: Can the Minister give now, or in the OFFICIAL REPORT, an estimate or the cost to the nation of employing the troops involved and will he say whether that cost will be borne by the taxpayers or whether these companies concerned—who have been making fabulous profits for many years—will be asked to meet it? Can he also say whether the troops will receive any extra payment, either at trade union rates or otherwise, or whether there will be a payment made by the companies to a troop fund; and that the public will not be expected to make extra profits for these big companies by subsidising them?
  Sir W. Monckton: I think I can satisfy the hon. Gentleman and the House to this extent; the cost of the use of troops will not fall upon the Exchequer. The oil companies will discharge it.
  Mr. J. T. Price: May I ask the right hon. and learned Gentleman whether he has seen today's issue of the "News Chronicle," in which there appears a most ill-natured and spiteful attack on Mr. Arthur Deakin in the form of a cartoon? Will he deprecate attacks of this nature, which do no good to men who are seeking to restore a sense of responsibility, in very difficult circumstances, in the best interests of the country?
  Mr. Speaker: The Minister is not responsible for cartoons in daily newspapers.

FUEL AND POWER INDUSTRIES
3.33 p.m.
The Minister of Fuel and Power (Mr. Geoffrey Lloyd): I beg to move,
That this House takes note of the last Annual Reports and Accounts of the nationalised Fuel and Power Industries.
The field of possible debate and discussion before the House today in reviewing the Reports and Accounts of these industries is vast in the extreme. I think it necessary for us all, and most necessary for me in initiating the debate, to practise the very rigid exclusion of a large number of subjects with which I should like to deal and to confine myself to a definite theme which surveys the largest possible area of the subject in a comprehensive way.
As the House knows, at the present time the country is engaged on the one hand upon the complete re-organisation and re-equipment of the mining industry, and, on the other, on great changes in the use and utilisation of fuel. These two processes can be thought of from a practical point of view as a combined national operation, and my purpose this afternoon is to give to the House a progress report upon them.
Miss Jennie Lee: Before the Minister proceeds, may I ask whether he has information affecting the coal-mining industry later than 31st December, 1952, and if so, would he circulate it to hon. Members? We are starting this debate under the disadvantage that the last Annual Report that we have for the coal industry is up to December, 1952, and the other two Reports up to March, 1953, which is an intolerable position for hon. Members.
Mr. Lloyd: I appreciate the difficulty of the hon. Lady and I shall endeavour to assist by giving a little more up-to-date information.
The position and prospects this year were bound to be difficult in the coalmining industry because of the miners taking their second week's holiday for the first time. No one is likely to grudge them that. After all, other industries have it and from the very nature of the work it is particularly necessary. We must remember that miners to a very

2441
large extent do regular Saturday work. Nevertheless, when account is taken of the possible effect of the second week's holiday and the Coronation, it represents, so to speak, a loss of actual output of about 5½ million tons.
In the first few months of the year, production in the mines was disappointing and nowhere was this felt more than in the mining industry. For that reason the joint campaign between the National Coal Board and the miners' leaders took place. Thereafter there was a very considerable improvement in the rate of production as compared with the year before. In the summer, for example, a million more tons of coal was got on Saturdays this year compared with last year, and in the five-day week—which is particularly important when judging the true performance of the industry—nearly 2 million tons more was got in the summer months of this year than in the summer months of last year.
If we add it up, we reach the position that at present, out of 5½ million tons loss of output, 3½ million tons has already been made up. That is a very considerable achievement. We must face the fact that there is still a gap of 2 million tons which has to be made up, but we still have the two months to go which are normally the biggest producing months in the year in the mining industry.
It is not my purpose to give exhortations to the industry or the miners. They know that the country needs coal. They know there is a rising trend in industrial consumption and that we can use much more for export. I do not propose to nag at the industry, or the miners. I trust them—and I am sure the House will do the same—to do their very best, in the light of what is possible, for the country.
I would say a word about the stock position. Every year since the war the country has cast an anxious eye at the stock position with which it has had to start the winter, and I am glad to be able to give the House reassuring news. This year, owing to the second week's holiday, the stock build towards 1st November, the beginning of the coal winter, was bound to be lower than a year ago, and therefore the Ministry and the National Coal Board made their plans upon that basis. I am glad to say that these plans have worked very well.
2442
Recently stocks have been rising exceptionally fast. That, of course, has been helped by the weather, and also by the import plans announced earlier on. The latest figure, on 17th October, was just under 18·4 million tons. We have still two weeks to go before the beginning of the coal winter, and on the average stocks have risen by between 300,000 and 350,000 tons a week in recent weeks. The House will see, therefore, that we have a very good prospect of arriving at either just under or just over 19 million tons by the beginning of the coal winter. That is—apart from last year—more than two million tons higher, than the country has had as stock with which to face the winter in any post-war year. House coal stocks should be just under two million tons. We can say that by post-war standards the-country will face the coming winter with good stocks.
Mr. Frank Bowles: Will the right hon. Gentleman say how much of that stock is due to imported coal?
Mr. Lloyd: As the hon. Gentleman knows, importation was decided upon simply because of the special problem of the scarcity of large coal, with which I shall deal later. We are importing about 600,000 tons.
However we look at the situation, the margins are too narrow. The situation will have to be carefully watched throughout the winter. We shall never get away from these anxieties, we shall never have enough coal for export, until much more progress has been made with the fundamental re-organisation and re-equipment of industry. I turn my attention to that subject.
It goes without saying that, like previous Governments, the Government are doing everything possible to help the industry in this problem with priorities for materials and finance. It is well known that the limitation has not been the amount of finance for capital equipment that the Government have been ready to allow the industry, because in effect for several years there has been almost no limitation. The limitation has been the capacity and the speed of the industry effectively to engage in capital development itself.
It is also well known that the fundamental limitation has been the shortage of technical men, especially the shortage

2443
of mining engineers trained in planning development work. The Board have been making strenuous efforts to overcome this difficulty. I am glad to say that they have been making a lot of headway by using a variety of methods. First, they have been getting a stream of new entrants among the mining engineers from their own training schemes, which have been fairly comprehensive. Secondly, they have been bringing in mechanical and electrical engineers from other industries, and also they have been employing a number of outside contracting firms to take charge completely, with all their own technical consultants, especially of surface works in collieries. Also, they have recruited a certain number of foreign mining engineers who have the very highest technical qualifications.
With all this they have been able to make notable progress in the speed with which they have been able to carry on the capital development of the industry. What I am about to say relates to the real nub of the problem, which is actual investment in collieries themselves and not in any of the outlying industries connected with coal. In the Plan for Coal, investment in collieries was to average £38 million over the five years from 1951 to 1955. That was at 1949 prices, and to get a proper basis of comparison we must revalue the figures to take account of the increased price of this investment since then. Therefore, this figure becomes £53 million.
In 1951, against that figure of £53 million, the actual expenditure on colliery investment was only £27 million, which gives an arithmetical deficit of £26 million. In terms of the real investment itself, probably that deficit at present-day prices is between £20 million and £25 million. In 1952 the Board were able to increase the rate of investment by £10 million over the year before, bringing it up to £38 million. This year the rate of investment has been increased by another £10 million, bringing it up to about £48 million. I am informed that next year it will almost certainly go up by another £10 million to reach a figure of £58 million which, for the first time, will carry the actual investment in collieries above the figure in the Plan for Coal.
The House will be pleased to know of this progress. Whether it was that they
2444
were encouraged by this considerable progress in the technical and financial sphere, or whether for other reasons, the Board have been encouraged to make some forward moves in the field of organisation, of which they have informed me and of which I should like to tell the House. Everybody who has studied the subject will agree that there are two important objects always to be secured, if possible, in the organisation of the industry. The first is that the colliery manager should have the maximum responsibility in the day-to-day management of his pit. The second is that the area is really the proper unit of higher management in the industry.
I know that Sir Hubert Houldsworth has always believed in these principles When he became Chairman of the Board he preferred, I think wisely, to proceed by a process of evolution and to test the ground carefully in the various coalfields before taking action. Now, however, he has informed me that the Board have issued instructions making it clear throughout the whole organisation that the area is regarded as the vital unit of higher management, and that the area general manager is in effective charge of his area, subject of course to necessary co-ordination and full accountability to the divisional board.
Sir Hubert has also told me that the Board intend to carry out an examination of their whole organisation and, in particular, to make sure that it is well adapted in the light of the Board's instructions to which I have referred. It is also the intention of the Board in this work to seek advice and help from those who have experience in other large industrial enterprises and. of course, from the T.U.C.
I turn to the other side of our national fuel problem—the question of the use of coal. I direct attention first to the enormous figure of 100 million tons which every year is consumed by the public utilities largely for conversion into other forms of fuel and power. I deal first with electricity. The electricity industry for many years has shown a remarkable and praiseworthy ability to put themselves into the position where their industry can make effective use of the kind of coals that other people did not want. In doing so they have been doing something which

2445
is very good for their industry, but it is equally—indeed, almost more—useful from the point of view of the nation as a whole. It is most fortunate and important today in its relation to the problem of large and small coal, which I shall refer to later, because the electricity industry primarily uses the smallest types of coal.
Every year the British Electricity Authority are improving the thermal efficiency of the generation of electricity. This is primarily done by the new power stations that are being built every year. For the last two years we have been fortunate in the large number of new power stations that have come into operation. There has been the happy effect that power cuts have been notably diminished, largely for that reason. Again this year the margin between the generating capacity of the electrical system and the maximum demands in the winter is a more happy one than it has been in any previous post-war year. In doing this, the British Electricity Authority are saving one million tons of coal a year, which is a very important figure, and something which we ought to bear in mind very much when we are considering the question of capital investment in this industry.
Because it is very relevant to our problem, I ought just to remind the House of the new nuclear establishment at Calder Hall in Cumberland and also the new breeder reactor which was mentioned in January by my right hon. Friend the Minister of Supply. It appears that we shall get useful quantities of electricity from these two establishments. I am advised that, although it is not possible to be very exact about the figure at present, around 50,000 kW will be generated as the result of these nuclear activities. Much more important than that is that they will provide the data on which future atomic generating stations will be based.
It is too early yet to say what real contribution we shall get from atomic power stations or when they will begin to make a significant contribution to the solution of our problems, but one can say that there is no reason why they should not before long make a useful addition, at any rate, to our power resources and also, therefore, make a useful contribution in reducing the amount of additional coal which will be required for the power
2446
stations as the industrial progress of the country proceeds.
Mr. Arthur Palmer: Is there any prospect of the British Electricity Authority having complete control of these atomic power stations?
Mr. Lloyd: It would be premature to say that, but the British Electricity Authority are in close touch, through my Department and the Ministry of Supply, with the work which is going on in connection with these power stations.
What I have said about electricity is true in a different way about the gas industry. The thermal efficiency of new gas works is increasing all the time, and although its coal consumption is on a smaller scale, the industry nevertheless saved between 300,000 and 400,000 tons of coal last year. The coal industry, although its consumption is smaller still—it uses some 10 million tons of coal a year for its steam generation and so on at collieries—has also been making considerable savings in proportion to its consumption. It is interesting for us to observe when we are considering this great block of 100 million tons of coal consumed in the country every year how much continual savings by the great industries can amount to in a comparatively short time, because, compared with three years ago, these three industries are saving between 4½ and 5 million tons of coal a year.
I now turn to what I think is the next in order of logical consideration—the big industrial users. In this connection I am thinking primarily of the steel industry, cement, the sugar refineries, the breweries and other big industrial users to whom the cost of coal is a big item and a big proportion of the total cost of production. There are some magnificent fuel-efficient plants in this country; I believe there are no finer in the world. Broadly speaking, this block of industries is accounting for the use of some 25 million tons of coal a year. On the whole, progress is going on satisfactorily.
Once we leave this field we get into far more difficult country. When we get into miscellaneous industry, a great deal of work is being done and a great deal of progress is being made which it is much harder to make and also much harder to measure. The basic difficulty

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here is that in so many of our industries the cost of the coal which they use is a relatively small proportion of the total cost of the article which they are producing and, therefore, the need to economise in the use of coal is not nearly so important to the individual firm as the aggregate of their savings is to the nation
We are Crying to tackle the problem in this difficult field by three main methods. The first is the loan scheme. The House will remember that last year we introduced a scheme of loans from the Exchequer to industrialists for approved fuel-saving schemes. This year the Chancellor has notably improved the terms of the loan. For example, the first two years are to be interest-free, and the repayment is to be spread over the period which would be taken up by the writing off of the equipment for tax purposes, with a maximum of 20 years. Incidentally, I might mention that the type of equipment which may come under the loan scheme has been much widened. The early scheme applied simply to a certain number of approved items, whereas the present scheme applies to all additional items to existing equipment which will save a substantial amount of fuel. Industrialists will agree that that is a very considerable improvement.
Secondly, following the recommendation of the Ridley Committee, we have arranged for a non-profit making company to take up the work of fuel efficiency. The real reason for this is that everybody who has been into the subject carefully realises that in this rather difficult field it is essential to get maximum co-operation from trade associations and individual industrialists. I am glad to say that the British Productivity Council have agreed to sponsor the company, that the company is being formed with a strong board, and that the British Productivity Council is announcing the names of the members of the board today.
I now come to the third method that we have been using. There has never been in this country, curious as it may seem, a really systematic investigation into the generation and usage of steam by industry. With the co-operation of industrialists, we have been carrying out such a survey. Therefore, for the first
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time there will be available systematic knowledge of the usage of steam in industry and also a proper knowledge of the potentialities of power generation by back-pressure methods of high efficiency in industry. I ought to tell the House that one of the first points to come out of this survey is that one-fifth of the industrial boilers in use at the present time are more than 40 years old. I am informed that were it possible to substitute new, modern and efficient equipment for those boilers, there would be a saving of two million tons of coal a year.
I believe that this information and other information which comes out of the survey will be of particular use to the new fuel efficiency company, and we very much hope that the fuel efficiency company and the Exchequer loan scheme will work together fruitfully in increasing fuel efficiency over the general body of miscellaneous industry. Before that can be achieved, we need very much the cooperation of industrialists themselves and their trade associations.
I ask the House to give attention for a moment to a field of very special difficulty, that of the railways and domestic consumption. I link them together because they are both users of large coal. Between them, they use 45 million tons a year, which is three-quarters of the total amount of large coal used in the country. Here we face, not just the straightforward question of overall fuel efficiency which we have been discussing, but the special scarcity of large coal. The House is familiar with the problem. Partly as a result of mechanisation in the mines and the working of thinner seams, there is a continually falling proportion of large coal and a continually rising proportion of the smaller types of coal in the total output produced now. The House may be interested to have the figures in their stark quantitative, although simple, form. Over the last four years saleable output, apart from anthracite, in British mines has risen by 17 million tons, and within that total treated and untreated small coal has gone up by about 12 million tons, while the amount of large coal has actually gone down by 1½ million tons.
One line of progress in dealing with this problem in the domestic field is the improved grate, because, first of all, it can burn the smaller types of coal, and

2449
secondly, it is particularly adapted to burn smokeless fuel. Here, the Coal Utilisation Council are doing fine work, and I am glad to say that their effort is mounting all the time. I do not know whether any hon. Members have had a chance to visit the excellent demonstration rooms which they are establishing in all the larger cities. I should also tell the House that the Government have introduced many of the higher standards recommended by the Ridley Committee, and a great many of these grates are now coming into production. The National Coal Board have doubled the production of "Phurnacite" smokeless fuel, which is a substitute for large coal, as well as being smokeless. The production is now 300,000 tons, and they intend to double it again.
Coke is also very useful as a substitute for large coal, and it has the advantage of being a smokeless fuel. I am glad to say that the coke situation is sufficiently good to allow me to increase the winter ration this year from 30 cwt. to 2 tons.
I should also like to say that there is a very considerable increase in the amount of fuel oil being used for central heating. This has a considerable advantage, because the commercial and industrial consumers of coke now going over to oil for central heating were large consumers of coke, and, in so far as they turn over to oil, they free coke, which again is a substitute for large coal and a smokeless fuel.
This is proceeding on a considerable scale, and it is the fact that oil consumption for this purpose of heating and in industry is increasing at the rate of 1 million tons of coal equivalent every year at the present time, and, therefore, we are saving that amount of coal. It should go a good deal further, when the many oil refineries now being built come into operation.
The Minister of Transport and the railways are helping the Ministry of Fuel and Power, the National Coal Board and the country very much. They have agreed to take a considerably increased quantity of briquettes, which from one point of view, are the ideal solution of this problem, because in their production we are actually turning the very smallest coal into a substitute for large coal. The
2450
railways are taking an extra 600,000 tons of briquettes, and, therefore, all the briquette works are running at a full rate of production. The railways are also taking a considerably increased quantity of the smaller types of coal in various forms, and, as a result, we are now saving about 1½ million tons of large coal a year. Of course, the House will see that considerable progress is being made in all these fields, but it is very definitely in the field of large and small coal that we have to watch the position very carefully, with a view to making further progress.
I will sum up by saying that I have surveyed what I call this combined operation to produce and save coal in this country, which is vital for our economic health. I have mentioned two important developments for the long-term future of the coal-mining industry, on the one hand, and tried to provide hon. Members with a kind of general synopsis or map of the main fields of coal usage on the other. I have tried to show how the work of fuel efficiency is proceeding in the two main fields in order to assist hon. Members in their consideration of the problem.
I can only conclude by saying that, in any time of chronic shortage of a basic commodity like coal, the Government must have the responsibility, which all the war-time and post-war Governments assumed, to do what they can to help the situation in various ways, and that we are doing. In this particular field, although the fundamental responsibility is that of the Government, there is a statutory responsibility on the Minister, and it is much facilitated, so far as co-operation in the fuel and power industries is concerned, by the statutory Boards set up under the Nationalisation Acts affecting those industries, and also by the full and ready co-operation of the oil companies.
It would not be my purpose to give the House a detailed account of what has become a very formidable machinery of cooperation and co-ordination between all these fuel and power industries—quite apart from the Ministers' Co-ordinating Committee which, as I announced last year, I was setting up as a result of the Ridley Report, and the meetings which I frequently have with the chairmen of the nationalised fuel and power industries. In these matters, we have to look at the

2451
problem from different points of view and consider what is going on in any particular area of the country.
I myself have been interested lately—and I am sure that the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) will be interested, too—in the work that is going on in co-operation between the boards, and particularly between the Wales Gas Board and other fuel and power industries in Wales. In this case, what we have achieved is not the vague aspirations expressed in the House of Commons, but actual concrete work now proceeding in this particular part of the country, although similar co-operation is going on elsewhere.
In South Wales at present, there are two gas grids, which represent a considerable degree of progress over the old independent gas works. The Eastern grid takes a large quantity of its gas from the National Coal Board's coke ovens, and the Western grid also takes a large quantity of its gas from the Margam Steelworks. The Gas Board are also experimenting in taking tail gas from the great refinery at Llandarcy of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and they will also take methane gas drained from the seams of the Point of Ayr colliery. It is hoped eventually, as the coke oven capacity of the Principality increases, that the British Electricity Authority will use the surplus coke oven gas at the weekend for the generation of electricity.
Thus, the House will see that there is real, practical co-operation growing up between the different nationalised fuel industries and private industry, and the result is that the Wales Gas Board at present makes much less than half of its gas in its own works and is buying the rest in ways which are obviously beneficial to the Principality and the country. I believe that that kind of work, which is extending in other areas, too, will gradually spread over the whole of the national structure.
Mr. W. G. Bennett: Before my right hon. Friend sits down, will he inform the House how the tonnage per man hour figure compares with that for the previous year?
Mr. Lloyd: The answer is that the output per man shift, overall, is definitely higher this year than it was last year.
4.10 p.m.
Mr. Alfred Robens: I begin by being a little unusual in that I heartily congratulate the Minister on his excellent speech. It is one which any of us on this side of the House would have been equally delighted to have delivered. The right hon. Gentleman has justified to the hilt the action taken by the Labour Government in bringing under public ownership the coal, gas and electricity industries. What the Minister has just said about Wales and the co-ordinated effort of the gas, coal and electricity industries, together with the oil refinery at Llandarcy—the use of coke oven gas, the drainage of methane and the tail gas from the refinery—is precisely what we ourselves said. We said that when these industries could be publicly owned, that was the kind of planning that could be achieved and which would represent the very best contribution to the public interest. I am more than glad that this debate is held in a much cooler atmosphere than many a fuel and power debate which I and my colleagues remember so well.
The Minister has heartened us considerably by what he has said with regard to investment in the coal industry. It is a great tragedy that capital investment in the industry has been held up, not by lack of capital, but in the main by a lack of technicians and men with the special skill required for development purposes. It is a great achievement that in the last two years capital investment has risen successively by £10 million each year, and we are glad indeed to learn that in the coming year the level of investment will be even higher than was planned in the national Plan for Coal. What the Minister said was very heartening and will undoubtedly lead to a considerable increase in total output.
I doubt very much whether there will be a marked increase in the first year or two. Probably we shall have to be content with the extra 2 or 2½ per cent., but no doubt later we shall get higher increases overall. What we shall be able to do, I hope, is to switch the production from the high-cost pits to the low-cost pits. That is one of the great problems at present facing the Coal Board, and I should like to draw attention to it.
Another item from the Minister's speech which I must mention is the decision of Sir Hubert Houldsworth, whom I

2453
regard as one of the finest men in industry on human relations in industry; he has made a special study of this aspect through the years and is applying it in the coal industry with very great effect. I am glad that Sir Hubert has decided to regard the area as the unit of higher management and to place the full responsibility for management upon an individual—in this case, the area general manager.
I accept, of course, that that dovetails within the divisional board and also within the organisation of the Coal Board, but we on this side of the House have always said that while at the very beginning this huge industry had to be put together and pooled, as soon as it was possible to do so responsibility should be distributed. I hope that this distribution of responsibility can go on until, as the Minister said, we can have the manager at the pit really doing his job of managing, with full responsibility and with the knowledge of that responsibility which he carries. It is a good thing to put responsibility upon people's shoulders and not to give them the opportunity of passing the buck to somebody else.
I welcome very much the Minister's announcement of Sir Hubert Houlds-worth's intentions, and I am glad that Sir Hubert has decided, after seven years of nationalisation, to have an inquiry into his own administration. That is a sensible thing to do. Any big industry brings in business consultants and pays them high fees for looking at the industry and saying what they think about it. It is a good thing that Sir Hubert has done this and that Parliament has not interfered, as at one time it was thought that Parliament might interfere. I am quite sure that the people whom Sir Hubert puts on the job of investigating his organisation within the Coal Board will be very much more efficient than a bunch of politicians, eminent though they may be.
The Minister also gave some interesting information about coal utilisation in the nationalised industries. It shows that they have set the lead. I was interested to know how, although there has been increased total coal production in the Coal Board's organisation, the Board have themselves made a great contribution, by fuel efficiency at the collieries, in reducing the amount of coal which
2454
they themselves consume. When production in 1945 was 174 million tons, collieries themselves used 105 million tons of coal, but last year, with production at 214 million tons, they used only 102 million tons. They have, therefore, obtained that increased production and they use even less coal themselves, which is an excellent thing.
At this moment, I enter a mild protest that we should have to discuss three Annual Reports in a matter of 6½ hours. When one bears in mind the Front Bench speakers at the beginning and end of the debate, very little time indeed is left for many hon. Members who have a great interest in the subject and wish to speak. I make no complaint about the Government, because we ourselves were as much to blame. True, we did not hold the debates on the separate industries all on one day. Nevertheless, this is a Parliamentary and not a party point, and I hope that Parliament will be able to devote much more time to the reports of the nationalised industries and that there will be a minimum of one day allotted to each of the industries.
I should hope that if it were possible for interim reports to be produced by the nationalised industries, we would be given the opportunity of a further debate midway through the year. I am glad to see that the Leader of the House is present and I hope that he agrees with me and will do what he can in the coming Session to try to provide much more time to discuss these nationalised industries. As the Minister today had to admit, he has merely had to brush the surface of this vast subject.
The nationalised fuel and power industries have not done badly. While the cost of raw material for the gas industry has gone up considerably since before the war, the price of gas is only 75 per cent. higher than before the war. With the efficient work that the gas industry has done on appliances, less gas is required in modern appliances to do the same job as was done with the old appliances. So they have really done a good job in keeping down their costs and in improving the efficiency of their own appliances through the research establishments and through close contact with the manufacturers of appliances. I have been through many of their factories and

2455
they do good research themselves in this connection. I believe that co-operation between the industry and the manufacturers of appliances has been good and has been beneficial to the consumer.
There is no doubt that the less raw coal we can use in industry, the better. The gas industry has played its part, and I have no doubt that my hon. Friend the Member for Stoke-on-Trent, South (Mr. Ellis Smith) would have a good story to tell, if he caught your eye, Mr. Speaker, as to what has happened in the potteries. The first gas-fired kiln was established there in 1932 and there are now 229 of them. They are more efficient and there is less smoke pollution. Whereas before the war the kilns used about one million tons of coal, today they are using only 400,000 tons. That must make a big difference to the atmosphere in the potteries.
The gas industry will have to face the growing shortage of suitable coals for carbonisation, as the domestic consumer and the railways have had to face a great problem with regard to large coal. That is serious because it is a natural problem which can be dealt with only by intensive research into the blending of coals and finding other blends of coals that will carbonise. We cannot put into the ground what is not there, we cannot turn a coal which is unsuitable for carbonisation into one that is, but if we were to spend more money and time on blending our good seams which lend themselves to carbonisation, it would increase the amount available. There is no doubt that as the Durham seams are running out, they will be difficult to replace.
I was glad to hear of the methane drainage that is taking place in South Wales, but the Minister will agree that this is happening in 16 other collieries. It is not only a measure for improving the use of our national resources but is important from the point of view of the safety of the men in the mines. The more we can drain methane gas away from the seams before they are attacked, the more the safety factor is improved.
If there is anything for which I want to award a palm to the gas industry, it is for something which I thought the Minister might have mentioned, though probably he wanted to be brief. I am referring to the bold step which has been
2456
taken to search for natural gas in cooperation with the D'Arcy Exploration Company. Anglo-Iranian, through that exploration company, have done a good deal of drilling in seeking for oil in this country, and they have been useful in discovering many other things at the same time. I have no doubt it will be quite expensive, but it is encouraging that a public corporation has been prepared to spend some money in searching for natural gas.
If they do not find it I hope no one will say that they have thrown away those few million pounds, because I do not believe that the gas industry can afford not to run the risk of losing a few million pounds since, if they strike large deposits of natural gas, it will revolutionise the entire industry. The United States use an enormous proportion of natural gas and they have learned how to pump it over long distances. Therefore, I congratulate the Gas Council on having had the courage to search for it. They may have bricks thrown at them if they lose money on the project, but it will at least have been lost in a good cause, and I, for one, would not blame them.
I was glad also to learn that recently they had a meeting with the trade unions to deal with efficiency in their industry. With regard to the development of joint consultation, there is a small point that I want to take up with the Minister. I have mentioned it to the right hon. Gentleman, so it will not come as a surprise. I read the report of a Margate conference—not the one I attended but the one which the Minister attended. [An HON. MEMBER: "Was he there?"] Oh, yes; he was there because, according to the "Scotsman" of 9th October, there was apparently quite a debate at Margate on the nationalised industries and two trade unionists from the gas industry gave the Minister some good advice and an invitation. One of them said:
"Nobody here today has told you how to save money. I will tell you. Go to your administrators who ride about in cars all day long and use free petrol at your expense and my expense. They make the cost of gas rise and rise. I know what nationalisation is and I would like to say very strong words. I would like to swear. …"
It being the Conservative Conference, of course he did not.
"I would like to see the Minister of Fuel and Power come with me to the Old Kent Road

2457
and I would show him in two hours how to save £200,000 a year."
The "Scotsman" says:
"Mr. Lloyd, replying to the debate, said: 'I am very interested in what he said and I should be delighted to accept his invitation '."
What I want to know from the Minister or his Parliamentary Secretary is, whether the Minister has been up the Old Kent Road? Incidentally, I understand that the station was closed down for generating gas a long time ago and that it is now used only for storage. And how much has he saved? We shall all be interested to know. I have not the slightest doubt that that statement by those gas workers would be greeted with squeals of delight from all the members of the Primrose League and the delegates at Margate, and it is only fair that the Minister should have the opportunity of telling us how he saved £200,000 a year in two hours.
The other thing I want to ask the right hon. Gentleman is more serious because I feel that what he then said was in the heat of the moment or in the enthusiasm which is generated at such a conference.
Sir Herbert Williams: Which conference?
Mr. Robens: The Margate conference which the hon. Member for Croydon, East (Sir H. Williams) ought to have been attending.
Sir H. Williams: I was there.
Mr. Robens: One of the gas trade unionists said that in talking as he was talking—I shall not read all he said because most of it was nonsense—it was quite likely that he was "talking himself into the black books of the board." This really becomes serious because the Minister, referring to that gentleman said:
"I would like to tell him that if he gets into black books for anything he has said here, the people concerned will get into my black books."
I do not mind that piece, but I object to this:
"I do, at any rate, have the power of appointing and sacking certain members of the board."
If the Minister was saying that he would use his power of appointment and dismissal over members of the board merely on the ground that at a conference an individual—who is quite irresponsible judging from what was said
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—says that he is going to get into the black books of the board, it seems to me that the Minister is not fit to have that power of appointment. I hope that the right hon. Gentleman will take the opportunity of saying that he made a facetious remark and that he would not take such strong action over the attitude of an irresponsible individual.
Now I turn for a moment or two to electricity, in order to say how much I welcome the publication by the B.E.A. of their excellent survey of the five years of nationalisation. It was also interesting to read in the newspapers about the Press conference which Lord Citrine had in relation to the financial results of last year. The surplus then was a little over £7¼ million and for the five years the industry has had a surplus of £28 3 million, which is a little less than £6 million per annum. That is not an extravagant profit. It represents about 2 per cent. on the turnover—in fact, the 1952–53 result represents 2½ per cent. on a turnover of £292 million.
Here again, the electricity industry, because it is now integrated, has been able to give very good service. It connected over 2 million new consumers so that it now has 14 million. More important is the increase in the farm connections from 85,000 in 1948 to 134,500 today, an increase of nearly 50,000 in the last five years in farm connections as compared with the 80,000 farms connected in the previous 50 years. The B.E.A. have built 52 new power stations and increased the power installed by 35 per cent. As the Minister has said, because of that equipment and building, compulsory load spreading is no longer required. They have improved the efficiency of generating from 20·87 per cent. in 1947–48 to 22·72 per cent. now.
That increased efficiency is going on, but I am a little concerned as to what is to happen in the future, and I should like to know what exactly the Minister intends regarding Government investment in the construction programme. From the figures announced, it would look as though the present construction will bring us back to a situation in which we shall require load spreading, and possibly load shedding, once again. While the figures will probably be the subject of year-to-year review, the British Electricity Authority must know years in advance—it

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takes four years or thereabouts to build a power station—just what its programme is to be.
The Anglo-American Productivity Team said that the American worker has to help him three-and-a-half times the horse power that is at the back of the British workman, and it would be very foolish if, when we are pressing hard to get increased industrial power at the back of the elbow of the British worker we had a capital investment programme which, while giving full employment, and enabling us to pay our way and keep up production, meant the gap would grow wider as the years went on. In point of fact, the American worker is to have more horsepower at his elbow, but the gap between the British and American worker will grow wider. That is a serious matter; Lord Citrine has drawn attention to it, and I hope the Minister will regard it as important enough to look at it very closely.
Nor do I agree with all the electricity people; there are more fanatics in that industry than in either of the other two industries—they go electricity mad and will not look objectively at the nation's fuel and power policy. The Minister will have to talk to the electricity people and make them understand that there is such a thing as the national consideration to be looked at.
Someone was good enough to send me some notes for speakers—always very valuable for a parliamentarian to have—"Facts About Fuels." Looking through this I came to Question 38:
"But should not public tastes and preferences be taken into account?"
The answer is:
"It is an integral part of the electrical interests' policy that families should be allowed freedom of choice so far as this is possible. The most sensible choice seems to be to use coal or coke appliances in cases where continuous comfort heating is required, especially in the winter, and electricity or gas for intermittent heating."
So far so good, but it goes on:
"According to the National Coal Board 'little, if anything, would be gained if the intermittent heating jobs now done by electricity were taken over by solid fuel'."
There it finishes.
I read the Ridley Report very carefully and that seemed to ring a bell. I
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looked up my Ridley Report; it said exactly what was printed:
"Little, if anything would be gained if the intermittent heating jobs now done by electricity were taken over by solid fuel."
But there follows on immediately:
"Here the obvious choice is gas."
That, I consider, is absolutely shocking.
Mr. Gerald Nabarro: Would the right hon. Gentleman go on and tell the House that this scurrilous pamphlet was put out by the British Electrical Development Association, a subsidiary of the B.E.A.?
Mr. Robens: The hon. Gentleman has done it so I do not need to repeat it, but that is shocking because it has taken the evidence of the Coal Board out of its context and put it into an electricity pamphlet, so giving a wrong impression—I am not sure that the Coal Board has not a case for libel against the Electrical Development Association. Seriously, it is very wrong and I hope the Minister will look into it. I think it also a bad thing for promotional advertising to go on unlimited—very wrong indeed—and the Minister should produce a policy that would limit the amount of promotional advertising. For instance, one of the Electricity Board commercial managers advised that no gas should be laid on in a certain housing estate. "It is a waste of time," he says. "In a few years atomic energy will come. Electricity will be so cheap that it would be likely to render gas services to new estates redundant."
That is silly. Each Board has a job to do, and it is the job of Parliament, who are the shareholders' representatives in this matter, to see that each industry makes its proper contribution to the national economy. It is disgraceful that public money should be thrown away in this manner when it ought to be used for a much more important objective survey.
If I turn, last of all, to coal it is because it represents the biggest problem. I am quite sure that the general public do not appreciate the enormous task of the mining industry in producing coal for this nation. Fourteen thousand miles of roadway are made every year and 50 square miles of coal seams are removed from underground. It is an enormous task. When we look at the great variety

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throughout the fields we find one half of the deep-mined output is produced at an operating profit, and just under one-half at an operating loss, that one-sixth of the output—35 million tons—is produced in 283 pits at a loss of 10s. per ton or more.
Unless we had an integrated industry half those pits would be shut down; no single person owning a pit could go on producing coal at a loss. Then there are 9 million tons of coal being produced from 118 pits at a loss of over £1 a ton, and there are 2 million tons of coal being produced in British pits at a loss of over £2 a ton. I say that it would be quite impossible, without integrated ownership, to go on producing that coal. It is now a question of swings and roundabouts, the lower cost pits helping to keep the higher cost pits going, but what the Coal Board must turn its attention to is to devote its efforts to reducing production from the high cost pits and spending its money on research and development where coal can be produced much more cheaply. Even if it reduces profits in certain pits, because of high development, it would be worth it.
We have also to look at the social conditions arising from the closure of pits, but I am satisfied that with the arrangements made with the National Union of Mineworkers pit conditions are such as would not have been dreamed of in the days of my right hon. Friend the' Member for Llanelly (Mr. J. Griffiths), and that it does not represent a problem. It is perfectly clear from an examination of the cost of production that there are a large number of pits which, under private ownership, would have to be closed and which, in an integrated industry, are being kept going, and thereby the coal is being made available to the nation as a whole, although this throws a very heavy financial burden upon the nation.
We often used to hear of the effect upon the price of coal of high wages that were supposedly paid by the Coal Board. I have looked into the accounts, and one finds that, taking all the salaries of over £750 a year, the total cost amounts to less than 8½d. a ton. With the cost of production at 56s. 9d. a ton, it is perfectly clear that the charge which was so often made had no substance in it whatsoever. I believe we are all glad to see the improvement that has taken place in the standard of living of the miner. In 1938, the average earnings
2462
overall were £2 17s. 11d., and the average wage today is £11 14s. 0d. That is a very big jump—a justifiable jump—and we are very glad that the miners have been taken out of that very low wage level.
Production has improved, but it is slow. It is slow for a number of reasons, most of them geological ones. Nevertheless, the improvement is there and is continuing. Output per manshift is steadily improving. The output at the face and overall steadily improves, but the output per man year is also improving. There always used to be a challenge from hon. Members opposite when I was on the other side of the House and I was able to show increases in output per manshift, both overall and at the face; hon. Members opposite used to say, "But what about the man year?"
The output per man year was 290 tons in 1938. It was 260 tons in 1946 when the industry was nationalised, and today it is 299 tons. I admit that that is a reduction on last year, but recruitment and training had an effect upon that. We are better today both in output per man shift overall and at the face, and in output per man year.
Nationalisation of the industry is often blamed for the substantial increase in coal prices. Yet from 1939 to 1945 coal prices were increased by 19s. 5d. a ton at the pithead, and since nationalisation from 1947 to 1953 by 21s. 2d. Therefore, over half the increase in coal prices from the 1938 period was not during the period of nationalisation. I only say that because we ought to have these matters in proper perspective.
What else has the Coal Board done? It has done a wonderful job in the education of its employees and in its training arrangements. For the last year or two there has been a scholarship scheme, and it is a cheering thing to know that by this September 82 Coal Board scholars have got their degrees mainly in mining engineering. That is a great achievement, for men coming from all walks of life to go into a university and get their mining degrees.
I should like to see more successful applicants for these university scholarships. There have only been 63 successful applicants for the 100 scholarships. I cannot believe that out of the very large manpower employed in the mines, there

2463
are only 63 men who are capable of becoming successful for the 100 university scholarships. I wonder whether the Coal Board could make a greater concentration and do a good deal more about selection. I am quite certain that hidden among the thousands of miners, there are young men who would qualify but who are not being pulled out for some reason or other. I hope that the Coal Board will have another look at its selection and try to get the 100 scholarships fully taken up.
I do not think the Coal Board is spending enough on research. I do not think ¾d. a ton is enough for research. The Minister has told us about the shortages of large coal and the larger quantities of small coal. One of the big jobs in research is blending, carbonising and producing large coal out of small coal, which they can do, provided they are given the pilot plant which is required, the capital and the scientists. I hope that the Minister will tell the Coal Board to spend much more on research. We want to reach the stage when we no longer burn any raw coal. It should all be carbonised. It should be used in the very best possible way; we should get all the richness possible out of the coal. It is criminal to burn raw coal. I hope that the Minister will press the Coal Board to enlarge its research establishment and spend much more money on real research into coal utilisation.
The Minister has referred to atomic energy in relation to power stations, and I hope the Government will press on with that work. No matter how successful that will be, obviously, in our lifetime, we shall still have to have coal, and we shall have to use it usefully. Sir Ben Lockspeiser, who is Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, said recently at a luncheon at the Savoy Hotel:
"We have the science and the technology which could save from 15 to 20 million tons of coal a year at no greater cost than the additional expense incurred by importing coal since the end of the war."
Sir Ben Lockspeiser knows what he is talking about, and I should like to take the Minister up on that statement. If that is so, the Minister ought to go out and save that 15 to 20 million tons of coal. I am sorry the right hon. Gentleman is giving up his own Ministry of Fuel and Power efficiency branch. That, in
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my opinion, is a colossal error, as I said when he first announced the fact. I hope the new organisation will be equally successful, and indeed better.
I am certain that the Minister will never get the smaller industrialists, whose coal costs do not figure to such a large extent in the cost of the final product, to burn their coal efficiently until he does with the industrialists what he and we did with the housewives; that is to tell them frankly that unless they use their coal efficiently they will not get the coal. The housewife has not been allowed to be extravagant with coal. She has been forced to have efficient grates, and it has been a good thing.
Sir H. Williams: Has she?
Mr. Robens: Why is the industrialist, who is burning from 50 to 100 tons of coal a week, told, "You can burn that as recklessly as you like," while poor Mrs. Smith gets only 40 cwt. a year and is compelled to use it in an efficient way? What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.
There have been many reports on fuel efficiency in industry. The big firms are doing a magnificent job, but there are all sorts of small firms who are wasting coal. They have no right to waste it, and I hope the Minister will bear in mind what has been said by Sir Ben Lockspeiser and many others and tell these people, after an expert examination has been made of their premises and an assessment made of the coal they ought to have if burned efficiently, "That is the amount of coal you are to get in the future, and no more." In 12 months we should get a very remarkable result and we should go a long way towards this 15 to 20 million tons saving.
Sir H. Williams: Does all this apply to what is known as concessionary coal?
Mr. Robens: Yes, indeed it does. The hon. Gentleman thought he was going to score one there off the miner, but he has not.
The Coal Board is engaged in a most intensive drive, dragging out old grates that were put in by the old mine owners, and putting in new approved appliances; and the miners are giving up their concessionary coal for the new grates that are going in. The Coal Board is now building 20,000 houses, for which the

2465
Minister of Housing and Local Government will get the credit when they come into his figures. They are being built with proper fuel appliances and insulation, which most modern houses do not have. The miners are doing very well in giving up concessionary coal and the Coal Board is doing a good job in housing. I thank the hon. Member for Croydon, East upon giving me this extra two minutes, which I was not going to take.
I leave the Minister with these things in mind and hope that he will go forward with great energy to make sure that we have a fuel and power policy which is properly applied throughout industry.
4.50 p.m.
Colonel C. G. Lancaster: The right hon. Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) prefaced his remarks by congratulating my right hon. Friend upon the excellence of the speech in which he surveyed the very wide field over which his province extends. I join in those congratulations.
I shall confine myself to one aspect of the remarks made by my right hon. Friend in connection with his pronouncement on behalf of the National Coal Board that an examination would take place into the organisation of the coal industry. He also mentioned that the National Coal Board had come to certain decisions in regard to their attitude both to the position which the colliery manager occupies within the industry and the part which the area should properly play within the field of the nationalised undertaking.
This is an important pronouncement, which is none the less important because of its inevitability. Looking quite objectively at the situation in the coal industry, no one can say that during recent months it has been altogether satisfactory. My right hon. Friend quite rightly said that we had improved on last year to the tune of some 3 million tons, but if we look at last year remembering that there was a very considerable addition of manpower within the industry, and that last year was five years after the inception of all the advantages which accrued with nationalisation, the 1 per cent. advance achieved cannot by any stretch of imagination be looked at as in any way satisfactory.
I go so far as to say that for something like two years now it has been
2466
evident that the advantages of nationalisation have been outweighed by its disadvantages. I want to be quite clear about this. I am not saying that nationalisation is wrong. What I am saying is that the very obvious advantages which accrued with nationalisation—centralisation of control and research, priorities for equipment, the finance of the country behind the industry, and the enthusiasm of the men who manned it—were being outweighed by some equally obvious disadvantages.
Those were inherent in the organisation, control and administration of the industry. That is not altogether surprising. The scheme was put together very hurriedly. Only six weeks elapsed before final decisions were made both with regard to the particular form of the scheme and the appointment of individuals who were to occupy key positions within it. It was equally appropriate that although, possibly, not the best scheme had been set up, some years should elapse before the dislocation of any major alteration should occur. Nevertheless, it was obvious, after three or four years, that the original scheme was not a satisfactory one and that, sooner or later, some very drastic alterations would need to be made.
I am delighted to think that an examination under the purview of the National Coal Board will now be made into the whole aspect of the organisation of this industry. Recognition of the part to be played by the colliery manager and the areas is no more than an attitude of mind. The important thing is, what is going to emerge from this examination? I imagine that all hon. Members hope that it will not be a repetition of what occurred on the occasion when the Burrows Committee inquired into the industry. We were denied the advantage of their Report in full, and only a part of what they recommended was in any way acted upon. When this examination is completed, I hope that the House will have the opportunity of considering the examination in its entirety and seeing precisely what are the findings of the Committee, and what has actuated their minds in whatever recommendations they may make.
I also make a plea that the approach to this problem shall be completely objective. Hon. Members on both sides of

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the House are very often apt to approach this matter from their own particular bias. On the one side it is said that everything has been right since nationalisation and, very often, hon. Members on this side of the House are apt to hark back to some appropriate year, such as 1938, and draw comparisons which bear hardly on the nationalisation years.
From time to time we are all apt to make fairly wild statements. Last year, as an example, the right hon. Member for Derby, South (Mr. Noel-Baker) made what was, to me, the astonishing statement that 10 times the amount of research was going on under nationalisation as had occurred in pre-war years. I drew attention to that matter, and the right hon. Member for Blyth reinforced what his right hon. Friend had said by producing some figures which referred to the footage bored. It did not have much relation to the matter I was dealing with. Both statements were made in perfectly good faith.
It was physically impossible for anything like that to have occurred. Research, as it is properly understood, is a highly complicated scientific and technical matter which requires very specialised knowledge. As I said last year, there simply were not the bore masters—not only in this country, but in Western Europe and even the Western Hemisphere—to have brought about a tenfold increase in research. We had to wait until the end of the year to see upon what that claim was based.
Pure research resulted in some 38 deep borings—of over 1,500 feet—being made in 1952. If 10 times as much had been done compared with the years before nationalisation, it would have meant that only four similar borings were being made in the average year before the war. In fact, in a good year before the war, something between 40 and 50 similar borings were made. I am not saying that everything was right before the war and everything is wrong now, but that sort of statement very often goes unchallenged, and it gives a completely false impression of the conditions in the industry today and also the conditions in relation to some previous period.
One of the effects of nationalisation has been to iron out any considerable
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differences. The areas now represent a level of efficiency higher than the most inefficient and, perhaps, lower than the most efficient pits before nationalisation. A more standard condition of affairs has now been brought about. I very much hope that in the examination which is to take place the approach can be completely objective and that it will be recognised that some very good things as well as some very bad ones happened before nationalisation occurred. If we can take advantage of the good things which were happening then and apply them to the good things which have been learned since nationalisation we shall begin to get somewhere, but if we approach this problem in any way biased in any one direction we shall fail once again.
As an example of that, I should like to deal with one of the salient mistakes made when nationalisation was first brought into being. In this matter the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Easington (Mr. Shinwell) must take the very real responsibility. It was decided at that date that one phase of management was, if not unimportant, anyhow not essential to the organisation which was being set up. I refer specifically to administration. It was considered, quite wrongly, of course, that the administrator, a managing director very often, was a political being who had prejudices, quite unlike the technical man, who was supposed to be devoid of those prejudices. Whereas it was considered appropriate to retain the technical man, it was considered expedient to get rid of the administrator, and in one fell swoop a great many of the most able men in the industry were disposed of.
That was a very grave decision to take. It was something that had never previously occurred in any part of industry. Certainly no other nation had ever attempted to reorganise an industry on the basis of dissociating from it a complete phase of management. I remember going to Russia a great many years ago. I was invited in 1931 to see conditions in the Donbas coal basin. I spent a number of months out there. Even the Russians, with their enthusiasm for change, had not gone as far as that. They were still using pre-Revolutionary administrators in their coal industry.

2469
What we did was to try to turn the technician into an administrator, and very often he was by no means an appropriate man to attempt to turn into an administrator. Therefore I do hope that in this examination an approach will be made quite objectively. It may be found to be the case that though the men who were disposed of are no longer available, men with similar qualifications in other industries could be brought into this industry. Administration, after all, is something that takes nearly a lifetime to learn. The best type of administrator is a rarer creature than the best technician.
We have been trying to administer this industry for the last five or six years without the very best administrators available. I do not think we can go on doing that. It may be necessary to look about outside the industry now and to bring in men who have high administrative qualities. It may be possible, however, to bring back some of the previous administrators. I should like to see that happen. I do not think for a moment it will be found that those men are opposed to nationalisation as such or would give any but the best service to the industry. It was a fundamental error ever to have adopted that attitude towards those men, and I hope that on this occasion we can rectify that very real mistake.
Finally, I should like to make this plea. The answer to this question lies, in the last resort, in personnel. If we want an analogy I would take that of farming. No two farms in this country are exactly similar, any more than any two pits are. The difference lies, perhaps, in the size or the scope of the farms, or in the texture of the soil, or in the amount of rainfall—in 101 matters; but in the last resort the difference between a good farm and a bad farm is the difference between a good farmer and a bad farmer. Exactly the same holds good in this industry. The difference between a good pit and a bad pit, other things being equal, is the difference between a good colliery manager and a bad colliery manager.
That is true in the areas and all along the line right up to the National Coal Board. If we cannot have the right men at the appropriate places, all the organisation, all the administration, all the technique that we apply will fail us. We have got to have the right man at the right point. I hope that what may emerge
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from this examination will be a clear recognition that quite a number of men are in the wrong places and that quite a lot of men are being retained who really are not up to the job they have been given, and that a whole lot of new men may have to be upgraded, or brought in from outside. In the last resort we are going to succeed only if the right men are there in the right places, and I hope that that consideration will be in the forefront of the examination which is now going to be undertaken by the National Coal Board.
5.6 p.m.
Mr. George Sylvester: I listened very attentively to the Minister today. I have been present at most of these debates since nationalisation. I was agreeably surprised at the tone in which the Minister presented his case. In fact, I think he deserved the congratulations of my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens), because I do not think that from this side of the House the case could have been put any better. What I wonder is, has it convinced some of the right hon. Gentleman's own hon. Friends? We on this side of the House did not need convincing.
To look accurately at the National Coal Board—and I am particularly dealing with the Coal Board as a result of my years of experience in that industry—one must look back for a few years, not in a spirit of recrimination but in a spirit of inquiry, to see how the industry has advanced during these years. For 30 years before vesting day production had been gradually going down. In 1945 production was only 175 million tons. In the last year of private enterprise it was 181 million tons. The Coal Board took over those pits, some economic and some uneconomic. Since those days there has been an upward trend in production.
Between 1946 and 1952 production of deep mine coal was increased by 18 per cent., and in 1952, according to the Report, it reached a figure of 214½ million tons. The increase in those years, between 1946 and 1952, was more in volume than the whole of the output of Belgium. Furthermore, output per manshift during that period increased by roughly 20 per cent. Let us look at a further example, because we are now nearly at the end of another coal year,

2471
so that while the Coal Board's Report for 1952 is being discussed we are nearly in November, 1953. The available figures that I have for the first 39 weeks of this year are 156,259,000 tons compared with 157,461,000 tons in 1952, and in 1951, 156,223,000 tons.
That means that there has been a loss of 1,206,000 tons for this period by comparison with last year, but we must not forget, as the Minister rightly pointed out, the extra week's holiday which the miners have been awarded and which shows a changed atmosphere on the other side of the House. I am pleased that hon. Members opposite have become enlightened, because during my working days we had no holidays at all. The fact remains, however, that during the 39 weeks of this year 8¼ million tons were produced by the voluntary working on Saturdays. In fact, from August, 1952, until July, 1953, out of 172 million shifts worked, nearly 22 million were overtime shifts—12·7 per cent. This is despite the fact that unfortunately the man wastage this year is greater than the recruitment.
No one can suggest, therefore, that the miners are not pulling their weight in providing increased production. That is the overall picture, but individual pits can show an even greater achievement. Many examples could be given of figures of individual pits, and I will quote one from my own constituency—that of the pit which I went down during the Recess. The name of the colliery is Wheldale. In 1947 the output per manshift in this colliery was 20·9 cwt. Last year the output per man-shift was 35·5 cwt., an increase of 70 per cent. I am sure that example could be multiplied in thousands of other pits. It is true that this pit has been modernised; it was an old pit working under out-of-date conditions and it has been modernised. I am sure that modernisation would pay in thousands of pits in this country, just as it has paid in this case.
Another aspect which we should consider is that of industrial disputes. During the period of nationalisation the only disputes have been unofficial disputes. Between 1920 and 1939 70 per cent. of the man-days lost in stoppages in all industry were lost in the coal mining industry, but between 1945 and 1950
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under 30 per cent. of the days lost were lost in the mining industry, and, moreover, thousands of those days were lost by sections of the men who never dared to strike under private enterprise—deputies, winders and clerical workers, for example. The figures for disputes have proved that the miners themselves realise that the conciliation machinery which has been set up has been an advantage and has obviated the necessity for them to strike as they had to strike in the years from 1920 to 1939.
A point which is of great concern to people outside the mining areas is the price of coal. Ordinary people have a right to complain, of course, but it is strange that they should have in their minds the idea that the high price which is being paid for coal is a result of increases in the miners' wages. I will not go into those figures, for my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth has given figures on that point. According to the National Coal Board, in 1952 the average pithead price charged was £2 17s. 3d., yet the price being charged in the London area was much higher.
Eight grades of coal are being sold in the London area. The highest grade is being sold at £7 4s. 5d. and the lowest at £4 14s. 5d. If we set any of those prices against the £2 17s. 3d. which is the average price charged at the pithead, we wonder where the difference arises. In my opinion the distribution of coal is a problem which will have to be tackled in no uncertain manner. Incidentally, it would be interesting to know what is the price being paid for coal by the steel industry since it has now been passed back to private hands. I do not know, but it would be interesting to know.
There is also the other price which is paid for the nation's coal, the price in human lives. Together with the N.U.M., the National Coal Board have for a long time been conducting a campaign for greater safety. Yet the figures in this Report show that in 1952 409 men were killed and 2,073 were injured; and over 234,000 were injured in such a way that they were off for more than three days. In all, over 237,000 people were affected. We must add to that the most dreaded scourge of all, industrial disease—3,308 certificates for industrial diseases were given—to see the price which the men in the industry are paying.

2473
With all its defects—and there are some improvements which are due to be made and which could be made—I have tried to suggest that the National Coal Board has done better both for the nation and for the miners than was ever done by the previous owners. Yet I remember in the early days of this year certain hon. Members opposite putting Motions on the Order Paper and writing letters to the Press suggesting that this structure should be broken down or, as they called it, that there should be decentralisation. We feel, especially those who come from the mining areas, that that would mean pitting one district against another.
Let me say this: the miners are determined not to go back to that old situation. We remember what happened in those days and the misery which the coalfields experienced. To those hon. Members I say this—and it is also the view of the National Union of Mineworkers, of which I have been a member for over 40 years: any attempt to interfere with the national structure of this industry by decentralisation on a district basis will be resisted by that union with every legitimate means at its disposal.
I therefore suggest to anyone who is thinking along those lines that they should remember the words of a gentleman who was once very prominent on that side of the House—Lord Templewood. In one of his books he wrote—and he ought to know—that he had learned that there were three institutions most difficult to defeat—the British Treasury, the Vatican, and the Miners' Federation. Lord Templewood said that. I am not saying it; I am only quoting him. He should know, because he was in the Baldwin Government when all that trouble was on. Therefore, I am suggesting that those hon. Gentlemen who are thinking on the lines of decentralisation, as they call it, should think again, because we on this side of the House will resist it to the utmost. I am sure that even the Minister after his speech today, must, if he is true to what he said, resist that pressure from wherever it comes.
I say in conclusion that, while probably we have not as much coal as might have been anticipated, and that there are grounds for examination here and there, I am satisfied that the examination could be carried out successfully by the men who know the industry, that is by the
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National Coal Board and the National Union of Mineworkers.
5.21 p.m.
Mr. Robson Brown: It gives me personal pleasure to speak after my good friend the hon. Member for Pontefract (Mr. Sylvester), because, in other days, he and I were engaged in the same colliery company but with different responsibilities.
Mr. Sylvester: I worked for the hon. Gentleman.
Mr. Robson Brown: The hon. Member has said it; and therefore it gives me very great pleasure to follow him. I was amused at his reference to the Treasury, the Vatican and the miners. I know that the miners have a much bigger heart than the Treasury. When I was listening to the two Front Bench speakers this afternoon, I thought what a good thing it would be if every miner in England could have put into his hands a copy of those speeches, perhaps with the little bit of light-hearted stuff about Margate cut out, because I was present at Margate when that rather boisterous gentleman to whom reference has been made was on the rostrum, and I can assure him that the reply given by my right hon. Friend was equally light-hearted and made in the same sort of jocular manner. I am not entering into any argument as to whether a man has the right to stand up anywhere and express his views without intimidation, but there was a good deal of laughter at Margate, and if the right hon. Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) had been there he might have enjoyed it, and it might have done him a little good.
There is one question about which the miners want more assurance. The Minister gave a great deal of encouragement with regard to the most spectacular and formidable economies that have been made in the consumption of coal used in many important industries; but there must be in the minds of the miners the question: "Where do we stand?"—where does their security stand? Is there even now a danger of overproduction? I hope that the Parliamentary Secretary will give them some clear reassurance, because reassurance can very positively be given. There is the urgent need for increased exports, about which we have not said much this afternoon, but which is in the

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mind of everyone, and there is the position of the domestic consumer, who requires more coal and would be prepared to take it if it could be made available. There is also always the question of putting an end as soon as maybe to opencast coalmining. I think that the sum total of these three particular aspects, apart from any development in the overall productivity of the country, ought to be reassuring to the men.
I think the public also wants a little reassurance, particularly the housewife, with regard not only to the supply of coal and to the quality of coal, but to the price of coal. Whatever we may say and feel about the industrial aspects of this matter, we have all to bear in mind the position of the housewife and the fact that the price of coal bears very heavily upon her.
I should like to refer briefly to something which was said by the right hon. Member for Blyth, which I endorse, with regard to the scholarship scheme within the industry. He regretted, as we all do, that there are not more young lads in the industry who are coming forward. I venture to suggest that one explanation, among many others, is that these boys see a quick, immediate, attractive wage in front of them by going down the pit, and that they are a little intimidated by the thought of a university career and the sacrifice which would have to be made in time, energy and money. I hope that the Coal Board will ask the individual mine managers to do more to encourage likely young fellows, the sons of miners in particular, and put them in the way of taking a university scholarship.
There are many hon. Members who want to speak this afternoon, and therefore I will confine myself to two particular aspects of what was said by the Minister. Among the good things he said, the most important was the decision of the Coal Board, which I think was a wise and sound decision, to invite an outside team of competent men to give them advice on the question of administration, and that the Board had taken the initiative by placing immediately the area general manager where he always should have belonged.
Throughout this year I have been privileged to visit most of the coal fields in
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Great Britain. It has been a very illuminating experience. I have only been able to pay short visits to most of the coal mining areas, but I was able, during that time, to see many of the managements at all levels and, equally important to talk to many of the men. I should like to give some of my impressions.
What was perfectly clear was that the area general manager controls the whole industry. He is the fulcrum and around him the whole industry should swing. I have no doubt that the Committee when they look at the industry, will find that what my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for South Fylde (Colonel Lancaster) said has a great foundation of truth in it, that the nationalisation of the industry was in fact a surgical operation. The industry amputated a great deal of first-class administrative ability; a lot of men had to get out of the industry at that time, a loss from which we have suffered ever since. These men are not easy to replace.
On the question of division of authority, I consider that the National Coal Board should be in the position to instruct, the divisional coal board should be in the position to guide, and the area should manage. The area is the point at which top management really operates. In this sense, I would say that even now the areas are too big. There are 49 areas in the country, and it surprised me to find out that these area general managers, without any board around them, and with a very skeleton staff, were expected to control the operations of between 12,000 to 20,000 men at anything from 10 to 20 pits, and to do it without very much technical help but with a great deal of functional direction. One of the fundamental mistakes of this industry was to put strait-jacket Civil Service methods upon an industrial enterprise and to impose a whole series of functional officers right down the whole line of responsibility, dividing the real responsibility. Divided authority and divided responsibility will never work.
I hope that when these gentlemen are examining the position and advising the Board, they will look carefully at the possibility of increasing the number of areas. If we are to impose upon the area general manager the direct responsibilities that have been forecast, in addition to those he has already, we are

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asking for a superman, and supermen are not easy to find. There may be some in the coal industry; there are certainly some very fine area managers, but they would be the first to say that what they are already doing is quite a big burden for them. I should like to see an extension in the number of area boards by reducing the size of the areas, so as to get them down to workable, competitive units.
One thing which I emphasize is that there is no idea of any change in the national wage negotiation structure. That is important. This industry is so full of suspicion that anything which is left unsaid is suspect. For that reason, it is important that the two Front Bench speeches which we have heard tonight should be made available to the men.
I would move to one other point, and that is the development of new mines and the introduction of machinery. I found on every hand an extraordinary surge forward in the development of machinery for increased production, as well as new pits and new sinkings. There is no doubt that in the next 12 months a lot of this development will be showing good results. Development will greatly help. But if we are really honest when we examine present output figures—they need a good deal of examination—we must admit they are not satisfactory considering all the circumstances. We must say we are not bringing up sufficient coal either for home needs or to send abroad in those exports so vital to build up the financial strength of our country. There is a fundamental reason for it—the mining industry still lives too much in the past, and is fearful of the future.
What we want in this industry is a new dynamic. We must wipe the slate clean of memories of the past in this industry, because they are beclouding and bewildering the men. I hope that those who will report on this industry will do so with no suspicion of political bias one way or the other, and will try to get a new distribution of authority by placing responsibility where it belongs. If that were done, I believe that under good leadership something would happen in this industry which would surprise us.
Mr. J. D. Murray: I thank the hon. Member for giving way. I want to pick up the very interesting points that he is making. Will
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he tell us exactly how to obliterate the memories that are so bitter in the minds of the miners?
Mr. Robson Brown: That is a point I want to come to. We have to understand the mind of the miner. We shall not solve anything in the mining industry until we do so and until we appreciate where the miner stands, what he thinks and what are his hopes and fears. One of our mistakes is to talk of men as "those miners," putting labels on them as though they were something apart. We have been doing that for too long with the miners. I found, certainly, that there were 700,000 miners, but they were 700,000 individuals, good, bad and indifferent. The "run-of-the-mill miner," so to speak, was very much like the average Member of Parliament. They are mostly good fellows. Many of them are very fine and many are not pulling their weight.
I should like to tell a little story to illustrate what I mean. One afternoon, when I was in Scotland, I was privileged to have a group of miners around me, and we chatted away with each other. The local miners' agents were there too. One or two of the younger men were trying to make a political point against me, and I was trying to avoid this, as I was not there in any political capacity: I was trying to appreciate their position and point of view. Then one of the miners' leaders said, with the greatest dignity: "Boys, Mr. Robson Brown is our guest this afternoon. Fair play." What a beautiful thing to say. It really was. That was the attitude I found throughout the whole of the industry.
In order properly to understand the psychological attitude of miners, we have to appreciate the effect of isolation upon the miners. I do not think that I ever realised this before. We shall never solve the problems of this industry until first we appreciate the miner's isolation from the general public. Second, is his isolation in the village in which he lives, amongst no one else but miners, and ofter far away from the cultural opportunities of the big towns. There is also isolation in his job. Perhaps I might just say a word about that, without being sentimental.
I have not been down mines for many years, but I went down again with a new and more objective attitude, trying to put myself in the place of the miner.

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What in fact happens? The miner goes from his home to the pit top. He goes down the pit and goes in to the face. From that moment, and for at least eight hours, he is down there in front of two, three, or four feet of coal, and working at those shallow heights. In a few places the height is greater.
Most miners are in complete isolation from everybody else. This industry is like no other that I have ever been in. The miner is working without the light of day. If I may be a little sentimental, I would say that by the time his face is black you cannot even see when he smiles. His mine manager may go to see him, but it cannot be very often. His contacts with his fellows will be very few and far between during the shift. We have to find some way of relieving that sense of isolation of the miner. When you go into the ordinary factory, the workers have contact with the manager and the staff, and they may have a word and a smile. They can be given credit for good work, and the men can pass a joke on from one to another. They can all see what is happening in the works; there is continuous human contact. But there is nothing like that in the mine.
One of the first things to which the National Coal Board could apply their minds is a re-orientation of thinking about operations underground. I do not want to go into technical details. I think the National Coal Board have their finger nearly on the point. It is a question of human communication. There has to be a nearer approach to the team sense and towards identifying the miner with what is going on in his pit and in the industry. When the miner throws the coal over his back on to the conveyor, that is all that he sees of the results of his work. There is no further pride of production, nothing further to be proud about. We have to identify the miner with what happens in his pit, with the success of the industry and its effect on the welfare of the nation.
I found a tremendous reservoir of good will in this industry, but thinking and sober-minded miners are worried. The average miner is not as complacent or blasé as we think he is. We must remember that the miner has been subjected to praise and blame, exhortation and criticism, judgment and condemnation, and that his skin has become pretty
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hardened. One value of today's debate is that they tend to create more human understanding on each side, and to show our determination to deal only with the miners and understand them. This will do more than anything else to answer the question which was put to me a moment ago by the hon. Member for Durham, North-West (Mr. Murray).
The men are still full of suspicion and fear. We can wipe out the past, but we have to face their fears of the future. The miners want to be much more satisfied, and the National Coal Board have to convince them, that everything which is being done is in their best interests, including the development of the mines and the cutting down of the number of men. I would say something here on this point with which everybody might not agree.
I should like to see the number of men in the mining industry reduced, and the figures go from 700,000 downwards. I should like to see the machines and not the men doing the work. I should like to see fewer old men going into the mines, and the men who are there operating, not so much by the sweat of their brow, as by skill in the use of machines. We have got to bring the men to have faith in all of us before they will change the stint or decrease the percentage of absenteeism.
There are two factors controlling output in the mining industry. The stint is the calculated fixed output of each man per day. Sometimes he can work and earn a great deal more. In the case of the second factor, absenteeism, everyone in the industry knows the true facts about absenteeism. If we can get a new attitude on these two points, I believe that even without the additional machinery, we can increase output from 5 to 10 per cent.
The men are afraid of over-production, putting too much coal into stock and then someone using it as a weapon against them. There is the fear of redundancy in their own pits, and the Minister might give thought to this problem. His speech this afternoon shows that he has applied his mind in many directions to some purpose. He has surprised a lot of people by his speech his afternoon, and he has taken away a lot of criticism. I should like him to think about the question of redundancy in the

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pits to see if some financial provision cannot be made in the industry for the men affected in a more practical way than has been done up to the present. I am encouraged by what has been done about redundancy in the steel industry in South Wales.
Finally, let us give more information about markets and so on to the managers. The more they know the more they can encourage the men and the more confidence there will be in the industry, with the result that we will get more and more coal. I hope the new Committee will bear the burning question of the human relations between management and miner fully in mind, and I wish them all success in their efforts and congratulate the Minister on his survey.
5.42 p.m.
Miss Jennie Lee: The hon. Member for Esher (Mr. Robson Brown) has talked in terms of great sympathy and fellowship with the miners. Might I put to him three very simple tests. The next time we are having a miners' demonstration to protest against the miners who are suffering from pneumoconiosis being denied extended benefit, will he take part with us in it?
Mr. Robson Brown: One of the things I was very proud of when in South Wales was an invitation to attend one of the miners' lodges. I said that I would be only too pleased to go there and discuss any aspect of the miners' industry—it was not to be a political discussion—that they cared to bring forward, but it was a great personal regret to me that the invitation has not been confirmed.
Miss Lee: Yes, but that is not an answer to my question.
Mr. Robson Brown: The hon. Lady must not say that that is not an answer when I say that I was prepared to answer anything.
Miss Lee: It is a reply, but it is still not an answer. I wanted to follow that up by asking him, with his overflowing good fellowship, not only to take part with us in educating public opinion on what is being done for the most helpless and exposed among the miners, but to vote with us in the House in support of the policy of a future Labour Government, which quite certainly would be, on
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that simplest test of all, that when an old comrade in the mining industry is set aside because of this most dreadful disease, if suitable work cannot be brought to him in the community where his home and friends are he will not be pushed on to public assistance and find himself worse off than he was before.
Another test is this. What would the hon. Member say to those miners' families who are not getting the average wage of £11 14s. 6d., and where the bread-winner is taking home sometimes less than £7 a week? Yet they, too, are facing the rising cost of food. There are many miners who pay no Income Tax because their income is such that they do not qualify. The sort of article appearing in the "Daily Mail," stating that the cost of living is going down, appears to be a mockery to these good people. That article stated that here and there an item of food is dearer, but there is a corresponding reduction in Income Tax.
I did not intend to follow this line too far, but I am pursuing the mood introduced into the debate by the hon. Member for Esher. The miners are expected to do the best they can in the industry and to encourage the younger men to remain in the coal pits; but all the time they are seeing the purchasing value of wages brought down, and I have not heard a single word yet from any hon. Member opposite suggesting that those miners who are taking home the minimum wages ought to be given a rise which at least corresponds to the rise in the cost of living.
The third point I put to the hon. Member is one that arose last weekend in my constituency. I heard of a youth of 17 and his father who are working in the pit. There are seven in the family—the father, the mother, two boys and three girls. They live in a house which has two bedrooms, which are very damp, and one living room. The conditions are bad. There is no bathroom in the house. The two men are working at a colliery where the pithead baths are in the process of construction but are not built yet. They have to go across an open yard to get to a lavatory.
They are on the waiting list for a house, but they are in an area where the local authority is being mocked when it is told it can build all the houses it

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wants, because it has already been held up on some of its building schemes, at one time by the shortage of bricks and at another time by shortage of cement. All the time labour and materials are being drawn off to other parts of the country where private contractors who are able to build houses to sell can offer better terms.
I do not share the mood so far in this debate. I find it very different from that which prevailed when I attended a delegate conference of miners in my constituency last weekend. They were responsible men. They were men who are actually working in the pits. They were men who were lodge officials, very proud of their industry and very grateful for nationalisation. Here I can endorse the point already made by my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) that there must never again be an attempt to divide the miners in one part of the country from the miners in another part. If the Government want to stop every coal pit in Britain, that is the quickest way of doing it. That was one point, at least, with which I agreed in the speeches of the Minister and my right hon. Friend.
We are not discussing today whether gas, electricity or coal will follow road transport and steel and go back to private enterprise. Steel is a nice, juicy piece. It is being advertised in all the newspapers of Great Britain today in full-page advertisements, all of which will go on to the cost of production. The investor is being told that the industry is a nice safe investment which will return 7 per cent., 9 per cent. or 10 per cent. I am prepared to argue the percentage of profit with the hon. Member. The Government are underwriting this pleasant profit.
One of the things I was asked by the miners in my constituency at the weekend was this: "The steel industry is now back in private hands. Can you tell us if any of the coal that we are mining is being sold to that industry below the cost of production?" What could I say to those men? I could have referred to an article of mine in a weekly journal known to some Members of this House, in which I protested at the replies given to my hon. Friend the Member for Fife, West (Mr. Hamilton), who put down a number of
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specific Questions asking how much of our coal was sold below the cost of production, where was it going, to what market, and if any was going to steel. We were told today that 2 million tons of coal were being sold at £2 million less than the cost of its production.
We cannot hold a debate of this kind on the basis of us all scrounging for information from technical friends in the industry or from the men at the coal-face. We ought to come to a debate of this kind equipped with information that we receive in our capacity as Members of Parliament.
I have mentioned some of the questions affecting the workers in the industry, but the fact that they are being asked to produce coal which is being sold to some private industry below the cost of production is a very sore point with the thinking miner. We do not know the answer to it.
We are not discussing the handing back of coal, gas or electricity to private enterprise. Nationalisation of these industries is a very great advantage to the men and women working in them, as well as to the nation. I suggest that this House is being treated in an extremely shabby way. We are assembled here today almost as if we were an old-fashioned German Reichstag under Herr Hitler. We are not to be asked our opinion and are not to discuss this subject on the basis of information supplied to us beforehand. Instead, we are given a general though very agreeable and good talk by the Minister.
I intervened during the speech of the right hon. Gentleman to ask whether he had more up-to-date information than that contained in the National Coal Board's Report issued in November, 1952, and, if so, whether he would be good enough to share it with us. In some ways the Minister is a fellow victim of this situation, but as a House of Commons we must not allow the situation to be repeated. Naturally, some of my hon. Friends are interested in the trade union and technical side of the industry, and I do not propose to go into many problems which can be better dealt with by my colleagues; but I do say that we ought not to have to go round almost as if we were collecting contraband information.

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I suggest that the House of Commons ought to set aside one day for the discussion of coal, another for the discussion of gas, one for the discussion of electricity and yet another for discussing the coordination of all three industries. I believe that if the Minister were at the head of this great combined operation it would help more than anything else to illuminate the whole industry, to enlist the sympathy of the miners and to answer a few problems.
If the Minister had in his possession all the information he required, and if we as Members of Parliament could put down on the Order Paper day by day Questions affecting the industry, and particularly our own areas, then we should have a continuing picture. It would mean that I would not have to go to my constituency and find there all sorts of rumours circulating, most of them baseless, but some quite serious rumours. We ought to be able to put the flashlight of publicity on this industry. That would help everyone. By that means we could get rid of the rubbish and bring into the forefront of the picture those things that are wrong in the industry.
We have been told that an investigation is to be made into the organisation of the coal industry. That may do a little good, but it is not enough. We in this House ought to be carrying on a continuing investigation. We are the people who, when reports indicate that something is wrong, ought to be able to go to the Minister privately. It does not always have to be done by Question and answer. We ought to be able to build up a knowledge and background so that when a debate of this kind takes place it can be a genuine debate. This is a farcical debate so far as the information made available to us is concerned.
I am delighted by the case so inadvertently put today for extending national ownership beyond these industries, and beyond taking over the steel industry. Other hon. Members will say more about that. I think that a very good case has been made for taking over the engineering industry as well. It is not good enough to be told in this House that a very high percentage of the boilers used in the industry are 40 years old. I was not given any advance information on the matter, and I am trusting to my memory, but the information given to me
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coincided exactly with the very able case which has been put by the engineering trade union. They have been stressing for a long time that there are far more inefficient and badly-run industries than this country can support.
I do not think that we can tackle this problem—and I say this with all respect to my right hon. Friend on the Front Bench—and the other fuel problems in British industry by saying we should treat the textile factories and all the other industries like the housewives; that we should give them a certain ration on which they must make do by putting in fuel-saving devices.
That is not a serious way of tackling the matter. The fact is that far too much of the machinery in British industry is obsolete. Therefore, I ask the House to consider whether the time is not overdue when we should have a real policy and programme for the country with an efficient system of publicity so that the people taking part in these industries may know what is going on.
The miners will never know what is going on in the coal industry if they depend on their local consultative committees. In that way they get to know something about their own pits, but they want to be excited by feeling that they are not helpless, and that they are citizens with full rights. They want to be told what is going on, and they are looking forward to a continuing process in which not only the fuel and power industries, but engineering and other industries will more and more be taken away from private enterprise and planned and co-ordinated in the way which many of us believe is absolutely essential, not only to ensure fair play to the citizens of Great Britain, but for the very economic survival of this country.
6.0 p.m.
Mr. Gerald Nabarro: What an unholy alliance—the hon. Member for Cannock (Miss Lee) and myself. For the first time in my life I am slightly in agreement with what she has said.
Dr. H. Morgan: Do not insult her.
Mr. Nabarro: Of course it is a highly unsatisfactory state of affairs that we are called upon, in one and the same Parliamentary day of only six and a half hours, to discuss the Reports and

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Accounts of three highly complex industries controlling something like £2,500 million of fixed assets and, in addition, what may be called the co-ordination of these industries. We are a little better off, however, than we were last year, for on 28th October, 1952, we did not attempt to discuss three, we attempted to discuss eight Annual Reports on one and the same day, and for good measure the Ridley Report was thrown in as well. It is an impossible task.
A Select Committee sat recently to investigate the matter of accountability and Parliamentary control over these nationalised industries and made the important recommendation that there should be a permanent Standing Committee of Members of this House to inquire into, but not to control, the nationalised undertakings. I hope that Committee will indeed be brought into being at an early date and that 21 experienced Members of this House will have ample opportunity in the course of a working year to inquire in much greater detail into these concerns than we are able to do in a short space of time today.
My right hon. Friend the Minister of Fuel and Power made an important announcement about the transfer of emphasis in management within the National Coal Board to the area level. I welcome that statement, for it is something which my hon. Friends and I have felt for a long time is urgently needed. But I am sure that my right hon. Friend did not mean by his statement what the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) implied, namely, that Sir Hubert Houldsworth is to have a sort of committee of inquiry into the National Coal Board.
It is to be only a committee looking into the structure of the National Coal Board and without prejudice to two important things—the seven-year independent inquiry into each of these nationalised industries which is the principle that has always been supported by right hon. Gentlemen opposite. It is a seven-year independent inquiry into every aspect of every nationalised undertaking, and on the board of inquiry shall be included Members of this House. This N.C.B. committee of inquiry is without prejudice to that, and in the terms of the right
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hon. Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison) who, speaking on 25th October, 1950, said:
"In the case of the B.B.C. the principle of 10 years was well established. It must not be too often."
I quite agree with him there.
"I think that something in the nature of a seven-year period would be about right for the public corporations. If they are held too often, there is the disadvantage that the men running them would get nervous and be looking over their shoulder. I think about seven years would be right. It would be right to include a limited number of Members of Parliament as was done in the case of the B.B.C. Inquiry."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 25th October, 1950; Vol. 478, c. 2806.]
I hope that what the Coal Board undertake under Sir Hubert Houldsworth's leadership, with the aid of businessmen outside the nationalised undertaking, shall be without prejudice to a seven-year total inquiry into each nationalised industry and also, in addition, the establishment of a Standing Committee upstairs to inquire continuously into the affairs of nationalised undertakings.
My right hon. Friend had something to say about the coal stocks position and notably the difficulties that have arisen in the last few years with supplies of large coal. Before I turn to the main part of my speech, which is in connection with electricity, I should like to make one or two observations on what my right hon. Friend said. Of course, there is a continuing shortage of large coal, of course the householder suffers most, largely because the railways have been wasting large coal for years, and of course briquetting plants can make a contribution.
I commend the alacrity of my right hon. Friend in this matter since last July when I was able to bring to his notice that the briquetting plants were occupied to only 50 per cent. of their maximum capacity. He says that they are now very fully employed and that briquettes are going to the railways in substitution for large coal. But I ask my right hon. Friend to bear in mind that briquettes have a very useful household purpose as a substitute for large coal. They can convert "fines" and very small coal into most useful domestic fuel. Briquettes have a bad reputation in households for some unknown reason. I do not know why.

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I see that ex-miners opposite are nodding agreement, but that reputation is not true.
I was the first Tory Member to have the honour to address a Co-operative conference of coal managers last July. [An HON. MEMBER: "Why?"] I do not know why, but perhaps they thought that it would be instructive to be addressed by a Conservative Member of Parliament. The Co-operative coal managers were interested in this problem and pointed out that in many of their depots there are reserve supplies of household briquettes which are not subject to the domestic allocation system and yet are not being taken up. I checked that when I returned to Birmingham and ordered a ton of household briquettes at £6 17s. 2d. compared with £5 3s. 10d. for grade 3 house coal. If my right hon. Friend wants to popularise briquettes, he must try to make an arrangement with the National Coal Board to bring the price structure for household briquettes more closely into relation with the price of the corresponding grades of household coal.
Mr. Tom Brown: And make a better quality.
Mr. Nabarro: There are good briquettes and poor briquettes. There is a purpose to which each type of briquette can be applied in industry and the railways with relative ease, whilst leaving the better quality for the domestic market.
I turn now to the position of the British Electricity Authority. It is not altogether satisfactory, as my right hon. Friend implied in his speech, and there is certainly a good deal to be criticised in their Annual Report. Sales of electricity in the United Kingdom in the year 1952–53 have risen by only 3·7 per cent., of which 2·5 per cent. was accounted for by an increase in industrial sales, 1·7 per cent. in domestic sales and 11·8 per cent. in commercial sales.
The capital investment programme of the British Electricity Authority today is something like £160 million a year, which is the largest single slice of capital investment allocated to any single industrial purpose. This £160 million a year is based upon the assumption that there will be a continuous increase in the demand for electricity at the rate of 10 per cent. per annum.
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In fact last year's electricity sales increased by only 3·7 per cent.
Mr. W. Griffiths: Because of recession in trade.
Mr. Nabarro: Perhaps the hon. Member will stop shouting at me. No doubt it was attributable to the fact that in the early part of the year under review there was a recession in the textile trade. Also it is the fact that the load factor of British Electricity Authority power stations declined in the year under review. In an industry employing more than £1,000 million of capital, should there be a decline in the load factor it means as a concomitant that the capital employed in the industry is less effectively employed, and for the first time in many years the load factor of the British Electricity Authority showed a substantial decline last year. It had previously been going steadily upwards. It had reached a figure of 51 per cent. in 1951–52 but declined by 5 per cent. in the year now under review, 1952–53. Will my right hon. Friend or the Parliamentary Secretary tell me at the end of the debate why their capital and their plant was less effectively employed, because this is a most grave figure in the Report of the British Electricity Authority.
I do not praise everything which the nationalised industries do. The British Electricity Authority turn out this magnificently documented volume of hundreds of thousands of words each year representing their Annual Report and all that it really consists of is scratching themselves on the back and telling Members of Parliament what a frightfully good business body they are, that they have done everything perfectly and there is no cause for criticism. I was sorry that my right hon. Friend similarly could find no cause for criticism.
It is significant in this matter of load factor that during the four years while the load factor was rising the British Electricity Authority put that fact into their summary in the front of their Annual Report; but this year, when the load factor has fallen, did they put that in the front of the Report. Oh, no. They did not put it in a prominent position, but tucked it away in the body of the Report, where no one could find it.
Mr. T. Brown: That is diplomacy.
Mr. Nabarro: No, I would give it a rather stronger word than that, a word I

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used this afternoon about the British Electricity Development Association. [Interruption.] One of my hon. Friends says it is dishonest. I did not use that word, but it is an extraordinary and ingenious device for distracting attention from a very grave figure.
It should be our earnest desire at all times to see that the plant in nationalised industries is employed as continuously as possible and to maximum effect. I wish to say a word about the peak load problem for the forthcoming winter. The right hon. Member for Blyth pointed out that the number of power cuts had declined last year as compared with the year before. The general impression has been created by my right hon. Friend and others that there is no danger of future power cuts or low frequencies in the winter months. Accordingly my right hon. Friend has released all restrictions on promotional advertising. It is rather important to observe in the Report of the B.E.A. for the year ending 31st March last the inclusion of these words:

"(a) The estimated increase in generating capacity will still leave a potential peak hour deficit next winter.

(b) Load spreading arrangements for industrial and larger commercial consumers will again be necessary.

(c) Peak hours should be from 8 a.m. to 12 noon and from 4 to 5.30 p.m. Monday to Friday.

(d) Industrial consumers, and commercial consumers with a load of over 20 kilowatts, should strive to reduce the peak load by at least 10 per cent. during those hours from 1st November, 1952, to 31st January, 1953."

In those circumstances, is it wise to do two things? Firstly, to dispense with the load spreading arrangements on a 20 per cent. basis that were practised in the period 1950–52, and secondly, to encourage promotional advertising of the kind which appeared in "The Observer" of 11th October? I will pass this newspaper to the Parliamentary Secretary in a moment in order that he may have a look at it. The advertisement said:
"Britain's electrical generating plant today adds up to many millions of horse-power more than it did a few years back."
I quite agree; so does our industrial production, I might add. [An HON. MEMBER: "So do the shares."] The advertisement continues:
"That plant could produce more electricity. As things are, the plant is giving full output only for short periods once or twice a day;
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continuous full operation would cheapen the cost of electrical production."
Of course it would. It goes on with this extraordinary sentence:
"That is why British Electricity welcomes an increasing use by the housewife of electricity for cooking and water heating, as well as an increasing industrial demand for electricity."
There is not a word in that advertisement about the danger of peak loads and power cuts caused by domestic consumers operating appliances at peak hours, in spite of the fact that the B.E.A. readily recognise that they have not enough generating plant to meet peak hour demand next winter.
If there is a mild winter we shall not have power cuts. If there is a mild winter we shall not suffer from a shortage of domestic coal. But, if there is a severe winter with several weeks of ice and snow, a hard winter, not only will there be very severe power cuts but total stoppages—particularly in the Midlands—of industrial plant, brought about by the fact that housewives are still being encouraged to put in domestic water heaters, cookers and electric fires and not being told that if they do put them in they must switch them off at peak hours. That is one of the dangers inherent in this general release of promotional advertising. I am sorry that this policy has been followed.
Dr. Morgan: This is under the Tories.
Mr. Nabarro: I regard it as a danger and if we have a very severe winter it may lead to disastrous implications for industrial production.
I make a final point from the Report of the British Electricity Authority in connection with their summary of sales. A few days ago we debated in this House the last Annual Report of the British Transport Commission. My right hon. Friend the Minister of Transport, supported by hon. Members in all parts of the House, stressed the urgent need for pressing on with railway electrification. I think the hon. Member for Central Ayrshire (Mr. Manuel) made an impassioned plea for electrification of local and suburban lines in the Glasgow and Edinburgh areas. Of course he was right; of course my right hon. Friend was right.
From a fuel efficiency point of view, it is important to remember that when railways are electrified the coal is burned

2493
at the power houses at a thermal efficiency equal to the average of 22·96 per cent. in the light of the last B.E.A. Report, whereas the average locomotive burns coal in the fire box at a thermal efficiency of only 6 per cent.
Railway electrification can make a vast contribution to the balancing of our coal budget, but what is happening in regard to electric traction? My right hon. Friend the Minister of Fuel and Power and the Minister of Transport ought to do some serious talking to the nationalised authorities. In the Report we find that railway traction and the electricity supplies for it show an increase of 21·6 per cent. since 1947. That means that a steady extension of railway electrification for suburban traffic and elsewhere has led to an increase in the electric power consumed of approximately one-fifth, but, immediately following we find in the Report that street traction has declined by 19·1 per cent. in the same period.
Railway consumption of electricity has gone up by 21·6 per cent. since 1947–48 and street traction has gone down by 19·1 per cent., so that all the advantages which we are supporting for extension of railway electrification are being nullified by a commensurate decline in electric street traction because we are scrapping electric trams. I am not pleading for the retention of trams. I am saying that there are many economic advantages in replacing electric trams by electric trolley buses and in not going on to diesel oil buses which depend on transport of fuel oil over thousands of miles across the ocean; and all that fuel oil contains a 12½ per cent. dollar content.
In addition to that, the exhaust fumes add daily to the "smog" problem which the hon. Member for Dartford (Mr. Dodds) has been complaining about so loudly during the past few weeks. Apart from that, all the time that the load on the electricity system for street traction is going down the load factor of the power houses is going down. The street traction load is very largely on off-peak load. It often represents passenger transport late at night and early in the morning—very often for shopping, etc.—and is, therefore, of great economic advantage.
Mr. Palmer: But the hon. Gentleman does not blame this change of policy on the British Electricity Authority? He
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should know that the Authority would like to take up the traction load.
Mr. Nabarro: I do not agree, for the Authority and its area boards are supposed to be commercial organisations; they are supposed, in selling their products, to display some drive. Evidently they prefer to go out and sell electricity to be burned wastefully in electric fires because there is a great shortage of domestic solid fuel. They go out and sell electricity to be burned in electric fires rather than achieve the difficult thing and what is the economic thing in the national interest.
Electric trams are being scrapped and replaced by their competitors, diesel oil driven buses. I asked my hon. Friend to intervene in this matter. He said he would not do so because it should be left to the free choice of the local authorities concerned. I had hoped that these local authorities might perhaps be guided by the Minister who is responsible under the Ministry of Fuel and Power Act, 1945, for the economic use of our fuel and power resources. I hope that as a result of what I have said today he may think again about this matter and be prepared to advise local authorities as to their best course in an important matter of this kind, in which fuel technology is so largely involved.
I belong to the school of thought which says that we shall not balance our coal budget with ease during the remaining period between this date and the arrival of atomic energy on a large scale; there will be continuous shortage of coal. In those circumstances freedom of choice is a myth. The hon. Member for Cleveland (Mr. Palmer), who is an electricity fanatic, says that there ought to be freedom of choice. But electricity and gas are not rationed, whereas coal and coke are. It is easy to plead for freedom of choice, but I believe that there must be guidance from the centre as to the correct end to which each fuel should be put in the national interest, and to secure the greatest possible conservation of coal—in other words, an overall national fuel and power policy similar to that advocated by the right hon. Member for Blyth.
The release of promotional advertising for unbridled competition between gas and electricity is wasteful, extremely expensive and deeply resented by the

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consumer who has to pay the excessive costs inherent in promotional advertising campaigns.
6.23 p.m.
Mr. David J. Pryde: I join with my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) in congratulating the Minister on presenting the Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the National Coal Board for 1952 and also the reports on electricity and gas. I shall make a brief reference to the latter theme, but I wish first to say something about the Report of the National Coal Board for 1952. Several hon. Members who have spoken indicated that they had spent a lifetime in the industry. I can say that I have spent the best part of my life in the industry—on both sides of the industry—and I do know something about coal extraction in the British coalfield.
The Report indicates that we have the best possible report under the circumstances, and it will be necessary for me to go into some of those circumstances. "More production" comes glibly from the lips of portly old gentlemen who know nothing about coalmining. I wish briefly to review the position in the Scottish coalfield, which might be taken as comparable to the rest of the British coalfield. Since vesting day the National Coal Board has been compelled to close, in Scotland, 18 pits and 34 mines, flinging idle 5,280 men producing 1,326,000 tons annually. But the Board have opened since vesting day one pit and 36 mines—a pit producing 288,000 tons annually and 36 mines producing 1,693,723 tons annually, and these employ 5,893 men.
The Board are sinking in Scotland seven pits and 14 mines, and they anticipate an annual output from these of 7¾ million tons. They have planned four collieries, mostly in the east of Scotland, with a projected output of 3½ million tons. I regret to say that that is not yet, in my view, sufficient to meet the needs of this country. One chairman of a divisional coal board indicated some time ago that 600,000 were quite sufficient to produce the coal requirements of this country. The hon. Member for Esher (Mr. Robson Brown) indicated that he would like to see fewer men in
2496
the pits. I do not know that the workers in the pits are at all enamoured of the job, but I submit that it requires far more than 600,000 men to produce the amount of coal necessary to meet the industrial and domestic needs of this country. That can be done only by capital investment and the introduction of more men into the pits.
Some people imply that miners detest using machinery. As an experienced miner, I can definitely assure the House that the opposite is the case, because miners today employ electrical coal boring on the least pretext. We, in our day, had to use the old hand method; they are glad to get the coal cutter. The coal cutter, of course, produces a certain percentage of small coal compared with the old hand-cutting method which we used to employ. The introduction of briquetting plant can counter that problem of small coal to a great extent.
I was very interested to learn that in the north of Scotland the hon. Member for Caithness and Sutherland (Sir D. Robertson), who owns an isolated coalmining unit in Sutherlandshire, was to introduce briquetting there. That will be a fine stroke of business for the Highlands of Scotland.
Sir William Darling: That is a private enterprise activity, not the Coal Board.
Mr. Pryde: The hon. Member is perfectly correct. It will be noticed that I am not biased, and up till now hon. Members taking part in this debate have not been biased. I congratulate hon. Members on the constructive nature of their contributions and I wish to make a few suggestions which I know can be of assistance to the industry.
The hon. Member for Esher said he would like to see opencast working abolished. No one likes the effect of opencast working, but nevertheless it gives us 12 million tons of coal annually. I suggest that in Scotland a material improvement could be made on that figure because in East Scotland we have seams of coal lying so shallow that there is not sufficient thickness to cover the working of coal by mining methods. It is absolutely necessary that that coal be extracted, because it is a public danger. It may take fire at any time and once it ignites there is no knowing to

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what extent the danger may spread. It would be far better for the country were we to recognise the loss incurred by the farmer by compensating him adequately for the use of his land.
There is no doubt whatever that the ground can be reinstated adequately. The National Coal Board and the Ministry of Fuel and Power took me over various reinstated areas in East Scotland and they have demonstrated to me by the crops that were grown just how well they can circumvent any damage to the soil by disturbance. If the Treasury, a Department which is difficult to move, will see to it that the necessary money is provided, there are firms in Scotland who are ready and willing to take on the work. There, I think, we can make a notable contribution to the annual coal output of the country.
When the seams reach a depth where cover is too thick for the coal to be uncovered by means of diggers, we find that opencast workings are filled in and the faces are lost. As a practical experienced miner I submit that none of these faces should be lost sight of. Reinforced tunnels, built either of stone, brick or reinforced concrete from any angle necessary, should be constructed to keep the faces open. Our old men who are no longer able to go down the deep pits, and stumble over ropes and pulleys, and travel long distances to the coalface, could be employed opening out those faces.
They could take with them the younger men which would help to fill a gap in the ranks of skilled labour which exists in the mining industry today. In the old days, when the hand-cutting method was operated, the young men went with their fathers and served an apprenticeship in the coal pits. Nowadays there exists a gap, because a man must be an experienced coal stripper before he can go to the coalface. He must be able to understand and control the roof or he will be a danger to himself and his fellow workers. Before a young man who goes down the pit to work at day wage work, such as transport, is fit to go to the coalface, he must be trained in some way. In the way I have suggested it would be possible for young men to assimilate sufficient knowledge and experience to enable a pool of skilled labour to be formed, and there would be ample face room always at the disposal of the management.
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That is not apparent today in the Scottish coalfield. In East Scotland we have a reception area for redundant miners, Lanarkshire in Scotland is the equivalent of Durham in England. There we see a dying county. Lanarkshire men are being shipped to Midlothian and because of a lack of face room in Midlothian they are being relayed again to the West Midlands. In my opinion, that is not an economical way to employ our manpower. I hope the Minister will, as far as possible, advise the Coal Board along the lines I have indicated because only in this way shall we be able to employ skilled men and have a continuing quantity of skilled men being trained for the forthcoming years.
The Coal Board has worked wonders in the coal-mining industry. The hon. Member for Esher says we must have a re-orientation of mentality in the mining industry. No one would like to see that more than I. But when I look back and think of the years about which I have heard Tory Members of Parliament boasting—they say, when criticising the mines of today, "Look at the amount of coal produced in these days compared with 1913"—I recall that in 1913 there were 1,753 men killed in British mines, 439 in one colliery in South Wales alone. In the Scottish coal mines from 1873 to 1913, 46,269 men were killed, and that does not take account of the number of men involved in minor accidents.
In some districts silicosis alone costs from 7s. to 8s. a ton and it costs 3s. 6d. in four collieries in Kent. So hon. Members will understand that some people are not so eager to agree with orientation when they are the victims. It is all very well to have re-orientation, but when we think back to the years 1922, 1923 and 1924, when coal profits were £50 million in the three years, an average of £16,657,000 a year, and it will be seen that in the mining industry there is a great deal to think about where re-orientation is considered.
The Minister gave us an account of the 600,000 tons of coal imported into this country. I deprecate that, because I firmly believe we do not require to import any coal into this country. It is no use dictating to other industries about what they have to do. It is our job to see to it that coal is produced. It can be produced, I submit, only by the introduction

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of more men into the industry and by the provision of more face room.
Men will employ machinery so far as possible, but in the Lothian coalfield modern American machinery has been scrapped. Under the machine system men were producing only some five or six cwts. per man, but with the pick and shovel they are putting up to 22 tons of coal on to the conveyor. It will be appreciated, therefore, that machinery cannot be employed in every seam or in every mine, and we have more seams in Lothian than anywhere else in Britain. Some people talk about 15-inch seams. We have not 15-inch seams, though I have worked them at less, but today we have seams of from 19 inches up to 10, 12 and 14 feet. We are recovering coal from waste where it was stowed under private enterprise working. Under private enterprise the easiest and nearest and best seams were worked first and the second and third quality coal was left.
The National Coal Board have been faced with another difficulty. They have many brick works. They have to supply bricks for housing purposes, especially their own houses. Today they must take the responsibility of employing outside labour to shift the old colliery bings laid down under private enterprise and to take them to the various brickworks, whereas it would be far more profitable to open up one old colliery in Midlothian which is sunk into a great deposit of clay. Instead they have to conserve labour for the purpose of producing coal. So, because of the manpower problem, we find haulage contractors shifting the old bings and taking them to N.C.B. brickworks.
We can attribute safety in mines to the Board's system of safety and welfare officers who look after the interests of the men. During the last three years we have seen a decline each year in fatal accidents. Though it is true that 409 men were killed last year in the pits, there has been a tendency in the right direction. This system was unknown in my day in the mines.
Mention has been made of stoppages of coal production. One cannot compare these with the stoppages of the past. When we stopped we did not stop for a week. I give two illustrations. In 1919 I was compelled against my wishes to lead a
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strike in the Lothian coalfield which lasted for six months. We turned down the Minister of Mines twice upon open ballot vote of the men, and we won after six months. In 1927, at Loanend colliery in Lanarkshire the men struck for six months and the fight was drawn. Nevertheless, in 1919 the men lost a tremendous amount in wages which were then at the rate of £1 0s. 6d. a day in the Scottish coalfield.
Today men do not strike for that length of time. They do not strike unless they have a grievance. Were it not for the operation of the Industrial Relations Section of the Board there would be far more strikes. Only recently in the Lothian coalfield at the Newcraighall colliery, where there was a great fall of roof, there might have been most serious consequences. There could easily have been a long drawn-out stoppage had not the industrial relations officer ensured that the good relationship between the men and the Board continued.
We in this House compliment the Minister on his presentation of the Report. I will not go into the other aspects to show what the miner has got by way of benefit since vesting date, but the cooperation of the N.U.M. has been a special feature which has contributed to good relationships between the Board and the men. The men know well the value of their union.
In Scotland we have three electricity boards—the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, the South-West Scotland Electricity Board and the South-East Scotland Electricity Board. I draw the attention of the Minister to the fact that the South-East Board, in its first Annual Report, pointed out that this was the last area to bring electrical power to the rural districts. I wish to impress upon the Minister the fact that all the farmers in the south-east are clamouring for supplies of power. This is a developing area. There must be a loosening of the purse strings so that power can be brought to our fast developing areas.
Before vesting date in the gasworks of Scotland, especially in the rural areas—not so much in the towns and cities where we found the best machinery and equipment—we had the greatest collection of scrap material that it has been my lot to see in industry. The Scottish Gas Council has caused a vast change to be

2501
made. Today from Edinburgh gas supplies are being taken east and west to our rural area. But, again, there must be a loosening of the purse strings. There must be more capital investment to open up the developing areas.
The Minister mentioned oil, although it is not one of the nationalised industries. I do not know why, because Scottish Oils is a subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and I do not know who owns that company if it is not the Government of the day. The greatest apprehension exists in the oil-bearing area. Here in the shale field we produce the finest octane spirit which can be used both for industrial and domestic purposes. Shale is a declining industry. The shopkeepers and business people of both West Mid-Lothian and West Lothian are most apprehensive about the future of the industry.
As the hon. Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) said, in war-time we should have the greatest difficulty in shipping oil from the sheiks in the Middle East and we should be forced back on our own resources. I warn the Government that it would be dangerous to allow the industry to decline. It would be far better to encourage and expand it and to provide alternative industries to employ the women. I understand that shale is being brought from Nottinghamshire to be refined at West Lothian. I ask the Minister to note the position in the oilfields because there is a feeling of discouragement there today.
6.48 p.m.
Mr. Patrick Maitland: In having the good fortune to catch your eye, Mr. Speaker, immediately after the hon. Member for Midlothian and Peebles (Mr. Pryde), I should like to follow up certain points on which he commented. He referred in particular to the need for capital investment in the Scottish coalfields and also to the need for extended face room.
In addressing the House on this subject, I should first like to say that I speak with the greatest deference in the presence of men who have won their way through the mining industry. My knowledge of it is necessarily superficial. It is that of a Member who happens to have some 40 per cent. of his constituents drawing their livelihood from coal. All I can bring to the subject is such expertise as I have as
2502
a professional newspaperman, in looking at a fresh problem with a fresh eye. It is in that sense that, as an entire layman, I have had the pleasure and privilege of visiting a number of pits in Lanarkshire and making friends with many miners for whom I have come to have a very deep respect and, indeed, genuine affection.
I cannot help joining others in expressing my gratitude to the Minister for the news that we have had from him about the National Coal Board. I believe, from what men in the industry have told me, that the prospect of some devolution to area managers will be welcome. The prospect that the mine manager, who gets the thickest stick of all, may have some greater freedom to carry out his duties, and the prospect that the National Coal Board will take a look at itself in the interests of performing its industrial functions to the best of its ability, all these things will be very welcome to the men.
In going round the collieries in my constituency I have been very much struck by a certain element of criticism of the Board, which I believe the Board will in due course overcome, but it is sometimes ignorantly supported by members of the public also. One facet of N.C.B. operations which strikes me very much as an outsider is the welfare side. The hon. Member for Esher (Mr. Robson Brown) referred just now to the great isolation of the miner and his village. It is far-sighted, imaginative and sensible that the Board should try to help village life. There are villages in Lanarkshire where the National Coal Board dramatics producer is a welcome personality, and he helps to develop something in village life which might not otherwise exist. Where men are happy, it may be expected that they will work better.
There are also the residential training colleges. In my constituency there is Dungavel College, through which 1,500 or 2,000 of the young men who go below ground have passed to receive their preliminary training. A couple of weeks ago I had the most stimulating experience of visiting Dungavel and of observing for myself the extraordinary keenness which these young men have, the enthusiasm which they put into their studies and the care and imagination used in instructing them.

2503
It is not for me as a layman to comment, but it may be worth while recording that there is a common complaint that these young men, having learnt the correct way to get coal, when they get below ground and to the face are sometimes taught less correct and less scientific methods by their elders. I have not the qualifications to offer a comment on that, and I merely repeat it for what it is worth.
I believe it is the case that the residential college system can already be shown to have achieved results in at least one respect. There are now about 1,500 to 2,000 young men who have been through the college. They spend three months there—boarding—and the sudden intervention of the boarding school is an important innovation, and I believe it is useful. The observation which can now be made, and is made, I understand, by the National Coal Board is that the wastage in the pits among young men who have been trained at the college is substantially less than that among those whose training was non-residential.
Again, one frequently encounters—I find it on all sides among the public and also among the miners—a general peevishness about the National Coal Board relating to the fact that an industry of enormous importance to the country may fall into a state of crisis or otherwise over a mere 2 per cent. of its production. That production is drawn from 900 pits of very many kinds, no two being alike. Surely there is a very strong case indeed for a central statistical service which will sort out the facts and try to discover what are at any given time obstructions or aids to progress.
When one notices that, according to the National Coal Board's Report last year, some 90 pits in the East Midlands produced 44 million tons with a profit of £13 million and at the same time 190 pits in Scotland produced 23 million tons with a net loss of £4 million, the case for careful statistical analysis appears to be overwhelming. I believe the National Coal Board is undertaking it with great resource and imagination.
Having said that, there is another facet of the problem which strikes me as an outsider. I am sick and tired of hearing people say "We are not getting enough
2504
coal because the miners are slack and because they do not go to work often enough." I believe that to be a gross slander upon a very important element in our national life. I heartily agree with what has been said by several hon. Members, including the hon. Lady the Member for Cannock (Miss Lee), about understanding this isolated but so important and so critical element in our working population. That is something which outsiders ought to appreciate.
With regard to absenteeism, is it not common sense that in an extractive industry of this kind wherein a man may work for four, six or eight hours lying on his side 50 or 100 yards from anybody else, his health is absolutely vital? If he is not up to par but goes down the pit in a bad condition, that may represent a hazard not only to himself but also to others. Therefore, there is a certain amount of justification and reason for absenteeism in this industry which might not apply in some others.
Are not the figures of absenteeism most bewildering when we analyse them? For example, I notice from the National Coal Board's return that in 1950–51 absenteeism at the face rose from 14·51 to 14·75 per cent. But instead of falling, the output per man year during the same period rose from 293 to 303 tons. Again, in 1950–51 absenteeism at the face was apparently constant at 14·75 per cent. Yet output per man year fell during that period from 303 tons to 300 tons.
According to the figures that we can get every week, between January and March this year total absenteesim rose from 15 to 15·9 per cent. I am told that influenza was very largely responsible for that. Never mind what was responsible; the fact is that, although absenteeism rose by 0·9 per cent. during those three months, output per man shift rose as well. Is it supposed that the people who were left behind worked better? What I am suggesting is that the public are inclined to relate figures which, strictly, ought not to be related.
Again, from April to June this year total absenteeism fell from 15·9 to 14·9 per cent. and output per man shift also fell from 3·17 to 3·13 tons. I submit that the ordinary public comment that absenteeism is at the root of our troubles is a false comment and needs to be scotched.

2505
Any opportunity that we can take to educate our countryman about the complexity of the industry is well taken.
We are also told that the men do not work hard enough. I am neither a miner nor a farmer; but, just as when a man talks about the "feather-bedding" of our farmers, I reply, "All right, come and sleep on the brae side and see how soft it is," so to those who accuse the miners of not working hard enough I say, "Come and do it yourself." I am sick and tired of the nagging at the mineworkers, who are sensitive like any other section of the population. They deserve a square deal in public esteem.
From such comments as have reached me, I believe that if they get a square deal from the public, they will also give a square deal to other members of their own profession, and at present the miner who criticises other miners for slacking is by no means uncommon. Morale in the mining industry in that respect would be stiffened and strengthened if the public were not nagging at the mining community in general.
I believe there are useful lessons to be drawn from an analysis of the Coal Board's most costly 24 million tons. Apparently, according to the Coal Board's analysis, not only are £18 million a year lost on this most expensive 24 million tons of coal, but 26 per cent. of it comes from South Wales, 18 per cent. from Scotland and 22 per cent. from Northumberland and Cumberland.
These are the divisions that seem to show the greatest overall losses and the greatest incidence of absenteeism and disputes. It may be thought that I am now contradicting what I said before, but I submit that the fact that the most costly coal seems to come from those areas where there are most disputes may well be held to bear out what many mine workers are saying. They say that in large degree the issue of productivity does relate to lay-out and modernisation. That has been said many times before, but it still needs repeating.
Furthermore, if that is the case, I submit that it may very well be that what the miner is suffering from is a lack of face room, and, therefore, a lack of capital development. That fact, to which the latest National Coal Board Report bears ample witness, is perhaps the gravest
2506
single feature of the whole industrial picture.
There are many lessons that may be drawn from that lack of capital development, and, maybe, there are also many reasons for it, but there is one point which I think is well worth bearing in mind. It is related to the size of the stint. So often one hears complaints, sometimes by managers and sometimes by others, that the stint negotiated by the N.U.M. and conceded by the Coal Board is too small, I am not competent to comment on that. But, as an outsider, what strikes me as common sense is that, if the men have any uncertainty about the industrial equipment behind them, they will want a margin of safety. If for instance, they have any reason to fear, as they had two years ago when rubber was so hard to get, that the haulage system was liable to let them down and conveyor belts could not easily be replaced, they would want a smaller stint to make allowance for choking up the pit in the event of a breakdown which would cost them wages. Uncertainty about the machinery, and delays in repair or replacement are bound to affect the stint. That is a perfectly reasonable consideration.
One of the points which the Minister should look at, as I am sure he will, is the lag and delay in providing machinery. I was told the other day that there might be a delay of anything from 15 to 30 months in obtaining delivery of a coal cutter. That was the lag a few months back. I hope that period has since been cut down. In the case of conveyors, the delay was from 11 to 15 months, and for electric motors 30 to 60 weeks, for underground locomotives two to 12 months and for haulage mechanism anything up to 60 weeks. If these figures are true the delays are very serious. One of the jobs on which the attention of the Ministry should be focused concerns the assistance that may be given to industry in getting speedier deliveries of equipment.
There is one other facet of the problem to which the hon. Gentleman opposite referred—the appalling question of mine disasters, and it is still appalling. There is no reason to be satisfied with the present position. The hon. Member also referred to the ease with which, in days gone by, a pit could be closed down. It is quite obvious that, if we could move

2507
people about like men on a chess board, then we would move miners from the less profitable to the better pits.
But there is a human factor in all this which the general public, and perhaps others as well, so frequently forget. Not only can we not move these people about, but, even if it was desirable and practicable, they still would not go.
Some months ago, I had the very great privilege of staying with a miner, who wrote to me quite out of the blue, and who was living in the most deplorable conditions in a wooden hutted camp in my constituency. This camp may in some ways be likened to a set of gipsy shacks. The man works in a mine nearby. I said to him "Why don't you go off up to Fife?" He said: "Och, mon, I went; but I couldn't get on with the Fifers." This man had been offered a first-class house ready for him to walk into. But, in the face of a demonstration of that regional patriotism which has so often bedevilled Scotland, he preferred to stay on in his shack rather than go into the new house. There, I believe, we have displayed, in all its raw and gaunt tragedy, one facet of the human problem with which the Coal Board is faced. The Board naturally want to move people about, but they are people, and not chattels.
What a fine and generous spirit there is in this industry, and how welcome is the man who is prepared humbly to learn. I have received nothing but courtesy and kindness from miners whom I have met. I well recall a group of miners from a particular village writing to me and saying that they believed that there was a lot more coal in their mine, but the Board were going to lose it. They asked me to help them to get it.
I met them, and I went into the problem with them, and I cannot say that the problem proved to be quite as simple as it was presented. But the thing that struck me was that here were men who felt that if they could get that coal, and thus prove that there was a long life for the pit, they could build up their own local community. They could get houses, a bowling green and other amenities. They felt that with hope in the future they could lead a better life. I was glad and proud to try to help. Such indeed is the spirit which is now to be found. I
2508
only give these rambling observations from a small area which I have been privileged to visit—as a general illustration.
Let me conclude with this reminiscence. I was going down one pit, and, once below ground, according to my normal practice as a journalist, my first object was to escape my escort. All the baggage train of mine managers, area managers, division managers and inspectors went on in front, and I managed to keep at the back of the file while they went tramping on ahead. At last I came to the junction of that road and another gallery.
At that point a man said to me, "If you want to see something, get up there, but you will need to crawl a long way." I was very frightened, but I did crawl. I crawled along a gallery which was perhaps three feet high, and I was very struck with the fact that the props were not upright but bent. I said, when I reached the other end, "What about those props?" A stripper told me, "There is always movement down here."
He was a young man—28. He had been down the pit since he was 14. I said to him, "This is a strange place to work, when you could work in a garage or driving a bus in the light of day. How do you stick it, down here? Why do you do it? "After a pause, he replied," I like coal."
7.10 p.m.
Mr. P. Bartley: Listening to the debate, I have found it difficult to believe that I was in a real world. Years ago, when I was in the pit, I discussed nationalisation with my fellow workers on many occasions, but none of us ever dreamed that we should see the day when members of the Tory Party would be expressing agreement with public ownership, especially in the coalmining industry. Even 30 years ago, if hon. Gentlemen on this side of the House had expressed the feelings and opinions that we have heard from the Government Benches today, they would have been derided, criticised and ridiculed.
It has been amusing to listen to some of the simple elementary things from the Government benches that we have been saying and thinking as miners about the

2509
coalmining industry for decades. I regret that the Government did not allow the iron and steel and transport industries' nationalisation to continue so as to confer upon those industries the blessings that Government supporters have at last learned in connection with public ownership in the coalmining industry. I welcome this change, and I am delighted to have heard some of the speeches from the other side of the House this afternoon. I shall not be critical; in fact, I join in the general agreement with the work of the miners and of the National Coal Board.
I wish to draw the attention of the Minister to two or three phases of development, and if he gives the kind of attention to them which I shall suggest, it will help the industry and the relationship of the miners to the industry. Quite recently, a wages claim was made by the National Union of Mineworkers on behalf of the lower paid workers. That claim was rejected a few days ago. I admit that the rejection is understandable in the present economic and financial position of the industry, which last year showed a loss of £8·2 million and, during nationalisation, taking the good and bad years together, has shown a loss of roughly £14 million. If the coal-mining industry got a just, economic price for its coal, that financial and economic position ought not to exist.
Reference has been made to one aspect of this question of the just price for coal, and I shall develop it further, because I think there is a way in which the National Coal Board and the country can meet the miners' wage claim without increasing the general selling price of coal. A Question was put in this House this afternoon about the price that the iron and steel industry pays for its coal. What price are other industries which use coal for the purpose of carbonisation paying for that coal? We do not know the particular prices, but I suspect that there is an arrangement like that against which we protested 20 or more years ago, and which is known as the "transfer price," that is, the price between the coal industry and ancillary industries for the coal passed on to them. It is transferred at the expense of the financial position of the coalmining industry. In those days we protested against that practice. I suspect that a similar arrangement is operating now.
2510
We have read that the iron and steel industry made a profit of £64 million last year and of £54 million in the year before. During the years of nationalisation the electricity industry has made a profit of £20 million. I submit that these industries are not entitled to be making profits unless they are first paying an economic price for the coal which they consume. To do otherwise is wrong practice in principle, for industry and for the nation.
The second phase of this matter is the question of redundancy. The county of Durham, in which I had my coalmining experience, is very concerned, particularly about the closure and partial closure of pits in the west and northwest of the county. Half the coal output of the county consists of best quality coking coal which is used by the other industries which are making substantial profits, and about 33 per cent. of the output comes from seams which are 14 inches to 20 inches in thickness. Some of these seams have been partly closed and others have been threatened with closure in the next few years, not always because of the exhaustion of their reserves but because the limit of un-profitability is being reached. This means that best quality coking coal, said to be the best in Europe at least, and as precious as gold, is being sold at a price substantially below the cost of production. That is not fair.
It has been said already today that 118 pits in this country are producing coal at a loss of £1 per ton. I should not wonder if some of them are producing this high quality coal. Unless we do something about the present position the nation will lose this coal. It cannot afford to lose it, and I want to suggest to the Minister that he ought to consider a suggestion to increase the selling price of this coal, because this matter is within his responsibility.
This is the one industry which does not fix the selling price of its product. To do that is within the authority and responsibility of the Minister. I suggest to him that in order to meet the wages demand which has been made on behalf of the lower-paid workers, and also greatly to reduce the redundancy which is developing in the Durham coalfield, the Minister should increase the price of this high quality coking coal to the industries to which I have referred and

2511
which are making substantial profits. It could be done without increasing the general selling price of coal throughout the country. I am not asking the housewife to pay more for her coal, but that industries which quite clearly can afford to do so should pay a just, economic price for that coal to the coalmining industry.
On 18th May, "The Times" published a letter from a Mr. Sam Watson, in which he drew the attention of that newspaper and of an hon. Member on the Government side to this problem, because the comments appearing in "The Times" on the Report of the National Coal Board were critical of the administration of that nationalised industry. Mr. Watson, a Durham area official of the N.U.M., posed to those who criticised that administration the question whether these 15 to 20-inch seams of high quality coal were to be left unworked, and whether the nation were to be deprived of it.
The industries which use this coal should pay the proper price for it. As I say, we are not asking the housewives and other consumers of coal to pay an increased price, but we do suggest that the industries which are at present buying this coal at an uneconomic price, and whose profits considerably exceed the £13 million which it is estimated would be required to meet the wage claim of the men working in the industry could, at the same time, by paying a higher price for their coal help to reduce the growing redundancy in the Durham pits.
Some day this nation will need this high quality coal, and if the miners in those parts are transferred to other areas, we shall never be able to replace them. Through working and living in those areas they have acquired a skill which cannot be found elsewhere. I have travelled through half the collieries in the Durham coalfield, and I can assure the House that if these men are allowed to be transferred elsewhere merely because the coal is unprofitable to work, we shall regret it. We may need men of that type in the years to come, and if they have gone we shall not be able to replace them.
I believe that this type of coal represents about half the total production of coal in Durham. To increase the price
2512
would not only benefit Durham, but would also improve the financial position of the industry throughout the country.
The other matter to which I wish to refer—and I do so in no critical sense—is the development in recent years of mechanisation in the mining industry. Is the Minister satisfied that all the experimentation which has taken place and the different types of machinery which have been tried out during the last 10 years are really justified? Have these new methods of machine mining increased production over the period as a whole compared with the tested and proved methods of previous years?
I object to these constant changes in mining methods for two reasons. The first reason is that they involve a tremendous amount of capital expenditure. We have paid heavily for experimenting in these matters in recent years. My second reason is that I believe the time has come when our mining engineers should get together and from their experience gained in the last 10 years produce a type of machinery suitable for varying conditions so that we may get a settled period of high and maintained production from such machinery.
During the last eight to 10 years there have been three distinct phases in the installation of different types of machinery. First of all, we went crazy over the Meco-Moore machine. A few years later we changed over to a large extent to the Joy loader and shuttle car for transporting coal from the face. I can quote several examples where that very expensive machinery has been withdrawn from collieries, and in more recent years we have been concentrating on the so-called German plough as a means of slicing and cutting coal at the face.
One constantly hears about certain machinery being introduced and about the great output being obtained with it. Then no more is heard of it, and for some reason or other that machinery is withdrawn and very often stands about the pit deteriorating until it becomes of no value at all.
It is interesting to note that the manufacturers of mining machinery are enjoying what seems to be a constant boom. One big firm in the north-east area has extended its factory and is importing machine parts. That means that

2513
engineering in other countries is also booming in this respect.
I know some of the difficulties about getting sufficient technicians in the industry, but I am sure that we have enough of them to be able to have a thorough examination of this problem with a view to reaching a decision as to the best type of machine to use. In that way, we could have a settled period of production.
Some months ago another hon. Member and I went round an engineering firm and saw there some heavy plant. We were puzzled to know how they had got it. They had not made it. It had been sent to them for reconditioning. We learned that it had never been in a pit and that it was being reconditioned for export to South Africa. These shuttle cars and Joy loaders were imported, first of all, from America.
In answer to a Question a few months ago, the Minister gave me some idea of the capital value of mining machinery imported from America. I believe it amounted to £409,000, and at that time at least a quarter of the machinery had not gone into any pit. I seriously suggest that this is a matter which ought to have the Minister's urgent attention.
Therefore, I submit two points. First, it is uneconomic and unjust that the industry should have to sell its best quality coking coal at under production cost, and, secondly, the Minister ought to pay attention to the question of the development of machinery in the industry with, as I have said, a view to having a settled period during which we may obtain the best results from it.
There are two smaller aspects and, though this might seem a little party political, I must in fairness put it. In April, 1952, the Coal Board became responsible for opencast mining, and I read that that kind of operation was to continue for many years with an estimated output of 10 million tons. Two things worry me here. Are we not taking this too far, in the sense that it is actually reducing the lifetime of existing pits? I have seen some sites working quite near to existing pits. That is not merely reducing the life of the pit, but bringing to an end the community life built up in that district. I should like to be satisfied that, in all cases, the coal could not be got
2514
just as economically by deep mining methods, having regard to safety and other factors, as by opencast mining methods.
Secondly, I read that this estimated output of 10 million tons per annum will mean taking out of production each year 25,000 acres of agricultural land. I admit that the cost of production of opencast coal is a few shillings less than the deep mined, but does that cost of production take into account the loss of food that we sustain in these operations?
Taking, perhaps, the narrower political issue, I read that of the total opencast output last year, the amount stocked was increased from 400,000 tons to 3,100,000 tons. From that it would appear that opencast coal is not so essential, and it should be borne in mind that for the nine months that the Coal Board were responsible—April to the end of the year—their output was roughly 9 million tons, so that one-third of the opencast mining output has been stocked. Has that been done at the expense of our exports? Has that been done at the expense of something such as balance of payments to make the position appear better in regard to coal, or to give some party political satisfaction that coal is being stocked? It is important, if we have coal that can be exported, that we should still be striving to build up exports as high as possible.
On a previous occasion, when speaking, not in a fuel and power debate, but on the occasion of the Address in reply to the Queen's Speech last year, I mentioned the urgency of a new Coalmines Act. Changes have taken place in the industry since the Coal Mines Act, 1911. I asked the Minister then to give this matter attention with a view to introducing such a Coal Mines Act as early as possible. That has not yet been introduced. Despite the Queen's Speech next week, I wonder whether the Minister can indicate any progress in this matter.
I do hope the Minister will give early and particular attention to those two points, that the mining industry shall receive a fair, economic price for its high quality coking coal, and that some close attention be given to some settlement, as it were, in the kind of machinery we are going to use, and can use, in the mining industry, and thus save a

2515
good deal of capital expenditure. I think I have sufficient experience to justify my asking that closer examination be made of that side of the industry, commencing with those two matters. The miners in my part of the country are especially concerned about this rejected wages claim, and about the growing threat of redundancy in some parts of the country.
7.35 p.m.
Brigadier Christopher Peto: The hon. Member for Chester-le-Street (Mr. Bartley) has dealt with one aspect of the question of prices for certain qualities of coal, but I do think it is right that some one should speak from the consumer aspect, particularly with regard to variation in prices. I may say that I know Chester-le-Street extremely well, having been there for three years, 1926 to 1929, when mining was in a very different state from what it is now.
In North Devon, where I live and which I represent, we have had many complaints, not only through me but more recently through the Domestic Coal Consumers' Council, about the extraordinary unfairness with which coal prices are fixed according to the particular zone in which one happens to live.
In 1951 the system was evolved of zoning different areas and pricing coal to merchants, and retail prices from merchants, in those zones. Nowhere in England, Wales or Scotland is domestic coal more expensive than in Zone 2B, which is North Devon, and there are 61 zones, so it is quite a fair number to look through. The price of Group 4 fuels delivered to merchants in a very fortunate zone, No. 45, is 67s. 2d. per ton, whereas in my zone, 2B, it is 109s. per ton. That is not all, because those are only the prices delivered to merchants; the retail basic rates in those zones are, respectively, Zone 45, £4 10s. 10d. a ton. compared with £6 15s. 1d. in Zone 2B—more than 45s. a ton difference for the same quality of coal. The rural areas in my district are very scattered so that additional haulage costs have to be added.
The Domestic Coal Consumers' Council went into this particular problem and mentioned it in their annual report up to 30th June, 1953, and I think they were
2516
absolutely on the right track when they said:
"Price zones. Two years ago we welcomed the introduction of the zone prices scheme, as we believed that it would be generally acceptable to consumers, in spite of certain anomalies that remained. Some among us attached importance to the demand in some quarters for price equalisation over the whole country, but the majority thought that there was not a clear case for taking this drastic step. We did feel, however, that a measure of equalisation could have been introduced by widening the zones established in 1951."
Then it goes into some detail about the prices, and it finishes by saying:
"We are sorry therefore that though you were prepared to authorise changes when the variation in prices was only of a few coppers, you could not agree to the rather larger adjustments suggested in other areas and that in consequence the proposals were abandoned. We hope that this has not finally been disposed of."
In the Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of the National Coal Board for the year ended 31st December, 1952, at page 38, this aspect is mentioned under the heading "Relations with Consumers." It says:
"Thus, during 1952, the Domestic Coal Consumers' Council made various suggestions for altering the scheme of zone-delivered prices for house coal. For example, they suggested that the number of zones should be reduced, and the Board began discussing with distributors the possibility of doing this."
I want to ask the Minister, first, whether those discussions have been finished and abandoned or whether they are still in progress, and whether he will exert his best endeavours to encouraging the Coal Consumers' Council and the National Coal Board to have a further investigation into whether there should be some reduction in the number of zones and a corresponding reduction in price by averaging the prices throughout those larger zones.
In January, February and again in May of his year I have put this problem to the Minister, and on each occasion I have received an answer which did not in any way help me or the people whom I represent. I impress upon the Minister that this is an important point from the consumers' point of view. We do not feel that because one lives in a rural area miles away from a coalfield we should be called upon to pay not only £2 per ton more for coal of a similar quality to that which is being delivered in another zone, but over twice as much for the coal that we get compared with the price charged

2517
to the distributors in another zone. It is neither fair nor equitable.
People in the scattered rural areas which I represent feel that they gain no benefit from nationalisation. Since nationalisation was introduced they have seen prices increase time after time—5s. a ton or whatever it may be, more and more, always increasing, and they always seem to have to pay more than anybody else. It is no encouragement to live in the country, and it is no encouragement to return to the land. I ask the Minister to have another look at this problem and go into it with the National Coal Board to see whether some better and fairer arrangement can be made.
7.43 p.m.
Mr. Albert Roberts: I am pleased to have this opportunity of following the hon. and gallant Member for Devon, North (Brigadier Peto) on the subject of prices and distribution costs. I did not intend to start on that point, but in view of the remarks which have already been made about the cost of coal to the steel industry, I should like to ask the Minister whether he is prepared to give us some guidance on the question of distribution costs. The public ought to know that the pithead prices of coal are in the region of £3 per ton and that in London they are subject to a 50 per cent. increase. More detailed information should be given about the cost of coal to other industries so that the miner in the coalfield may know exactly where he stands.
I feel that in this debate there has been a complete capitulation by the opponents to nationalisation. We should not forget the leaders of the National Union of Mineworkers and the mineworkers themselves who have made such an important contribution to its success.
My hon. Friend the Member for Chester-le-Street (Mr. Bartley) has referred to the question of wages. The public ought to know that there are many in the mining industry who still cannot make ends meet, and this is tragic when we realise that coal is the most important commodity in the life of this nation. I hope the Minister will agree to some investigation being made promptly into the subject of the wages earned by some of our day wage workers in the mining industry.
2518
I now want to refer to the winning of coal. My hon. Friend the Member for Chester-le-Street spoke of mechanisation, and I should like to point out that when dealing with coal in natural conditions there is quite a lot of trial and error involved. I do not say this boastfully, but there is no Member in this House who has been in more pits than I have, and I have seen natural conditions completely defeat the finest mining engineers. My hon. Friend discussed the question of mining engineers pooling their resources and trying to get some type of machinery which would be successful, but we have to understand that what is successful in one seam is unsuccessful in another, and this state of affairs goes on the whole time.
I want to draw the Minister's attention to this fact relating to large coal. When a pit is highly mechanised one has in most cases to undercut, and then what happens? The incidence of shot-firing has increased tremendously in the last twelve years, and the result is that 75 per cent. of the coal is going to the washery. I wonder whether more experiments could be made with the Gullick hydraulic burster. I have seen some splendid results from it. It all depends whether it is being worked in a friable seam or not. It must not be thought that because we have mechanisation it is impossible to get big coal, because I have seen big coal obtained by the Meco-Moore and the Gullick hydraulic burster. Therefore, I feel there is yet plenty of scope for investigation in that field.
There are two ways of having more coal—by winning more in the pits and by saving more. It is perfectly true, as has already been said in this debate that a tremendous amount of coal can still be saved. The Minister certainly made an admission this afternoon when he referred to antiquated plant and machinery. It is claimed by certain manufacturers that during the past 100 years 500 million tons of coal have been saved by fuel economisers. Yet at the present time there are industrialists who are adamant in refusing to introduce modern plant or fuel economisers because, they say, "What we save on that account, the Chancellor of the Exchequer takes on the other." It is necessary for the Minister

2519
to take some direct action. We could save at least 20 million tons of coal per year with more efficient industrial plant, and I hope that we shall see some positive results in that direction.
We have been using coal for more than 1,000 years, and even in the 13th century London complained about the smoky conditions. It is abominable to think that in the 20th century we still have an enormous amount of grit, smoke emission and pyrites. I am prepared to agree that the National Coal Board are making every endeavour to increase their washing plant, but further investigation is necessary.
Each of the three main sources of power—coal, gas and electricity—should be used for its own purpose, compatible with the interests of the country, but what have we at present? What the hon. Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) said about the B.E.A. is true to some extent. I received today a letter from a local authority stating that they are having an additional financial burden of £9,000 placed upon them in connection with a small housing estate. This local authority—Rothwell, in Yorkshire—specified wiring their houses at a cost of £25 each, but B.E.A. are insisting that these houses should be wired to a specification of £45 each, so that immersion heaters and electric cookers can be used—and they have the power to do it. This is in an area where they have concessionary coal.
I hope that the Minister will give some reply to this. His colleague was questioned on this score at a conference at Filey, and it is causing a deal of dismay in the West Riding. Why should the B.E.A. demand this when there is no need for it? As has been said, if these implements are used during peak hours they will be cut out. The Minister must agree that the position should be dealt with immediately.
It is too late to start asking for more physical effort from the miners. What we need is more technical development. We are lagging behind. The potential is there, but are the right people coming forward? It is all very well for the National Coal Board to award scholarships, but are we getting the right material? In the mining industry one
2520
needs not only brains but brawn and backbone. I wonder whether some of the appointments are going by favour instead of by the ability to adapt oneself. Changes have taken place during the last two or three years. Young men who have entered the industry have struggled at evening classes and have obtained manager's certificates, but have been overlooked because they have not the necessary academic qualifications. Academic qualifications will not bring us more coal. One has to take one's gloves off in the mining industry, and I hope that too much emphasis will not be given to academic qualifications in the industry. Many young men in the pits are frustrated because they have been overlooked.
The Minister failed to refer to a new coal mines Measure. What is good enough for one generation does not necessarily suffice for the next. The National Coal Board have issued their own supplementary rules, and there is a good deal of confusion with regard to the question of safety. I hope that the Minister will expedite the introduction of this new Measure, because we are all waiting for it. He promised it in the very near future and I trust that, although he failed to mention it this evening, he will fulfil his promise.
It is an undisputed fact that the mining industry has won its way into the hearts of the people, in spite of what may have been said. Nevertheless, we must have the good will of everyone if we are to get the necessary coal. A great deal has been said about the 260 million tons, but it would be far better if the Minister would do as various hon. Members have asked and cut out the enormous waste that is taking place. I trust that he will also see that the wages in this industry are compatible with the work done in the pits.
7.58 p.m.
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: I hope that the hon. Member for Normanton (Mr. A. Roberts) will forgive me if I hark back to the speech made a little earlier by the hon. Member for Chester-le-Street (Mr. Bartley), because there is a real connection between the subject of coal saving and the subject of prices. I was glad that the hon. Member for Chester-le-Street introduced the question of the price policy of the

2521
National Coal Board for the first time in this debate. I largely sympathise with his observations, except that when he referred to the coal in the Durham mines being produced at a loss I think that he really meant that it was being sold at a loss, which is not necessarily the same thing.
It is my misfortune that the right hon. Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) ended his speech with the very quotation with which I intended to begin mine. Nevertheless, I hope I may be forgiven for quoting it again—a little more fully—because it was a very striking utterance of the Secretary to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. He said:
"We are still the champion coal wasters of Europe. We lack neither the science nor the technology to save from 15 to 20 million tons of coal a year, and at no greater cost than the additional expense we have had to shoulder by importing coal since the end of the war."
That reference to imported coal sent me to the remarks made upon the subject in the National Coal Board's Report. In paragraph 128 they say:
"All the coal imported was sold at the same price as comparable British coal, and this involved the Board in a loss of the imported coal of about £1¾ million or 103s. a ton."
If the people who used that imported coal had been charged £5 3s. per ton more than the price of British-produced coal, I venture to say that they would have found the means to economise and dispense with the whole or part of it, and they would have done so at considerably less expense. The difficulty is that the "we" who spend money on importing coal are different from the "we" who ought to be introducing the measures of economy which would render that importation unnecessary. In the one case it is the nation which is footing the bill; in the other case it is the decision of the individual who uses coal priced at £5 3s. per ton less than it costs to import.
But imported coal is only a very minor and relatively unimportant example of the principle. The same thing is happening with the coal which we mine here at home. In the Neath area in 1952 11½ million tons of coal were mined and sold at a loss of over 23s. per ton. In the Bristol and Somerset area 2½ million tons were mined and sold at a loss of 24s. per ton. There straight away are 14 million tons sold at a loss, counting
2522
overheads and capital charges, of £4½ million; 14 million tons of coal, almost the same amount as the Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was saying could easily be saved by the devices of science and technology which we have at our disposal.
The people who used that 14 million tons of coal which was sold at a loss of £4½ million were subsidised. They were subsidised by the users of all other coal, because the essence of the Board's average price policy is that the users of low-cost coal subsidise the users of high-cost coal. So once again we have a separation of interest between the individual users of coal and the nation at large. If those users had not been receiving this subsidy of £4½ million from the rest of the community we may be assured that they would have found that it paid them either to use alternative fuels or to use the same fuel more efficiently. The "we" is a different "we" in the two contexts.
I believe that this whole question of price policy in coal has been bedevilled by a confusion between price and real cost. The real cost of getting the coal which is produced in this country is the labour and other resources that go to extract it. The real cost of mining that 11½ million tons in the Neath area is the same whatever we sell the coal for. It is the same if we give it away. It is the same if we sell it at the price of fine gold. The real cost is the labour and resources which go into extracting the coal.
If the marginal coal, by which I mean the highest-cost coal, were saved by economies which cost less—which is the hypothesis—then the nation would be the gainer by the different and more profitable employment of the labour and the resources which would be saved. Two hundred and fourteen and a half million tons of coal, which was the amount produced and sold in 1952, would not in fact have been demanded if it had been sold at the marginal price. Therefore, we must, by doing so, be wasting a very substantial amount, though not an amount which can be precisely defined, of those real assets, our labour and our physical resources.
What is most serious is not that we wasted them in 1952, by using more coal than we needed for the purposes for which

2523
it was used, but that we are wasting these resources for the future; for by this price policy we are impeding the transfer from high- to low-cost production of coal. Whatever force there may be in the criticism made by my hon. Friend the Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) of the British Electricity Authority's Report, no one can say that the National Coal Board's Report lacks anything in frankness and in determination to face the facts, pleasant or unpleasant. Certainly on this issue they have been remarkably outspoken. In paragraphs 40 and 41 of their Report they explain how this demand for marginal coal which results from the price structure is impeding the transfer of production from higher to lower cost.
"For some years now"—
they say—
"the unrelenting pressure for current output has caused development for future output to fall behind what was required, and the cost of providing capacity for extra manpower, with development work already in arrears, set managements at many pits an extremely difficult problem."
Then they underline it again. They say:
"As time goes on, increasingly more reliance has to be put"—
for increased productivity—
"on the big schemes. But most of these schemes have fallen behind schedule, some seriously so; and many pits"—
these are the really significant words—
"with extremely low productivity have had to be kept in production, which otherwise would have been closed, and the men transferred to other pits where their efforts would have produced more coal."
It is the demand which has to be satisfied for this marginal 15 million to 20 million tons of coal which, on the Coal Board's own admission and statement, has been the prime factor in impeding the improvement of productivity not merely in these few years but for a long time to come. Once again the reason is that the nation pays the true cost of that coal—the nation pays the real cost of extracting every ton of coal that we use—but a substantial proportion of the users are denied the knowledge in terms of price of what it is costing to get that coal. They are being subsidised.
For the future of the coal industry—and it is not much exaggeration to say that that is the future of the country itself
2524
—this question of coal price is absolutely critical. It is now over a year since the Ridley Committee reported their general view of the principle which should govern the price structure not only in the coal industry but also in the electricity and gas industries. They set it out in paragraph 232 of their Report:
"The best pattern of fuel and power use will be promoted not by the direct intervention of the Government, but by the exercise of the consumer's free choice of his fuel services—provided that competition between the fuel industries is based on prices, tariffs, and terms of supply which closely correspond to the relevant costs of supply, and that the consumer is enabled to make an informed choice."
The price structure which the National Coal Board are operating could not be better designed if its object were to prevent the customer from making an informed choice and, in particular, to prevent all those users of coal who have the means to economise from making an informed decision as between going on using coal as they are at present or adopting better methods of utilisation.
Since the Ridley Committee reported, Parliament has, in the case of another nationalised industry, rail transport, made a substantial contribution towards bringing within the reach of practical possibility this principle of prices related to real costs. It was unfortunate that when they came to apply the principle to coal prices the Ridley Committee were divided 50–50, though they were unanimous in recommending a Tariffs Advisory Committee to study this whole question of price by itself and take it out of the immediate purview of the individual nationalised industries.
I regret that price policy has figured so little in our debates and appears to have attracted so little anxiety and attention on the part of the three nationalised industries which we are discussing today. So long as the principle which is embodied in the Ridley Report is not implemented in practice in the structure of coal prices, so long will the National Coal Board year after year have to deplore that the desired measure of coal utilisation and coal efficiency and economy has not been reached and that the redeployment of the resources of the industry is proceeding more slowly than had been hoped.
8.12 p.m.
Mr. Arthur Palmer: I am old fashioned enough to believe that one of the advantages of having publicly-owned industries is that we can have a degree of public control and, indeed, Parliamentary supervision. I therefore join with my hon. Friend the Member for Cannock (Miss Lee) in saying that I deplore the way in which this debate has been arranged. If hon. Members like to combine the discussions on gas and electricity, I would concede that, but I think we should have had one day devoted to the Report of the National Coal Board on its own, in which case we should have had a better debate and there might even have been more hon. Members in attendance.
One point Which has interested me in the debate has been the attitude of the Minister of Fuel and Power. I enjoyed his contribution which, if he will allow me to say so, I thought was a very useful and constructive contribution in the all-party spirit in which we are participating in the debate today. Personally, I was very glad about that because in the past—I may have been unduly suspicious—I thought I detected a tendency on the part of the right hon. Gentleman rather to deflect criticism from himself on to the boards of the nationalised industries, a suggestion of this sort—"If you criticise, you should remember that, after all, you nationalised the industries." Perhaps I may have been too suspicious. Certainly I am glad to find a Conservative Minister facing his responsibilities, now that the priciple of nationalisation in fuel and power is no longer in dispute, and making the achievements and the occasional failings of the nationalised industries his business.
I should like to make some comments on electricity at the risk of being described, perhaps, as an electrical fanatic. I do not mind that very much, because if to believe that every household in the country, particularly every working-class household, should have a supply of electricity, with all the advantages which it can bring to them, is to be an electrical fanatic, then I plead guilty with the greatest pleasure. In dealing with the Report of the British Electricity Authority, I am sorry that the hon. Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) has flitted away from us, because had he been here I should have had one or two
2526
things to say to him, on the subject of load factor. I tried to explain this to him previously but obviously I did not succeed.
I want to come to the Report of the B.E.A., I hope quite briefly, and I shall start by discussing the financial aspect. We are all agreed, I think, that the financial showing of the British Electricity Authority is, on the whole, satisfactory. There is a surplus this year of about £7¼ million, and since nationalisation the total of surpluses has amounted to £28 million. May I make this further point? These surpluses have not been achieved, as far as I can see—looking at the matter as objectively as possible—at the expense of the consumer, because the average price of electricity in this country, in spite of all the increases in the costs of coal, capital charges, materials, wages and salaries in recent years, is still only 25 per cent. above that of pre-war.
Perhaps I may quote another very interesting figure, that of the total number of persons employed in the industry. The number for the whole industry, in spite of the development of the industry, increased last year by only 1·3 per cent. Another interesting figure which can be drawn out of the Report, if hon. Members like to probe it sufficiently—is that the number of generation employees per megawatt is now 2·36 whereas before vesting date it was 2·69, which shows again that the efficiency of the British Electricity Authority, judged by fairly normal business tests, is satisfactory. I know that this is all wrong in theory; according to hon. Members opposite there should be a great conspiracy against the public, but history has not worked out that way. Conservative Members will have to agree that there must have been something wrong with the special pamphlets which they used to publish for our mis-education at the time we were nationalising this industry.
Nevertheless, I want to preserve the all-party spirit of this debate and to make two observations on these financial results. I do not think the British Electricity Authority should be too complacent because, after all, the industry was never an inefficient industry. I concede this quite gladly: under private and municipal ownership it was, on the whole, an efficient industry, so that if it is

2527
still an efficient industry the B.E.A. should not be too complacent about it.
Another point which I think is worth making on the financial results is that in certain directions the accountancy methods of the British Electricity Authority are a little doubtful. I am no accountant; I am an engineer. I am referring in particular to the allowance for depreciation. "The Economist" is right I think when it criticises the depreciation policy of the British Electricity Authority in these words, referring to the comparatively low price of electricity in this country:
"Part of that cheapness comes from the rooted conviction that the British Electricity Authority does its duty as a public corporation by providing for depreciation on the basis of historical cost; as history moves on and more plant at current costs has to be depreciated, the provision will have to be increased."
I should be glad of the observations of the Minister on that point, for it is a point which the Authority and the Minister ought to be considering.
I turn next to some of the technical achievements which have been mentioned by the Minister and by my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens). In this matter, again, on the whole the industry under nationalisation is equal to its own traditions, and the American team which came over here and went into the affairs of British electricity and the area boards conceded that technically the industry was progressive and go-ahead. I need not weary the House by mentioning them in detail, but I could refer to the super-grid, the cross-Channel connection and, in my view, the quite startling achievements of the area boards in rural electrification. The new thermal efficiency figures are on the whole also excellent.
In the technical sense there is much that I believe can be done. Much more progress can be made in standardisation and simplification. I was glad to have the semi-assurance of the Minister that an opportunity would be given to electrical engineers to gain experience in atomic energy. Perhaps I am going too far in assuming that assurance, but certainly I should like an opportunity to be given to the British Electricity Authority to have a few experimental atomic power stations of its own, because if in the future electrical technologists and engineers are
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to use atomic energy, they should get in at the beginning and gain experience.
There is one technical point in the Report on which I want to make an observation. It is in Appendix 32 which gives an interesting list of the consulting engineers or consultants being used still by the British Electricity Authority. I think that most of these consultants are employed on the generation side. There is a list of about 20. Is it necessary with the nationalisation of the industry, with its regionalisation for distribution and with the creation of many central planning departments, for the British Electricity Authority still to employ, at some considerable cost, I believe—we cannot get the exact charges from the Report—these consultants?
I know of the national case for having consulting engineers with some experience of this country who will be engaged later on foreign contracts, but I suspect that there are one or two consulting people who take it for granted that they should have their cut of this work. They have long, ancient and, I am sure, honourable connections with the technical leaders of the industry, and what went on in the past they hope will go on for ever more. I should like to have information on this use of consulting engineers by the national electricity supply industry.
On the matter of administration and organisation, I think that Lord Citrine and his colleagues have worked very hard to re-organise the industry in accordance with the 1947 Act. If there are defects in that Act, we can hardly put the blame on the Authority; we should put it on this House. I was in the House at the time and I supported the principle of public ownership, but I was not too happy at the time, and I am not satisfied now, that the correct organisational forms have necessarily been adopted. That is not to go back on the principle; but it would be interesting for the House to know that not only is the National Coal Board looking into its organisation but so also is the B.E.A. and the area boards.
There has been in existence, in my opinion much too long, a special reorganisation committee. Its report has been received, the Authority has it and they have now appointed one or two working parties who are apparently going to explain the report even to the Authority. Perhaps I am being a little too

2529
suspicious again. I want, however, to say that this continuing atmosphere of pending re-organisation is not good for the industry and certainly not good for its labour relations. There is too much uncertainty. I believe that it should not take all this time for the Authority and the area boards to make up their minds whether they want a two-tier or a three-tier system of distribution. This is a relatively simple point and they should be able to make up their minds without taking two years over it.
Another point which interests me has not been discussed recently in the House in relation to the coal industry, the gas industry or the electricity industry; but now that we have a Conservative Minister of Fuel and Power—I hope that will be a temporary arrangement of course—I am interested to know the principle for future appointments to these boards which he is following. From time to time, quite honourably and properly, chairmen of electricity boards retire, receive their presentations, and others are appointed in their place. There seems to be a growing tendency for engineers, or administrators, already in the industry to be appointed to the vacant places. Does this mean that the Minister has discarded altogether the principle of occasionally appointing an outsider?
Also I am doubtful increasingly if part-time members of area electricity boards are really effective at all. I have a feeling that with the power in the present organisation given to the chairman and vice-chairman, who are usually knowledgeable people with great engineering or administrative experience, they are in fact not only chairman and vice-chairman but general managers, that part-time members come along occasionally and simply rubber stamp what the chairman, vice-chairman and assistant administrators have already decided to do. I wonder whether some of these bodies can properly be described by the title of boards.
I think that the broad conclusion which the House can draw is that the nationally-owned electricity supply industry is doing, on the whole, an effective job on behalf of the nation. Technically it is very good, but its public relations are still indifferent. I do not agree with those who say that it is wrong for a publicly-owned industry to advertise. It was most unfair that a nationally-owned industry should
2530
have had this ban placed on its advertising at a time when private interests, particularly the solid fuel interests, were going ahead with every kind of advertising. If we do not want that system, we must take away from this nationalised industry the obligation to pay its way from year to year. It is not fair to blame it for doing something which it is obliged to do by the nature of the Act by which it operates.
I now come to an important issue around which so many of our fuel and power discussions in this House evolve. What should be the relationship between the nationalised coal, gas and electricity industries and how should this relationship be related to the conservation, which we all desire, of our scarce fuel resources. There is an argument used by my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth—by both the supporters and opponents of nationalisation if one is to go by the arguments advanced also by the hon. Member for Kidderminster—that because coal, gas and electricity are nationalised they should be a common service. When they are not clear as to what they want, they just use the magic word "co-ordination." This view ignores completely the assumptions behind the establishment of separate public corporations for coal, gas and electricity.
Many of the ideas—I think my hon. Friends might agree with me in this—that went into the preparation of the schemes for these public corporations were drawn up in the 1930s, and we took for granted at that time the existence of a free market. The assumption which was behind these publicly-owned businesses was that they should pay their way ultimately according to commercial tests and in the supplying of a free market. If we now want to make these industries give a common service it really means, if we are honest about it, that we should repeal the existing Acts and introduce new Acts of Parliament.
Also, I think it means that we should at the same time be honest with the public and tell them that when we talk about co-ordination we mean officially abolishing free consumer choice. It comes to that. I am one, however, who believes that consumer choice is perfectly compatible with public ownership and socialisation. I think it would be democratically wrong in principle to abolish

2531
consumer choice. Nor do I believe that co-ordination under British conditions would achieve the desired technical result. When every aspect is taken into account—the efficiency in the utilisation of solid fuel, gas and electricity for domestic purposes—it is particularly in the domestic sphere that controversy arises—is roughly about the same: 20 per cent.
We can all agree that that is much too low, but it is only technical competition which will improve it. That is why I agree that there should still be, with public ownership, reasonable technical competition between coal, gas and electricity. If any proof is required in support of that view, I refer hon. Members to the British Electricity Authority's Report, in which they point out that in 1920 it took 3½ lb. of good coal, as it was then, to make one unit of electricity. In 1952 it took 1½ lb. of very poor grade coal to make one unit of electricity. There have been comparable achievements in gas and in solid fuel. That kind of technical competition will, under British conditions, continue to make for higher technical efficiency in the future.
It is a great pity that outside industry, privately owned manufacturing industry in particular, has not shown the same energy as the electric supply industry has shown in the efficient utilisation of coal to the last decimal point. Coal in this country was at one time, so far as industry is concerned, much too cheap. That has meant fuel being thrown away and wasted. And there are still in existence in this country tens of thousands of Lancashire boilers, badly stoked and with unlagged steam systems. Even in new factories there is often a lack of effective thermal insulation. Until these things are put right it is not fair or proper that the ordinary domestic consumer and housewife should be made the scapegoat for the sins of industry.
Finally, there is the report of the Anglo-American Council on Productivity—"Fuel Conservation." It contains an interesting picture of the borough of Kidderminster—I am again sorry that the hon. Member for Kidderminster is not here. I gather that Kidderminster is in this country; it is represented in this House at all events. I have yet to understand how it has got into the U.S.A. I
2532
suggest that the Minister should not take this report very seriously in spite of the vast publicity which it has had.
It contains some valuable information but I regret that its main recommendations are fantastically unreal and outside its terms of reference, in the same way as Kidderminster is outside the United States. The report proposes, for instance, a most remarkable thing, a "non-political" fuel and power board. How, in a constitutional country, we can have that, I do not know. It is an illustration of the muddled thinking on this matter.
I am all in favour of the co-ordination of the fuel and power industries at the top, but I believe that lower down, in order to preserve ultimate technical efficiency and consumer choice, there must be reasonable technical competition. As I say, I do not like the muddled approach in that report. I much prefer the approach of the Ridley Committee, where they recommended that the pattern of fuel use should be determined by the consumer's own choice, provided prices corresponded with real cost, and here I am with the hon. Member for Wolverhampton, South-West (Mr. Powell), provided, of course, there is also accurate information about services and appliances available to the public.
8.35 p.m.
Mr. Aubrey Jones: Coal production and coal use have been the two themes to this debate. I wish to confine myself to coal production, since I find myself more out of agreement with what has been said on that topic than on anything else. In the first place, I wish to make a comment of detail on the Minister's statement with regard to organisation. As I understand it, the National Coal Board now lays it down that the executive heads, the pit and the area managers, are responsible for what happens within their fields. That seems to me an unexceptionable statement. I do not object.
As the debate has been under way, however, I have been glancing at some past reports of the National Coal Board and I find that in Chapter 10 of the Report for 1948 exactly the same statement was made. I welcome the reaffirmation, but why it should have

2533
been necessary I am at a loss to understand. At the same time I should like to utter a word of warning. Today there has been much talk of development of future expansion. Well, future expansion is the work of the planning staffs, of the technicians and the engineers, who act as advisers or consultants to the area managers, to the executive heads. But while advisers they necessarily have an importance and status of their own, and I trust nothing in today's statement is calculated to depreciate that status.
As to the inquiry, I wish to make a suggestion with regard to the composition of the committee. Any organisation to function well, must surely command the consent of those who are organised, and it would be most unhappy if any fresh organisation which emerged from the deliberations of this committee were imposed or appeared to be imposed, on the industry from above. I suggest that at the inquiry there should be representatives of the lower tiers, of the pits, areas and divisions. If that were so, I believe that the conclusions of the committee would carry extra authority. So much for comment on detail.
I confess that I do not share the optimism about this inquiry which has been expressed from more than one quarter today. I do not believe that an inquiry will ever lead to much improvement. I do not believe that on two grounds. In the first place, whatever advantages flow from an inquiry, there must always be a compensating disadvantage.
Every inquiry, whether internal or external, must necessarily be destructive of the corporate spirit of any organisation, and there I am in accord with the hon. Member for Cleveland (Mr. Palmer). Just think of it. A committee of inquiry sits in state and examines a, b, c and d, and so forth. Think of the disloyalties that are fomented and the jealousies that are fanned. Further, follow the suggestion of my hon. Friend the Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro). Multiply the inquiries, have a Select Committee of this House, have a seven-year inquiry, as recommended by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Lewisham, South (Mr. H. Morrison); in other words, put the industry in a permanent state of inquisition, and I for one would not like to answer for the
2534
consequences. I could not vouch then for the morale or discipline of that organisation.
More fundamentally, I do not really believe that what is wrong with the coal industry is a matter of organisation. In my experience personality always matters much more than organisation. Take decentralisation, whatever that may mean. An organisation may well appear decentralised on paper, but whether in fact it is decentralised or not will depend entirely on the personalities concerned. Surely, it is not for us, whenever anything goes wrong with a nationalised undertaking, to call for a committee of inquiry or a change of organisation.
The redress envisaged in the nationalisation Act of 1946—it seems to me rightly envisaged—lies in the Minister's power of appointment and dismissal. The Minister appoints a Board. Very well, having appointed them, let them carry on with their job; let them alone. If, however, the Minister begins to lose confidence, then he has to draw the proper conclusion; nobody surely would deny it.
If it is not organisation that is wrong, what is wrong? I shall attempt a very partial answer because no answer could be more than partial. Despite all the encouraging signs that have been given us today, this industry seems to me to be very sick. It was sick before nationalisation and it is still sick. What was wrong was to encourage any hope that nationalisation would provide a quick cure. Equally, it would be wrong now to ascribe the troubles to nationalisation. It has nothing at all to do with it. By the very fact of the past this industry has to undergo a very long healing process.
Unfortunately, and this is really our difficulty, just because the industry is in a troubled state we may be tempted to take panic emergency action. I understand the temptation. We ought, however, to resist it. We ought to practise a policy of forbearance while the healing process of which I have talked is under way. I do not necessarily mean that we should sit back and do nothing, but we ought to forbear from action which is likely to exacerbate, rather than alleviate.
I shall try to give three instances. First, we have heard a lot today about development and future expansion. My

2535
right hon. Friend gave us rather an encouraging figure, but we ought not to be deluded by that. The figure he gave us was in sight of the annual target established in the national plan, but that target was in itself too low. Not only that; there are all the deficiencies of the past years to be made up and the figure itself does not necessarily imply in toto reconstruction. It contains a large element of patching up. The figure is gratifying, but it is not enough.
Why is it that investment has not been enough? I do not really believe the answer that there is an inadequacy of staff. The inadequacy of the investment seems to me to be a direct result of the production crises of earlier years. Think of what happens. There is an output crisis and all the pyschological pressure is on immediate production, with the result that future development is neglected. That is what has happened. We were tempted to meet each output crisis only at the cost of creating future crises. That is bad. Somehow the vicious circle has to be cut. I believe that my right hon. Friend has taken the first step to cutting it in allowing this year a certain importation of coal.
I go further. I believe that we must contemplate an import of coal for some years to come. That is a most serious and difficult thing to say—an island of coal importing coal. Nevertheless, we must contemplate it as part of what I have described as the policy of forbearance while the new developments are under way.
Secondly—the second instance of what I mean by forbearance—it is obvious from the trend of the debate that there has been taking place in this industry a social revolution. I do not want to dramatise, but nationalisation was clearly a great victory for the miners. I do not object. But every victory turns to ashes unless the victor, in the moment of his triumph, can hold his hand and refrain from pushing his victory too hard. In my judgment, the miners have tended to push their victory too hard. I believe that that tendency has been aggravated by the fact that the miners' leaders, in considerable numbers, have been transferred to the side of management. For instance, the labour directors in the divisions and areas have been recruited from
2536
the unions, with the result that the unions have been denuded of some of their wisest counsellors. I suggest that, as part of the policy of forbearance, which I believe the miners as well as others of us have to observe, the transfer from the union side to the management side should be reviewed.
Lastly, I should not be above applying my motto of forbearance to ourselves as politicians. I endorse everything that has been said in the Chamber today about the relationship between coal and politics. Coal was brought into politics because it was sick, but I can think of nothing more likely to impede a cure than a further dose of politics. All taint of politics must once and for all be removed from this industry. Unfortunately, the tendency is that a party in power sees its pride hurt unless a nationalised industry does well. I understand that. Nevertheless, unless we too in the House of Commons exercise forbearance I believe we shall extinguish the last faint hope which we are still entitled to cherish of an eventual recovery of the coal industry.
8.47 p.m.
Mr. George Darling: Like many other hon. Members who have taken part in the debate, I am sorry that these great industries and the public consequences of what they do have to be discussed in the six and a half hours or so that we have for the purpose today.
I should have liked to follow the remarks of the hon. Member for Hall Green (Mr. Aubrey Jones), because in the contribution he has made he has referred to many serious problems to which none of us has given real attention. For instance, there has been no real discussion of the important suggestion that, instead of continuing to produce coal from the very high cost pits, we might consider closing them and importing coal to keep our supplies at the level at which they ought to be. I am not suggesting that that is one of the ways out of our difficulties, but it should be discussed.
In the few minutes left to me I shall have to confine myself to the main point that I want to make. It has been clear from all the speeches that we have not got a co-ordinated—I hate to use that

2537
word, but brevity compels me to do so—fuel and power policy; but it has also been clear that an understanding is at least growing up that such a policy is needed. It is true that the ad hoc improvements in output, production and economy by these nationalised industries add up to great and substantial progress over the last few years but they do not make a co-ordinated policy.
I shall give one or two examples of what I mean. The British Electricity Authority, for instance, still has before it a large policy of expansion which envisages the building of great new power stations to produce the electricity which this country needs, for we are, of course, not producing enough. However, so far as I can tell, it is not the job of anybody to question the British Electricity Authority except upon the timing of its expenditure. It is not the job of anybody to question the policy, to find out whether the programme is right in all its details and whether it is the right programme for the nation. Nobody seems to question whether the locations of the new stations that are proposed, or of the extensions proposed to other stations, are correct or not, and how they will fit in to the future development of the coal and gas industries. There is no co-ordination in that sense.
I should also like to ask whether anybody considered if it was really necessary to have all the big new power stations that are promised, because I suggest that we ought, first of all, to consider now the ways and means by which we are going to produce electric power, not in the distant future, but in the next few years. For instance, the proper development of coke ovens, not only for the manufacture of coal and manufactured fuel, but the carbonisation policy to give us more by-products out of coal, and the piping off the methane gas, and the possible gasification of the difficult pits, all of which should be developed in a pretty big way, and, possibly, also the use of national gas, surely suggest that a way out would be by development of the gas turbine idea.
Wherever there is a surplus of gas, from whatever source available, that gas could be used for the development of electricity by means of gas turbines. We cannot store electricity, and that is one
2538
of our greatest problems in the fuel and power field, but we can store gas, and, instead of having enormous new power stations, we ought to consider whether we can feed into the grid at peak times, which is the most important point, the electricity produced from hundreds of small stations scattered in the coalfields and many other places where gas is available for national gas. We could feed into the grid the electricity produced by many small stations using gas turbines. Apparently, that has not been considered by anybody, and there is no proper coordination of policy in that direction.
I may be exaggerating the whole thing, but, as my hon. Friend the Member for Cannock (Miss Lee) pointed out, we come into these debates ill supplied with the information we ought to have. In that regard, I think that we ought very seriously to consider the setting up of a Standing Committee to go into these industries and keep them constantly under review—not the kind of Standing Committee proposed by the body that looked into this matter, but a Standing Committee of the House to keep these matters under review in order that we are supplied constantly with the information which we ought to have.
I hope that somebody is going to look very carefully at the electricity programme, particularly on the lines I have suggested, but also in regard to the location of the electric power stations. It has always seemed to me, since we had the grid, quite wrong to have power stations scattered about the perimeter of our country, involving long hauls of coal by rail to places far from the coalfields and at great expenditure of coal, and knowing very well, while all this is going on, that the easiest way to transport fuel and power is by means of overhead cables.
In the case of a train carrying 400 tons of coal from the Midlands to the South of England, at least 2 per cent., and perhaps 3 per cent., of that coal is lost in the process. About four tons are burned by the locomotive, which is 1 per cent., and I believe that the Ministry or the Coal Board makes an allowance of another 2 per cent. for the coal which has been shaken from the inadequate wagons and lost in the course of the journey. That loss is going on all the time, because we sited our power stations rather badly,

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and I sincerely hope that, when we come to deal with fuel and power in its wider aspects and get away from the Departmental way of looking at these matters singly by examining the National Coal Board and then the British Electricity Authority and the Gas Council, we shall have a proper examination of the whole field of fuel and power, and that, in that examination, these matters will be considered.
Now a word about the domestic problem. The Minister said that the National Coal Board is to put up a new plant for the production of "Phurnacite" briquettes, and that the plant will bring output up to 600,000 tons a year. I imagine that is about one-tenth of what we need. What are the Government going to do? With the development of fuel-saving grates, we ought to be doing what my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) suggested, working towards a situation in which we shall stop the domestic consumer from burning raw coal.
We ought to be going ahead in that direction as clearly and as quickly as we can. We want to see to it that in every house in this country the householder is given encouragement and help to get modern fuel-burning appliances and manufactured fuel. That is why I suggest that to be content or complacent with the production of 600,000 tons of "Phurnacite" briquettes a year for domestic purposes is wrong; it is quite inadequate.
This is a field in which capital investment on a big scale would pay quick returns. When we are considering the fuel and power industries it might be more desirable to have big investment in this direction than in the building of big new power stations. I throw out the suggestion for very serious consideration that not one fuel or power industry should be allowed to proceed with a capital investment programme on its own. The whole of these industries should be considered together, and we should decide what is best for the nation, not what is best for each particular industry. We should like to hear more about the production of briquettes for industry and for railway locomotive consumption.
From whichever side of this problem we start and whichever facet we examine,
2540
we come in the end to the conclusion that without a properly co-ordinated policy, particularly governing capital investment in the fuel and power industries, we shall not only not get the best out of our resources but we shall waste a lot of money. Quite a lot of investment, particularly in electricity, is very costly and could be reduced if we decided here and now to deal with electricity in the next 15 or 20 years and what new motive power we shall have for the generation of electricity.
If we fitted these and other considerations into a co-ordinated policy we could look ahead more confidently, and with some satisfaction that our coal resources—everything comes down to coal in the end—will be properly used for the nation and not wasted by anybody, whether it be the British Electricity Authority, the housewife, the railways, or the inefficient managements of private British industry in this country, which are probably the biggest wastrels of the lot.
9.0 p.m.
Mr. Harold Neal: Twelve months have elapsed since we had a debate on the fuel and power industries. The present Opposition have been more tolerant than their predecessors. When Government supporters were on this side of the House, the demands for these debates were so repeated that we had one almost every two months. Questions by the score were placed on the Order Paper every week. We have not attempted in that way to exploit the difficulties confronting the Minister of Fuel and Power. We have not attempted to make the fuel and power industries the shuttlecock of party politics. It could easily have been otherwise. I think that the Minister and many of his colleagues will agree that, in the main, the practical experience and the technical knowledge of the fuel and power industries resides on this side of the House. Behind me are hon. Members with a lifetime of experience of those industries.
I wish to put on record the restraint that hon. Members on this side of the House have shown in matters which vitally concern their constituents and the economy of the country. Of course, the Tories have always paid lip-service to this tolerance in the fuel and power industries, but it has been left to the Labour Party to set them an example.

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Even if there is a general conversion of Government supporters to this bipartisanship in industry, it should not deflect Her Majesty's Opposition from offering constructive criticism, even though the candour may sometimes exceed the bounds of felicity. With the exception of the debate on the Gracious Speech, this is perhaps the most comprehensive debate of the Session. It would be too formidable a task for me to attempt to paint the map of all the wide activities of these industries. I propose, therefore, to confine myself to the main points of the debate and to what we consider to be the important problems facing these nationalised industries.
In his speech today, I thought that the Minister added to his reputation for sweet reasonableness. I have previously mentioned how difficult it is to follow a Minister who has such a disarming manner. This is especially the case when one has had, momentarily perhaps, a look behind the scenes at the difficulties confronting the Minister. However, it was a pleasure to hear the right hon. Gentleman's welcome appraisal of the nationalised industries under his supervision, and I profoundly hope that the satisfaction which he expressed today will become contagious on the benches behind him.
I wish to join with my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) in welcoming the inquiry into the coal industry which the Minister has told us that the chairman of the National Coal Board proposes to undertake. I shall have some comments to make on that later in my speech.
What is the test which we apply in judging the success or otherwise of our nationalised industries? Is it profits, is it service, or is it both? So far as the gas and electricity industries are concerned, the Minister and my right hon. Friend have said enough today to satisfy the House on both counts. From vesting day to the end of 1951–52, the gas industry has shown a surplus of £3,500,000, and during that time its capital investment has totalled £109 million. One of its outstanding achievements, as the Minister correctly described today, is the gas grid in different parts of the country. It is significant that the gas grid is less generally known than the electricity grid. One has to go, perhaps, into South Wales to see it in perfection, where a gas main had
2542
been constructed over a mountain to make the grid, to eliminate obsolete gasworks and to increase efficiency.
With regard to the electricity industry, from vesting day to the end of March, 1952, the British Electricity Authority had a surplus of over £20 million. In the four years since vesting day £482 million have been put into investment. Here again, there is remarkable development taking place. New power stations are being built, like the one at Uskmouth, which are a triumph of British workmanship and craft. Another feature to give satisfaction is the phenomenal increase in the number of consumers. It may be 10 years before the required expansion has taken place in the electricity industry, but the foundation has already been laid by this nationalised industry to meet the needs of the consumers in the country.
Having briefly skipped over the gas and electricity industries, there remains only the coal industry to undergo our test of efficiency and success. The National Coal Board's Report for 1952—and I join with my hon. Friend the Member for Cannock (Miss Lee) that it does appear to be outdated, when we are discussing in October, 1953, a Report which deals with the working up to the end of December, 1952—taken with its predecessors, provides ample justification for the bringing of this industry under public ownership.
On the financial side there can be little ground for complaint. From 1946 to the end of 1952 the total deficit of the National Coal Board was £14 million, but that represents only 2 per cent. of the Board's income for 1952. What is rarely pointed out is that the deficit arises after payment of interest and interim income charges by the National Coal Board to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. These, in 1952, reached a figure of £14 million. In the face of these figures, if the National Coal Board were being run as a private combine it would say that it was running at a profit.
I was glad to hear that the Minister felt reassured about the output figures he quoted. The total output to date clearly reveals a 2½ million ton drop on last year's output, but this decrease is due to not unexpected interruptions. The Coronation decreased output to some extent, but why should not the miners, like other workers, celebrate the crowning

2543
of their Queen? The second week's holiday which the miners are now taking had the effect of reducing the total output, but the miners have had a second week's holiday in their charter for 10 years and there was an inevitability about it which neither the Ministry nor the National Coal Board could resist any longer.
I am sure also that the Minister must be pleased at the incidence of voluntary absenteeism. It appears to have been arrested this year. Last year it was running at a rate of 5·86 per cent. and in the first 40 weeks of this year it is only 5·086 per cent. If there is anything I dislike, it is to read articles in the newspapers about voluntary absenteeism among miners, with never a word said about the enormous amount of overtime that is worked by miners to complete their shifts and increase the output of coal.
The Minister must be equally pleased about the amount of coal that is resulting from Saturday working; 8½ million tons up to the present time this year is a formidable figure. It must be remembered by those who are not familiar with the mining industry that there is an agreed five-day week in that industry and that there is nothing to compel a miner to work more than five days a week, but he voluntarily surrenders the chance to indulge in sport and social activity in order to assist production.
I frankly admit that to me the most disturbing feature of the 1952 Report of the National Coal Board is the drop in output per man shift. I am not going to apportion blame. I deplore the veiled attacks that have been made on miners in this respect, and I was glad to hear the Minister say that he was not going to exhort the miners to work harder. It is usually those people who do no work themselves who prescribe more work for other people. The first to criticise the miner is usually the last to do his job. At the same time, I do not think that this decrease in output per man shift can contemptuously be dismissed as the result of withdrawing men from the coal face for development work. Some of it may be due to that cause, but not by any means all.
Perhaps the Minister may take some confidence in this matter, since there seems to have been an increase in output
2544
per man shift since the beginning of the year. In 1951 it averaged 1·21 tons; in 1952 it dropped to 1·19 tons, and in the first 39 weeks of this year one is pleased to note that it is running at 1·20. I hope that by the end of the year it will at least have risen to the 1951 figure.
There have been few criticisms by hon. Members opposite; indeed, the congratulations and the expressions of satisfaction have been so numerous that there is hardly any criticism to which one can reply. The hon. Member for Esher (Mr. Robson Brown), for the most part of his speech, I thought, seemed to wish to be a sort of Father Christmas to the miners. He said that a new dynamic was required in the mining industry, and he wanted to wipe the slate clean of the old memories of the past. He then proceeded to revive those memories by advocating a policy which was operating in the mining industry 27 years ago. In effect, he was advocating de-centralisation of the industry, a policy which led to the district arrangement of wages. I have lived through that period as a working miner——
Mr. Robson Brown: Will the hon Gentleman give way for a moment?
Mr. Neal: The hon. Gentleman ought to let me finish what I am saying. As I said, I lived through that period as a mining worker, and I can remember what happened in those days. The hon. Member for Esher may say that he is anxious to preserve national wage standards, but our experience was that it was impossible to preserve national wage standards in those circumstances. They led to conditions in which one-third of the people in the mining industry were thrown on to the industrial scrap heap, with their livelihood alternating between the public assistance board and the labour exchange. I was a working miner in those days, and I make no apology for saying that I shall neither forgive nor forget those people who imposed such conditions upon us.
Mr. Robson Brown: I am sorry that the hon. Gentleman misread into what I said anything of the sort. I have no wish to change the size or the structure of the divisional areas or the geographical apportionment of the industry. My suggestion was that the divisional boards should contain a greater number of areas, so that the men managing them could

2545
deal with much more compact units. No other opinion of any sort was suggested or implied.
Mr. Neal: I apologise if I have rendered the hon. Member a dis-service, but what he said was very closely allied to what has come to be regarded as the "Lancaster" plan.
Mr. Robson Brown: I utterly dissociate myself with any such idea. I know all the dangers of that plan.
Mr. Neal: I am glad to get that confirmation. The hon. and gallant Member for South Fylde (Colonel Lancaster) referred to a complaint which I have heard him make previously. He said that a considerable amount of ability was lost to the National Coal Board by dispensing with the services of former colliery managers. I am weary of hearing this.
Colonel Lancaster: Let us get it right. I said that we had dispensed with the administrative members of the old coal industry. I was not referring to colliery managers.
Mr. Neal: The hon. and gallant Member was referring to the administrators of the coal industry prior to vesting day. I do not know whose axe he is grinding, but I do know that some of those whose services were dispensed with were in their jobs because they were the sons of their fathers. As he has so much knowledge of the large number of those people who have a service to render to the industry and can make a contribution to its success, he ought to inform his right hon. Friend so that their services can be made available for the sake of the nation.
I turn now to stocks, imports and exports. I group them in this way because I believe that they are indissolubly mixed with each other. I assert that we can get through the winter on 17 to 19 million tons of coal.
Mr. Lloyd Mr. Lloyd indicated assent.
Mr. Neal: The Minister signifies approval. If peace breaks out in the world as the result of his right hon. Friend's attention to foreign affairs, we might get through on 16 million tons. At any rate, he agrees that we can get through on 17 to 19 million tons. But he already has 20 million tons at his disposal. The figures issued by his own
2546
Ministry reveal that on 10th October the distributed stocks—public utilities, merchants and miscellaneous—totalled 18,108,000 tons. Colliery stocks on the ground and in wagons made a further 1,126,000 tons; opencast coal at sites and in central stocking grounds made a further 1,252,000 tons, making a grand total of 20,486,000 tons.
In spite of this formidable total, we get the announcement that we are to import coal. When my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth invited the Minister to give us the sources of origin and the amounts to be imported there was no reply. I am not blaming the Minister. It was doubtless a Cabinet decision, at a time when he was suffering the limiting influence of the "overlord." However, this Government are noted for their panic measures, and I am not surprised if they take more.
I can remember the taunts and sneers made in this House when the Labour Government imported coal from America. I can remember how hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite harassed my right hon. Friend the Member for Blyth and my right hon. Friend the Member for Derby, South (Mr. Noel-Baker) for using dollars to buy coal. Of course, we are told that these now are soft currency transactions, but the Americans were never our coal customers. This is a much bigger blow to our prestige than anything that the Labour Government did. This year, with a difference between production and consumption, a deficit, of 25 million tons we are exporting x million tons to the Continent and they are exporting x millions tons to us. Shades of Strasbourg. This is surely the biggest economic incongruity Parliament has ever been told of.
The Minister says, "Yes, but this is large coal that we are importing in exchange for small coal." Really, this is a remarkable discovery in the international exchange of commodities. There is no telling what limits may be reached if this sort of thing becomes infectious in Government Departments. We may find the Minister of Agriculture exporting small potatoes for large ones, or the President of the Board of Trade exporting baby cars for limousines. I can imagine the bewilderment of the seamen as their ships pass and repass each other in the Channel with large coal for Britain and small coal for the Continent.

2547
When the Minister last year propounded his plan for an electricity linkup between the French hydro-electricity scheme and the power stations in the East Midlands, I thought that was strategically imperfect and fantastic enough, but to buy coal from our traditional customers is an admission that the British coal industry has reached the optimum of production. It is also an unnecessary admission of the inferiority of small coal. The Minister and the Government must digest this economic and scientific fact. Small coal contains the same calorific value as large coal. No matter how many times one splits and divides a piece of coal it does not lose a proportionate amount of calorific value. In accordance with its size and weight it has the same chemical properties.
It is the main function of the Coal Board to produce coal. It is the job of the Minister to enlist the services of the scientists and combustion engineers to find means of using the small coal at our disposal. The Minister must be suffering some embarrassment because of the amount of large stocks of small coal he has on hand. Their location and amount is a secret known only to his own heart and to the Coal Board, but the quantity must be alarmingly large. No one expects the British Electricity Authority to help him. It is his difficulty. The B.E.A. have always accepted inferior coal; 90 per cent. of their consumption is of smalls and fines and duff; but even if they relieve him of some of these stocks, that would not assist him in the slightest so far as the declared need for large coal is concerned.
Does not the Minister realise that much of the large coal he is importing is going to be small coal when it gets here? The very mechanical handling it has to undergo from colliery to railway trucks, from railway trucks to the holds of ships, and so on, reduces it in size a good deal, from large to small. The commodity on the invoice is different from the commodity when it arrives here.
As has been said this afternoon, a good deal of the small coal produced in this country is the result of modern methods of mining. In the old days, when the miner was forbidden to use a shovel, millions of tons of small coal were thrown away every year and wasted. At the time
2548
of the Sankey Commission it was estimated that 3,235,000 tons of coal were thrown into the waste every year. Nowadays the machine cannot separate it underground and this loss to the nation is saved because the machine loads the small coal. I know that a good deal can be done by reducing explosives and by supervision of machinery underground, but the disadvantages of mechanical development must be accepted with its advantages. The Minister must enlist the services of those who can help him to provide means of using our small coal. We must find a way of effective cleaning. I believe that is vital to the survival of the coal industry and to its supremacy over its competitors.
Finally, I turn to the inquiry proposed by the Minister into the organisation of the National Coal Board. We are glad that at least he has not entirely capitulated to his back bench friends and their demands. They wanted an inquiry into the structure and the administration of the Coal Board. I want to warn the Minister that that would be industrial dynamite. I am glad, too, that this inquiry is to be conducted internally, in private, and is not to be vulgarised by public inquiry during which a National Coal Board official could be interrogated for everybody to hear.
There are one or two suggestions which I have to make to the Minister about this inquiry, and the first concerns labour relations. No industry is as dependent upon the good will of the workers engaged in it as the mining industry, and if there is something the matter with labour relations we ought to get it put right. Mr. Ebby Edwards, late member of the National Coal Board, is reported as having said that since vesting date £139,281,000 have been lost in wages as a consequence of unofficial disputes, and I think there is an overwhelming case for taking a look at this question of labour relations. It may be that the trade unions and the National Coal Board have something the matter with their educational propaganda in this connection.
Nevertheless, the overwhelming mass of miners are loyal, hardworking citizens. Ownership brings responsibility, and I should be the first to admit that some miners have not faced up to their responsibility. We believe in the right to strike, but a strike should be conducted by the accredited trade union of

2549
the workers after every other avenue has been explored. The pioneers of nationalisation never envisaged the day when the success of a socialised industry would be endangered by the actions of those who worked in it.
I know that the National Union of Mineworkers are doing all they can to work the consultative machinery and I know from my personal experience how perturbed they are at these unofficial strikes; but are managers doing their share to work it? I have heard of managers who say that consultative committee meetings are a waste of time. The manager who says that does not deserve to hold his job. This committee of inquiry, in collaboration with the unions, should take a look at this problem and try to find a solution which would settle these grievances at pit level.
I want to say a word about managerial responsibility. I am confident that the committee ought to inquire into managerial responsibility. I should like them to rebut the feeling that if a manager wants to spend a few hundred pounds he has to get the decision of the area general manager before he can spend it. That is all ballyhoo. If the committee could clear up some of these misunderstandings, I think that it would be to the advantage of the Coal Board and of the country.
I want also to say a word about public relations. I should like to see an end to these scares raised by the distributive trade at different times of the year which frighten housewives into believing that they will be shivering in their homes in the winter. These people in the coal trade well know that they can always go to the Minister, and that he is always willing to help them. No Minister and no Coal Board official would purposely inflict hardship on the public. It seems to me that, to eliminate this, what is needed is a good public relations department of the National Coal Board so that the coal trade and the public can be properly informed of what is happening.
We on this side of the House do not fear a properly constituted inquiry with suitable terms of reference. We do not believe that we have reached man's final expression of what an industrial democracy should be. We are not opposed to changes, but we believe that
2550
the changes should be for the better. Our coal industry is a partnership and it behoves each partner, the National Coal Board, the miners, the distributive trade and the consumer public, not to inflict any injury upon each other. The coal industry has withstood the test of six difficult years because it is a collective effort. I beg all sides of the industry to make that their continued ideal.
9.44 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power (Mr. L. W. Joynson-Hicks): I think we have, as the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth (Mr. Robens) intimated in his opening remarks, in a spirit of prophecy, enjoyed a remarkable debate today and a very friendly, informative and constructive debate. I would say to the hon. Member for Bolsover (Mr. Neal) two things. First, I would thank him very much for his complimentary remarks to my right hon. Friend and express our appreciation for his point of view with regard to what my right hon. Friend has said.
Secondly, I would say that the remarks which he addressed to the House in the latter part of his speech, particularly with reference to his suggestion concerning the inquiry, will, I feel quite sure, be taken note of by the National Coal Board and by the Trades Union Congress, because the inquiry in question, as my right hon. Friend intimated, is a Departmental inquiry from the point of view of the National Coal Board. It is a board inquiry set up by them and it is not for my right hon. Friend to indicate to them the lines on which they should operate, but I have no doubt that they will take heed of the suggestion put forward by the hon. Gentleman.
We have had today many excellent speeches, and I think the House will probably agree that the debate has shown that we are beginning to see in this House the point at which the nationalised fuel and power industries are fitting themselves into the industrial and national field in this country. When one comes to think of it, it is a remarkably great experiment and they are fitting themselves in in a remarkably short space of time.
Seven years ago we knew private enterprise and we knew Government service, but now the statutory undertakings, commercial enterprises which are responsible

2551
to Parliament in the last resort, are beginning to take their natural place in the field of industrial enterprise throughout the country and are linking up private enterprise and Government service. We have advanced a considerable way during the past year, as is shown by this debate, in our recognition of the sphere which they occupy and of the way in which they are responsible to Parliament and in the attitude which hon. Members adopt towards them.
I am not by any means suggesting that the nationalised industries are perfect in their functioning as yet; it will certainly take them longer than the period during which they have been in operation. But one thing has emerged from this debate today—there has been far more inquiry than criticism. Hon. Gentlemen and hon. Ladies also have gone out of their way to seek information rather than to assume, as has been done in the past, that they knew the information and that it was wrong. There have been much more constructive suggestions instead of destructive complaints; and I think that speeches such as that of my hon. Friend the Member for Hall Green (Mr. Aubrey Jones)—a very thoughtful speech indeed—indicate the line of philosophy upon which we are beginning to approach these subjects.
It is certainly our desire to give all possible information we can to the House. I do not think that in the space of time I have at my disposal this evening it will be possible for me to reply to all the questions which have been raised by hon. Members during the debate but I shall go through HANSARD tomorrow, and such points as I fail to take up in the course of my remarks I should like, if I may, to write to hon. Members about and try to clarify any information which they desire to have or for which they have asked.
In the meantime, may I try to paint in some of the details following upon the theme with which my right hon. Friend opened this debate. I wish to try to indicate to the House the ways in which these nationalised industries, in developing their own industries, consolidating their own position, are improving their own efficiency as they serve the public with an increasing supply of their commodities. For unless they improve their efficiency their service will be by no
2552
means perfect to the community as a whole.
During the five years, to take electricity first, it has increased the number of consumers which it is supplying by more than two million. That is a substantial figure and indicates a considerable increase not only in the development of the system itself—its physical system—but also in the necessary administration and organisation whereby these consumers have to be served. The total amount of electricity which it is sending out is very nearly half as great again as it was five years ago. That too is an indication of tremendous expansion.
The expansion has gone hand in hand with efficiency. That is shown by the fact that during the past year, while expansion was still continuing, though not at so great a rate, the non-industrial staff in the electricity industry actually fell. Those of us who—I admit, I myself—in the past have been inclined to accept the criticism that the nationalised industries had too unwieldy an administrative or non-industrial clerical staff will be glad and will take heart from the fact that despite last year's increase in the expansion of the business the non-industrial staff throughout the industry was actually less at the end of the year than it was at the beginning.
Nevertheless, we are still a long way behind America in the use of electricity. Hon. Members have referred to the fact, mentioned in the Report of the Productivity Council, that in America the ordinary industrial worker has, on the average, three and a half times as much electricity at his elbow as has his counterpart in this country. Worse than that is the fact that the gap is actually increasing. If we are to keep pace with productivity in America it is essential that that gap should be closed.
One of the problems confronting us is the cost of supplies. I appreciate what has been said, both by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth and by my hon. Friend the Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro), that the capital cost of supply is a matter of paramount importance in the minds of hon. Members. There are several ways in which the problem may be approached. I would suggest as one that the first

2553
essential is to reduce the amount of capital cost under which the industry is suffering.
My right hon. Friend made reference to the recently published report of the Beaver Committee. Hon. Gentlemen who have studied that Report will notice that it calls attention to the well-known fact that in America it takes, roughly speaking, two years to build a power station. The comparable time in this country is four years, and that is a very big difference. Quite clearly, the longer it takes to build, the more expensive it will be. If we can cut down the period of construction substantially, it will reduce the capital charges. If it can be done in the United States, why should not it be done in this country?
I am certain that this is a challenge which the industry will accept. I know it is a challenge which they are exceedingly active and interested in meeting. I hope that with regard both to the detailed recommendations concerning the construction of power stations contained in the report and also to the main principle about shortening the period of construction we shall see a great improvement throughout our industry.
In the gas industry we have a similar story of expansion and increased efficiency during the year compared with the previous year. Sales are up and the number of customers has increased. Once again, though in this case it is with regard to the total of employees in the industry, we find numbers are down. That is a very satisfactory indication of the increasing efficiency throughout the industry. The gas grids are being extended, in some cases in a very considerable degree. They have the satisfactory result that gas can be sent to customers who had previously been supplied by old out-of-date uneconomic gas works, from big modern gasworks producing gas at a much more economic rate and much more efficiently.
As a result of this policy, which is being followed by most of the area boards, during the period since nationalisation it has been possible to close down no fewer than 140 of the old gas works which were operating on an uneconomic basis. In addition—and this, I think, will rejoice the hearts of some of my hon. Friends—there is one area board which
2554
claims that as a result of internal economies which it has effected itself it is saving no less than £750,000 per annum. That is an example of a high degree of efficiency of which we may well be proud.
But may we look at the matter not only from the point of view of economic efficiency but from the point of view of coal efficiency—the efficient use of the coal which is the raw material of the gas industry. Three years ago, in 1950, the average throughout the industry was to produce 71·6 therms of gas from one ton of coal. As a result of increasing efficiency, better carbonisation, and newer plants coming into operation, that figure has now been increased to 73·6—an increase of two therms from one ton of coal. To some of us that may not mean a lot: to some of us who are rather more technical it may mean a great deal. I will tell the House what it means from the point of view of coal. It means a saving of 750,000 tons of coal a year. That is highly satisfactory.
Another aspect touched on by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth is of the utmost importance. It is the question of the supply of carbonisation coals. They are the scarcest and most expensive. It is vitally essential for the industry to tackle the problem of the blending of coals so that with their high grade carbonisation coals they can blend in and use more coals of lower grades, thus easing the demand for the scarce and valuable coals and at the same time securing their own position in the coal market. It is not easy. There are mechanical difficulties. There are also expenses involved, but here again this is a challenge which the industry must meet and I am sure they will be prepared to take it up. I hope that it will result in considerable improvement in this respect.
To revert to the electricity industry, I would say on the question of coal conservation that electricity was not to be outdone by gas. The hon. Member for Cleveland (Mr. Palmer) quoted an interesting figure going back to 1920. That is a very good date. He quoted 1920 as the time when it took 3½ lb. of coal to produce one unit of electricity. The reason why it is a good date is that it indicates that development has been going on the whole time, that even prior to

2555
nationalisation there were people working to improve the efficiency of all these industries, and that it is not simply as a result of an Act of Parliament that miracles have occurred. If it were not for the research, the development, the ingenuity and the real endeavour of those who ran all these industries in pre-war days, we should not be able to make the advances that we are making or achieve present satisfactory results. I like the date 1920, and I thank the hon. Member for having introduced it into the debate.
At that time it took 3½ lb. of coal to produce a unit of electricity. Today the average throughout the industry has come down to 1⅓ lb. of coal per unit of electricity, and in the newest and most modern generating stations the amount required is only 1 lb. The House will see that the whole time we are gradually achieving greater efficiency.
It is more than that. We talk about coal here in rather a generic way, but the word "coal" itself covers a vast multitude of different categories of that fuel, different qualities and different grades, and what the modern power stations are burning is coal such as the housewife just would not recognise as that commodity at all.' It is the unwashed and untreated smalls which might almost be described as the refuse of the mine which is brought up. [Laughter.] I said that the housewife would not recognise it. It is a tremendous advantage to have not only a market for this commodity but also a market which will convert it into a really efficient form of power for the use of the community as a whole.
Before I leave the question of electricity again, I should like to return to something which was said by my hon. Friend the Member for Kidderminster upon this subject in the very enlightened and informing speech which he made. [Interruption.] I mean that seriously. My hon. Friend was the only person to call attention to the fact that in the electricity industry the load factor fell last year. However, he did not deduce from that a conclusion which necessarily follows from that fact. By and large, taken over the years, from one country to another, it is an inescapable fact that the demand for electricity doubles itself every 10 years. That does not mean that
2556
every year the demand increases by 10 per cent. The 10-year figure is an average figure; some years it is rather more than 10 per cent. and in other years it is considerably less.
Last year there were two coincidences. The first was the industrial recession which substantially reduced the demand for electricity and resulted in a reduction in the normal increase in the demand for electricity, bringing it down to an increase of 3·7 per cent. The second was that there was introduced into the industry the maximum new installation of plant which it has ever received, and these two factors together necessarily meant that there was for the time being a certain curtailment of the distribution of the supply over the period of the day, which resulted in a reduction of the load factor.
There is one other point which I would take up with my hon. Friend. If we are going to improve our load factor, and it is necessary for the industry we should do, it is quite impossible to say to them at the same time, "You are not to publicise it, or go out to sell additional electricity." The two must go hand-in-hand. It is not a question of our having given to the industry an unbridled right, as my hon. Friend suggested, to publicise it in any way they like whatever. I would refer both my hon. Friend and the House particularly to the reply he received from my right hon. Friend recently in which my right hon. Friend stressed the point that he had fully discussed with the nationalised gas and electricity industries the lines on which their advertising and publicity should be conducted, and he went on to say:
"I am now satisfied that it is best for the Boards themselves to have full responsibility in this matter, and I believe that they will exercise this discretion in line with the national interest."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 21st October. 1953; Vol. 518, c. 270.]
Attention has also been called by my hon. Friend, and by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Blyth, to the recent publication of a pamphlet by B.E.D.A. I have seen it, and, in my view, it is not composed in accordance with the lines of the arrangement at which we arrived. I am accordingly having inquiries made into the matter, and I do not therefore propose to make any further comment on it at the moment.
Mr. Bartley: May I remind the Minister that this debate also dealt with coal? It is now two minutes to 10 o'clock and he has not mentioned the coal industry.
Mr. Joynson-Hicks: I had noticed that there had been some references to coal, and the hon. Gentleman, by his intervention, is only curtailing my opportunity to deal with it.
There is another point put to me by my hon. Friend in his remarks about load shedding. We have not done away entirely with the request for load-spreading this year, and I particularly wish to make it clear that my right hon. Friend is asking domestic and small commercial consumers to do no less than industrial consumers by being as careful as possible in their demands for electricity at peak hours during the critical months of November, December and January. That is in the hands of the regional boards at the present time.
The hon. Member for Chester-le-Street (Mr. Bartley) wants to know if I have heard of coal. I can assure him that I have.
Mr. Bartley: One minute.
Mr. Joynson-Hicks: I can tell the hon. Gentleman several things about it in one minute. Coal is going to maintain its position in this co-ordinated but competitive race for efficiency. There are many things which have been referred to in the debate today, particularly by my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for South Fylde (Colonel Lancaster) and my hon. Friend the Member for Esher (Mr. Robson Brown), who made an exceedingly good speech, which indicated the lines on which progress ought to be made. I should call attention to the fact that the industry has in hand at present 115 major colliery reconstruction schemes, including 10 new collieries and eight big drift mines, as well as a considerable number of other schemes for improving efficiency and the production of coal.
That is the end of the year's story. This debate will be welcomed by the nationalised fuel and power industries. They appreciate this informed examination of the year's results by grand jury. As a result of it, executives in the industries will feel greater confidence in getting on
2558
with their jobs. By it the industries will be encouraged to fulfil their task.
Question put, and agreed to.
Resolved,
That this House takes note of the last Annual Reports and Accounts of the nationalised Fuel and Power Industries.

BENEFICES (SUSPENSION OF PRESENTATION)
10.1 p.m.
Sir John Crowder: I beg to move,
That the Benefices (Suspension of Presentation) Measure, 1953, passed by the National Assembly of the Church of England, be presented to Her Majesty for Her Royal Assent in the form in which the said Measure was laid before Parliament.
A copy of the Measure is available in the Vote Office, together with the comments and explanations submitted by the Legislative Committee to the Ecclesiastical Committee. There is also the Report of the Ecclesiastical Committee of this House, which met last Wednesday to consider this Measure.
The Measure seeks only to consolidate two existing Measures, passed in 1946 and 1949, and to extend the period until 1965, with certain amendments which are clearly set out in the paper to which I have referred. When the 1946 Measure was passed it was, I am informed, generally hoped that its provisions would not have to be permanent. It therefore provided that the creation or extension of suspension periods should only take place during 10 years from the passing of the Measure. Consequently, no suspension order can be made after 1956. Since the maximum period of suspension, including extensions, is seven years, the suspensions ordered in 1946 will come to an end this year.
In 1949, the Church Assembly passed the Pastoral Reorganisation Measure, which has no time limit, and, as the House knows, reorganisation is still going on. To facilitate the working of this very important and vital policy, the members of the Church Assembly want the present Measure in order to make the reorganisation easier throughout the country.
In practice, it has been found that suspension orders made in 1946 will need to be further extended if reorganisation schemes are not to be held up. In these

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circumstances the Church Assembly proposes by this Measure to extend until 1965 the period during which suspensions may be created, at the same time removing the time limit of seven years as the maximum period of suspension. The Measure passed through the Church Assembly without a division and occasioned very little debate.
10.3 p.m.
Mr. J. Enoch Powell: I beg to second the Motion.
In doing so, there is only one observation that I would make. Hon. Members may have noticed that the Measure includes a very unusual feature. It confers the power upon the Church Assembly to exercise delegated legislation. I am informed that that has occurred in very few Church Measures, and it is a power which I am sure this House would wish to be exercised extremely sparingly. Nevertheless, in the case of the present Measure there is a strong reason for allowing it to go through.
The power to exercise delegated legislation was conferred on the Church Assembly by one of the two previous Measures which are here consolidated. All that the present Measure does is slightly to alter the subject matter to which the power of delegated legislation refers. I trust, therefore, in those circumstances, that the House will agree to this rather unusual and in some ways objectionable feature being retained in what is largely a consolidating Measure.
Question put, and agreed to.

NATIONAL ASSISTANCE (ACCOMMODATION CHARGES)
Mr. Tom Brown: On a point of order. Before we proceed with the next business, Mr. Speaker, I desire to raise a point upon which I seek your guidance. Is it your intention, Sir, that the two Prayers which now become the subject of discussion, and which deal with Scotland and England, should be taken together or separately?
Mr. Speaker: In reply to the hon. Member's question, it seems to me that the subject matter of both Prayers is identical, though the areas of their application are different. If it is agreeable to
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the House as a whole, I would have no objection at all to one discussion covering both Motions, and, if necessary, the Question could be put separately on each of the two Motions at the end of the debate.
10.6 p.m.
Mrs. Jean Mann: I beg to move.
That an humble Address be presented to Her Majesty, praying that the National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations. 1953 (S.I., 1953, No. 1118), dated 17th July, 1953, a copy of which was laid before this House on 22nd July, be annulled.
These Regulations come at a most untimely episode in the lives of old people. They give power to increase the charges for accommodation from 21s. to 26s. They come at a time when old people are finding it very difficult indeed to live, and when they do have to go into hospitals or hostels the amount of pocket money left to them is a matter of only 6s. 6d. per week. They also come at a time when, as we read in today's newspaper, the Middlesex County Council, for example, are actually increasing the amount of pocket money given to children in that authority's homes to 4s. 6d. a week.
If 4s. 6d. is considered a fair amount of pocket money for children of 16 years of age, I am sure that everyone would agree that 6s. 6d. is wholly inadequate for old people. I have been told that if the Labour Government had remained in power they would have left the amount at 6s. 6d. That may have been their intention some time ago, but I question whether it could possibly be their intention today. There is a climate——
The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (Commander T. D. Galbraith): May I ask your guidance on this matter, Mr. Speaker? These Regulations deal with one thing and one thing only—they raise the minimum charge for residential accommodation from 21s. to 26s. They have nothing whatever to do with the question of pocket money, which was fixed by the National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulation, 1952, which was laid before this House on 24th July last year, and which was not commented on at all by this House.
Mr. A. Woodburn: Further to that point of order. Is it not quite clear that the amount fixed for maintenance also determines the amount left over to the old age pensioners'?
Mr. Speaker: That seems to go to the merits of the matter. I was listening to the hon. Lady's speech and I could not, myself, see the relevance of the pocket money to the particular matter legislated for in these Regulations. I thought she was introducing it as a sort of foreground to her argument about the charge for accommodation, but it is perfectly true that the debate on this Motion must be concerned only with the increase in the charges for accommodation. That is the point really before the House.
Mr. Woodburn: Further to that point of order. Am I to understand that if my hon. Friend argues that the charge should be reduced to 23s. that would meet the point of the right hon. and gallant Gentleman opposite? It would certainly meet the point of my hon. Friend for Coatbridge and Airdrie (Mrs. Mann)—because, if it was reduced to 23s., it would leave more in the pockets of the old age pensioners.
Mr. Speaker: I think the argument must be confined to the increase in charges for accommodation. That may have all sorts of consequences, but all those consequences would not necessarily be in order in a Motion of this sort.
Mrs. Mann: The charge under the previous regulation, Sir, was 21s. I understand that it was fixed relative to the amount that ought to be left, having regard to the amount that would be necessary for people who had been in residential accommodation to have in their hands, on leaving that accommodation, to meet the cost of rent, clothing and the things that they did not require whilst they were in the accommodation. If the right hon. and gallant Gentleman opposite is arguing that this extra 5s. is necessary, may I point out that in the last week of the old Session I asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he considered the amount given to old age pensioners in the 1952 Budget was adequate to meet the increased cost of living. The Chancellor then said it was more than adequate. That amount was 2s. 6d. for
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an old man and 1s. 6d. for his wife; namely, 4s. for a couple. If the Chancellor considered—and we have it on record—that 4s. was more than adequate then how do hon. and right hon. Members opposite justify an increase of 10s. for a couple of old age pensioners?
Mr. J. K. Vaughan-Morgan: As I understand it, the minimum charge, with certain exceptions, already fixed in the Regulations under the original Act was 26s. The effect of these Regulations will be to cause the Exchequer to pay the amount now paid by the local authority.
Mrs. Mann: I am afraid that the very opposite is the case. The Regulations allowed a charge of 21s.; then these Regulations come along, operating on 3rd August—and, if I may say so, sprung on us on the last day that the House sat before rising for the Recess—permitting a charge of 26s.
The Minister of Health (Mr. Iain Macleod): I will try to be helpful, because I really think the hon. Lady for Coatbridge and Airdrie (Mrs. Mann) is on a wrong point. So far as I know, and I have looked carefully into it, not a single person is adversely affected by these Regulations, because the original Act lays down a standard charge and the people will pay according to means. Those who have pensions to which they have contributed, are already paying, whether the Regulations are approved or not, at a rate of 26s. The people who are paying 21s. are the people who have only National Assistance, and therefore this 5s. is purely a financial transaction between the National Assistance Board and the local authorities. I assure the hon. Lady that we know of no single person in Part III accommodation who would be adversely affected by these Regulations, which are purely financial.
Mrs. Mann: The information that I have received from inquiries at institutions under my local authority is to the contrary. In Coatbridge we have provided homes for our old people, and the local authority is allowed a good deal of latitude in the provision of hospital accommodation. If the right hon. Gentleman is correct in saying that the Regulations do not provide what I suggest they do, then why impose them?

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As I understand it, they urge local authorities to increase their charge for accommodation by an extra 5s. and they carry on the old concept that the old people should be left with 5s. We feel that the time has come when that should be altered because we do not feel that that amount is adequate.
A sum of 26s. leaves a balance which is insufficient to meet the cost of living. There are many things which are necessary for life, apart from bread. There are tram journeys, newspapers, knitting and sewing materials, and there may even be an urgent telephone call. There may even be extra food required. Must it be said that this House frowns on an old chap being able to go out and buy a pint of beer? Surely hon. Members, who think nothing of paying 30s. for a bottle of wine, or 45s. for a bottle of champagne, would allow old people to enjoy life by having an occasional pint of beer.
I am more concerned with the cost of living as it affects old people in hospitals. I think we ought to have left them with considerably more money with which to meet their obligations. In my constituency, nothing whatever is deducted from the pension of these old people during the first eight weeks. After that a small amount is deducted for a few weeks, and then the 26s. provision is put into operation leaving them with 6s. 6d. Old people have prolonged stays, because the older one gets the longer recovery takes. Recuperative powers grow more feeble, and chronic cases are predominant. These Regulations leave them nothing for continuing to pay the rent whilst in hospital or for the warm clothing they require when they come out.
While the Regulations may not specifically apply to the hospitals, the amount charged for hostel accommodation under National Assistance is correlated to that charged by local authorities to the old people in hospitals. Hon. Members on this side of the House very much regret that these Regulations were brought forward. We believe that the time is ripe for recasting our ideas concerning old people in institutions of all kinds. I hope that the right hon. and gallant Gentleman will withdraw these Regulations, so that the House may have another look at the situation with regard to old people.
10.22 p.m.
Mr. Tom Brown: I beg to second the Motion.
It has been moved convincingly by my hon. Friend the Member for Coatbridge and Airdrie (Mrs. Mann). These Regulations are brought forward under Section 22 of the principal Act, which was put upon the Statute Book in 1948. I am complaining not that the. Minister is exercising the powers conceded to him, but that he has allowed pressure from outside authorities to outweigh his humanitarianism. He may tell us that local authorities who are charged with the responsibility of finding accommodation for these unfortunate citizens have been pressing him during the last few months to revise the Regulations——
Mr. Iain Macleod Mr. Iain Macleod indicated dissent.
Mr. Brown: The Minister shakes his head, but it does not alter the fact that pressure has been brought to bear.
He may also tell us that these Regulations were in course of transition when the Labour Government were in power. He may say that, but it does not alter the fact that these Regulations and the previous ones were wrong, because they never dealt adequately with the unfortunate people to whom they would apply. Section 22 of the principal Act of 1948, which deals with the charges to be made for accommodation, reads as follows:
"Persons for whom accommodation is provided under this Part of this Act shall pay for the accommodation in accordance with the following provisions of this section. (2) Subject to the following provisions of this section, the payment for any such accommodation shall be in accordance with the standard rate fixed for that accommodation by the authority managing the premises in which it is provided. (3) Where a person for whom accommodation in premises managed by any local authority is provided, or proposed to be provided, under this Part of this Act satisfies the local authority that he is unable to pay therefor at the standard rate, the authority shall assess his ability to pay. …"
That is an obligation resting upon the authority. They must take into consideration what the patient, whether man or woman, is able to pay
"… (apart from any supplementation of his resources which he will receive under Part II of this Act), and accordingly determine at what lower rate he shall be liable to pay for the accommodation: Provided that the liability shall in no case be reduced below such sum per week as may be prescribed by the Minister."

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Up to the present moment the sum prescribed by the Minister is 21s. The Minister cannot deny that. These Regulations make it compulsory to a very large degree upon the patient to pay 26s. The right hon. Gentleman may shake his head, but our experience is just the other way. We are finding that local authorities are charging that amount already, and this is manifestly unfair—I go further and say it is dishonest—because in these hostels 26s. is being charged before the Regulations are approved. I challenge the Minister to deny it.
Mr. Iain Macleod: The point the hon. Gentleman has missed is that he has not read from Section 22 of the 1948 Act the overriding provision, which is that the standard charge shall be made according to needs, and therefore all local authorities, as far as I know—I put it like that—in England and Wales, since the pension increase to 32s. 6d. came in in September a year ago, have in fact already been charging, and must according to the 1948 Act charge, 26s.; and these particular Regulations make no difference to that position at all.
Mr. Brown: Surely the right hon. Gentleman is not going to shelter himself behind that, because we know the position is totally different. He says, "As far as I know." Does he know everything in that connection? Let us be quite frank, because this is a very important matter. Is it not true that local authorities charged with the responsibility with which they are charged have already been charging 26s. when the existing Regulations say they should charge only 21s.? Very well.
I invite the Minister to make an examination of the administrative machine of the local authorities who should have continued to charge 21s. for accommodation until these Regulations had been passed by this House. I am very sorry that I entirely and wholeheartedly disagree with the information which the Minister has given to the House.
We had better get on with our arguments regarding our proposal. These Regulations affect the most unfortunate of our fellow citizens. Nobody can challenge that. The Minister cannot, nor his Department. I am very sorry I have to mention the Minister like this. I hope
2566
he will pardon me. I am not saying anything disrespectful about him, but I would say that if his Department cannot find any better use for their time than to bring forth these Regulations it is about time they should have a reshuffle.
These Regulations affect the most unfortunate of our fellow citizens. No man can challenge that statement. They affect the lonely because they are left high and dry. In the ordinary way of life they have to go to these hostels. They have no relatives or friends who will care for them. The only hope they have is to go to a hostel.
Furthermore, these Regulations will affect the blind, and that is a very important matter. The Minister shakes his head, but he has said in his circular that they affect the blind as well as the permanently infirm and the semi-permanently infirm, a class of people in society who have been overtaken in the race of life by all sorts of handicaps. Our job, whether we like it or not, is to help as far as we can those who have been overtaken by all sorts of misfortunes and handicaps. If we are true to our British characteristics we will see that that task is undertaken.
Since these Regulations were placed on the Table of the House, I have often asked myself, are we doing what is right to these unfortunate people? Are we making it possible for them to enjoy the eventide of life? I say definitely that we are not. These are the fifth set of Regulations that have been brought in since 1948, and not one of them has ever done justice to the unfortunate people in society.
These Regulations remind me of a character in Dickens's "Christmas Carol." They are mean, they are parsimonious and they are unworthy of the characteristics of a decent British mind. They are lacking in the correct conception of the lot of the unfortunate, and the Department but not the Minister—I do not want to be disrespectful to the Minister for I have a high regard for him—ought to be ashamed of their mentality and approach to this question.
Mr. George Thomas: The Minister sanctions them.
Mr. Brown: I know he is responsible for supervision.

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Let us examine the number affected. It is estimated that the total number of residents in the local authority homes on 1st January, 1953, was 62,000, and practically every one of them was in receipt of pension or National Assistance. What does that indicate? It indicates at a glance that every one of those 62,000 people are living below the poverty line. Out of that total, 9,000 were in receipt of non-contributory pensions and received extra assistance from the National Assistance Board. Of the total of 62,000 17,000 have no resources at all. As we say in Lancashire, they have neither money nor marbles and few friends. They have no resources at all, and the National Assistance Board have to finance them almost entirely.
An important point is that all of them are not old. Some of them are middle aged, and some of them comparatively young. One-third of the total are blind or otherwise suffering from some handicap, and they are entitled—and I make no bones about this—to the protection of this House. They are entitled to the protection of the Minister, and I cannot understand the mentality of a Department that brings forward these Regulations which in the main will make it more difficult for these people to enjoy life as they should.
I wish the Minister would not continue to shake his head. He knows that what I am saying is perfectly true. I am not concerned about right hon. Gentlemen on either side of the House. My concern is for these unfortunate people. Is the Minister treating them as they ought to be treated? I do not think so. It is about time that a little more humanitarianism was infused into the mentality of the Department over which the Minister of Health is supervisor.
One could continue to quote hardships caused already by the charge of 21s., and now that charge is to be increased to 26s. In view of the increase in prices for the amenities which make life a little easier for these people, I suggest that the Minister would be well advised to take back these Regulations, re-examine them and then wait until the review of the whole social insurance scheme in 1954.
I plead with him. There is a large hospital in my constituency and some men and women have been in there for
2568
years. They find it extremely difficult to get the little extras and delicacies which are essential to make life a little happier, because of the limited amount of money they have left after paying for accommodation. I ask the right hon. Gentleman to take back these Regulations, reexamine them and later to bring forward something more generous to help these unfortunate citizens.
10.37 p.m.
The Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (Commander T. D. Galbraith): I am sure that the House would like to pay a tribute to the sentiments expressed by the hon. Lady the Member for Coatbridge and Airdrie (Mrs. Mann) and the hon. Gentleman the Member for Ince (Mr. T. Brown), but I must say that they are under a complete and absolute misapprehension about what the Regulations do. The arguments they have used today should have been employed when the National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) (Scotland) Amendment No. 2 Regulations, 1952, which dealt with the whole question of pocket money, which was the basis of their argument, were introduced nearly a year ago.
Mr. T. Brown: Will the right hon. and Gallant Gentleman tell us what designation we should give to the money which is left for these people after they have paid for their accommodation?
Commander Galbraith: I shall deal with the whole matter, if the hon. Gentleman will allow me to proceed.
I should like to recall to the House the White Paper (Cmd. 7248), issued in 1947, outlining the provisions of the Bill. The hon. Lady and the hon. Gentleman have missed one essential feature which is in paragraph 25, which says:
"The majority of persons admitted to residential accommodation, will have at least a retirement pension or other insurance benefit of 26s. a week. Assuming that they retain 5s. a week for pocket money, such persons will be in a position to pay at least 21s. a week for their accommodation and maintenance. The Minister, under powers conferred by the Bill accordingly proposes to prescribe 5s. a week as the normal sum required as pocket money, and 21s. a week as the minimum charge for residential accommodation."
The hon. Gentleman omitted from his argument—and the hon. Lady also—that there is a prescribed sum for pocket-money, which was laid down a year ago as the sum of 6s. 6d. Therefore, anyone

2569
drawing 32s. 6d. keeps for himself 6s. 6d., and the balance of 26s. is left for accommodation. That is the fact as it concerns persons drawing a 32s. 6d. retirement pension, and so they are not harmed in any way by these Regulations.
I think we should have a straightforward and simple statement of the facts. These Regulations simply transfer a burden from the local authorities to the shoulders of the Exchequer, through its agency, the National Assistance Board. Can I demonstrate this to the House, so Members can understand what is happening? Assuming that the 21s. minimum charge still stands and a person is drawing a pension of 10s. a week—and there are widows in these homes drawing 10s. a week—then that person receives the 6s. 6d. and 3s. 6d. is left; therefore, the National Assistance Board has to come forward with 17s. 6d.
Mr. T. Brown: In very few cases.
Commander Galbraith: Yes, but there are other people. There are those who have a non-contributory pension of 26s. and they claim their 6s. 6d., and there is 19s. 6d. left; so, in this case, the National Assistance Board comes forward with 1s. 6d. What is going to happen now that we have increased the charge? In the case of the non-contributory pensioner drawing 26s. a week, the Board is going to pay 6s. 6d. instead of 1s. 6d., and 22s. 6d. instead of 17s. 6d. For the United Kingdom the total cost to the Exchequer will be about £400,000 a year. Some hon. Members opposite recognised this long ago. In April of last year, the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Carmichael) said:
"If the local authorities have to bear this burden much longer there will be a restriction of the programme for providing homes for the aged people."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 29th April, 1952; Vol. 499, c. 1400.]
We are relieving the local authorities of a considerable amount of their burden; in fact, to the tune of something like £400,000 a year, and we hope that that will spur them on to providing more homes. These Regulations should not harm a single person; they simply remove a burden from the shoulders of the local authorities. In these circumstances, I hope that the House will allow the Regulations to operate.
10.44 p.m.
Mr. William Keenan: In the early stages of this discussion it appeared to me that this alteration did not apply to the contributory pensioner. I do not know why these Regulalations were not embodied with those which were promulgated last year. It is now twelve months or more since the National Assistance scales and the National Insurance pension rates were increased, and I am wondering if any local authority allowed those who had the 32s. 6d. pension to get 11s. 6d., or whether any anticipated these Regulations and made the figure 6s. 6d.
The explanation of the Minister is clear. Actually the scale for National Assistance is slightly higher at 35s., but it would appear that the intention of the Minister is to make the Assistance Board accept liability at the contributory pension figure of 32s. 6d. I am glad that we have had it made clear.
In my constituency we have a building which houses approximately 1,400 people, most of whom are aged and infirm, and I wish to emphasise that this advance from 5s. 6d. to 6s. 6d. is totally inadequate. It does not pay for two ounces of tobacco. I hope that the Minister will look at this matter again, because a good case can be made out for increasing the amount. These old people are in institutions only because they have no friends or relatives to care for them.
Miss Elaine Burton: I wish to ask if I should be in order in developing another side of this problem. It seems to me that what is important in this argument is what the old people have to do with the money left to them after what they have paid for living in these homes has been deducted. I wish to discuss what the local authorities provide for the old people because that will determine the value of the money left to them. Should I be in order in discussing that?
Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Sir Charles MacAndrew): I doubt it. These Regulations simply alter the amount. If we went into detail about other money we should be going beyond the scope of the Regulations.
Miss Burton: What I wanted to pursue was what the old person has to do with the money that is left after this

2571
charge has been made, which seems to me, subject to your approval, to be in order.
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I do not think so, because these Regulations deal only with the charges for accommodation. I can appreciate the point the hon. Lady is making, but I think it is too far removed from the matter we are discussing.
Mr. Angus Maude: Is it not the fact, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, that even if the charge for accommodation is deducted from the total sum, these Regulations in no way affect the amount of pocket money left to the inmate of any institution?
Miss Burton: I will not trouble you with the matter any further, Mr. Deputy-Speaker. I wanted to discuss the accommodation which was provided for this sum.
Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I do not think that that would be in order. These Regulations simply deal with the charge for the accommodation. There is nothing about the accommodation itself.
Miss Burton: Would the Minister consider collecting information from the various local authorities as to what is done for the old people resident in their homes, because some authorities are good and some are bad. If one is lucky enough to be resident in a home administered by a good authority, it means that the money left to one often goes further. Would the right hon. Gentleman consider publishing a booklet giving an example of what is left to the old people resident in these homes?
Mr. Iain Macleod: I shall be very happy to consider what the hon. Lady says and see if there is any more information which I can give the House.
10.52 p.m.
Mr. George Thomas: I would not have intervened in this debate were it not that all of us have a very special concern, the well-being of these old folk. I think that the public conscience is more sensitive about the way in which we treat the older generation than about most public questions. This concern is not necessarily confined to people of any one political opinion. I acknowledge that men of good will in all
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parties are concerned to see that Regulations of this sort should not impinge too harshly upon the weaker members of the community.
During the Recess, I had old folk come to me in great distress because they felt—and indeed they so complained to me—that they were going to receive less as a result of what the Minister has been saying. I take it from what the Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland has said—I hope he will correct me if I am wrong—that these old folk will not receive a penny less than they received before these Regulations came out, including the people who are on the full basic pension. I am not referring to the non-contributors.
Commander Galbraith: With your permission, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, I should like to answer that point. It may be that some people will suffer, because they have been drawing more than they ought to. That came about in this way. The House will remember that the pension rate was raised first of all to 30s. When it was so raised no reference was made to any increase in what I may call pocket money, and some local authorities split the additional 4s. equally between the individual and themselves. Others did other things. In fact, I have before me a list of authorities who treated the matter in quite different ways. But the majority of them adhered to what was the correct and legal procedure, that is, they let the pocket money stay at 5s. Therefore, the answer to the hon. Gentleman's question is that in certain individual cases people may get less.
Mr. Thomas: I am very grateful for that answer, although I must express my deep concern at its contents, because the Minister did not give any indication as to how many people will suffer a reduction if these Regulations go through. In how many cases——
Commander Galbraith: It was not legal for them to have had that money.
Mr. Thomas: Whether it has been legal or not, whether the Minister has been remiss in not seeing that local authorities fulfilled their duties and obligations, I do not know; all I am concerned with is that there are old people who, if these Regulations go through, will have less to spend than they

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have been receiving from the local authority.
I have no desire to make a party point out of this, but I do think it would be wrong for these Regulations to be rushed through the House tonight without our realising that a nameless number—we have no indication how many have been receiving the higher rate which they ought not to have had—are going to suffer as a result. The general cost of living is the basis for these Regulations, and, in view of the general increase in the cost of living, it seems unreasonable that the Minister should go out of his way in these Regulations not to see that the other pensioners are brought up to what these people have been receiving but that these pensioners who have been on the higher scale are pulled down. I cannot find adequate reasons for supporting these Regulations, and if my hon. Friends are going into the Division Lobby they can count on my support.
Mrs. E. M. Braddock: I should have been prepared to support these Regulations if I felt that they were doing what has been stated, but, as a member of a local authority, the Regulations seem to me to be doing the local authority out of 5s. from the National Assistance Board. At the moment, when a person in a hostel has no income, the National Assistance Board is paying the local authority only 21s., because that is the amount laid down at present. I felt that the 6s. 6d. laid down was too little; but there is nothing in these Regulations, as far as I can see, which makes any difference, excepting that it makes the National Assistance Board pay to the local authority, which is at present meeting the additional cost, the amount of the additional cost between the 21s. they are paying now and the 26s. which is laid down here. So it does not affect in any way the income of the person who has the insurance amount, because they have been drawing only 6s. 6d. for over 12 months.
I am on an old age persons sub-committee of the Liverpool Corporation, and one of our difficulties is that the National Assistance Board refuses to pay us 26s. because the Regulations say only 21s. I want to see these Regulations go through so that the local authorities can
2574
claim from the National Assistance Board the amount it ought to have been paying for the last 12 months. An hon. Friend asks me about all those who will suffer a reduction; but they had that 12 months ago. It was laid down that instead of 5s. the aged person in a hostel should be left with 6s. 6d. It is true that for a few weeks we were in a quandary, when it was raised to 32s. 6d., about what we should do between the 21s. they were paying and the 32s. 6d. I am very anxious——
Mr. Thomas Fraser: I think that the hon. Lady is mistaken. The 1952 Regulations are based upon the increase from 5s. to 6s. 6d. and came into operation simultaneously with the 32s. 6d. She said there was an interim period when she did not know what to do.
Mrs. Braddock: There were a few weeks intervening before they came into operation.
Mr. Fraser: No.
Mrs. Braddock: Yes. We have had this matter argued at the Liverpool local authority. That is the reason why there is this discrepancy and why some local authorities divided the amount into halves between the 21s. and the 32s. 6d. The Regulations with the 6s. 6d. pocket money were laid down about 12 months ago.
Mr. Woodburn: I do not think that the hon. Lady is differing from what any of my hon. Friends have said. The Minister has explained that because the new Regulations are to be imposed, some old age pensioner might suffer loss. While that is not a matter with which these Regulations are concerned, it is a matter which concerns my hon. Friend and she has appealed to the Minister to say whether it would be possible to alter the position in the Regulations. Perhaps he might take into consideration what has been said and not allow people to suffer.
Mrs. Braddock: It still seems to me that the matter is in a fog. I cannot see that these Regulations have anything to do with that matter at all. They are only making the National Assistance Board pay an extra 5s. to the local authority for every person who is not in receipt

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of an insurance pension. If that is all it is about, I hope it goes through. On the other hand, the 6s. 6d. which was laid down was insufficient because fares and other odds and ends bought by old age pensioners have increased. If I thought the Regulations had anything to do with that I would support my hon. Friend, but I cannot see that it has.
Mrs. Mann: I still think there is a great deal of confusion in the House about this matter. From the Government Front Bench we heard a statement that no old age pensioner would be affected in any way, and then the Minister corrected himself by saying that there would be some who would be.
Commander Galbraith: Perhaps I should have said that there might be some. There are only a few local authorities affected in Scotland, and I understand that there are none in England, but I could not give an absolute assurance to the House that none of them were not getting more than the 6s. 6d.
Mrs. Mann: It would appear that the Government Front Bench are quite keen to see that no one suffers from the Regulations. In view of that fact, and the fact that we have had a good airing of this matter, I beg to ask leave to withdraw the Motion.
Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

OLD SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Sir Cedric Drewe.]
11.4 p.m.
Mr. Ralph Morley: The Select Committee on Estimates, in their 8th Report, which dealt with schools, stated that the worst feature of our educational organisation was the old school buildings. They mentioned that in many areas children had to go to these old school buildings because there was no alternative accommodation. They went on to say that very many of these buildings were slums and they should either be immediately demolished or substantially repaired, no matter how much the cost might be. But they also said that
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the Ministry seemed to be quite resigned to these buildings serving as educational establishments for another decade.
The statement in the Select Committee's Report was really an understatement. In 1925 a black list was drawn up of schools not fitted for the teaching of children. Today, 28 years after, there are still nearly 600 of those schools remaining on the black list. These same schools which were condemned 25 years ago, and have had no alterations made since, are still in use. I think that if a new black list were to be drawn up today and related to modern requirements and standards of education there would be thousands of schools, especially in rural areas, which would have to be placed on that list. There are many schools which were built in the '70s, '80s, and '90s of the last century, and even earlier.
In the Ministry of Education Report in 1949, it was stated that in one area 20 per cent. of the primary schools were over 100 years old, and that 72 per cent. were constructed in the last century. We have those schools throughout the country without proper heating, lighting, sanitation, water supply, and none of the amenities we should expect to see in schools today. In many of them there is no woodwork or metalwork room, no housewifery room, and no lavatories, and although in the country even having no playing fields.
In June of this year the "News Chronicle" asked one of its staff, Mr. Royer Davis, to make a survey of these ancient school buildings, and they published his reports on 29th and 30th June. It is one of the strange features of the contemporary scene that although people are much more interested in education today than they have been during the last 50 years—and I know that from my personal experience—yet most organs of the daily Press pay little attention indeed to education. The "News Chronicle" is an honourable exception, and it did send this very competent journalist round to make a survey of these old schools. I quote some of the conditions he found during the course of this survey.
"The Midlands.—One school is high, gloomy and grimy, built in the 1830s. Plumbing and sanitation grim. Only heating is by open fires with inadequate chimneys which quickly fill classrooms with smoke. On cold days ink is frozen in the inkwells and sometimes children wear gloves all day.

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Yorkshire.—There is a school where the fire brigade calls once every three months to flush out the sanitary arrangements. The children look even more round and solemn-eyed than usual sitting in old fashioned pew desks for eight. I think it was to this school that an old boy returned recently to see the dear old place for the last time.' He was sitting at those same desks 72 years ago."
Dealing with the schools of Bedfordshire, Mr. Royer Davis said:
"Twenty-two schools of long ago drowsing in the peaceful countryside. Most of them have no water. One is almost in the farmyard and has pigstyes built against the wall. None has anything but pails for lavatories. Walls are badly cracked and sometimes rainwater pours through the roof so badly that the pupils have to be moved. The ceiling looks like coming down at any moment. In the front porch the ceiling did come down years ago. It has never been repaired."
I have also a number of cuttings which I have received from various local newspapers describing conditions in the old school buildings in their areas. I have only time to read a very few of the cuttings I have received, and I crave the indulgence of the House to quote a few. The "Middlesbrough Evening Gazette" says:
"If the children at Great Stanton Village School, near Darlington, want a drink they have two alternatives, to drink rainwater from the roof gutters or to go to a house in the village for one."
The "Manchester Guardian" of 24th February, 1953, commented:
"One Manchester school has had to be closed because the building had decayed to such an extent that it was unsafe for children to stay in it any longer. Several others are nearing this condition. At one school a line of half a dozen lavatories have but one window pane between them. The gaps in the other frame are boarded up with sides of the boxes."
The "Evening Advertiser," Swindon, says:
"Councillor Chapman at a meeting of the Marlborough Town Council said: 'The Ministry of Education's attitude to schools was, "If you have enough places it does not matter whether you have schools or cowsheds."'"
The "Bedfordshire Times" of 8th May said:
"Alderman Yates said that the sub-committee were appalled by the revelations of the sanitary officers dealing with conditions in Bedford Rural District. Some schools were condemned a quarter of a century ago and it seemed as if they would be unable to make real improvements for another quarter of a century."
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I could quote many other cuttings—I have received scores of newspapers cuttings describing conditions similar to those—but I have not the time tonight. The cuttings that I have already quoted substantiate the statements which were made in the Report of the Select Committee. It is noticeable from most of those reports in the local papers that the chairmen and other members of education committees, when commenting on the bad state of the schools, especially in the rural areas, under their jurisdiction, always pay tribute to the devotion and the skill of the teachers in those schools. In fact, I think were it not for the devotion and the skill of those teachers, we might write over the portals of those schools the words that Dante said were inscribed on the gates of Hell: Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch'entrate, "All hope abandon, ye who enter here."
The original idea about school building was to have a capital allocation of £70 million for a period of 15 years in order to deal with the increased school population and the situation which had been created by the new housing estates. In 1949 we were reached that figure, but last year, according to the Minister's statement last week, expenditure was only £42 million for new school buildings, and she also said on Thursday of last week that it would be about the same sum, namely £42 million, for the new school buildings this year. I do not think that that £42 million will cope even with the increased number of children entering the schools and with the increased needs which arise from the erection of numerous housing estates which have large child populations. I do not think that such an expenditure can deal with those two considerations except at the cost of overcrowded schools and a very considerable increase in the number of large classes.
Unfortunately, on Thursday last the Minister gave figures which admitted that in the last year between January, 1952, and January, 1953, the number of classes of over 40 children had increased by nearly 9,000 and that more than 44,000 classes had over 40 children on the roll. It is an appalling thought that nearly 2,000,000 children are being taught in classes of over 40. There is no hope of anything being done about these old school buildings from the £42 million

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which is at present allocated for the construction of new school buildings.
There is another aspect of the case and that is that, especially in rural areas, there are now 350,000 children of 11-plus who are not receiving any form of secondary education. The great Act of 1944 laid it down that every child should receive an education suitable to its age, aptitude and abilities. Inherent in that statement was the fact that all children over 11 should receive a secondary education, because the only education suitable to a child over that age is a secondary education. But 350,000 children are still being taught in all-age schools, which are classified as primary schools, and they, are, therefore, not receiving a secondary education. The combination of very bad buildings with lack of secondary education is handicapping country children in relation to the children of the towns.
We have seen a steady drift of agricultural workers from the land to the towns in spite of higher wages and better conditions. I imagine one of the reasons why we get this unfortunate migration is that the agricultural worker knows that in many instances his children will receive a much better education if he migrates to the town than they will if he remains in the country.
It is imperative in my judgment—and this is what the Select Committee on Estimates said—that a building programme should be started in addition to the existing programme of the £42 million in order to rebuild the very old schools, to bring them up to date and give children in those areas some chance of a good education. It was suggested by Dr. Alexander, the secretary of the Association of Education Committee, in a weekly periodical recently that that could be done with an additional expenditure specifically for this purpose of £15 million a year for a period of 15 years. That would be sufficient to renovate all the old school buildings.
I have no desire whatever to attack the Minister of Education. I have no desire to attack any Minister of Education. I would very much rather praise him or her, whoever he or she might be. I recognise that the right hon. Lady the present Minister has defended the policy
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of her Department with skill and stubbornness at the Despatch Box and in Committee upstairs. But, if I may say so, she has so far done nothing constructive in the realm of educational advance.
The right hon. Lady has not shown that capacity for surprise, for audacity, which is the hallmark of great and high statesmanship, and I suggest to the Parliamentary Secretary, that he should try to persuade his chief—who is now a member of the Cabinet, and in the innermost counsels of the nation and, therefore, has correspondingly increased influence—to seek greater capital allocation for school building. Cannot he try to persuade his right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who has a very sincere sympathy with, and keen interest in, educational matters, to allow greater capital allocation to be earmarked for the renovation and reconstruction of these disgraceful old buildings? That would be a really constructive action on the part of the Minister of Education, and she might then well go down in history as one of our truly great Ministers of Education.
11.22 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education (Mr. Kenneth Pickthorn): I am very grateful to the hon. Member for the kind words with which he praised my right hon. Friend's skill, a quality which one would wish to have. Stubbornness, perhaps, is a quality one can bear to have attributed to one by one's critics, but whether audacity is a good quality for a Minister of Education to possess, I am not sure. I am not sure if it would be even relevant in this matter, let alone whether it is good or bad.
I do not propose to go at length into the Report of the Select Committee. I was, at one time, as familiar with it as any hon. Member, but I cannot say that now, and it has been fully debated in this present Session in this House; although it would be in order, in the strict sense, to speak of it tonight, I think the fact that it has been fully discussed is sufficient reason for me not to deal with it at length.
Mr. F. Blackburn: Only hon. and right hon. Members on the Front Benches debated it.
Mr. Pickthorn: I cannot remember that now, but I do think I can recall that having happened with some subjects when I was on the back benches. But the House came to a decision on the Report, and I do not propose to go into the matter tonight.
Some of these schools were termed slum schools; it was never suggested in the Report that they should be pulled down at any cost—rather that some should be reconstructed at considerable cost. But, in any case, where does the logic of that take the hon. Member? Is every slum, as soon as it is discovered, to be pulled down at considerable cost next day? One cannot accept that the argument of some schools being very bad takes us much further; and it is a point upon which there is no great difference of opinion between the two sides of the House.
It is recognised, and has been for some time, that some schools are very bad, and in so far as that is agreed we start from the same beginning. But what the hon. Member is doing under the guise of a Motion for the Adjournment is something which, in other circumstances, could not be in order; for he asks that Her Majesty should somehow be bound to the extra expenditure of some £15 million on old buildings for the next 20 years. That is really what is being proposed. I should be willing to debate that proposal at length, but it is obvious that to that proposal nothing which the hon. Gentleman has said is relevant: nothing else is relevant to that proposal except where we get the millions from.
We were told the other day by a party which met at Margate—I will not mention which party—that difficulties about expenditure were not to be allowed to stand in the way of education, even if that meant going without some other things. However, we were not told what were the other things. This subject is a matter of general debate between everyone in public life, to which it seems to me that the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education at this Box cannot make anything like a full reply with propriety, even were he in order in so doing.
The bad condition of many schools we all know about. There is nothing new about that: we have had the spectacle for a long time. In 1924 and 1925 lists were drawn up which have since formed
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the famous black list. If I may give some figures which the hon. Member did not give, by the end of 1938, of the 2,827 schools originally on the list, 1,983 had been removed, either by being so much improved that they were no longer to be retained in that category, or by being abandoned.
It is fair to add that there is something on the other side of the account; none of us know how much. On the other side of the account is the destruction wrought by the war, when I think something like 5,000 schools were destroyed or seriously damaged. So there is nothing left between us on this question, that there are many old school buildings which ought to be very much improved, or in the great majority of cases abandoned and replaced.
The Education Act of 1944 laid on local authorities the duty of surveying the needs of their areas, and hon. Members will remember all about that. The development plans which emerged made it clear that there were thousands of schools falling short of modern requirements. These plans were given full publicity at the time, and the Socialist Minister in his Annual Report for 1948 devoted five pages to what might be called an almost lurid account of these schools. There is no dispute between us; there is no distinguishable responsibility falling on Her Majesty's present advisers.
But before any large scale programme of improvement could be contemplated there was the abnormal and surprising increase in the number of children born in the years immediately after 1945. It then became clear, as was announced by Mr. Tomlinson, that the needs of the old schools would have to wait.
I must insist that was made clear by Mr. Tomlinson in a speech in July, 1949, and on very nearly the same date he had to issue a circular saying that, owing to the financial emergency, local authorities would not be surprised to know that they would have to cut down expenditure in several respects. All that happened by 1949.
The amount of work there was to be done, quite apart from having to accommodate the abnormally large birthrate, was indicated by another Socialist Minister of Education, Miss Wilkinson: she said it was a job for a generation. Though the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the

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Minister of Education are trying to arrange how this work is to be carried out eventually, it is not a job about which any budgeting on a national scale can usefully be done beforehand. The size and scale of the task is enormous, and it is certainly true that the task is greater than any probable financial allowance. It is also true, on the other hand, that inspectors and education authorities do year by year, and I might almost say day by day, give information to my right hon. Friend enabling her to have adequate and, as far as such things are capable of precision, accurate information of the immediate and most urgent tasks.
We should be less than fair if we did not go on to say that something is being done about the old schools: it is not true that nothing at all is being done. It has not been the policy of any Government to make repair and maintenance work the subject of direct control by the Minister. L.E.As. have been free to provide as they thought best within their estimates, and to put in hand any essential projects without the Minister's formal approval.
Mr. Blackburn: Is it not a fact that in September of last year the Minister issued a circular to local authorities asking them to limit the amount spent on minor repairs?
Mr. Pickthorn: That does not affect the argument which I am giving. My right hon. Friend does not attempt to control specific projects for repair and maintenance, but if she is given evidence that any local education authority, or body of managers for that matter, are acting in an irresponsible manner in this respect she has publicly pledged herself to
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use her powers, and she would not hesitate to use them——
Mr. Morley: Surely the Minister has laid down by regulation the extent to which local authorities can engage in minor capital expenditure, namely 10s. per head of the pupils in their charge, plus £25 for each school with an overhead ceiling of £7,500. They cannot go beyond that, which would be of very little use to deal with this problem.
Mr. Pickthorn: The hon. Gentleman is now on a different point, and is mistaken upon my point. I was talking about maintenance and repair, but he has gone off into improvements, which is a distinguishable case.
Mr. Morley: These old schools——
Mr. Pickthorn: I listened with very great care to the hon. Gentleman and it will be impossible for me to answer him in the time at my disposal, which he had within his choice to make long or short, if I am to be interrupted at every sentence. Even if we cannot do all we should like, it is very often possible to carry out a substantial job of improvement which will turn an old building into something quite effective and even sometimes into a not disagreeable school. This kind of work has been going on at the rate of——
The Question having been proposed after Ten o'Clock, and the debate having continued for half an hour, Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House without Question put, pursuant to the Standing Order.
Adjourned at Twenty-six Minutes to Twelve o'Clock.