Commons Sitting of 16 July 1952

Preamble
The House met at Half past Two o'Clock
PRAYERS
[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]
PRIVATE BUSINESS
  TOTTENHAM CORPORATION BILL [Lords]
  Read the Third time, and passed, with Amendments.
  NOTTINGHAM CORPORATION BILL [Lords] (by Order)
  As amended, considered; Amendments made to the Bill; Bill to be read the Third time.
ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
  MINISTRY OF FOOD

    Irish Meat and Eggs
    Mr. Follickasked the Minister of Food if he is aware that quantities of eggs and meat are going to Spain from Ireland with the name, Irlanda, marked on the eggs and, seeing that the need for these commodities is urgent in this country, if he will make it attractive to the Irish to send their exportable food surplus to help to assuage the need in this country for more eggs and meat.
    The Minister of Food (Major Lloyd George): Under our existing contract for eggs I expect to receive about 95 per cent. of the total exports from the Irish Republic in the 12 months ending next February. Most of our supplies of meat come in the form of live cattle and we get not less than 90 per cent. of the total exports at prices closely comparable to those we pay our own farmers.
    Mr. Follick: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman aware that I have seen piles of these Irish eggs in the Spanish shops and that in almost every butcher's shop in Spain there is Irish meat? The Spaniards tell me that this meat is very good meat. Cannot the right hon. and gallant Gentleman do something about
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    the Irish market which is so close to us, because it might better the relations of this country with Ireland if he would take more of their products, and it would help us in this country?
    Major Lloyd George: I think the hon. Gentleman will appreciate that the fact that we get 95 per cent. of the exportable surplus of eggs and about 90 per cent. of the exportable surplus of meat from Ireland shows that they are very satisfied with the terms we offer them.
    Mr. E. L. Mallalieu: Is not the right hon. and gallant Gentleman aware that there is a difference of 5s. per live cwt. between the price paid by his Ministry to the Republican farmers and the price paid to the Northern Ireland farmers, and that, in addition, the farmer of the Irish Republic has to pay transport from Ireland to Birkenhead whereas the Northern Ireland farmer has not? Would it not make a great difference to the supply of meat from Ireland—even this 5 per cent. is worth having—if he considered that matter?
    Mr. T. Williams: Is it not also the case that the wages paid to agricultural workers in Southern Ireland are only about two-thirds of what they are in Northern Ireland?
    Major Lloyd George: That is so, and, of course, the case of Northern Ireland approximates more closely to our position here. But the arrangement to which the hon. Gentleman referred has been in operation for some time, and the fact remains that the percentage of our imports from Ireland is very high and that our imports of carcase meat have increased by considerably more.
    Mr. W. G. Bennett: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman aware that Ireland takes very large quantities of fruit from Spain, and that these have to be paid for in some way, such as the export of meat and eggs?

    Soft Cheeses
    Sir I. Fraserasked the Minister of Food if he will encourage the making in Britain of characteristic varieties of English cheeses to be sold at an economic price so as to make it worthwhile to the producer and to enrich our larder.
    Major Lloyd George: I understand my hon. Friend is referring to soft cheeses.

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    Farmers are free to use milk for soft cheese, and to sell it free of price control. But any special encouragement to the making of soft cheese could only be at the expense of ration cheese, of which we are already very short.
    Sir I. Fraser: Is my right hon. and gallant Friend aware that many people do not realise that these cheeses are no longer controlled, and will he make it known to farmers and grocers, and to those who like these rich cheeses, that they can have them if they are prepared to pay the price?
    Major Lloyd George: I hope the answer I have given today will give sufficient publicity for that purpose.

    Eggs (Black Market)
    Miss Burtonasked the Minister of Food if he is now in a position to make a statement on the black market activity in eggs and on the action proposed by the Government.
    Major Lloyd George: As the hon. Member was informed on 2nd July, I am examining the system of egg control, with particular reference to illegal sales. I cannot say more at the moment.
    Miss Burton: I am well aware of that, but is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman also aware that he himself told the country that more than half the eggs were not going through the egg grading scheme, and that this has been going on for a long time? How soon can he hope to get a satisfactory solution to the matter?
    Major Lloyd George: I did not say that half the eggs were not going through the egg packing station, thus suggesting that they were going into the black market. Of the 45 per cent. of eggs not going through the packing stations, between 15 and 20 per cent. are quite legitimately sold freely as eggs produced by the 25 head of hens and under, and therefore the amount unaccounted for is about a quarter. Another point is that the eggs passing through the packing stations have more than doubled in the last four years. But, even so, I am not satisfied that the scheme is entirely satisfactory, and that is why I am looking into the matter.
    Sir W. Smithers: Is my right hon. and gallant Friend aware that it is quite impossible to have an effective control over the distribution of eggs? Why not take off all controls altogether, as well as the control of black hats?
    Miss Burton: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman aware that the figure he gave was 55 per cent., and not 45 per cent., which was not going through the scheme?
    Major Lloyd George indicated dissent.
    Miss Burton: I am sorry, but I am within the recollection of HANSARD and of Members of the House. It was 45 per cent. that was going through and 55 per cent. which was not.
    Major Lloyd George: If I gave that impression, I certainly apologise. The fact is that 55 per cent. goes through the packing stations and 45 per cent. does not.
    Miss Burtonasked the Minister of Food if he will give details concerning the type of convictions, between 1st October and 31st May last, dealing with large-scale operations in the black market on eggs.
    Major Lloyd George: Thirty-nine producers, 84 retailers and 63 caterers were convicted of illegal dealing in eggs in varying quantities up to 1,417 dozen.

    Milk (Quality)
    Mr. Doddsasked the Minister of Food what precautions are taken by his Department to ensure that the public are supplied with milk of a reasonable quality.
    Major Lloyd George: Standards governing the composition of milk and its cleanliness and safety are laid down in Statutory Regulations. These are administered by local authorities. I am also empowered to specify areas in which only milk of special designation may be retailed, and I am doing so as quickly as conditions permit.
    Mr. Dodds: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman not aware of the spate of protests about the deterioration of milk that have been made recently by county councils and city councils, who, state that cows are now being produced for a higher yield of milk and not for

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    quality? They are asking that the Government should look into the matter with a view to safeguarding the standards of milk.
    Major Lloyd George: There is a minimum standard laid down—
    Mr. Dodds: It is too low.
    Major Lloyd George: No, it is not too low. The minimum standard is, in fact, below the average of the fat content. The average milk content throughout the country, therefore, is above what is laid down by statute. In any case, the local authorities could take action if they wanted to.
    Mr. Hurd: In looking at this problem, will my right hon. and gallant Friend bear in mind that the records of the Milk Marketing Board show that there is a steady improvement in the quality of milk as regards butter fat and solids not fat?
    Mr. Shurmer: Is the Minister aware that recently the city analyst of Birmingham made a statement that the milk standard is deteriorating fast and that there should be a standard below which no milk should be sold?
    Major Lloyd George: As far as the city of Birmingham is concerned, under the Milk (Special Designations) Act that is one of the cities which, I hope, will shortly be an area in which only the special designated milk can be sold.

    Fondant Imports
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Minister of Food the amount and value of confectioners' fondant imported last year and now being imported; and to what extent this is now being used for the manufacture of non-rationed confectionery.
    Major Lloyd George: Imports of fondant were not separately recorded in 1951, but it is estimated that about 102,000 tons, valued at about £8,800,000 c.i.f., were imported from all sources. Imports in the five months January to May, 1952, totalled 20,500 tons, valued at £1,714,000 c.i.f. I cannot say how much is being used by particular food industries.
    Mr. Sorensen: May we understand that this fondant can be used quite legitimately by confectioners or the manufacturers of confectionery for sale to the public?
    Major Lloyd George: Yes, certainly, but it has been very drastically cut since last year.
    Mr. Baldwin: In view of the fact that fondant costs double the price of sugar, will my right hon. and gallant Friend not agree that it is better to spend that amount of dollars to buy sugar rather than fondant?
    Major Lloyd George: I think there is something to be said for that. The real point, of course, is that we have made very drastic cuts, and this means that we are saving a good deal of money.

    Ice-cream
    Lieut.-Colonel Liptonasked the Minister of Food what savings in fat, sugar and other ingredients will be effected by lowering the standard of ice-cream.
    Major Lloyd George: The lowering of the standard will not in itself effect any savings. Supplies of milk powder and fat to the industry have already been substantially reduced, and my object in modifying the standard is to make these scarce ingredients go further.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: While the answer makes it quite clear that no saving is to be effected, is it not rather shameful that the Minister should single out a food product that is largely consumed by children for a deliberate debasement of quality?
    Major Lloyd George: It will still be very attractive, and I assure the hon. and gallant Member that he will like eating it just the same as before.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: It is not a question of that. Will the Minister not have regard to the interests of these children in this matter?
    Major Lloyd George: Yes, certainly, but I have to dish out what there is according to what there was, and that is nothing to do with me.
    Mr. Doddsasked the Minister of Food why it has become necessary to reduce the standard of ice-cream; how far it will be reduced; and for how long the lower food value will operate.
    Major Lloyd George: Because scarcity of milk powder and fat would have led

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    to shortage of ice-cream, milk solids have been reduced to a minimum of 5 per cent. instead of 7½ per cent., and fat to 4 per cent. instead of 5 per cent. The higher standard will be restored when supplies improve.
    Mr. Dodds: Can the right hon. and gallant Gentleman assure parents that ice-cream can still be looked upon as being of a fairly high food value, and will he add to this by stating whether during this period he will continue to have his ice-cream sandwich or cornet?
    Major Lloyd George: With regard to its food value, there is no question about any reduction in the standard in that sense. It is a question purely of a lesser percentage of ingredients.
    Mr. S. Silverman: Can the Minister say whether this announced policy of his of "dishing out what there is according to what there was" may be regarded as a general definition of Government policy in other matters too?
    Major Lloyd George: Perhaps I can put it more clearly as regards the Department in which I am particularly interested. What I meant to say was that the fact that we have had to reduce the fats and other things is due to the position that we found when we came into office.
    Mr. Chetwynd: Will this change necessitate any further precautions to safeguard the health of the consumers of ice-cream?
    Major Lloyd George: That aspect remains unaffected.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: In view of the unsatisfactory nature of the reply, I give notice that I shall raise this matter on the Adjournment.

    Hog Casings
    Lieut.-Colonel Liptonasked the Minister of Food what dollar purchases for the import of American hog casings have been licensed for 1952; how this amount compares with 1951; and to what extent he consulted the Association of Casing Importers in this matter.
    Major Lloyd George: As the answer is long and contains a number of figures, I will, with permission, circulate it in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Can the Minister say briefly whether the authorised dollar purchases for 1952 exceed those for 1951?
    Major Lloyd George: For the whole of 1951, the U.S.A. figure was £1,300,000, as against £1,600,000 for 1952, but this latter figure is not broken down and includes other countries.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: As that answer reveals that more dollars are to be spent in 1952 than in 1951, will the Minister say to what extent he was guided by the Association of Casings Importers, on the council of which the American meat interests have a predominating voice?
    Major Lloyd George: We have consulted them all through. The reason why we go to the United States of America and Canada for these commodities is that the alternative supplies, through Europe, are nearly always of lower quality and, although they come from the same source, cost more money. Therefore, we thought that we had better go direct to the market from which they came and thereby pay less for them.
    Following is the information:
    A quota of £1,600,000 was announced on 27th May, 1952, for the period ending 31st December, 1952, for imports of bladders and casings, natural or artificial, from a number of countries including the United States of America, Canada and Guatemala, as well as countries in Western Europe and elsewhere. This quota has been fully licensed, but I cannot say how much will be used for imports from any particular source. During the first five months of 1952, hog casings to the value of £864,000 c.i.f. have been imported from the United States of America. For the whole of 1951, the figure was £1,331,923 c.i.f. In deciding import licensing arrangements, full account has been taken of the views of the Association of Casings Importers.
    Lieut.-Colonel Liptonasked the Minister of Food by how much the price charged by his Department for raw pig gut exceeds the price charged for hog casings imported from the United States of America.
    Major Lloyd George: These prices are not directly comparable, but the present price charged for raw pig gut of 1s. per set is in line with the ruling market price for hog casings.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Is it not a fact that the Minister is requiring or imposing

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    a higher price for the British product, which makes it more difficult for British casings and casings imported from the sterling area to be used instead of American dollar imports?
    Major Lloyd George: The hon. and gallant Member is a little out of date. It was at the request of the Association, who suggested that the price was high, that it was reduced to its present level of 1s. from 12th July. That is in very close accord with the cost of the finished product.

    Fish Prices
    Miss Burtonasked the Minister of Food whether he is aware that the price of fish is still high in the shops although more than 200,000 stones have been sent for processing into cattle food and manure in the past week because trawler owners say demand has fallen; and what action is proposed by the Government to curb distributive costs resulting in cod averaging 1s. 6d. to 2s. per 1b. at inland shops on 9th July, compared with 4d. per lb. at the quayside and haddock 1s. 10d. per lb. as against 6½d.
    Major Lloyd George: Heavy landings of second quality fish and slack demand during hot weather have led to extensive use of cod for processing. But the prices quoted by the hon. Member are not representative.
    Miss Burton: Would the right hon. and gallant Gentleman give me an answer to the part of the Question which asks what action the Government are proposing to take about distributive costs? Furthermore, is he aware that the Transport and General Workers' Union have suggested that there should be a minimum price fixed on the quayside, a maximum price in shops, and that the difference between the two prices should provide the middleman's overheads? Will he look into that suggestion if the union send it to him?
    Major Lloyd George: I shall look into any suggestion, because nobody would suggest that the scheme of distribution is a perfect one. However, there were special difficulties in the period to which the hon. Lady has referred. There was particularly hot weather, as she knows. If she will look at the figures, which I should gladly show her, she will see that in the similar period last year we also
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    had this difficult position. It is very difficult to dissociate that from the exceptionally hot weather we had recently.
    Air Commodore Harvey: Why is my right hon. and gallant Friend following the practice of the previous Administration and allowing foreign trawlers to bring large quantities of fish here in hot weather so that much of the fish brought in by our own men is used only for meal? When will the White Fish Authority get down to the job and tackle it as it ought to do?
    Major Lloyd George: I think that my hon. and gallant Friend will find, if he looks into the matter, that there has been very little difference between this year and last year.
    Mr. Hector Hughes: Is the Minister aware that the high price of fish is due very largely to the high cost of transport, and will he consult with the White Fish Authority, which is considering a flat rate for transport, with a view to expediting the implementation of a flat rate?
    Major Lloyd George: I think the hon. and learned Gentleman realises that that question was remitted to the Railway Executive for close examination, and that it is still under examination at the moment.

    Meat (Cold Storage)
    Mr. Hurdasked the Minister of Food what arrangements are being made to reserve in cold store some of the extra heavy supplies of home-killed beef, lamb and pork that will be marketed this autumn.
    Major Lloyd George: I would refer my hon. Friend to the reply I gave on this subject to the hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. F. Willey) on Monday, 14th July.
    Mr. Hurd: Could my right hon. and gallant Friend be a little more informative and tell us the extent of these tests which are being made and whether, in fact, beef and lamb will be included as well as pork?
    Major Lloyd George: I think if my hon. Friend will look at the answer I have referred to he will see that it refers to experimental freezing which, of course, is a very important preliminary. As he will know, this country is not equipped for freezing on the scale of foreign importing

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    countries. The extent of this experiment will be to see how far we can do the same thing here, and it will be undertaken in one of the slaughterhouses under my control.
    Mr. T. Williams: How long will it be before it can be ascertained what are the results of this particular experiment?
    Major Lloyd George: It will not be six years. However, this is the first time, I think, that this experiment has been conducted, and there is a lot of information to be gained. All I can say is that we shall do everything we can to obtain it as quickly as possible.
    Mr. Williams: Is the right hon. and gallant Gentleman aware that in the six years immediately after the Coalition Government left office there was no need for freezing of meat at all?
    Major Lloyd George: I wonder, then, why we still have rationing in these days?

    Brisling and Sild Imports
    Sir W. Smithersasked the Minister of Food the total imports of canned brisling and canned sild from Denmark, Norway, Holland, Eire and Sweden, by his Department since 15th October, 1949; how much of these purchases has been disposed of; the amount of unsold stock at the latest available date; the total loss or profit to his Department on these imports from 15th October, 1949, to date; and what would be the total profit or loss if existing stocks were valued at today's prices.
    Major Lloyd George: As the reply is rather long and contains a number of figures, I will, with my hon. Friend's permission, circulate it in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Sir W. Smithers: Can the Minister say whether it was a loss or profit?
    Major Lloyd George: Some showed a loss and some showed a profit.
    Following is the information:
    Total purchases of canned brisling by my Department since 1945 were about 11,470 tons, of which about 3,500 tons arrived after 15th October, 1949. All have been disposed of at an overall trading profit of about £16,500. It is not possible to separate the profit or loss on those imported after 15th October, 1949, as sales in that period included earlier arrivals.
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    Total purchases of canned sild in the same period were about 9,380 tons, of which about 3,250 tons arrived after 15th October, 1949. Not all has yet been sold and it would not he in the public interest to disclose the stock now held. I cannot yet say what will be the ultimate outcome of our trading in this commodity.

    Feedingstuffs
    Mr. Hurdasked the Minister of Food if he will keep the supplies of coarse grains and other feedingstuffs under constant review so that the rationing scheme may be discarded at the earliest possible moment.
    Major Lloyd George: Yes, Sir.
    Mr. Hurd: Will my right hon. and gallant Friend, when he is keeping a watch on this problem, recognise that at the present time surplus feedingstuffs coupons are passing freely between the farmers and the merchants at a low premium, and that there is very strong evidence that the feedingstuffs rationing scheme should be wound up immediately after the harvest?
    Major Lloyd George: I am not so sure about that, but it is the Government's policy that as soon as possible the rationing scheme should end. However, we must realise that a great deal depends first of all on the subsidy being removed —it is very substantial—and also on supplies being adequate; but as soon as those conditions are fulfilled we shall be very glad indeed to get rid of it.
    Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: Can the right hon. and gallant Gentleman explain why, when the present Government came into power, available supplies of coarse grains and other feedingstuffs, which, we were assured, were plentiful and obtainable, suddenly disappeared?
    Major Lloyd George: Simply because stocks under the late Government became so low.

    Pig Meat
    Mr. Hurdasked the Minister of Food what estimate he has made, based on the increase in pig breeding stock, of the supply of pig meat next winter; and, in view of the fact that the bacon factories are already working to capacity, if he will encourage the marketing of pigs at lighter weights for the pork trade from October onwards.
    Major Lloyd George: We estimate that 509,000 tons of pig meat will be produced in the period from July, 1952, to June, 1953. My right hon. Friend and I consider that it would at present be uneconomical of feedingstuffs to encourage the production of very light weight pigs, but the new price schedule, which it has been agreed with the Farmers' Unions to introduce with effect from 11th August, should encourage the production of pigs between 7 and 9 score, which is a useful weight for pork as well as bacon.

    Fish Meal Factories (Stocks)
    Commander Maitlandasked the Minister of Food whether he is aware that there are surplus supplies of fish meal at the factories; and what action he is taking.
    Major Lloyd George: Two factories producing herring meal recently reported an accumulation of stocks, but these have now been sold through the trade. If any factory is unable to sell its surplus stock, the Ministry is willing to purchase it.
    Commander Maitland: What does my right hon. and gallant Friend propose to do after the Ministry has purchased it? Does he propose to increase the allocation of coupons, or make it possible for other people, who cannot get the coupons at the moment, to obtain it?
    Major Lloyd George: For geographical reasons these two factories—they are the ones, I believe, that my hon. and gallant Friend has in mind—find it really difficult to dispose of the meal, and what we do in purchasing it is to make it available for the pool, so that any district where supplies are short can purchase it from the pool.
    Commander Maitland: Is it not a fact that those two factories produce most of the meal available?
    Major Lloyd George: I could not say without notice, but I do know that when this surplus became available we did not have to take any action to get the trade to take it up. It took it up very quickly. If it does not, we are always ready to do so, and will at any time do so.

  SCAPA FLOW (AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION)
  Mr. Snowasked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Defence the standing orders to defence Services
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  stationed within strategic distance of Scapa Flow in the event of radar-operating unidentified aircraft being detected in the vicinity by ground-radar and which fail to obey wireless and visual signals to land for interrogation.
  The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Defence (Mr. Nigel Birch): The hon. Member will not expect me to give details of our defence preparations. The United Kingdom has absolute authority over its own air space, but international law confers no general right to take military action involving attack on aircraft which infringe upon a country's air space.
  Mr. Snow: Will the hon. Gentleman not misunderstand any reticence on my part if I merely ask him whether he will assure himself that local defence commanders concerned are not placed in any position where they find it difficult to make snap decisions, as any repetition of such an event as the recent Russo-Swedish incident is to be avoided?
  Mr. Birch: I think I can reassure the hon. Gentleman. Any question about our attitude to the Swedish incident should be referred to the Foreign Secretary.

  CENTRAL AFRICAN FEDERATION
  Mr. Hector Hughesasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies if he has yet received from the African Representative Council of Northern Rhodesia or the African Protectorate Council of Nyasaland a reply to his communication made to them before they left England on the subject of the proposals made at the Lancaster House Conference upon which they agreed to reserve judgment; and if he will publish their reply.
  The Secretary of State for the Colonies (Mr. Oliver Lyttelton): I made no formal communication to the delegates and I have had no indication that they propose to send one to me.
  Mr. Hughes: Does the Secretary of State realise that his approach to this problem is entirely wrong and misguided in view of what has happened in this matter, and will he now alter it in the light of developments, and improve it?
  Mr. Lyttelton: I am afraid I cannot accept the view that my opinion is misguided.
  Mr. Hector Hughesasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies the proposed constitution of the conference on Central African Federation which Her Majesty's Government intends to hold in Africa later this year; and what steps he is taking to encourage the Africans of the three territories concerned to send representatives to the forthcoming conference.
  Mr. Lyttelton: The Governments concerned have not yet discussed this matter, but Her Majesty's Government assume that the individual delegations will be similar to those which attended the Lancaster House Conference. Africans from the Northern Territories will be invited and I hope that they will agree to send representatives to the next conference. I am asking the Governors to do everything they can to encourage them to do so.
  Mr. Hughes: Does the right hon. Gentleman agree that the Africans who did attend, and apparently are now to attend a further conference, were in no sense representative Africans, and that the conference cannot possibly succeed in the absence of representative Africans; and what does he propose to do about it?
  Mr. Lyttelton: I really do not know what the hon. and learned Gentleman is talking about in this case. There were two Africans who attended from Southern Rhodesia, and I think it would be a disservice to say that they were not representative. The Africans in the Northern Territories refused to attend the conference, either as delegates or as observers, although they were invited.
  Mr. Sorensen: What efforts are being made to secure at least equal attendance from Africans, not only from Southern Rhodesia but from Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland?
  Mr. Lyttelton: The hon. Gentleman must accept my assurance that I pressed this invitation upon the representative bodies in both the Northern Territories, and I take this opportunity of repeating that I earnestly hope they will attend the next conference.
  Mr. T. Reidasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies if he will invite from leaders of all races opposing federation of the three Central African Territories definite statements of the alternatives suggested by them so that Parliament may be apprised of the real issues at stake.
  Mr. Lyttelton: As I said in the debate on 29th April, it is always open to those who do not like the present scheme to put forward definite alternatives.

  COLONIAL EMPIRE

    Labour Advisers
    Mr. Hector Hughesasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in view of the success of the system of official labour and trade union advisers to the Governments of African British Colonies, if he will extend this system to other Colonies in the British Empire and if he will make a statement of his future plans in this matter.
    Mr. Lyttelton: In all but the smallest non-African territories there are already labour departments staffed with officers of suitable training and experience able to advise Governments on labour and trade union matters. The provision of such advice to Governments through the officers of these labour departments is a permanent feature of the policy of Her Majesty's Government.
    Mr. Hughes: May I take it from that that the Secretary of State agrees with the suggestion in the Question that this has been a great success, and will he consider extending it in order to pave the way for constitutional advances in the various Colonies?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I think the hon. and learned Member will see from my answer that I think that on the whole this is going quite well.

    Funeral of King George VI (Military Contingents)
    Sir Edward Keelingasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies to name the Colonies from which detachments came to participate in the ceremonies at the funeral of His late Majesty.
    Mr. Lyttelton: The following Colonial military forces were represented: Royal West African Frontier Force, King's African Rifles, Northern Rhodesia Regiment, Royal Malta Artillery. A composite detachment of colonial police also took part in the procession.
    Sir E. Keeling: Is my right hon. Friend aware that the officially sponsored newsreel of the funeral omitted African troops in the procession; and when the film of a ceremony is sent to a Colony again will he try to arrange that the film should include all the troops who took part?
    Mr. Lyttelton: Yes, Sir. I am doing my best to persuade the newsreel companies to include in their official films pictures of the colonial troops, and I am quite prepared to take special measures with regard to the Coronation rather outside that undertaking.
    Mr. Emrys Hughes: Are the headhunters of Borneo who have just rendered such distinguished service in Malaya going to be invited to the Coronation?
    Mr. Lyttelton: That is another question. There are a number of people who will not be invited.

    Development Fund
    Mr. Philips Priceasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he is aware that the exhaustion within a short time of the Colonial Development Fund is causing difficulties in planning scientific research and agricultural improvement schemes in the Colonies; and whether he will consider further action to overcome this difficulty.
    Mr. Lyttelton: Although the greater part of the £140 million provided under the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts is already committed, only £58 million has so far been spent. I realise that difficulties will arise in planning future developments as the uncommitted funds are used up and the expiry date of the Acts approaches, and I shall in good time be considering in consultation with my right hon. Friend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, what action I can usefully take in the matter.

    Fijian Sandhurst Cadet
    Mr. Braineasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies the circumstances in which a Fijian cadet, Julian Tonganivalu, was recently sent back to Fiji before completing his course at Sandhurst.
    Mr. Lyttelton: I am glad of this opportunity to state the facts and, with my hon. Friend's permission, I will circulate a detailed account in the OFFICIAL REPORT. I should, however, like to emphasise that accounts which have appeared in the Press of this Fijian cadet having been "doped" and wrongfully detained in an Aldershot hospital are entirely without foundation. Far from showing animosity or resentment at his treatment here, he has gone out of his way, both before and since his return to Fiji, to express his gratitude to all concerned.
    Following is the statement:
    Julian Tonganivalu, now aged 20, the third son of a Fijian chief, arrived in this country in June, 1951, to enter Sandhurst. He was first attached to the Light Infantry Brigade Training Centre at Bordon and after two months at the Mons Officer Cadet School joined Sandhurst as an officer cadet in September, 1951.
    He broadcast to Fiji on the B.B.C. Overseas Service in November, 1951, and among other things said that he was enjoying his time at Sandhurst immensely. In December, shortly after the arrangements for sending a Fiji Battalion to Malaya became known, he showed great keenness to serve there, but was persuaded that his duty lay in remaining at Sandhurst and getting his commission.
    On returning from a month's leave in March, 1952, he appeared unbalanced, and on the 10th March was admitted to Sandhurst hospital suffering from nervous exhaustion. On the following day, the Southern Command specialist in psychiatry saw him and arranged his admission to the Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley. Treatment at Netley continued until June, when he appeared quite normal. The medical advice was that he should return to Fiji as soon as possible to complete his recovery, and arrangements were accordingly made for him to fly back in the company of an administrative officer also making the journey.
    Contrary to statements made in the Press, at no time was compulsion employed as regards his movements. So far as can be discovered he made no application for leave at either the Bordon Training Centre or the Mons Officer Cadet School, nor did he apply to return to Fiji during his period at Sandhurst, although he is known to have told his company commander that his father had died suddenly on the day he landed in this country. While at Netley he was perfectly aware of the medical treatment he was receiving, and is known to have joked about it.

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    In the opinion of the Sandhurst authorities Tonganivalu was, before his breakdown, an outstanding cadet, keen both on his work and on sport (he boxed for the Royal Military Academy) and a devout Christian. He considered it a great honour to be at Sandhurst and took every opportunity to widen his interests and generally fit himself to be a Regular officer.

  WEST INDIES

    Military Forces, Caribbean
    Major Beamishasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what response has been obtained to the proposals to Colonial Governments in the Caribbean area for the establishment of a force of two regular infantry battalions to be liable for service in the area; and if he will make a full statement on the matter.
    Mr. Lyttelton: The barracks in Jamaica were seriously damaged by last year's hurricane, and it was therefore necessary to reconsider the financial aspects of these proposals. I am now putting revised proposals to the Governments concerning these two battalions.
    Major Beamish: Is my right hon. Friend aware that in the days of the West Indies Regiment recruits volunteered with great enthusiasm to join a very fine force with proud traditions; and will he particularly bear in mind the possibility of reviving this force?
    Mr. Lyttelton: My hon. and gallant Friend might be interested to know that it has been decided to give a two battalion force the title of the West Indies Regiment which was disbanded.

    Federation
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies the present position in respect of West Indian Federation.
    Mr. Lyttelton: The Legislatures, apart from Barbados, which has still to debate the subject, British Guiana, British Honduras and the Virgin Islands, have accepted federation in principle. I have suggested that the next step should be a conference in London; a copy of my despatch setting out detailed plans for this conference was placed in the Library on 27th February. The preliminary work suggested in paragraph 4 of that despatch has not yet been completed, and I do not think that the conference can usefully be held until this has been done.
    Mr. Sorensen: Supposing one of the areas of the Caribbean to which the right hon. Gentleman refers still refuses to join in, what will happen? Will they go on with the proposal?
    Mr. Lyttelton: That is a hypothetical question. I am very keen to hold the conference to see what general measure of agreement can be reached.

    Industrial Development
    Mr. Shinwellasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies when he intends to make a statement on the Government's plan for the further development of industry and agriculture in the West Indies; and what additional shipping facilities are contemplated.
    Mr. Lyttelton: I made statements about Jamaica and British Honduras in reply to Questions by the hon. Member for Wandsworth, Central (Mr. Adams) and the hon. Member for Gravesend (Sir R. Acland) on 26th March and 7th May, respectively. Information about the other territories will be found in my Annual Report to Parliament (Command 8553), in the Report on British Dependencies in the Caribbean and North Atlantic (Command 8575), and in the Annual Report for 1951 of the Comptroller for Development and Welfare in the West Indies, a copy of which is in the Library. I cannot yet add anything to the reply about shipping facilities which I gave to the right hon. Member on 25th June.
    Mr. Shinwell: Will the right hon. Gentleman not agree that the shipping facilities are very inadequate and that the provision for transport at sea is being left largely to other countries and shipping concerns, and will he give this matter his urgent attention?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I can assure the right hon. Gentleman that I am very anxious on this subject. A firm of British shipowners will be making a survey of the West Indies at the end of this month, and the local governments have been asked to provide them with every facility.

    Port of Spain Council Finances (Inquiry)
    Mr. J. Johnsonasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies why the Governor of Trinidad's advisers in regard to the recent report of the Commission

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    of Inquiry into the finance of the City Council of Port of Spain, Trinidad, include Ministers, the conduct of some of whom has been adversely commented on in the Report.
    Mr. Lyttelton: I understand that the Report has not yet been before the Executive Council. The Acting Governor has so far consulted his official advisers only.
    Mr. Johnson: Is the Minister aware that there is acute public interest in the Port of Spain in this matter and that many people in Port of Spain believe that publication of the Report is being withheld because Ministers are implicated in the affair?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I have not said that I am aware that it is going to be withheld. Certain legal matters between the Acting Governor and the official advisers have to be cleared up before I can make a statement.

  MALAYA

    Teachers (Aided Schools)
    Mr. Awberyasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies if he is aware that the teachers in the aided schools in the Federation of Malaya requested, nine months ago, to be treated on an equality with Government teachers in respect of pensions, housing, medical and other facilities; that they are now threatening to strike to enforce their demands if their grievances are not dealt with; that such delays in dealing with legitimate claims have a tendency to drive people out of the profession; and what action he is taking to equate their conditions of service with Government teachers.
    Mr. Lyttelton: Yes, Sir. These teachers are employed by the missions and it is not possible to equate their terms of service in all respects with those of Government servants. Certain important improvements have, however, been agreed and the Teachers' Union is shortly to have a further interview with the Deputy High Commissioner. I am not aware of any threat to strike nor are resignations expected.
    Mr. Awbery: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that a great number of the disputes in Malaya arise over delays in dealing with claims submitted by the employees, when sometimes it is 12 and 18 months before an application is dealt
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    with; and is he further aware that, now that the price of rubber is coming down and the employers want a wage reduction, they can call a conference in a week, and that they have not got to meet the men to discuss the question of a reduction of wages?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The hon. Gentleman will find that the administration and the delay in dealing with replies have been greatly improved during the last few months.

    Police Recruitment
    Mr. G. Longdenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what steps his Department is taking to encourage European recruitment to the Malayan police.
    Mr. Lyttelton: Vacancies are advertised in the usual way. This has been found satisfactory and the outstanding vacancies have now been reduced to small numbers.
    Mr. Longden: Can my right hon. Friend make it clear that the recruitment of Malayan personnel is also being encouraged in this way; and can he say for how long he hopes to be able to retain the services of Colonel Young?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I cannot give an answer to either of those questions, but my hon. Friend might be interested to know that there are 23 police lieutenant vacancies for which there are 90 applicants.
    Mr. Awbery: Is the right hon. Gentleman not aware that if he wants more recruits for the police force in Malaya his best course would be to increase the salaries and improve the conditions of service?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The figures I have given seem to show that the conditions of service are such as to attract the right type of people.

    War Damage Claims
    Mr. Burdenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies if he is aware that the War Damage Commission, Malaya, is paying, in some cases, only one-third of the sum claimed for the loss of chattels through enemy action 11 years after the loss was sustained; and if he will take steps to ensure that war damage claims are settled expeditiously and in full in that country.
    Mr. Lyttelton: The Malayan War Damage Scheme was not designed to give full compensation, and the law establishing the War Damage Fund limited payments for chattel losses to $50,000,000 (Malayan) against claims of $200,000,000.
    Payments are made by a succession of dividends as claims are assessed and funds become available annually. The War Damage Commission has been operating only for two years and I am satisfied that its work is proceeding as rapidly as possible in all the circumstances.
    Mr. Burden: Is my right hon. Friend satisfied with the amounts now being paid, sometimes in full settlement, which represent only one-third of the claims made in 1940, and, in view of the vast increase in the cost of replacement, will he look at this matter to see if something cannot be done to make the payments more equitable?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I have this matter always in mind and will do my best to accelerate the settlement of the claims.

    Colour Bar
    Captain Ryderasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he will make regulations whereby it will be an offence to exclude any inhabitant of Malaya from any social institution on grounds of race or colour.
    Mr. Lyttelton: I do not believe that regulations would be appropriate. The High Commissioner and his Deputy have left no doubt that they deplore any colour bar, and I think that they have the support of a large majority in Malaya in that attitude.
    Captain Ryder: While appreciating that the making of regulations is not the way to deal with this problem, will my right hon. Friend bear in mind that the recent action of the Lake Club at Kuala Lumpur in excluding the ruling Prince of Selangor has been deeply resented by the people of Malaya and has done great harm to this country?
    Mr. Dugdale: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that the record of Malaya in this respect is considerably better than that of East and Central Africa, and will he draw the attention of these Governments to the feelings expressed in this House on the Malaya question?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I am not prepared to accept that statement in that form.
    Mr. Driberg: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that the recent action of the High Commissioner on the Lake Club, to which the hon. and gallant Member for Merton and Morden (Captain Ryder) has referred, has the general support of Members of this House, even of those who have been critical of some of the High Commissioner's other policies?
    Mr. Lyttelton: Yes, I think so.

    Military Service (Conscientious Objectors)
    Mr. Fenner Brockwayasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether the new law applying conscription in Malaya includes a provision for the exemption of conscientious objectors on the same basis as the Military Service Acts of the United Kingdom.
    Mr. Lyttelton: No, Sir.
    Mr. Brockway: In view of the fact that the recognition of conscience has been supported on all sides in this House, will the right hon. Gentleman make sure that this law does include exemptions on these grounds in Malaya?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I personally think that there are special considerations at the moment in Malaya which would lead us into very grave administrative difficulties if we attempted to introduce these exemptions at the moment.

  EAST AFRICA

    Land Use, Kenya
    Mr. T. Reidasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what percentage of the land owned by white settlers in the Kenya highlands which is suitable for pasturage or crops is not used by the owners for agricultural purposes.
    Mr. Lyttelton: None, Sir. All the land suitable for cultivation which is not under crops is used for grazing.
    Mr. Dugdale: Will the right hon. Gentleman at the same time give us the figures of the acreage owned by each settler and the acreage owned by each African family in Kenya?
    Mr. Lyttelton: That seems to be rather statistical. I can give the global figure, but not the details without notice.
    Mr. Fenner Brockway: Would the right hon. Gentleman circulate in the OFFICIAL REPORT the very detailed figures which he has given to me in this matter before the subject is debated tomorrow?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I will certainly circulate any figures I can which I think might be of help. I am not quite sure how much detail that covers, but perhaps the hon. Gentleman will have a word with me about it outside.
    Following are the figures:

    Acres

    Area unallocated

    207,987

    (a) Cultivable limited to grazing by topographical or climatic conditions

    140,826

    (b) Arable

    7,497

    (c) Remainder—Useless:

    escarpments, volcanic craters, unusable land on farms

    43,104

    Earmarked for public purposes:—

    Aerodromes, catchment areas, township expansions, quarries, etc.

    5,357

    (d) To be added to Forest Reserves

    3,547

    (e) To be added to Native Reserves

    7,656

    207,987

    The total area of land alienated to Europeans in the Kenya Highland is 7,372,880 acres.
    Of this 5 per cent. is uncultivable 368,644 acres.
    The cultivable balance is therefore 7,004,236 acres, utilised as follows:—

    Under Crops

    1,002,871

    Grazing

    6,001,365

    7,372,880

    Makerere College
    Mr. Rankinasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether the cost of education per head at Makerere College includes any building and research expenditure; and if he will detail how the figure of £530 is reached.
    Mr. Lyttelton: This figure is reached by dividing the estimated recurrent expenditure for the period 1951–55 by the estimated total number of students over the
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    period. It includes some research expenditure but not the capital cost of building.
    Mr. Rankin: Does the right hon. Gentleman not agree that it is a very high charge indeed, especially when our aim is to found an inter-racial college? Will he look into the matter in order to see whether it is not possible to reduce this charge?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I think the hon. Gentleman might be somewhat reassured if I said that this charge is at the outset of the scheme, and expressed in the short-term, because the overhead expenses are now divided amongst too few students, and that I should expect to see the total charge per head further reduced.
    Mr. Rankin: I thought the right hon. Gentleman said the overheads were not charged against the fee?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The hon. Gentleman is under a misapprehension. The cost of building—that type of overhead—is not charged. The salaries, for instance, of the senior faculties are the ones to which I am referring.

    Meru Tribe (Evictions)
    Mr. Fenner Brockwayasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what instructions have been given to the British delegate on the Trusteeship Council in regard to the appeal of the Meru tribe against their transference to other land.
    Mr. Lyttelton: No special instructions were issued to the United Kingdom representative in this matter. As with all petitions, he stated the facts and explained the reasons for the Government's action.
    Mr. Brockway: Is it not a fact that these Africans were evicted from their land pending consideration of their appeal by the Trusteeship Council, and that a United Nations' mission to Tanganyika, while recognising the advantage of the transference of land, advised against eviction because of African opposition?
    Mr. Lyttelton: No, Sir, I do not think that is an accurate description of events. That is not the question the hon. Gentleman asked me, but if the hon. Gentleman wishes further information I shall be very happy to give it.
    Mr. S. Silverman: Has the right hon. Gentleman any knowledge of any protest from Roumania about these forced deportations contrary to human rights?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I hardly think that is a matter within the purview of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

  HONG KONG

    Airport Facilities
    Air Commodore Harveyasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what progress has been made in formulating plans for a new airfield at Hong Kong; and what extensions are proposed for the existing airport at Kai Tak.
    Mr. Lyttelton: No plans have as yet been approved for the construction of a new civil airfield at Hong Kong. The Government of Hong Kong have decided to employ a British firm of consulting engineers to draw up a detailed scheme for the development of the existing civil airport at Kai Tak on the lines recommended in the Ministry of Civil Aviation Survey Party's Report. A decision as to what extensions are practicable at Kai Tak must await the receipt and consideration of this scheme.
    Air Commodore Harvey: Is my right hon. Friend aware that this matter of a new airport has been under consideration for nearly six years and the previous Administration promised that Hong Kong would have a new airport, but nothing was done about it; and will he insure that the Comet is enabled to land at Hong Kong on a safe and proper airport at an early date?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The question of a new airport at Kai Tak raises wide questions as to whether aircraft coming in would not in fact have to go over other territories, and the Report is designed to see whether the present airport can be adapted for the use of the Comet.

    Sedition Charge (Press Article)
    Mr. Rankinasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies if he will give the content of the sedition published in the Ta Kung Pao of Hong Kong for the publication of which the proprietor and editor were fined on 5th May, 1952.
    Mr. Lyttelton: This newspaper published a misleading and exaggerated account of the disturbance which occurred in Hong Kong on 1st March last. It uttered threats and published inflammatory matter calculated to provoke further disorder and to endanger the peace and security of the Colony.
    Mr. Rankin: Will the Minister give us an example of the sentences or phrases which form the basis of the charge which was laid?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The actual matter?
    Mr. Rankin: Yes.
    Mr. Lyttelton: I will not quote to the hon. Member in Chinese, but the substance of the article is understood to have included three points: (1) the riot was provoked by the police in order to arrest patriotic Chinese; (2) it was systematic massacre by the police and the army—in fact no troops were used and no one was killed; and (3) that the Chinese were avenging themselves on the murderous British authorities.
    Mr. Rankin: May we take it that the phrase that "the riot was provoked by the police" will now form the basis of a sedition charge?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I am saying no such thing. I have given three instances, at the hon. Gentleman's request, of the nature of the article published. The case was tried in the court and the newspaper was found to be guilty of both subversive and seditious propaganda.

  WEST AFRICA

    Gold Coast (Prefabricated Houses)
    Mr. Stevensasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies if he is aware that the prefabricated houses recently ordered from the Netherlands by the Gold Coast Government are to be allotted only to members of one political party; and if he will request the Gold Coast Government to arrange a more equitable method of distribution.
    Mr. Lyttelton: No, Sir. The allegation I believe to be unfounded. The Gold Coast Government have not yet decided on the method of allocating the trial shipment of prefabricated houses

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    ordered from the Netherlands, but I am assured that the allocation will be equitable.
    Mr. Stevens: I am glad to hear that. Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that a report to this effect was published in a daily newspaper in Accra, and will he take steps to have his contradiction made known in the Gold Coast?
    Mr. Lyttelton: The allocation of these houses has not yet been made. I will watch the matter carefully upon the assurance I have received.

    Development Corporation Trawlers (Use)
    Mr. Stevensasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies what use is now being made by the West African Fisheries and Gold Store of the two steam trawlers which arrived off Nigeria in April, 1951.
    Mr. Lyttelton: The trawlers are now fishing off the coast of Nigeria.
    Mr. Stevens: Is my right hon. Friend aware that this is a case of too much money chasing too few fish? Is he confident that they are now catching something edible?
    Mr. Lyttelton: I think the economics of this venture will be altered now that the trawlers are based on Lagos and not on Port Harcourt.

    Local Government, Nigeria
    Mr. Sorensenasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies for details of the proposed changes in local government in the Western Provinces of Nigeria.
    Mr. Lyttelton: Yes, Sir, but as the answer is long I will, with the hon. Member's permission, circulate it in the OFFICIAL REPORT.
    Following is the reply:
    LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL IN THE WESTERN REGION OF NIGERIA
    A Bill to replace the Native Authority Ordinance, 1943, in respect of the Western Region of Nigeria with the exception of the area administered by the Lagos Town Council, is to be introduced at the current meeting of the Western House of Assembly. This Bill will no doubt be referred at the appropriate stage to the Governor in Council and cannot in any case be presented to the Lieutenant-Governor for assent unless the Governor in Council has previously given notice that he does not object to its terms.
    The main provisions of the Bill, some of which follow the existing Native Authority Ordinance, include:
    (i) Nomenclature and Structure of Local Government Bodies
    The term "Native Authorities" is to be replaced by that of "Councils," of which there will be three classes: Divisional, Urban and Rural District, and Local Councils. All Councils will derive their powers directly from the Regional Authority, which for the purposes of this Bill is the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. Some Divisions will require only Divisional and District Councils, but Local Councils (Village or Village Group Councils) may also be established where necessary. In some Divisions where there are no Local Councils, District Councils may appoint town, village, or area committees with responsibility for the conduct of town, village or area affairs.
    (ii) Control and Inspection
    Control is vested in the Regional Authority which, inter alia, will have power to establish and dissolve Councils, to vary areas, to initiate inquiries to be held into the affairs of Councils, and to appoint a Local Government Inspectorate which will take over the functions previously exercised by Residents and District Officers in relation to councils established under the Native Authority Ordinance, 1943. It is intended that the Inspectors should be drawn from serving Administrative Officers.
    (iii) Composition of Council
    District and Local Councils will consist of both traditional and elected members, the former (chiefs) not exceeding one quarter of the whole. The traditional members will either be appointed to the Council by the Regional Authority or elected by an electoral college of chiefs.
    (iv) Elections
    Elections to District and Local Councils will be direct. District Councils will serve as electoral colleges to Divisional Councils. Qualifications of voters will remain broadly similar to those at present required for elections to the native authority councils but as an alternative to the payment of direct tax, the payment of a certain minimum rate will also be a qualification, thus enfranchising women in areas where they pay rates.
    (v) Functions and Powers of Councils
    These will be similar to those enumerated in Section 99 of the Eastern Region Local Government Ordinance, 1950, and in addition there is provision for borrowing. Divisional Councils will normally be responsible for the imposition and collection of rates, and District and Local Councils will be empowered to precept on them.
    (vi) Police
    Native Authority Police will be re-organised as Local Government Police and Forces will be established on a provincial basis subject to the approval of the Regional Authority. Authority over these Forces will be vested in the Regional Commissioner of Police or in a Deputy Commissioner.

  ECONOMIC SITUATION (RE-ARMAMENT)
  Mr. Jayasked the Prime Minister if he will now make a further statement in regard to the policy of Her Majesty's Government to give exports a higher priority than defence.
  The Prime Minister (Mr. Winston Churchill): As I informed the House yesterday, the relationship of exports to defence requirements will be dealt with during the forthcoming debate on economic matters.
  Mr. Jay: As that answer is far from clear, will the Prime Minister now state whether he agrees with the categorical statement of Lord Swinton last week that exports are more vital today than defence, or whether this is another case of confusion within the Government?
  The Prime Minister: As a general rule and guiding principle it may be assumed by the Opposition that complete agreement reigns among the Members of Her Majesty's Government.
  Mr. Shinwell: Does that mean that the defence programme is being cut down, and to what extent, and if it is being cut down ought the House not to be informed?
  The Prime Minister: The House is going to be informed of the very serious measures which are being taken in all fields in order to enable us to pay our way and live on our earnings and exports, but of all the suggestions which have been made to be helpful in this matter none has been more far from the truth than the one with which the right hon. Gentleman, with the least excuse in the world, has identified himself.
  Mr. Shinwell: That is very interesting. Will the right hon. Gentleman not agree that while obviously the matter of defence expenditure is linked up with economic requirements and exports, it is desirable, if there is to be a reduction in defence expenditure, which may be justified in the circumstances, the House should be informed, entirely apart from the matter of an economic debate. Will the right hon. Gentleman not make a statement on this matter?
  The Prime Minister: I should be trespassing on the rules of the House and
  2150
  altogether under-rating the complexity of the statement I should have to make if I attempted to do such a thing at Question time.
  Mr. Shinwell: If I put a Question down to the right hon. Gentleman for, say, this day week, will he answer it?
  The Prime Minister: If the Question simply asked me to make a full statement about the changes which would have to be made in every branch of our expenditure, I should certainly ask the right hon. Gentleman and the House to wait until the two days' debate which, I understand, is being arranged before we separate.
  Mr. Jay: May I take it from the right hon. Gentleman's second reply that he agrees with what Lord Swinton said?
  The Prime Minister: I have not the text of what Lord Swinton said before me, but I have no doubt that we are viewing the scene through the same eyes, or through eyes which are harmoniously converging.
  Mr. Chetwynd: In view of the very far-reaching effects of this decision upon the organisation of the engineering industry, can the right hon. Gentleman say when steps will be taken to inform that industry of the changes? Can he be more specific about the date of the debate? We ought not to have to wait two or three weeks before we have it.
  The Prime Minister: We have not very much time before we are condemned to go on holiday, but we are going to have a two days' debate at which very grave and far-reaching matters affecting every branch of our national life, both domestic and defensive, will have to be brought into a new survey and presentation of our present position.

  PACIFIC ISLANDS (CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES)
  Mr. Beswickasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies how many registered co-operative societies there are in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and in Fiji, respectively; and what is the total membership and the total population in each case.
  Mr. Lyttelton: In 1950 there were in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony 27 registered societies with 12,575 members,

  2151
  and in Fiji 27 registered societies with a membership of about 1,600. The population of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and Fiji was estimated in 1950 to be 36,755 and 293,764, respectively.
  Mr. Beswick: Will the Secretary of State agree that there appears to be a discrepancy between the development in Fiji and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, and will he look into the matter and see if what has been the cause of the development in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands can be done for Fiji?
  Mr. Lyttelton: The conditions are entirely different. If the hon. Member is interested, I have a good deal of information which shows that the nature of the Fijian life does not adapt itself so readily to the co-operative idea as has been the case in the other islands.
  Mr. Snow: Will the right hon. Gentleman repeat how many societies there are in Fiji? We did not catch the number.
  Mr. Lyttelton: There are 27, with 1,600 members.
  Mr. Beswickasked the Secretary of State for the Colonies in what circumstances the recently constituted Loans Board for Fiji can advance loans to cooperative societies; and what special steps are being taken to encourage the peasants to take advantage of these loans through co-operative societies.
  Mr. Lyttelton: The Agricultural and Industrial Loans Board of Fiji was constituted on the 12th May, 1952, by the Agricultural and Industrial Loans Board Ordinance, 1951. The Board is authorised to make loans for certain specified purposes. It appears that under the Ordinance the Board could within its discretion, make loans to co-operative societies. The Registrar of Co-operative Societies will bring to the notice of societies the loan facilities offered by the Board.

  ROYAL NAVY

    Dockyard Management (Select Committee Recommendations)
    Mr. Albuasked the First Lord of the Admiralty when it is proposed to make a reply to the recommendations of the Select Committee on Estimates contained in the eighth and ninth Reports of the last session.
    The Civil Lord of the Admiralty (Mr. Wingfield Digby): The Admiralty's reply to most of the recommendations of the Select Committee is about to be despatched. The reply to the remaining recommendations will be sent as soon as possible, but we are pledged to discuss some of them with the Staff Side of the Admiralty Administrative Whitley Council. I am sorry that it has not proved possible to send all the replies together.
    Mr. Albu: Will not the Civil Lord agree that, although the recommendations of the Select Committee for the reorganisation of dockyard management were far-reaching, the time has now come when a reply should be made? Can the Civil Lord say whether we shall have the remainder of the reply before we rise for the Recess?
    Mr. Digby: I very much regret that it is unlikely that that will be possible, but we are doing everything we can. I would stress again that there were no fewer than 21 recommendations with far-reaching effects.
    Mr. Ross: What is being done about the first recommendation of the Committee, which was to the effect that more work should be sent to Rosyth because the work is done there better and cheaper than anywhere else?
    Mr. Digby: I am aware of that recommendation, but I do not think I should anticipate the replies.
    Mr. Foot: Does not the hon. Gentleman think we ought to have the replies before the Recess? Many of the recommendations figured in a Report to the Admiralty as long ago as 1927 and so the Admiralty have had since 1927 to consider most of them.

    Dockyard Workers (Establishment)
    Mr. Footasked the First Lord of the Admiralty whether he will review the regulations in the Royal dockyards whereby convictions imposed in the civil courts on dockyard workers are taken into account in relation both to dockyard employment, and entitlement to establishment.
    Mr. Digby.: Good character is a requirement both for employment in Her Majesty's Dockyards and for the award

    2153
    of establishment. The regulations relating to employees convicted in the civil courts are applied with discretion and my right hon. Friend does not see any occasion to review them.
    Mr. Foot: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that cases have arisen in the last few years—I have notified his Department of them—which mean that a person may be punished twice? A man may be convicted in the civil courts of a trivial offence and afterwards find that he is also being punished by the dockyard authorities.
    Mr. Digby: I cannot agree with that. It would not be right that we should take no account of character before establishment.
    Mr. Foot: Does not the hon. Gentleman think that the practice of the Royal Dockyards should be examined and reviewed in order to bring it into conformity with that prevailing in other industries?
    Mr. Digby: This has been under constant review. As I have already stressed, the matter is approached with considerable discretion.

    Retirement and Resignation Rules
    Mr. John MacLeodasked the First Lord of the Admiralty whether he will amend the general rules for retirement and resignation appearing in the Appendix to the Navy List, in order to enable officers who entered the Royal Navy at an early age and have completed over 20 years' commissioned service to exercise their option to retire in spite of the fact that they have not attained the age for compulsory retirement, with particular reference to the case of Lieut.-Commander N. Buist, details of which are already in his possession.
    The Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty (Commander Allan Noble): No, Sir.
    Mr. MacLeod: Does not my hon. and gallant Friend think it quite wrong that when a boy is 13½ a parent should sign away his life until he reaches 45 without any breaking of the contract being allowed?
    Commander Noble: I do not think that arises out of this Question. I think my hon. Friend will agree that, while there is a shortage of officers and we are recalling and retaining ratings, the place of an officer with 20 years' service and experience behind him is with the Royal Navy.
    Commander Maitland: Can my hon. and gallant Friend say whether the Admiralty has discretion to grant retirement to an officer if he applies for it?
    Commander Noble: Yes, Sir. The Admiralty has discretion, and compassionate cases are treated with great care.

    Mine-Watching Service (Enrolments)
    Dr. Bennettasked the First Lord of the Admiralty what response he has received from volunteers for the Royal Naval Mine-watching Service in the areas adjacent to the approaches to our greater mercantile seaports especially London, Southampton, Liverpool and Glasgow.
    Commander Noble: Applications for enrolment in the Royal Naval Mine Watching Service in the areas adjacent to the main sea ports now amount to the following percentages of the full peace complement:—Southampton, 90 per cent.; London, 29 per cent.; Liverpool and Manchester, 23 per cent., and Clyde, 7 per cent. Over the country as a whole, applications now amount to about 20 per cent. of the full peace complement, and numbers are increasing steadily.
    Dr. Bennett: While Hampshire is apparently doing as well as might be expected, can my hon. and gallant Friend say if this service is getting as much publicity as is desirable in view of the fact that it is as every bit as important as the Royal Observer Corps?
    Commander Noble: First of all, I should like to congratulate Southampton. I think the publicity given to this new service at its start was considerable, and I am very glad of the opportunity of saying again today that we attach great importance to it and hope that as more equipment and more exercises come forward, the volunteers also will come forward.

SUPPLY
[21ST ALLOTTED DAY]
Considered in Committee.
[Sir CHARLES MACANDREW in the Chair]

SUPPLY

  VOTE 17. MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION
  Motion made, and Question proposed,
  That a sum, not exceeding £7,836,000, be granted to Her Majesty, to complete the sum necessary to defray the charge which will come in course of payment during the year ending on the 31st day of March, 1953, for the salaries and expenses of the Ministry of Civil Aviation, including a grant in aid and certain other grants and subsidies.

CIVIL AVIATION
3.32 p.m.
Mr. F. Beswick: This is the first debate on civil aviation that we have had in this Parliament, and I take the opportunity of welcoming the new Minister. I dislike his politics, but we all recognise his interest in and knowledge of aviation matters. The trouble is that in air transport, as in surface transport, he appears to be saddled with pledges which are compelling him to embark upon policies that are frightening his friends, as well as angering his enemies.
I must also report the satisfaction expressed in aviation circles that we now have a Parliamentary Secretary who does not need to mix aviation with zebra crossings. It is true that so far he has been spending most of his time with his Treasury colleagues, but from now on we expect big things from the hon. Gentleman, and we wish him well.
There is a wide field of aviation affairs which ought to be discussed. What is to be the scale of our civil aviation effort? What proportion of our national resources shall we devote to the developments of civil aircraft and airports? What priority, in the present circumstances, should be given to civil aviation, and to what extent should this spectacular talk of super-priority for military aviation be allowed to hinder the development of civil aviation? Let us bear in mind that at the end of the day it will very likely be
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our progress in the civil and commercial sections of aviation which will determine our place and influence in the world.
There is also the whole question of the airport pattern of the country, and especially in the London area. No decision has yet been made about the ultimate airport for London, though the time when we shall have to quit Northolt draws much nearer. It is only fair to say that I have no doubt the Minister would have liked the debate to be postponed for a little time so that he might be able to announce his decision on this matter. I am sorry we could not postpone it, but I hope that he will thank us for providing the time rather than criticise us for not delaying it another fortnight or so.
I hope that the Government will provide another opportunity in the near future for discussing airports, because, amongst other reasons, I do not think the country properly appreciates the social consequences of some of these big new international airports, not only to millions of travellers, but to millions of residents around these airports, both in this country and in the United States, who are affected by the siting of them.
We cannot deal properly with any of these matters until we know what the Government's new aviation policy amounts to, and today we want to concentrate on the statement of policy made on 27th May. It has created uncertainty and alarm, and we want to know what it means and what is intended. We want to know whether the Minister is aware of the damage already done and the uncertainty already created.
I should like to point out to the Government another danger. The workers in the industry are entitled to be consulted when the future of their industry and livelihood is being determined. The road haulage workers and the railwaymen were not consulted, and one result was the speech which we had last week from the general secretary of the National Union of Railwaymen. I have to tell the Minister that, judging from the letters, telegrams, resolutions and deputations which I have had from air bases up and down the country, unless he gives most definite assurances about the future of the industry which will allay the unrest and trouble already caused, we shall have difficulties in the future, which I am sure no one in this Committee wishes to see.

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The statement which was made on 27th May dragged up again the question of the superiority of private capital as against public-owned capital in the aviation industry, and it is only right that we should explain our attitude in this matter. We on this side of the Committee do not hold any bigoted or dogmatic opinion as to the comparative efficiency of private as against publicly-owned air transport. We believe there are appropriate fields for both. The Government in which I was privileged to serve helped the private operators considerably in 1951, as figures quoted re-recently in the other place show. One Minister of the present Government admitted that £,4½ million worth of Government contracts went to the private operators in the year, 1951–52.
There are one or two cases where I believe the small companies have done work which the Airways Corporations could not have done. It seems to me absolutely right that the cross-Channel car ferry service, in which so much energy and enterprise has been shown, ought not to have to contend with any element of legislative uncertainty. We think there is a great opportunity for the private operator in the carriage of freight. Private enterprise should be given the opportunity of building up a fleet of tramp steamers of the skies. I would not restrict the Corporations in that freight work, and, indeed, I should like to see them doing more, but, given equal opportunity, I would expect privately-owned operators to do very well in this important part of air transport.
We now come to the scheduled passenger air services, for which purpose the Airways Corporations were primarily conceived. I am surprised to see that the hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Macclesfield (Air Commodore Harvey) is not in his place this afternoon, because he said in 1950 that it would be years before the Corporations would be paying their way. He was proved wrong, for in the very next financial year, B.O.A.C. returned an overall profit, and, in fact, both Corporations are now paying their way in overseas operations. Both Corporations have done magnificently well in technical development. It is just at this point,
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when the rewards of their efforts are becoming apparent, that out of sheer political perversity and prejudice, the Government made their mischievous declaration about future developments. When our two British Corporations are having to contend with the fiercest competition from overseas, they are attacked in the rear by their own Government.
When one hears about the proposals now being discussed for Scotland particularly, one wonders whether the Tories have learned anything at all from the lessons of the past. I hope that the Committee will bear with me for a few minutes at any rate while I refresh memories with the unhappy prewar history of civil aviation in this country and the sorry way in which public subsidies were handed out to private purses for aviation services which were never properly developed.
It was in August, 1919, that we had the first passenger air services from this country. We then had about two or three private pioneer services. The policy of the Government was that aviation should fly by itself. The consequence was that in a very few months aviation did not fly at all. Heavily subsidised foreign competition put the British companies out of business.
We then had subsidy schemes, and the services to Paris were restarted. The Government of the day subsidised four separate private air lines. It was because of the failure of that arrangement that the first committee of inquiry into civil aviation was set up, under Sir Herbert Hambling. The committee reported the obvious fact that competition among private companies, all of which were subsidised, not only eliminated true competition but restricted incentive. The Hambling Committee recommended that there should be a merger of existing airlines into one strong company able to hold its own against foreign competition, and the policy of the chosen instrument was born.
The conception was then of a privately-owned company with a publicly-donated subsidy. Within a year or two the kind of political pressure that we have seen recently was exerted, and the Conservative Administration of 1936 agreed to pay out public subsidies to another private company. I wish I had

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time to give in detail how this public money to develop air transport services was distributed as dividends and bonuses to private shareholders.
In 1937–38, for example, out of a total of £678,000 paid for the development of air transport, £83,000 was paid to private shareholders of Imperial Airways in a 7 per cent. dividend. They were getting something like that each year, six per cent. dividend and two per cent. bonus. That is the history of the years from 1935 to 1938. So far as the shareholders were concerned it was pioneering without pain. They were getting the reward of risk without the risk itself.
Even apart from that unpleasant way in which public money was paid out, Britain did not get the air transport it deserved. That became painfully apparent even to the Conservative Administration. It was the late Sir Kingsley Wood who introduced the first Overseas Airways Corporation Bill, a fact that a lot of people in their criticism of recent years tend to overlook. I would advise students of these matters to see how Conservative Administrations, having built up the share value of private companies, gave to each shareholder 32s. 9d. for each £1 share, when it came to compensating the companies upon handing the operations over to a public company.
Despite that miserable record of public subsidy to private shareholders, we gather that the present Government, again 13 years later, in 1952, are actually thinking of starting the whole procedure over again. We want to ask some questions about the discussion now going on about the future of air services for Scotland. The current rumour is that the company with which the Minister has been discussing these matters are offered a subsidy of £100,000 a year. May I ask him what guarantee he is requiring that the company will in fact fulfil all the services if the subsidy is granted?
It is not so easy to define any air route. We have had experience in these matters. The route may well be from Perth to Belfast, with probably four stipulated stops. One stop may be grossly uneconomic but socially desirable. Suppose the company leave out one stop; is it the same route? Suppose they leave out two stops; is it still the same route? How
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does the Minister propose to enforce wages and conditions of service in these private organisations? We have had experience of that. There have been some very tricky methods evolved for hiving off the service and maintenance organisations of concerns in order to evade the provisions of the Civil Aviation Act.
I want to ask the Minister further questions. What happens if, after a year or so, the company says: "We are sorry, but we just cannot do the job at the price"? Are we to increase the price or cut down the service? Or are we to request the poor old public corporation to come in again and take over the difficult routes? I am reminded of another question by the pathetic exhibition made by the Government in road transport. Money was paid up for the goodwill of the Scottish services which were taken over. Hundreds of thousands of pounds have already been paid out.
British European Airways are bearing that burden at the moment. Are they to continue to bear it even though they have to give up the services? If not, who is to compensate them? Is there to be a levy on the private air operators to compensate the public corporation? Is that the technique that the Government are proposing to adopt here, as well as in surface transport?
Air Commodore A. V. Harvey: The hon. Gentleman is hardly being fair to the Committee. Does he recall that early in the war, and even before the war, some companies operating in Scotland were actually making a profit, and are justified in being compensated, whereas B.E.A. are making a loss in Scotland?
Mr. Beswick: The hon. and gallant Gentleman is wrong in two particulars. For a start, not all these companies were making a profit.
Air Commodore Harvey: I said "some."
Mr. Beswick: Secondly, the B.E.A. are now providing a public service in Scotland which was not provided before the war.
I hope that, on reflection and re-examination of all these difficulties, the Government will decide that it is in the national interest that Scotland's services should remain under public ownership and control. If they make that decision, I want

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to put a suggestion to the Minister. B.E.A. do not receive a subsidy as such for these social services. The expense of operating them comes out as a deficit at the end of the year. [Interruption.] There is a psychological difference which I propose to try to put over to hon. Gentlemen opposite, if they care to listen.
If the Government are prepared to assess the social value of this air service and to pay a subsidy to private companies, I suggest that the same definite amount be paid by the Government to the public corporations for the value of the admittedly uneconomic but socially essential air services. If hon. Gentlemen opposite cannot conceive the difference between these two methods of doing the same business, I will try to explain further.
Mr. William Shepherd: How does the hon. Gentleman reconcile what he is now saying with his statement that the money comes out of the deficit? How can we get money out of a deficit?
Mr. Beswick: The hon. Gentleman seems to be confusing himself. Can I put the advantage to him in another way? I believe it is very hard when public opinion, which follows these matters with great interest and care, sees that one of the Corporations is still showing a deficit. Public opinion does not appreciate that the Corporation is compelled to give services on which, for some years at any rate, it will be impossible to make a profit.
During the Whitsun Recess I had the opportunity of flying on one of the B.O.A.C. services. I spoke to crews and office staff both here and on the other side of the Atlantic. In every case without exception these men said how proud they were that their Corporation was now "out of the red" and was showing an overall profit. It gave them great encouragement, and I am sure it makes it much more likely that we shall get from each individual that extra effort to cut down costs and get more business. The whole struggle of the Corporations to get "out of the red" is a credit to everyone concerned.
Therefore, I ask the Government, in relation to the Scottish service, to accept that the experience of the past, the technical facts of the present, common sense and national interest, all demand that
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public ownership should be told to carry on in Scotland. Certainly, let us have improvements and developments, but let us end the uncertainty both for the worker and for those entrusted with the direction of the Corporation. Let them get down to their jobs with renewed vigour, uninterfered with by this Government.
Mr. Charles Ian Orr-Ewing: The hon. Gentleman has suggested that B.E.A. should be allowed to carry on. They have had seven years during which they have been consistently "in the red." How long does he propose to give them to get "out of the red" considering the service was making a profit before the war?
Mr. Beswick: The hon. Gentleman is wrong on three counts. He is even wrong on the time B.E.A. have had. They have not had seven years to get "out of the red."
Mr. A. Woodburn: Would my hon. Friend allow me to answer that? Is the hon. Gentleman aware that prior to the war there were no safety standards such as are required today—
Air Commodore Harvey: Shame.
Mr. Woodburn: —laid upon the Scottish aircraft, and that some of them flew in a most precarious condition which would not be permitted under modern standards?
Air Commodore Harvey: On a point of order, Sir Charles. The right hon. Gentleman has just made a serious allegation. May I point out to you that the aircraft operators before the war complied with all the safety regulations.
The Chairman: That is no point of order.
The Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation (Mr. Alan Lennox-Boyd): May I ask the right hon. Gentleman, in the interests of historical accuracy, whether he is aware of the existence of the Air Registration Board and its function in this matter?
Mr. Beswick: Perhaps I may be allowed to intervene in this debate? On that aspect of the matter, may I say that I had the opportunity of going up to the

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Islands—I am not sure whether they were the Orkneys or the Shetlands—when I met most of the responsible people of the community. I asked them whether they would like to go back to the old type of aircraft—
Sir Wavell Wakefield: No, they would be 12 years old.
Mr. Beswick: The hon. Member for St. Marylebone (Sir W. Wakefield), who knows something about these matters, has noticed that there has been a development in aircraft. I suggest to him that if he took up to Scotland modern aircraft at their present market value and tried to make a profit, he would find it very different from flying the D.H. Rapide.
Mr. J. Grimond: Before the hon. Gentleman leaves that point, may I say that, while we are satisfied with the aircraft, I am sure he will agree that there is a great demand for better services, in particular for some services run before the war which are not being run today?
Mr. Beswick: If the hon. Gentleman says it is difficult to satisfy all Scottish people, I entirely agree. I want to suggest again to the Government that they consider giving the same sum of money as they were contemplating giving to their Scottish friends to B.E.A. as payment for these social air services.
Now I want to deal with the rest of the internal associate agreements. Lord Pakenham, when Minister of Civil Aviation, tried hard to help the small private independent operator by initiating the system of associate agreements. Whilst I was with Lord Pakenham, we tried to extend the scope of these agreements. However, out of 111 licences granted last year, only 42 services were actually started. We asked why. We were told that the independent operators wanted greater security, they wanted not one route but an integrated traffic pattern, and they wanted a monopoly or, at any rate, protection, over the area which they were to be allocated. In other words, they advanced all the arguments that were put forward in 1946 when we proposed a public monopoly for the development of civil aviation.
As far as I can now see, the Government appear to be blundering into the
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worst of both worlds. There may be arguments for a private monopoly; there are certainly arguments for a public monopoly: but I can see no arguments for setting up publicly-owned corporations and then encouraging private firms to eat into their best sectors. There is no sense in lopping off one area of a traffic pattern and banding it over to a private company simply as a sop to political friends.
The Transport Advisory Council did much useful work under an extremely wise and able chairman. In this new stage of development, when the Council will not be considering an odd route from, say, Birmingham to London but will have the responsibility for making much more important decisions of policy, we say that responsibility for making those decisions should now be placed firmly upon the Minister who has all the advice and facts at his disposal. And the responsibility should not merely be his, but should clearly be seen to be his.
So much for the internal services. The Government have also been doing michief in another field. It is not widely recognised in this country that in the essentially international business of aviation since the war we have had a most important and interesting experiment in international planning. Paradoxically enough, it was that arch-individualist Lord Beaverbrook who, on behalf of the Coalition Government, laid the basis of this experiment in commonsense Socialist international planning.
The idea was to eliminate waste. Wasteful effort, wasteful equipment, excessively wasteful competition between national air lines, in which the emergent victor would not necessarily be the most efficient but the one who was the most lavishly subsidised. All this was, by agreement, to be avoided. The aim was to relate transport capacity on the international air routes to traffic needs. Through the International Air Transport Association, fares and charges have been fixed to avoid under-cutting. With the co-operation of the different Governments, the volume of traffic on any given route has been regulated.
It seems to me a significant and depressing thought that the first two things which this Government announced they were going to do were, first, to botch

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up the whole prospect of an integrated internal surface transport system and then threaten to undermine the basis of international air transport.
Air Commodore Harvey: How?
Mr. Beswick: I will tell the hon. and gallant Gentleman. As far as anyone can understand their proposals, they include a proposition to hand over the so-called third-class services to the private operators. They have already granted a licence for a service down to East Africa. So far as this route is entirely within British territory, they are strictly within the letter of the international agreement; yet I am advised that they are already breaking the spirit of that agreement. This new private service is attracting traffic from adjacent Belgian territory. In fact, this British company, encouraged by the British Government, is under-cutting the national air line of Belgium as well as B.O.A.C.
Air Commodore Harvey: I am sorry to interrupt again—[An Horn. MEMBER: "Let us get on."] The hon. Gentleman has courteously given way. Since this private company has been operating its service to Central Africa, both the Corporation and the company to which the hon. Gentleman has referred have increased their traffic.
Mr. Beswick: The Corporation certainly have increased their traffic. They have had some better aircraft and they have been gradually improving their service. There is no reason why they should not develop traffic still more, but that is no reason why it should be divided up and spread over two companies instead of one, with a consequent increase in overheads.
However, I was endeavouring to explain to the Committee and to the Minister something which he has probably overlooked, namely, that at the moment we are in danger of breaking the spirit, if not the letter, of an international agreement. What happens if the Sabena Company retailiate by cutting their fares?
Sir W. Wakefield: More people travel.
Mr. Beswick: Yes, that is a fair point to make, but something else will happen. I will endeavour to show to the hon. and gallant Gentleman exactly what will happen. Sabena, if they cut, will break
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down the international fare structure, which may well start something in which the hon. and gallant Gentleman believes. But who is going to come out best in a competition of that kind? Who is going to win through if the international fare structure breaks down? It will not be the Belgian company, nor the British company; it will be the company with the biggest resources which will be able to hold out the longest in modern conditions. That will mean that the United States company, with aircraft coming from the Far East and the Middle East only half full, will be able to take up the traffic at fares we cannot afford to quote.
It is not quite so simple as the hon. Member for St. Marylebone, from his superficial study of these matters, sometimes thinks. I certainly agree with him that we want to see the development of these new utility services—the third-class, the tourist, the coach services, call them what we may. It is about five years since I spoke in the House asking that the Corporations should do more in this promising new field. During the last few weeks I have had a chance of seeing something of what is being done in this field in the United States. I agree absolutely with those who say that with these cheaper fares we are on the verge of an entirely new era in air transport. Travel begets travel, and the bringing in of these millions of new potential travellers can mean not only a cheaper service for them, but the bringing down of the overheads on the standard and first-class services as well.
But the development of all this must be on a planned basis. We have already reached international agreement this year on the tourist services on the trans-Atlantic routes. I expect that by this autumn the agreement will be extended to cover Europe. One would hope that on the basis of the Atlantic services we should do as well as anyone in these new tourist services. But again, just at this point along come the Government and introduce this note of uncertainty into the forward planning of the Corporation.
While we are considering this forward planning, there is another vital matter which we must take into account. I refer to the question of aircraft. I believe it to be absolutely essential that Britain should keep in front as the builder of the best transport machines. We have done it

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with ships, and I believe we can do it with aircraft. There are some fine machines coming along. There is the Comet II, the jet turbine Viscount and the Britannia. Altogether, the two Corporations must have well over £30 million invested in these jet aircraft.
But these were ordered, and could only have been ordered, by the Corporations on the basis of their duties and responsibilites as the agreed national instrument for the development of air transport. Would hon. Members have expected the chairman of B.O.A.C. four or five years ago to have ordered the Comet, then only a design on the drawing board, if he had known that as from a certain date the development of new overseas schedule services would be open to the Corporations and to independent companies alike? They were ready to meet foreign competition ahead but they had a right to feel secure from attack from behind by their Government.
I understand that the production of aircraft types already ordered is to be stepped up. We agree with that decision, and it is in line with what we on this side have demanded. But I must say that the Government spokesman in another place was most complacent the other day when he said he thought we had collared the jet markets for generations ahead. The fact is that to maintain our lead we urgently need a new aircraft by 1958 at the latest. We need, for example, an entirely new, bigger and better machine which will transport over the Atlantic about 150 passengers at a time. We need a machine which emphasises reliability, range and economy of operation, plus the greatest possible volumetric capacity, even, if necessary, at the expense of speed. If we can get that machine, then our American friends can keep the old-fashioned Blue Riband of the Atlantic, for we shall securely hold the new trophy of the skies.
We also need a machine heavier than the Viscount to deal with the mass travel on the short haul routes. It is suggested—and I believe there is much to be said for it—that we now need a new Brabazon Committee to focus the requirements of the new aircraft which we shall need in the future. But even if we get the types clearly defined, and even if they are designed, who is going to buy them? Who is going to place the original production
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order? We all expected it would be the British Corporations, but can that be expected if they do not know exactly where they stand?
Could we blame them if they stood by and said that they were going to wait until someone else bought those machines and took the initial risks with them? If only for this one reason of our great interest in the development of transport aircraft, I hope the Minister will take this opportunity today of extracting all the uncertainty and upset which his ill-considered statement has introduced.
There is one final point I want to make. I am sure we all wish to pay tribute—and I am pretty sure the Minister will as well—to the men and women of our national Airways Corporations for the work they have done in recent years. I think I know as well as anyone exactly what difficulties and handicaps they have had to overcome since the war. When we see these new machines in the air, and when we think of all the entirely new and complicated problems that have had to be solved before one could get a mass of engineering equipment to fit into a timetable, we cannot be other than impressed by the resource and enthusiasm displayed.
But what is the motivating force; what is the incentive behind all this? It is not the old incentive of creating financial profit for absentee financiers. Here we have to recognise some finer incentives, new to our commercial world, and I should like to mention four of them. They are, pride in one's profession and one's craft; esteem of one's fellow citizens in the community; and, just as important, if properly and constructively expressed, the stimulation of public criticism by one's fellow citizens; and a fair monetary reward for work done.
In some cases one may say that these are old incentives, but never before have we seen fit to rely upon them alone in a commercial organisation. I challenge the Government to say what more anyone could have done by way of initiative and enterprise in recent years had they been serving, not a public company, but private shareholders. But we on this side of the Committee want to go a little further than this. We talk a good deal of economic and industrial democracy; we want to make that a real nad vital thing.
I believe that in this new industry of the air, in which there is a special

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intelligence and extra enthusiasm, we can develop an organisation that is not only the envy of the world from an engineering and technical point of view, but which can also be a model of what mankind can achieve both socially and spiritually. For this reason we say to the Government, "Hands off the Corporations. Let us have your assurance that they are to be allowed to continue the work they have so well started." Unless we get that assurance in unqualified and unequivocal terms, we shall ask the Committee to divide this evening.
4.10 p.m.
The Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation (Mr. Alan Lennox-Boyd): I should like to thank the hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) for the kind way in which he welcomed me as the new Minister of Civil Aviation. He said at the end of his speech that unless he had certain unequivocal assurances from me he would move to reduce the vote of the new Minister he had so generously welcomed.
The effect of voting in favour of reducing my salary would be a public indication of his view that the new proposals of the Government give very considerably more opportunities to private enterprise in the air than are enjoyed today. Although I should be sorry to see any divisions of opinion in this House when it is not necessary that they should be expressed, I am none the less quite prepared to face this one if the consequences of it are that both in anticipation and in fact private operators in the air will have greater openings and opportunities in the years that lie ahead than they have had up to now.
Apart from the statement I made in the House on 27th May, this is the first opportunity I have had to make any substantial statement as Minister of Civil Aviation. I am very proud indeed to be the Parliamentary head of that great Department and it is my hope that, in spite of my inevitable pre-occupation with land transport, as Minister of Transport I shall be able to give every possible assistance in this vital and most exciting field.
If the House will pardon my saying so, I start with certain personal advantages in regard to civil aviation. As the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Aircraft Production in the later stages
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of the war, I got to know well the leading personalities in civil aviation.
This is the first debate we have had on civil aviation since the death of Sir Stafford Cripps, and I think it would be right for some reference to be made to the work he did for aeronautical research in one of the most difficult periods of the war. I know of the intense desire of Sir Stafford Cripps that British civil air production should not suffer because of our inevitable absorption with war-time construction throughout the war and indeed also because of the right and proper relations with the United States whereby, while we concentrated on fighter types, they concentrated mainly on transport types. Undoubtedly, the lead they got then has been much to their advantage since.
Sir Stafford, all through the later stages of the war when he was at the Ministry of Aircraft Production, was quite resolute in seeing that aircraft production should not suffer more than was inevitable during that frightful struggle. I know, as Member of Parliament for Mid-Bedfordshire, where both Twinwoods and the College of Aeronautics at Cranfield are growing, how much we owe to the work Sir Stafford did then.
This development was started at a time when things were very bad indeed for England and when the story of the war was grievous and full of grim forboding. I think it can fairly be said of Sir Stafford Cripps, as was said of another great Christian in the 17th century, that it was his singular praise in this field to have done the best things in the worst times and to have hoped for them in the most calamitous. Now we have undoubtedly got a very strong position in aeronautical research and in the field of civil aviation.
During the period when Lord Swinton, the first Minister of Civil Aviation, was in Montreal and Chicago, I had further practical personal identification with the problems of civil aviation. Lord Swinton had gone to Montreal to work out what has been very successful co-operation in the air amongst the peoples of the British Empire. He went on to Chicago in order to try to produce, what again has evolved, order and friendly rivalry in the air through the international organisation then set up.
I had the task of first introducing in the House of Commons at that time the

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Bill of the Government of the day whereby rail, steamship and civil aviation would have been merged together in a harmonious whole. That was a project which we believe would have set a wise pattern for civil development in the air in the future. But it was unhappily interrupted by the election which landed hon. Members opposite in a temporary and transient responsibility in the air as elsewhere.
So I start with a great personal interest and some personal knowledge in this matter. One of our great difficulties, which would be a difficulty confronting any Government, is the vast expenditure inevitable in regard to civil air development—not only in respect of the price of individual aircraft, but the alarming and monumental cost of modern aerodrome erection.
But some assumptions have got to be made even in the most difficult periods, the most calamitous periods, whether in war or in economic difficulties. One is, I think, that we are on the verge of a great air age in which there can be no turning back. Secondly, whilst we must at every stage be certain that we get value for money, we must be as careful as possible not to lose the lead in civil aviation which we are undoubtedly enjoying today.
I join with the hon. Member for Uxbridge in congratulating all who have played a part in bringing about these most significant results, the designers, and craftsmen who are producing the finest aircraft in the world, the Corporations, whose splendid achievements all over the world have added immensely to British civil air prestige, and the large number of private firms who are playing a valiant part and whom we hope to see playing an even greater part in making the civil air age the age of British civil air leadership.
I should also like to thank the two Chairmen of the two Corporations for the work they have done and for the cooperation they are giving, as they always have given the Government of the day, in the field of civil aviation. Last night I dined at a farewell dinner of British South American Airways, which died as a result of a merger some years ago, but which technically only came to an end quite recently. I think that Sir Miles Thomas deserves congratulations for the
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harmonious way in which the merging of British South American Airways and British Overseas Airways has been conducted.
Now we have the lead and we have the Comet—although it is not the only one but I suppose the most spectacular—and no praise can be too great for the firm of De Havilland. In this field we have the lead and we lead not only in jet or propelled aircraft. Hon. Members will have read with the utmost gratification of the winning, last week, in Madrid, by a British team, of the international gliding championship of the world.
I know that the whole House would wish to congratulate a friend of many of us, Mr. Philip Wills, the Chairman of the British Gliding Association, who was well known as director of operations of the A.T.A. throughout the war. He was first in that international championship, and Flight Lieut. Forbes was third. The British Gliding Association, under the leadership of Lord Kemsley, and without Government aid, has gained the lead. A number of private firms lent free equipment, including Standard Motors, Pye Radio and Messrs. Pullin. Above all we are grateful to the Slingsby Sailplane Company, who lent five new Sky sailplanes to this team. The first and third places went to the United Kingdom and the first four places of the whole tournament went to sailplanes which this firm had made.
For the first time a British team has won this championship and for the first time it has been won by a British glider in the face of great competition from all over the world. It is our hope that this achievement can be and will be followed in future in other fields as well, not least in the field of helicopter development, which this country needs urgently. It is my hope that before long we shall have an opportunity of seeing helicopters at work in the heart of London and of making our people more than ever conscious of the role they have to play.
I said that this is an air age, and there is no politics in that statement at all, and most certainly no party politics. There has been a most spectacular increase in civil aviation in recent years. Last year the London area handled 1,619,000 passengers, of whom over 1½ million passed through London Airport and

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Northolt; 1½ million through those two airports compared with 1¼ million through Dover.
Though the white cliffs of Dover will forever hold a particular place in the sympathy and affections of our people, it is year after year becoming ever more true that more people are leaving England or returning home, or coming to England from foreign countries on business by aeroplane than in any other way. The first sight of the greatest number of people who come to Britain will now be, and ever more so as the years go by, the sight of London Airport from the air.
The scheduled air services have increased enormously, and the assumption is that they will be doubled by 1960, in eight years' time. This leaves out of account altogether what the hon. Gentleman rightly referred to, the increase later this year of tourist traffic with the Continent of Europe. The passengers handled by London area airports have doubled since 1948 and it is expected that they will have doubled again by 1960. If the evidence of the North Atlantic tourist traffic, which started on 1st May, and forward bookings for which are already very heavy, is any indication, not only will there be little diversion from the normal type of travel catered for by the Corporations—there is a new market which is being tapped—but the opening up of the tourist service with Europe, France, Italy, Switzerland and our own Colony of Malta will lead to a huge increase in that form of traffic.
This will confront London Airport, in the shaping of which hon. Gentlemen opposite played a considerable part, and to which all parties are equally committed, with all sorts of technical difficulties. The demand will be for the use of the dual runway system of simultaneous landings and take-offs. The take-offs will often be on out-of-the-wind runways.
So we shall have to concentrate more and more of our activities on the Central Terminal Area of London Airport. We have at the Ministry plans of proposed developments, for much of which sanction has already been granted. If any hon. Members are interested and would care to see those plans and models they will be very welcome.
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As hon. Gentlemen know, the proximity of London Airport and Northolt raises a great problem of air traffic control. When all civil air flying can be removed from Northolt it will be, and unified control from London Airport will enable much greater handling of aircraft than is now possible by simultaneous control from two different airports five miles apart.
Mr. Emrys Hughes: Would not some of the difficulties of London Airport be eased or solved if some of this air traffic was diverted to Prestwick?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: As I think the hon. Member knows, a great deal of the traffic goes there now, and certain schemes are in hand to improve Prestwick. Perhaps Prestwick has not lost very much; I believe the proportion of heavy aircraft diverted from Prestwick is somewhere between 3 per cent. and 6 per cent. We are by no means unconscious of the importance of Prestwick, but I do not think the hon. Gentleman would deny that people who want to come to London want to land very near London.
Prestwick will play a very large part. It will remain one of the great airports of the United Kingdom. In addition to having to overcome the limitation of not having proper communications at Prestwick, we shall need in the very near future facilities for the London end in difficult weather conditions to deal, not only with a certain amount of ordinary traffic in peak periods, but with any diversions which may be necessary during foggy periods at London Airport; and I appreciate what the hon. Gentleman said in regard to that.
Mr. John Rankin: The right hon. Gentleman has made the statement that Prestwick would remain one of the great airports in the country. Is not it the case that in the policy which I hope the Government will follow, it is the second international airport and not merely one of the great airports?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I speak myself as a Scotsman though long absent from my native country. If one regards London Airport and its neighbouring diversion point at Gatwick, as it will probably be, as one airport, then it is undoubtedly true

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that Prestwick is the second airport of the United Kingdom. It is our hope that we shall be able to give to all British aircraft and foreign aircraft anxious to use London and the neighbourhood of London the finest possible facilities in the world.
The hon. Member for Uxbridge dealt mainly with the change of policy announced by myself and by my noble Friend the Secretary of State in another place on the same day with regard to the civil air policy of Her Majesty's Government. I would prefer to call this, rather than a change of policy, a quite definite and deliberate shifting of the emphasis from preserving the position of existing operators to one of encouraging every sort of competition which will lead to greater air development without any undermining of the international competitive position of our two great Corporations.
The hon. Gentleman referred to trade union consultations and made some reference to the failure to consult the trade unions with regard to the recently published Transport Bill. I do not wish to be drawn into any diversion of that kind, which would be out of order, but I would repeat what I have said before; that as Minister of Transport, I did ask the Trades Union Congress to consult with me before the Bill was drawn up. For reasons which it is not for me to explain they decided not to do so.
But as Minister of Civil Aviation I did consult—as the hon. Member for Reading, South (Mr. Mikardo) knows—with representatives of the trade unions before I made my statement on 27th May. And it is most certainly my intention, if they are agreeable, that before making any change in what interests them most —the working of B.E.A. internal services —to give them an opportunity of making any representations to me.
Mr. I. Mikardo: I am afraid that the right hon. Gentleman's idea of consulting the trade unions is different from mine. What he did was to call the trade union side of the National Joint Council to a meeting three or four days before he made his statement and told us what his statement was going to be, and said we must keep mum about it until he announced it in the House. That is not consultation.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I hardly think that is a correct description of the confidential discussion we had. But even if it were, it is a great deal better than the consultations which took place with many of the private road hauliers in my own division before the Socialist Government of the day took their businesses from them.
Mr. Beswick: The hon. Gentleman did raise this question of consultation with the road interests. Can I get this clear; is he saying that he consulted the trade unions concerned before the statement was made about the change in the transport industry?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I repeat what I said. Well before the Bill was published, and within a few days of becoming Minister, I gave an opportunity for consultation and I deeply regret it was not taken up. It was unfortunate, but we shall have to get over that difficulty and so will they—
Mr. Cecil Poole rose—
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I must get on to my next point—unless the hon. Gentleman has some unusually interesting observation to make.
Mr. Poole: I know the Minister does not think that any contribution other than his own is unusual or interesting, but I think we might clear up this point. He has said he consulted the trade unions engaged in the industry on a previous occasion. He now says he has consultations with the T.U.C. on the point—
The Chairman: We are not dealing now with the Transport Bill. We are dealing with civil aviation, and this refers to quite a different matter.
Mr. Poole: With respect, Sir Charles, the question of consultation with the affected trade unions in this sphere was raised by the Minister, who was kind enough to give way to me. He mentioned the point that he had consultations previously and I am trying to find out with whom did he have those consultations.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I am sorry if it was not clear to the hon. Gentleman. I said I made an offer to the Trades Union Congress. If I did not make that plain it must be due to my bad throat again. I offered them a chance of coming to talk

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with me some weeks before the Bill was finally evolved. I was not in the least referring to a trade union conference; I was referring to the Trades Union Congress.
As to the new proposals which I introduced, I am very glad indeed to know that the hon. Gentleman regards them as a definite change of emphasis from the restrictive policy that he and his colleagues followed. Perhaps I may say, first of all, one word about charter operation. Of course, the Corporations will retain the right to carry on any charter operations where they have special facilities.
In the case of the subsidiaries of the Corporations, this is really only a problem in the case of B.O.A.C., and it is only a limited problem. B.E.A. have associated companies who do little charter work—in places like Cyprus, Malta and Gibraltar—and there is are Lingus with whom they are in partnership. In their case, though little charter work is done, other Governments are concerned and B.E.A. have no right to speak for the whole of that company.
But in the case of B.O.A.C. there are only two subsidiaries by whom serious charter work is done, and in the two of these taken together only five aeroplanes are involved—three Doves in the case of one and two Dakotas in the case of the other. I have an assurance from the Chairmen of both Corporations that they have no expansionist aims whatever in the field of charter work for their subsidiaries.
I repeat what I said in the House on 27th May, that the two Corporations will not keep aircraft specifically for charter purposes, though I think no one would resent their using those planes which they have got and which are specially suitable, during the off-seasons when there is no other employment for them. I hope this will reassure all of those who are concerned about charter development that the field is almost entirely open to the private operators, and we wish them every possible success in that field.
As to the suggestion that is made from time to time that the overheads are not fairly charged against charter operation, I have gone most carefully into it. It is true of B.O.A.C., and by and large it is true also of B.E.A., that the only item of overheads which is not charged against charter services which is charged against
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scheduled services is technical training and development, which it would be quite impossible to split up actuarially between the various activities involved.
Perhaps I may now say a word about B.E.A.'s internal services. The hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) spoke of the uneconomic nature of some of these services. I could not quite make out precisely what impression he was trying to convey to the House. He spoke about the profit of B.O.A.C. last year, and I feel sure that when their report is published shortly their successful working in that year will please hon. Members on both sides of the House.
He said quite rightly that B.E.A., in face of great difficulties, have also had an admirable record. But whether he was trying to convey that B.E.A. would he better if divested of uneconomic internal services or that it was unwise or unfair so to divest them, I was left completely in the dark. The truth is that many people concerned with B.E.A. would be glad to see themselves divested, by full agreement, of certain internal services, which they would prefer to be run by other people.
Mr. Beswick: When the right hon. Gentleman says "many people concerned with B.E.A." is he saying that it is now the declared policy of B.E.A. that they would like to divest themselves of Scottish services?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I am not saying that. We have all had many talks with large numbers of people concerned with B.E.A. and with the internal development of their services, and it is common knowledge that they very much regret having been "in the red" during the last few years. Some of them feel that they must be "in the red" as long as they have to run certain social services, for example, in Scotland. To have an opportunity of divesting themselves of some of these services would not be altogether unwelcome to a number of people, and I have no doubt to the Chairman either, provided they felt sure that the services for which they bear responsibility at present were adequately looked after in any change that might be brought about.
The present position with regard to the internal services is this. All internal services that are additional to services

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now carried out by B.E.A. are, of course, open to private operators and will remain so under the new machinery, which I will come to shortly, of the A.T.A.C. which we hope will be licensing operators all over the world in a very few months' time.
All existing internal services at the moment are reserved to B.E.A., but if operators come forward with worth while propositions, I as Minister will be very glad indeed to welcome and consider them. I think this is a function that ought properly to fall on the Minister and not on the A.T.A.C.
Mr. Beswick indicated assent.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I am glad that the hon. Gentleman indicates his acquiescence. Perhaps I may explain why I think this function ought to fall on the Minister. Scottish feeling is involved, and so is feeling in Northern Ireland in the case of services there. The separate interests and responsibilities of the Channel Islands administration are involved, and the traditional individuality of the Ise of Man is involved. There ate political considerations here. Next, it is generally agreed I think, particularly in the case of Scotland, that only one operator can best carry out the services that are required, whether it is B.E.A. as now, or some private company instead.
Again there is no question here of deciding between conflicting applications, which is the normal function and which will be still more the function of the A.T.A.C. in the future. Nor is there any question of new development here. It is a question of re-allocating, if at all, something that is already enjoyed by B.E.A.
Lastly there is, of course, the question of the uneconomic nature of certain routes, particularly the Scottish services, which at the moment are run by B.E.A. under the subsidy which, under the present law, comes to an end in 1956. It would be unthinkable either that a larger subsidy would be paid to a private operator than is paid to B.E.A., whatever words the hon. Gentleman may use about the subsidy, or that the subsidy should continue to be paid to a private firm longer than it would otherwise be paid to a Corporation.
Mr. Woodburn: As to the Scottish position, is not one of the problems that a public corporation has a duty beyond the mere duty of making its services pay, and while a monopoly of another kind might carry on the existing services which have got into financial difficulty, nobody could blame it for curtailing certain services in order to balance its balance sheet? Is it not part of the whole running of the services in this part of Scotland that it is necessary to do things as a public and social service, that they should be done for social reasons and not for purely economic reasons? How is the right hon. Gentleman going to get over this difficulty of seeing that the services are provided where they may not be beneficial from the point of view of a company which is compelled to balance its books?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I do not challenge what the right hon. Gentleman has said. There are, of course, social factors as well as economic factors, but I would remind him of what the hon. Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond) said, that in certain parts of Scotland they look back nostalgically to the days when private operators did provide services in certain parts of Scotland where the services do not now exist.
Though we welcome B.E.A.'s plans to substitute this winter Pionairs for the D.H. 89's, save for their ambulance service to the Island of Barra, it would still leave untouched the needs of a large number of Scottish islands. I do not think anybody can be indifferent to the needs of these islands and the large potential traffic that services there might carry.
I should like to say publicly—I think it is only fair that it should be said—that I have watched with interest the work that Group Captain McIntyre of Scottish Airways has done and the research that they have carried out into the possibilities of the Pioneer—not to be confused with the Pionair—and the possibilities of a twinengined Pioneer. There may well be a field here where, without political controversy, we can, work out an agreed settlement, which while preserving for Scotland all she has got through B.E.A.'s hard work, may give her in time even greater opportunities.
Mr. Woodburn: The Minister has again repeated the point about the romance of the early days of Scottish aviation. He

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challenged the statement I made that standards of safety are greater now than they used to be. I am sure that he will realise that while there was great romance and adventure in the early days, some of the travelling was extremely precarious. In fact, one of his own Conservative chairmen who was brought down from that area came in an aircraft the engine of which had to be started by the loan of a motor car battery. After the plane got into the air, it had to come down most precariously. While it was a great adventure, nobody can say that it was safe.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I do not think I need detain the Committee by explaining that it is obviously safer to travel with a modern pilot, even if he is not a very good one, than it was to travel in the old days with Grahame-White in one of the machines then available.
The hon. Member for Uxbridge asked about an offer which he said had been made to a Scottish firm. No such offer has been made. As I announced in the House of Commons, talks are going on I repeat that I should be glad to hear from anybody with the necessary financial backing and the necessary skill who is prepared to come forward and make an offer for these great internal routes.
If no offers are forthcoming, naturally the existing operators who are doing splendid service will carry on unchallenged. If offers were forthcoming, they would never be accepted unless those concerned could give similar or better service at no greater cost to the taxpayer. I can assure the hon. Gentleman that I am as keen as he is that decent working conditions should be preserved in these various companies. My hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation will deal with this matter at greater length, because we anticipate an intervention from the hon. Member for Reading, South (Mr. Mikardo).
I come to the broad issue and, I hope not too lengthily, to the new policy announced on May 27th. As the Committee knows, the existing international passenger services run by the Corporations will be preserved, but the Corporations will no longer be protected against competition over what might be called their planned routes, but only over their existing routes.
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The new terms of reference to the Air Transport Advisory Council will make this absolutely plain. At present, under the directive issued by Lord Pakenham to the A.T.A.C., the Corporations are protected not only on their existing routes but in all their planned intentions as well. It is also proposed that in future the Corporations, while preserved in their first and tourist class activities, shall have to apply to the A.T.A.C. for any extension of their services outside this field. On all new routes outside their preserved sphere they will be on the same terms as private operators. To the Corporations I can say that I know that they themselves agree. Their main effort in the future is to build up their frequencies and to reduce their fares on their existing international networks.
Lord Pakenham in another place made some reference to the fear that if the Corporations have to submit to the A.T.A.C. advance information of their intentions it might get into the hands of foreign operators who would thereby be forewarned of the intentions in this field of friendly competition. I will discuss this difficulty with the A.T.A.C. as soon as its new composition has been announced. Though their procedure is in their hands, I will do my best with them to see that adequate protection is afforded.
To the private operators we can say that we believe that there is a very great field indeed open to them in the future. We look with confidence to their taking full advantage of the field of third-class travel, of which perhaps the most vivid recent illustration has been the "Safari" contract awarded recently to Huntings and Airworks for new services between the United Kingdom and East Africa.
This was considered by the A.T.A.C. at their meetings of 8th May and 12th June, and approval of the application of the two companies was recommended by Lord Terrington's Committee acting strictly under the directive issued by Lord Pakenham in 1950. Therefore, in their view these services neither overlap nor unfairly compete with B.O.A.C.'s existing services. I was very glad to give my formal approval to the A.T.A.C.'s recommendation.
This is a typical new type of third-class service travelling on regulated

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frequencies of 52 a year, 26 for each company, at much lower fares than B.O.A.C. It is tapping an entirely new market. To those who are concerned more about protecting existing operators than about opening up opportunities for new development, I should like to say that the arrival of Huntings in East Africa has led to a reduction in B.O.A.C.'s own fares.
One consequence was that they offered a special 120-day return ticket at £214 10s. as opposed to £252, which had been the price up to then from Nairobi so even in the field of the Corporations this has led to a stimulation of traffic and a reduction of fare for the travelling public. I am glad to welcome this new service, which has also been enthusiastically welcomed in the three East African territories concerned. As a recent Minister of State for Colonial Affairs, I am specially concerned about air development between this country and the Colonies and the Colonies and each other.
I hope that this will be the forerunner of many similar applications and, without material diversion from the Corporation, we shall tap a new public which has never yet thought seriously of travelling by air. This is the field in which the private operator can play a large part. If there is any other way in which we can help them to do this work, this Government have every intention of adopting it.
The hon. Member for Uxbridge suggested that this would compete adversely with the international fare structure set up by the International Air Transport Authority. Of course, if a person chooses to travel from the United Kingdom to his destination and is prepared to break his journey somewhere en route, it might be possible to travel cheaper than if he flew the whole way by B.O.A.C.
It is true that if one flew from London to Johannesburg and was prepared to change at Nairobi, and if one could go by Huntings or Airwork to Nairobi, change there and go on to Johannesburg, one could do it more cheaply than by going direct by B.O.A.C. In the same way for the last two years it has been cheaper to travel by the French airline and to break the journey to Hong Kong at Saigon. This is following a pattern which
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France and Belgium have followed for the last two years.
It is in no sense breaking an international agreement. We remain a sovereign country, I hope in everything, and especially on the question of preserving the fares on these routes reserved to our people alone by international agreement. Nothing has happened to alter that situation in the least. We must, of course, protect the interests of those countries who I agree in a competitive world could hit us as hard as we could hit them.
If and when the exercise of our cabotage rights takes us across foreign territory, it is our intention in regard to this sort of operation to limit the frequency of these operations to what is the reasonable requirement of the colonial territory concerned; to fix fares at much less than the superior fares guaranteed and protected by the I.A.T.A. arrangement; and to exclude from the operators the right to pick up and set down traffic from foreign territories with whose Governments we are in bilateral agreement. This I am sure will go the whole way, or very nearly the whole way, towards meeting the doubts expressed by the hon. Gentleman.
Next, I come to the question of air freight. We believe strongly that there is a huge opening for private operators in the field of freight development. B.O.A.C. have one all-freight route—London-Nice-Tripoli-Cairo-Bahrein-Bombay-Calcutta-Bangkok-Singapore. B.E.A. have several.
The Chairmen of both Corporations have told me that they appreciate the need to give private operators a chance to compete in this market. They recognise that they have been in the business for such a long time that they start with certain advantages, and I have the authority of both Chairmen to say that the Corporations will not apply to the A.T.A.C. for all-freight services on any new routes for one year, unless considerations of national importance require them to do so. This will give independent operators an opportunity to apply for long-term routes in this field without any counter-claim from the Corporations for a period of a year, which will give those people coming new into the business a chance to get started.

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I am grateful to the Chairmen of both Corporations for their co-operation. I think I am not misquoting them when I say that both appreciate that here is a field in which private operators and the Corporations can work happily together and bring great advantage to the United Kingdom. It is our hope that, with the re-constitution of the A.T.A.C., which I hope shortly to announce, and the full terms of reference of which I will lay before Parliament, we are entering on a new era of development in the air. We have a good lead now. I believe we can hold it and expand, and it is my confident belief that the policy of the Government will do everything to help to make that more certain and sure.
4.52 p.m.
Mr. Ernest Davies: We have had an interesting speech from the Minister, much of which I think we would all agree was non-controversial. We all endorse his congratulations of the Airways Corporations. We share his views of the possibility of very great expansion in civil aviation in the coming decade, but, when he came to that portion of his speech in which he dealt with the reason for the change of policy, or the shift of emphasis, as he preferred to put it, I found myself quite unconvinced by his arguments for making the change which he has instituted.
I found myself completely unable to fathom the real reasons why the change had to take place, except that, if the Minister takes this optimistic view, which probably is correct, of the possibility of great expansion, he wishes the private operators to have a share in the possible profits which may be made. That would be quite all right if one were convinced, as we on this side of the Committee are not, that, in the apportioning of part of the increased traffic to private operators, the public Corporations, with which the public are concerned, would not suffer in the process. Nothing which the Minister has said has re-assured me, but, on the contrary, much that he did say has only confirmed my belief that that will occur.
The Minister suggested that the shift of emphasis amounted to getting away from the restrictive policy which has so far been followed, and bringing about the greatest possible measure of competition, without undermining the world compe-
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titive position. I cannot quite understand how he can suggest that the policy which has been followed by the public corporations has been a restrictive policy when we have seen this very great expansion in civil aviation in this country since the Corporations came into full operation after the war.
If there is going to be any restriction at the present time, I would have thought that it would be the restriction which the Minister is now imposing upon the Corporations by restricting their planned development and their freedom to develop, and making it necessary for them to go before the A.T.A.C. if they wish to open up any new routes or services or engage in third-class travel or otherwise.
It is because our civil aviation has developed so successfully during these recent years, and has reached a point where one can say, without any fear of contradiction, that in aircraft, service, safety, regularity and reliability, British civil aviation today is unsurpassed, that it is necessary for us to frame policy with the greatest of care, and to examine any new policy which is put before us, such as that which the Government have now produced, from a critical point of view, not that of public or private enterprise, but the point of view of the interests of British civil aviation as a whole. The test is whether or not this change of policy will better serve the interests and development of civil aviation.
It is because we want these things to which the Minister has referred, because we want value for our money, and because we do not want to lose the lead we have gained, that this policy needs to be very carefully examined. I have my doubts whether, when we carry out that examination, we will find that we are getting as good value for our money, and are not in danger, in some respects, of losing our lead through weakening the public Corporations themselves.
I think there has been a number of contributory reasons for the great advance which we have made in this country. Some of them are due to the Corporations themselves, and some to factors beyond their control, arising from the world organisation of civil aviation, while others are due to the developments in the aircraft industry, with considerable State assistance.

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The Corporations have developed very highly efficient organisations. I feel sure that anyone who has travelled with B.O.A.C. or B.E.A., or has visited the administrative offices, the maintenance depots and so on, cannot but be very much impressed with the high quality of service, and efficient administration, the very successful internal budgetary control and application of modern business consultative methods and the high standard of maintenance. We are all impressed by these things.
But there is another factor, which has been referred to in passing, which I think has contributed much to the success of B.O.A.C., and that is the joint consultative machinery which has been established within the Corporation. It is, in my view, one of the most effective of the joint consultative machines in the public sector of industry. It is comprehensive and effective, and has succeeded in identifying all the staff of the two Corporations with their success.
There is real consultation within the Corporations before decisions are taken and before there is action, and that is the basis of true and successful consultation. There has also been the creation within the Corporations of a new incentive of public service—an incentive of pride in the job and of public service which has supplanted the fear of insecurity which was previously often the only incentive to hard work. To others it was the profit motive, and that has now gone.
I think the success of the Corporations has helped to disprove the theory that subsidies inevitably destroy incentive and make for inefficiency. I am not arguing in favour of indiscriminate subsidies, by any means, but the arguments frequently used against subsidies, and particularly against temporary subsidies, are that they will destroy incentive and efficiency. It would be very difficult to criticise the Corporations today on grounds of inefficiency, in spite of the fact that they have been enjoying a subsidy since they were inaugurated.
The main objective of those working within the Corporations, apart from doing the best job possible, has been to get the Corporations out of the red, and in that they are now rapidly on the way to success. This success has been
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achieved without any preferential treatment being given to the Corporations. In fact, the contrary has been the case. On both sides of the Committee hon. Members have attacked the respective Governments for the manner in which the Corporations are handicapped through inadequate payments by the Post Office for the carriage of mails.
Neither Corporation receives anywhere near the international rate. In fact the subsidised Corporations are subsidising the Post Office, which is a paradoxical situation. There is a similar situation in the case of the duty on fuel. During the debates on the Budget of the late Government hon. Members opposite argued for the exemption of airlines from taxation on fuel used on internal services, and some of my hon. Friends have argued likewise on other occasions.
This is a matter which should be dealt with and put right to assist the Corporations now that they are finally reaching a stage of success. I believe that publicly-owned concerns should always be given most favourable and not the most unfavourable treatment. No individual benefits financially from it and so it is fully justified, the public interest being at stake.
Whilst achieving economy and reducing their staffs, the Corporations have managed to expand thir services substantially, and in a great many instances they have reduced fares through the introduction of excursions. They can teach a good lesson in showing how reduction in fares brings about an increase in traffic. That is something which the Minister and the British Transport Commission might take to heart.
Another factor which has contributed to the success of the Corporations has been the satisfactory relationship which existed under the late Government between the Minister and the Corporations. The relationship between the Minister of Civil Aviation in the past and the chairmen of the boards of the Corporations has been far closer than in any other public corporation. It has been fully justified by the fact that the Corporations were receiving a subsidy. Public money was therefore concerned and it was necessary in the national interest that the Minister should pay close attention to the affairs of the Corporations.

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I hope that this happy relationship which existed will continue and that the present Minister, who has so much on his plate, will not desert the role of partner with the Corporations in their success for that of dictator, and that he will not substitute pressure for persuasion or direction for consultation. I hope that both parties will work in the national interest to secure that the success of the Corporations will continue, if that is possible within the orbit of the new policy. About that I have my doubts.
It is certainly rather unfortunate that at this stage the Government should have decided not to appoint a Minister of Civil Aviation. I fear that the present Minister's pre-occupation with other interests, and also with the interests of the independent companies, may prevent his giving that measure of attention to the public Corporations that has been given to them by Ministers in the past. It is necessary that that should continue because of the special public interest concerned. It is all the more important because the Minister's functions are being increased by this change of policy.
The Minister has told us that he has to make decisions about internal services and on many other matters arising from this new policy, and quite clearly more work will devolve upon the Ministry of Civil Aviation. It is true that he has a Parliamentary Secretary who, we thought, was to have his duties entirely confined to those of civil aviation. But during some of our financial debates we found the Parliamentary Secretary substituting for the Minister of State for Economic Affairs, who apparently was unable to cope.
Mr. Mikardo: Not substituting; he could not be worse than the Minister.
Mr. Davies: There is a further factor which has contributed to the success of the Corporations, of which we are so proud. It is one to which my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) referred at some length and which was taken up by the Minister himself. It is the planning of international development, the fixing of minimum standards and charges and, most important of all, the regulation of the carrying capacity available to make it bear some relationship to the actual potential traffic offering.
That is an important factor, particularly in the bi-lateral agreements which
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we have with so many countries whereby the number of craft flying is agreed upon and whereby it is agreed that if the traffic on offer increases the carrying capacity is increased proportionately by both countries. It is flexible enough to allow expansion. It is not so rigid that it restricts competition for the actual traffic, though that traffic is sufficiently regulated to prevent cut-throat competition and, to the extent that it is avoidable, wasteful carrying capacity in the air.
Competition is largely confined—it is between countries rather than between companies, since in Europe the single operator is the rule rather than the exception. The pattern in Europe has been that airlines have been operated by a single undertaking in each country. We compete with Sabena or Air France, and in Scandinavia it is the same. There is practically only one large operator in each country as regards international routes, though there may be several operators on less important internal routes.
But that pattern of the single operator is now being changed to a certain extent in our case by the admission of private independent operators on international routes. Admittedly they are not the routes now flown by B.O.A.C. They will be new routes which may be developed. In spite of what the Minister has stated, I fear that there may be interference with international planning. This increase in the number of operators can undermine the system.
If there is more capacity offered and if the rates are cut, as they have been done for third-class travel, people will start using the different routes, even if it causes considerable inconvenience in travelling from one country to another, in order to take advantage of them and benefit from the cheaper rates. There will be retaliation on the part of other undertakings operating airlines. No corporation will allow its traffic to be taken away without attempting to recapture it.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I think the hon. Member has in mind particularly the Safari arrangement with East Africa, but France and Belgium have done the same thing. The French system of first, second, and third-class rates has been in operation since 1950.
Mr. Davies: Even though other countries started that method, if we follow

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suit and there is a steady increase in the number of operators and greater competition for traffic, then the principle and basis upon which civil aviation has developed so far through the international institutions is likely to be undermined. I am sure that we all wish to cheapen air travel, but we do not want to do so in such a way that the present high standards are threatened and planned development is frustrated. Air travel must not be so cheap that we lower standards until there is an adverse reflection on civil aviation and British civil aviation in particular.
The policy which has been instituted by the Government has to be viewed against the pattern under which civil aviation has developed up to the present time, and for any change to be justified it must be proved that it will fit into this pattern without disturbing it—or, if it does disturb it, the benefits to be derived will be so great that the disturbance is justified, and will accrue not simply to a few private operators but to the travelling public and to British civil aviation as a whole, and that in that process no harm will be done to the publicly-owned Corporations.
I fear that this new policy starts a process whereby the planned and free development of the public Corporations may be frustrated. They may be fearful that their efforts at expansion will be hindered or handicapped by the private and independent operators, and they will not proceed so rapidly with their plans. Their progress will be interfered with because the independent operators do not have the same obligations as the Corporations, that is to say, to carry on certain routes as a public service not only internally but abroad. A great number of air routes are unremunerative, but the Corporations build up their networks and consider that networks as a whole, whereas the independent operators will compete on the remunerative routes and will not operate the unremunerative routes.
Mr. John Profumo: Has the hon. Member forgotten the great pioneering work which has been done by private operators in areas where they have had to start from scratch and where, having made a success of them, their routes have been taken over by the Corporations?
Mr. Davies: I should like to know where that has happened. The history of civil aviation in this country has been just the opposite. It has been the public Corporations who have had to take over the unremunerative services and pay compensation for doing so.
Air Commodore Harvey: What about Jersey?
Lieut.-Colonel Walter Elliot: A great deal of development was done by Captain Fresson which was afterwards jumped by the public Corporations.
Mr. Davies: Nobody denies that in the past private operators have participated in the pioneering of civil aviation. It was started by independent operators before the public Corporations came along. There is no argument about that. But the position today is very different from what it was in those days. The capital required today in order to purchase modern aircraft and to build up modern air routes is something very much greater than it was in the past.
Now I want to turn to the actual proposals of the Minister. On 27th May he said:
"We shall do all we can to encourage this"—
that is, maintenance of the public Corporations in the international field. He went on to say:
"… we are determined that the competitive strength of the Corporations … on their present established networks will not be impaired"—
and then he added:
"… development of new overseas scheduled services shall be open to the Corporations and independent companies alike."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 27th May, 1952; Vol. 501, c. 1158.]
He went on to promise more scope and security to the independents. In my view it is either hypocritical or stupid to suggest that we can encourage the Corporations and not impair their services and at the same time open new services for the private operators. I think that is inconsistent, and it is hypocritical or stupid to suggest that it can be done—and nobody would suggest that the present Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation is stupid. That is the last thing anybody would accuse him of being.
Mr. Mikardo: There is a testimonial for the right hon. Gentleman.
Mr. Davies: In spite of the remarks made by the Minister this afternoon, I think we need some further assurances, information and explanations before we can be satisfied that this policy can be effective and beneficial in practice. The Minister has stressed that he wants to give security to the independents. How can the security be provided? He says they will normally have seven years for operation, rising to 10 years in special cases. They may be given permission to operate for 10 years; but to give an operator permission to carry on for that term does not ensure that he will operate at a profit or that he will be able to carry on that service and provide those services which he has been given permission to provide.
What guarantee have we that an operator will be able and willing to continue for those seven years? Is it the intention of the Minister to impose any obligations of a legal character upon an operator to continue in operation, or is he to be in a privileged position? If he cannot maintain his services for a year or two years, because he finds he is operating at a loss or, alternatively, that it is necessary to reduce his standards, and if he consequently threatens to give up the operation of that service, what will the Minister do? Will not the private operator come to the Minister and ask him for a subsidy or some form of assistance, and will not the Minister then be in a very difficult position? He will be faced with closing down a service which has been opened up under his new policy, or granting a subsidy out of public money.
I can see very strong arguments being made against closing down services. Certain people will be inconvenienced and it will be harmful to the prestige of British civil aviation. I suggest that the inevitable result of this change in policy is that there will be pressure on the Minister to subsidise the private operators for carrying on their external civil aviation routes, and that the Minister will find it pretty nigh impossible to refuse to meet them.
I think that is the wrong principle. If public money is involved it has to be economically expended and fully controlled. It must be canalised through the monopoly Corporations over which we have control and not handed out to independent concerns over whom we have no
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control whatever except in the granting of licences to enable them to carry on. Once these companies are subsidised they may be spending public money for the maintenance of wasteful and unnecessary facilities. One of the strongest arguments against the granting of scheduled passenger services to the charter companies is that in my view it will inevitably lead to the subsidisation of those services. They will probably be bought out, ultimately, by the public Corporations, who will be paying compensation for concerns which are being kept going by assistance from the Treasury.
With regard to the Air Transport Advisory Council, in respect of which the Minister gave us a little further information this afternoon, we look forward both to the new directive which he is going to issue—and which I was glad to hear will be laid before the House so that we can have a debate upon it—and to hearing exactly how the Council is to be reconstituted.
I am concerned about this Advisory Council and the functions given to it. It was set up as a consumer council but, as it is at present constituted, and as the present directive is termed, its function has changed and the Minister has final responsibility. There is no question of that. The Council makes recommendations to the Minister, who decides whether to carry them out or not. He has final control and, as a result, he can be questioned in the House about any action he has taken on the Council's recommendations. Is that set-up to be continued? The Minister nods his head, and I am glad to have that assurance. He has already given an assurance to that effect, and I stress it because it is important that there should be no departure from the principle.
But even if he retains final responsibility, and there is to be public accountability to this House, the fact remains that there will not be the same measure of public accountability for the operations of the private companies as there is for those of the public Corporations. Once a private company is operating a route, it will not be possible, presumably, because it would be out of order, for us to question the Minister about that company, because he is not responsible for it. All he has done is to give it the permit and to allow it to carry on.

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The independent companies will be in a very different position from that of the public Corporations as far as the House is concerned, and yet a situation may arise in which it is necessary—
Air Commodore Harvey: Surely that cuts both ways. Hon. Members are now unable to question the Minister about the Corporations. We shall have an annual debate, or a debate twice a year, which will be a free-for-all.
Mr. Davies: In dealing with questions in the House on the public Corporations, the Minister of Civil Aviation has been far more flexible in giving answers than have the other Ministers responsible for public Corporations. Furthermore, debates have frequently taken place in the House. I very much doubt if one would be able to debate a private air service and—
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: In fairness to history, may I point out that this Government are the first to have appointed a Minister of Civil Aviation in the House? All Socialist Ministers of Civil Aviation were in another place.
Mr. Davies: Because they do not trust a Minister of Transport being also Minister of Civil Aviation, this Government appointed an overlord who is in another place and about whose responsibilities we do not know. I want to bring my remarks to a close. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] I am encouraged by hon. Members opposite to go on. We all admit that there is a field for the charter companies; after all, it was the late Government which expanded that field in a certain respect. But we do not think they should enter this field of external scheduled services, because we consider that thereby they will restrict the development of the two public Corporations.
For the reasons I have given, we have been driven to the conclusion that in formulating this policy the Government were not concerned about the welfare of the public Corporations and their development, but about giving an opportunity for independent operators to make profits, irrespective of whether they were at the expense of the public Corporations or not. The same consideration applies in road haulage. They are endeavouring to find a profitable outlet for the private operators in road haulage as they are in the air services.
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Even so, as usual the policy of the Government is muddled, and they have no friends for this policy any more than they have friends for their transport policy. The private operators are not satisfied. All they want is to be able to skim the thickest cream from the public Corporations' traffic. The Government are not giving them all the thick cream, but they are giving them a chance to get a certain amount of it. The private operators are not satisfied and, in spite of what the Minister said, the Corporations cannot be happy about the position, because they know that it is bound to affect them to a certain extent. If they have to apply equally with private operators in order to get licences to expand their routes, their freedom is restricted. I cannot see what the public gain from this policy. I oppose both the policy which has been put forward and the manner in which it is proposed to operate it.
5.25 p.m.
Mr. Dudley Williams: I am very glad to have this opportunity of addressing the Committee, although I should not have risen had I not felt considerable concern about the development which is likely to take place in jet engines over the next few years. I was interested to hear the hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) say that in his opinion we needed a new aeroplane in 1958 to take the place of the Comet. I think we need one much earlier than that; we need one in 1954. What I am concerned about is that we get the right aeroplane and not the wrong one, and that we also get one with the right engine. I fear that we may well find that we get the wrong aeroplane and the wrong engine.
I want for the moment to go back into the history of jet propulsion in this country. From the earliest days, when Whittle started in 1935, there has been a conflict between two schools of thought in jet propulsion. There is the school which says that the right engine to be developed is the centrifugal type, that type developed by Sir Frank Whittle, and there is another school of thought which believes that the correct course to follow is that of the axial flow type of turbine.
My information is that it has been decided over the last year or two that work should be damped down on the centrifugal type and that we should go in

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more for the axial flow type. Evidence for the support of this suggestion can be found in the development of the Comet. The Comet Mark I is engined by de Havilland Ghost engines, which are of the centrifugal type. The Mark II is to have Rolls Royce Avon engines, which are axial flow type. To my mind this is probably a retrograde step.
I think everyone will agree that there are many advantages of the axial flow type of turbine over the centrifugal type. It has a smaller frontal area and at the moment it has a lower fuel consumption, although I do not believe it would have had a lower fuel consumption if we had not damped down the rate of development of the centrifugal type. On the other hand, the centrifugal type of engine has a lower maintenance cost and a lower cost of manufacture, and it is more robust. It is to the lower cost of manufacture that I wish to draw the attention of the Committee.
The axial flow type, such as the Avon, may have as many as 2,000 fixed and moving blades which have to be manufactured. A centrifugal type giving the same power might have only 80 to 100. The manufacture of turbine and compressor blades is a very complicated matter and very expensive, and my belief is that if we made use of the centrifugal type of engine, the cost of production would be reduced very considerably.
I understand that this tendency to place the emphasis on the axial flow type does not receive support from Sir Frank Whittle, and in my view the Government are unwise completely to ignore his advice, just as in many ways they ignored it in 1936, when the Government did not give sufficient financial support for him to develop his engines. I want to make it clear that I am not criticising my right hon. Friend. The present developments are the result of decisions taken several years ago. But I ask him to pay particular attention to this unfortunate step away from the centrifugal type of engine.
I am also very critical of the order which has been placed by British Overseas Airways for Bristol Britannia aeroplanes. The hon. Member for Uxbridge—I am sorry to see that he is not in his place—said he was very glad that B.O.A.C. were getting out of the "red." But if they persist in following up their
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purchase of Bristol Britannias, they will soon find themselves in the "red" again. The Bristol Britannia is driven by four propeller-turbine engines with a speed of something like 350 miles an hour. The Comet's speed at present is 490 miles an hour.
Can anyone believe that an aeroplane which in two or three years' time—it will be two or three years before the Britannia comes into service—does 350 miles an hour, against the present standard air liners coming into service which do 490 miles an hour, will have any chance whatever of standing up to the competition that it will receive from the aeroplanes of other countries? I understand that 25 Bristol Britannias have been ordered. They are said to be provided for carrying tourist traffic, but the United States are already planning aeroplanes with speeds in excess of 600 miles an hour for this very reason, and these aeroplanes may well be in service before the Britannias are operating.
Sir Frank Whittle until this morning, I understand, was the technical adviser to the British Overseas Airways Corporation. I should like to ask my right hon. Friend whether Sir Frank was consulted before the order for the Britannias was placed. My information is that he was not consulted, and that if he had been consulted he would have been against it. My right hon. Friend should inquire into the reason why Sir Frank Whittle has left British Overseas Airways. I cannot believe that it is because his work is finished. For about three years he has been concerned with surveying the lines over which the Comet is to operate. I cannot help but think that the Board of B.O.A.C. do not yet feel that jet development has reached such a pitch of perfection that his assistance is no longer required.
I well remember the early ambitions of Sir Frank Whittle and how it was his idea to build jet-propelled air-liners. It was only under the stress of war that he turned his attention to fighter types. Since he has been with British Overseas Airways, he has been surveying all, or most of, the airfields that are to be used by the Comet. Surely it is rather inhuman that just at the moment when his original idea is coming to fruition, when he is about to see jet airliners travelling all over the world, he should be pushed out of this

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organisation and not allowed to see his plans fulfilled.
I understand that Sir Frank Whittle's interest is still overwhelmingly in the operation of airliners, but he has not been asked by the concern with which he has lately been associated to go abroad on a single proving flight with the Comet. I sincerely hope that my right hon. Friend will inquire into the relationship between Sir Frank Whittle and the Corporation, and that he will pay particular attention as to whether some development work should go on with centrifugal types of engines, so that we make certain that the lead that we now have in the air is not thrown away by some grave mistake at this juncture.
5.34 p.m.
Mr. Geoffrey de Freitas: The Committee will be grateful to the hon. Member for Exeter (Mr. Dudley Williams) for introducing the important question of the engine. Often in these debates we have discussions on the organisation—that is to say, the Corporations versus the charter companies, whether there is too much or too little control, and whether the reins are too tightly held or are not held tightly enough; and we forget that however good or however bad the organisation may be, everything depends upon the aircraft and the engines. The tight rein or slack rein reminds me of the remarks once applied to certain South African novelists: "They use the snaffle and the bit all right, but where's the something horse." It is the horse that we are concerned with.
When we have a racehorse, we do not think of using it to pull a dray. When we have a Percheron, we do not think of entering it in a five-furlong race. Is not that the stage that we have reached in engine development today: that one is bred for strength, and another for speed? Contrasting civil and military aviation, may we not have reached a point when the lines of development are different, and when it is more than ever important that we should have a Minister of Civil Aviation who can stand up to the overwhelming demands of the military Departments? It is unfortunate that at this time we have no Minister exclusively concerned with civil aviation.
I should like to hear from the Minister today about the type of engine that he
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wants developed for commercial aviation. I ask this because we know that for military aviation we want the fastest possible engine. For commercial aviation, however, we may need an engine which goes at only 500 miles an hour or less. We know that civil aircraft are in the fortunate position that they can choose to a large degree their flight plans, their height of operation, and how they can avoid the weather. Therefore, they can have a sensitive and vulnerable type of engine. But military aircraft must have the type of engine which will endure battle conditions. It cannot even choose the height at which it operates. The fighter or bomber has to go irrespective of the weather, and it must, therefore, have a tougher and much less sensitive type of engine.
Now we come to the point about the axial flow and the centrifugal flow types of engine that the hon. Member for Exeter mentioned. Suppose that the Minister's advisers come to the conclusion that the axial flow engine is better for some civil aircraft—is preferable for the long inter-Continental type of operation. Suppose also the advisers of the Government come to the conclusion that for fighting aircraft the axial flow is less suitable and that the centrifugal is more suitable.
May the Minister not be placed in a position in which it is impossible for him, because he has had so much else to do, to fight this battle against the Service Departments? This is an aspect of the jet discussion on which I differ slightly in interpretation with the hon. Member for Exeter. Inevitably, logistics will demand that the military must have centrifugal engines. They will have to rely on centrifugal production, because it is so much less difficult than the axial. As a result, when speaking in terms of large scale production, logistics will drive them to support a demand for large numbers of the centrifugal engines.
It is just at that point that the Minister must be in a position to give the assurance that if his technical advisers come to the conclusion that the axial flow engine is more suitable for these civil types of aircraft, and if the Services have to rely on the centrifugal engine, he will not be stampeded into sacrificing civil aviation requirements to those of the fighting Services.
Mr. Emrys Hughes: Is it not a fact that the battle is already lost, because in the last defence debate the Prime Minister made it perfectly clear that there was to be super-priority for the military aircraft?
Mr. de Freitas: That is an interesting point, but I do not want to follow it at the moment. I am discussing the priority for research and development on two different types of aeroplane. We will never require more than scores of purely civil type aero-engines—the axial, as it may be—whereas we may require vast numbers of the centrifugal. The great danger is of our losing our civil aviation lead by not being able to stand up to the much larger military requirements.
In the next seven years or so we shall have a great asset in the export market to the Continent. I, too, like my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge, am alarmed at the apparent complacency of Lord Swinton in another place as to the way in which we should collar the market in jets for a generation. With the hundreds of thousands of pounds of public money that have gone into development and research, and into the production of these Comets—and I am not in any way decrying the great work which de Havillands have themselves done—we must see that the public get the dividends due as a result of the development of those aircraft.
Is it true that by the end of the year de Havilland at Hatfield will be turning out only two a month and that Shortt's of Belfast will not be producing for another couple of years? Everyone wants these aircraft, and the Government really ought to boost their production. Already the Chairman of Air India has stated that he has had to order inferior American aircraft because of the rate of our deliveries.
The Minister, in his speech today, referred to our being on the threshold of a great air age. Now I want to turn to the clubs, since I know he is interested in private civil aviation. I deplore the fact that he has so many other things to deal with that he cannot give it his full attention. I made this point on the Air Estimates, when the Under-Secretary of State for Air said that it was a matter for the Ministry of Civil Aviation, and I want to know if anything has been done about it, or if it has been considered, in
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the last four months. We all know that, for one reason or another, the number of private civil aircraft in this country has declined very much—about a third of what it was before the war. We also know that the expense of learning to fly —about £100, at least—and the standard insisted upon today have resulted in the reduction to under 1,000 a year in the number of people gaining private civil pilot's licences.
It is difficult for a young man or woman to learn to fly today unless that young man or young woman has Service physical and other standards. That is wrong. It is the duty of the Minister of Civil Aviation to see that aviation does not become associated entirely with the Services. The free and easy atmosphere of civil aviation has a great contribution to make towards Service aviation just as the sailor, whether in a pleasure yacht or a fishing smack or a merchant vessel has a great contribution to make to the Royal Navy. What is the Minitser of Civil Aviation doing to encourage private flying?
I know this Government have continued the rebate on the tax on petrol for the private pilot—continued a rebate that we introduced when we were in the Government. I am glad they have done so. But look what the Minister has done about landing fees. A 10s. charge may not seem a lot of money to him, but it is a lot of money to a young man who can just afford to hire an aircraft and who has to pay £3 an hour for the simplest kind of aircraft. Flying is already expensive. Why cannot the Minister follow the example of France and allow club aircraft to land free of charge on State-owned airfields? [AN HON. MEMBER: "Why didn't you do it?"] We of the Labour Party did not introduce that 10s. charge. It was introduced by this Government.
What are the Government doing—and this is certainly a point on which I am sorry we were not able to do more—about the development of a light aircraft to replace the Auster and the Tiger Moth, which is already no longer in production? That can be done only by the Minister of Civil Aviation reminding the Services and the Ministry of Supply constantly that year after year passes and yet there is no replacement in sight of the 100horsepower light aircraft. There is no sign of it, and we know it cannot be done unless the Services can decide on some specifica-

2203
tion for an observation aircraft or one that can be used for light training.
I hope that the Minister will do something to encourage firms' flying clubs. De Havilland, in this as in so many other things, have an excellent record, and there are other firms who allow their staff opportunities to learn to fly, but this does need leadership from the Minister concerned.
People concerned with civil aviation differ in politics just as people in every other field of activity differ. There are some who are Conservatives and some who are Labour, but I have never met anyone in civil aviation who approved the Government's policy of degrading civil aviation to the status of a branch line of British Railways. I think it is most regrettable that that should be the case. The fact is that at the highest levels of Government the cards are stacked against civil aviation, and military aviation will always win this Governmental battle unless there is a Minister who can have as his sole task that of serving civil aviation and of fighting the Service Departments if necessary. I beg the Prime Minister to remember that this could be a great air age for us and to appoint a Minister of Civil Aviation who had not only the energy and interest to do the job but also the time, because it is a full-time job.
5.46 p.m.
Mr. Charles Ian Orr-Ewing: I am glad to have caught your eye, Sir Leonard, and to be able to follow the hon. Gentleman the Member for Lincoln (Mr. de Freitas), although I hope he will not expect me to deal with the technical problems he has raised about axial flow and centrifugal flow engines. I had hoped that this debate would have been conducted in a quiet, objective way, but the hon. Gentleman the Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) who started it certainly did not keep politics out of it. He used almost every political cliché I can conceive, almost every one of which was used from some public platform or another during the General Election.
Surely, we on this side of the Committee are placed in a difficult position, for if we carry out what we said we intended to carry out, then the hon. Gentleman says we do it for political reasons;
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but if we do not, he says we have broken our pledges. It is a strange state of affairs when we come to a subject such as civil aviation, which could be debated outside of party politics. There are hon. Members on both sides of the Committee who have a sincere concern for and interest in aviation—who have the interests of aviation at heart.
Let me give the hon. Gentleman the Member for Uxbridge what, I believe, are four specific reasons why we should allow greater freedom in civil aviation. First, we must build up a merchant fleet of the air. It is the merchant fleet of the sea that today is standing us in such good stead both in the carrying of our trade and also in the earning of foreign currency. Surely we cannot go on trusting two large State corporations to carry out all this expansion. The expansion of the mercantile marine was not done simply by allowing the P. and O. and the Cunard White Star only to operate the ships. It was done by allowing other people to go into specialised services—refrigerating ships, tankers, tramps, and so on. In that way the mercantile marine grew. So we should expand the mercantile fleet of the air.
The second and very varied reason is that we badly need—and this is a point with which, I am sure, my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary of State for Air will agree—a pool of reserve aircraft should emergency arise. We shall not get it unless we encourage travelling here in this country and in other countries in British aircraft. The third reason is that we need to obtain some greater stability in the aircraft industry and some extra employment for ex-R.A.F. crews. We cannot expect the best engineering brains and the most skilled men to go into the industry unless they feel that there will be not just a boom during a re-armament period, but a period of 10 or 20 years of steady achievement and solid production in the aircraft industry—not just for military reasons, but for civil purposes as well.
Last, surely we do need some competition—not competition in providing luxury services, but competition in getting costs down; competition which will lower fares till they reach a point at which many more people can afford to travel by air. I should have thought that those were four very valid reasons why we should like a little fresh air brought into this industry of civil aviation.

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I believe that the Government's announcement is a sober assessment of the sort of manner in which we can expand civil air lines. The Secretary of State for Air in another place used an Americanism when he said that it is our policy to "maximise" civil air transport. I believe that should be the independent companies' role in the spheres of freight, lower fares, new scheduled routes and increased charter work. In those four spheres we have a real opportunity of "maximising" civil air expansion.
Mr. Beswick: Since the hon. Gentleman accused me of talking in political clichés, might I point out that I went out of my way to say that in three of the four spheres he mentioned there was no reason why the private operator should not come in.
Mr. Orr-Ewing: Perhaps the hon. Gentleman will allow me later in my speech to refute the suggestion, which was the thread running right through his speech, and that of his hon. Friend the Member for Enfield, East (Mr. Ernest Davies), that if we allowed any competition with the Corporations we would in some way destroy their essential fabric. I hope to show that that is not necessary, and that by increasing traffic we shall breed additional traffic, to the great benefit of the travelling public.
He also referred to what I think he called Socialist international planning which set up the International Air Traffic Association. It may be necessary at this stage of world development of this industry, but I do not altogether like it. In other spheres hon. Gentlemen opposite would call it an international cartel. It fixes the rates at which passengers can be carried on national airlines, and that is surely a price-fixing organisation.
It may be necessary, but do not let us by hypocritical about it and pretend that it is not a price-fixing organisation. It took some two years of negotiation within that body before the tourist rates were introduced on the Atlantic route. I believe that the lowering of costs which will arise as a result will be of great benefit to the travelling public.
I have never seen any analysis, but I often wonder how many people travel on our State Corporations on pleasure and how many travel on business. I have
2206
a shrewd suspicion that 90 per cent. of them are travelling on expenses. Before the war it used to be said by anyone travelling with his secretary that she was his wife. Now anyone travelling with his wife says she is his secretary.
I look ahead to the day when a man can travel with his wife and say she is his wife, and pay for her, and not have someone else paying in his stead. I do not believe that day will arrive until we get some measure of competition. I recognise that we cannot introduce it in the international sphere, but I believe we can do it within British territory by introducing third-class fares, and setting an example which will benefit many other routes. I have travelled, as I know the hon. Member for Uxbridge has, on some of the domestic airlines in the United States—
Mr. A. C. Manuel: Who paid for the hon. Gentleman's wife?
Mr. Orr-Ewing: I paid for my wife, but I can only do that once in a while; that is one of my objections, because I should like to travel more often. It is a drain on the financial resources of any hon. Member who takes his wife to the United States.
When I travelled on what is called the Colonial Airlines from Ottawa down to Washington I went to the airport booking office and found only one man a very different state of affairs from any airport organisation here. That one man checked our tickets, weighed our baggage, spoke to the aircraft on the R.T., reported back on the teleprinter to the Ottawa office to see how many seats were taken up and how many were spare; he signalled the aircraft where to stop, wheeled out the steps and the baggage and put it in the aircraft, embarked the passengers and signalled the aircraft to go on its way.
Mr. Rankin: Was he also the airport fire service?
Mr. Orr-Ewing: I am sorry, but I cannot follow the hon. Gentleman there. I was not able to check that, but I would say that the safety regulations followed in Canada and the United States are as high as those followed in this country. The point I was trying to make was that, if one person can do that we can begin to lower the overheads.
Mr. Manuel: Could the hon. Gentleman indicate how long the queue would be if there was a rush of passengers? What would be the average waiting time before each passenger was dealt with if this one individual performed all the duties indicated by the hon. Gentleman?
Mr. Orr-Ewing: The hon. Gentleman must know that if a sufficient number of aircraft are run—and in this instance they were running about one every two hours—there is not a rush of passengers at any one time. On that occasion I think there were 14 to 20 passengers; as we travelled we stopped every 200 miles or so, when a certain number would get on and a certain number would get off, but we were always quickly on our way; the wait of the aircraft was about three minutes; the overheads were small and the fare was little above the average train fare. I believe that with a third-class service—we cannot do it on the international routes, but we can on others—we may well contribute towards driving down the fares.
The hon. Member for Uxbridge referred to our tempting passengers from the Belgian air line. I, personally, could not feel any great sorrow about attracting our own nationals, British people, away from Sabena aircraft—
Mr. Beswick: The hon. Gentleman has misunderstood me. That is not the point at all. The point is that these Belgian citizens from Belgium are now being attracted to this cut-price service.
Mr. Orr-Ewing: That was the point I was making. If we can perform a service, not only for our own public but for other people at a lower rate, more power to our elbow; we shall be achieving something for the good of the public of the world. By getting our rates lower I believe that we shall also encourage international understanding, because so many more people will be able to travel by air on their holidays than hitherto.
I now wish to turn for a moment to the subject of freight. Here we have a real opportunity in the future. In the B.E.A. Report—page 33—I read that they actually lost £80,000 on their freight operations, so that hon. Gentlemen opposite cannot say we are doing the Corporations a disservice if we take that sphere of activity away from them. I believe that we would achieve an expansion of freight,
2208
not only within this country but within Western Europe and our Empire.
The United States have paid great attention to this matter within their own boundaries. They have to some extent operated through independent operators, such as American and Slick Airlines, a vast number of freight aircraft. On the trans-Atlantic route, out of 348 aircraft which flew in 1951, 178 were K.L.M., 150 were Scandinavian airlines, nine were U.S.A., and the remaining small number belonged to many other different nations.
If we do not expand our freight services other nations will, and are ready to do so. British trade should fly with British wings, just as it has travelled in British bottoms for the last 150 years. Our State Corporations have had a chance. They have had difficulties with aircraft, but those difficulties have been no less for independent operators. The State Corporations have had a chance which they have not been able to seize. Therefore, let us say to these independent operators that in this sphere of freight they shall have the opportunity to serve the public and increase our earnings.
I was interested to see from the B.E.A. Report that their costs were 27.4d. per capacity ton mile. The rate in the States is just half that amount for carrying freight. We also save in packing, insurance and in many other spheres. If we are to compete in world markets, it is vital to cut overheads such as packing, on our exports. I am sure that the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply, if he were present, would say that something like 10 per cent. of the total cost of our re-armament industry is going on the cost of packing. If that is true, it is probably equally true of many of the capital goods being exported overseas. If we can have less packing, less weight, cheaper and quicker delivery, we shall be saving our customers and getting the trade essential to this country.
Mr. Mikardo: If the hon. Gentleman is arguing that the Corporations, notwithstanding their opportunities, have done very little in the sphere of freight, how can he explain the necessity for stopping the Corporations for 12 months from developing freight in order to let the other chaps get in?
Mr. Orr-Ewing: I think that the hon. Member is distorting my right hon. Friend's wards. He said that he had

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received an offer from the Chairmen of the two Corporations that they would not enter bids on all freight markets for two years. I did not hear him say that he had stopped the Corporations from bidding for freight. Perhaps the Parliamentary Secretary will amplify that point when he speaks.
To go back to the question of freight, I believe that we have an opportunity. I believe we need to negotiate within our Dominions because they seem to be less open to this type of transport. I know that in Canada, for instance, they are very reticent about allowing our cargo aircraft to compete. In Western Europe, I believe that there is under discussion a possible Schuman plan for air transport, and I hope that the Front Bench will seriously consider, if a Schuman plan is to be started within the Western Union for the operation of freight aircraft, transport aircraft, tourist aircraft and charter aircraft, our having a say in the formation of that plan, because we are most intimately concerned.
Lastly, within the whole field of civil aviation we have come, I believe, to a stage where we are about to realise a very vigorous expansion in the number of public who travel, in the freight market and within the Corporations themselves. I do not believe that the proposals we have put forward will in any way harm the Corporations. I believe that they will, in fact, stimulate the air-mindedness of the public throughout the world.
We have a great opportunity, and I am convinced that, provided we can produce the aircraft from within the industry, the independent charter firms will carry out in their three special spheres exactly the functions which the Government have allocated to them; will carry them out efficiently and serve the public in so doing.
6.4 p.m.
Mr. John Taylor: I cannot follow the hon. Member for Hendon, North (Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing) in his general survey, except to comment that when the members of the trade unions engaged in the booking section of the industry read what he thinks ought to be expected of them, they will increase their opposition to the present plan.
Before this debate started, I was considerably disturbed about what appears
2210
to have been happening behind the scenes in regard to the Scottish internal air services. I want to speak exclusively on that point. It has emerged from this debate, and from the debate in another place last week, that our suspicions about what is proposed for these internal services in Scotland have now become certainties. It appears that the long-term lobbying over a period of years which has been going on behind the scenes for the future of Scotland's internal services has been successful. It seems to me as a comparatively new Member of this House that it has been the worst possible type of lobbying. It has been concentrated upon one particular political party by a few individuals connected or associated with one particular firm
If it is true that these suspicions are correct, a large proportion of the public in Scotland will regard this whole affair as very unsavoury. It will constitute the greatest sell-out in Scottish history. It will develop into a political scandal which will not only discredit the Minister but damage the reputation of his own party in Scotland. Let me examine the proposals for internal aviation in Scotland, so far as we can discover them, and I invite the Minister to confirm or deny what I am about to say.
I think that we should first appreciate that of our British internal services it is in Scotland that civil aviation has been most speedily and extensively developed. A larger proportion by far of our population in Scotland use aircraft as a normal means of travel than in any other part of the British Isles, with the possible exception of the Channel Islands. Because of our geography, our serrated coastline, with long arms of the sea reaching far into the mainland, because of our numerous and otherwise remote islands, because of the dispersal of our population, a very large percentage of our people accept air transport as the Londoner accepts his tube, the suburbanite his train and the provincial his bus. It is the most convenient way to get around.
It is true to say, as has been mentioned in this debate, that before the advent of B.E.A. a number of small independent airlines managed somewhat precariously, in all senses of the word, to cope with this traffic to some extent; but B.E.A., as I am sure the Minister and the Committee will agree, has developed these services, concentrated them, assisted them

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financially, modernised them, supplied the best available suitable aircraft and considerably improved most of the airports. All this, of course, has been done at some public expense.
Lieut.-Colonel Sir Thomas Moore: Why is the hon. Gentleman making this attack upon the adventurous young Scots who started civil aviation in Scotland and created the very foundation on which B.E.A. has sought to benefit?
Mr. Taylor: The hon. and gallant Gentleman always imagines that someone is attacking. I am merely recording the facts. I am not attacking them. I think that if he reads HANSARD tomorrow he will agree that that is so.
All these developments have, of course, been done at some public expense. The internal Scottish air services cannot by their very nature be both adequate and self-supporting. They are needed most where the population is sparsest, if I may coin an ugly word. Internal aviation in Scotland has, therefore, been regarded as a public service, a social service to the people, as, indeed, all forms of transport north of the Highland line must be so regarded. The alternative is to write off the Highlands and turn them into a desert. The future food requirements and other requirements of all the people of these islands make such a proposition unthinkable.
All forms of public transport are prone to public criticism. Our internal air services have not been wholly immune, but in my experience there has been less user criticism of this branch of public transport than of any other that I know. Indeed, there has been very widespread approval. On the whole, the public is satisfied with the service, recognises its problems and has a very deep admiration for its pilots and other operators. I have no technical knowledge; I speak merely as a user over many years of the Scottish internal services.
It is now suggested that these services, with, I believe, the exception of one which connects Scotland with the Channel Islands, should be handed over to private operators. There are a number of rumours to that effect. That would be bad enough, but it seems that the Government propose to hand them over to a single operator, Scottish Aviation, Limited.
Air Commodore Harvey: Hear, hear.
Sir T. Moore: Why not?
Mr. Mikardo: Hon. Gentlemen wanted competition, did they not?
Mr. Taylor: If that is so, it exposes, among several other things, that the Government's alleged detestation of monopoly is so much humbug.
Mr. Malcolm MacMillan: MacBrayne's.
Sir T. Moore: These air services are being handed back to the original people.
Mr. Rankin: That is nonsense, and the hon. and gallant Gentleman knows it.
Mr. Taylor: It is nonsense to compare the state of our internal services now with the ramshackle services we had prior to the advent of B.E.A. I do not know whether the hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Ayr (Sir T. Moore) went on the airports in the old days when they sometimes consisted of a shed in a field and in the winter time one waited for the planes in the most primitive conditions. It is also foolish to contrast the service conditions of B.E.A.'s employees with the conditions which obtained in those days.
Moreover, according to hints given in another place when their Lordships discussed this subject, the proposed monopoly is to be cushioned against loss by subsidies from public funds. This is the new method of sabotaging public services. A public corporation takes over a series of under-developed services—that is what they were—improves, develops, nurtures and maintains them at considerable expense—at justifiable public expense, for otherwise they could not have been maintained—and then the developed concern, with all its improved assets and its very much enlarged goodwill, is handed over to a private monopoly and guaranteed against loss by public money. This is a monstrous proposal. Wherever it has been mentioned, discussed or mooted it has been received with incredulous indignation.
Sir T. Moore: By whom?
Mr. Taylor: By, for instance, the Scottish Advisory Council for Civil Aviation. I am sure the Minister will agree with me that the Scottish Advisory Council

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for Civil Aviation is the most active of all Advisory Councils in Great Britain.
Sir T. Moore: That is a good one!
Mr. M. MacMillan: The Minister said so.
Mr. Taylor: The Minister has said so on more than one occasion, and so have his predecessors. There can be no doubt about that. The Advisory Council is unanimously opposed to the proposal. Civil aviation employees are vehemently opposed to it. Who supports it apart from the Minister and a few of his hon. and right hon. Friends? Apparently only the four or five directors of Scottish Aviation, Limited. I have described this abominable transaction as a sell-out. That is a false description, for it is worse than that; it is a give-away. There is no reason for it. Much will be lost; nothing will be gained. There will be no saving for public funds. It may very well be that because B.E.A. will still have to maintain its London staff connected with Scottish internal services the net cost to public funds will be heavier and not lighter.
Mr. Norman Dodds: Can my hon. Friend give us the names of the four or five directors of Scottish Aviation, Limited, to whom he referred?
Mr. Taylor: I do not know whether there has been any recent alteration in the directorships but, so far as I can trace them, the directors are the Earl of Selkirk, who holds 2,000 shares, Group Captain D. F. MacIntyre, the Duke of Hamilton and, I believe, the Hamilton and Kinneil Estates, Limited, who hold the controlling shares and have a nominee on the directorship of Scottish Aviation, Limited.
Air Commodore Harvey: In fairness to Lord Selkirk, who holds a Government office in another place, it ought to be said that he is not a director.
Mr. Taylor: I am grateful to the hon. and gallant Gentleman. I think that the Earl of Selkirk was a director until the advent of the present Government. I have no recent information as to later changes.
Sir T. Moore: What comments and criticisms is the hon. Gentleman making against these gentlemen?
Air Commodore Harvey: They built Prestwick.
Mr. Taylor: I was asked by my hon. Friend to name the directors and I did so to the best of my knowledge. I make no comment, except the general one that I was making, that, apart from hon. Members opposite, the only members of the public in Scotland who seem to desire the change are Scottish Aviation, Limited.
Mr. Rankin: Let hon. Gentlemen draw their own conclusions.
Mr. Taylor: There is no logical reason for the change. As my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) said, it can only be dictated by doctrinaire motives and by the slavish adherence to political dogma of which we were always told in the last Parliament we held a monopoly. This political belief is dying out all over the world and nowhere more speedily and completely than in the field of civil aviation.
I can see that it is useless to ask the Government to take second and wiser thoughts about this drastic and unfortunate change in our developing and successful Scottish internal services, but we may at least ask them to state specifically and categorically what guarantees they have had from the firm which has apparently expressed its willingness to take over these services. Have they had a firm guarantee that the island services, for example, will be continued at least as they are at present? Have they had a guarantee that the very valuable social services performed by the air ambulance service will be continued?
At lunchtime I met the general secretary of the National Union of Seamen, and he specifically mentioned the universal satisfaction of his members with the ambulance service and said that there would be a great deal of dissatisfaction among his membership if it were not fully maintained and developed as it was hoped to develop it. Have the Government firm and definite guarantees about wages and conditions?
Have we any guarantees or promises about the development of new routes? A week or two ago I asked a Question about what had happened to the route, for which permission had been given, I believe, to Scottish Aviation, Limited, from Belfast to Prestwick, Prestwick to Errol and from Errol to Aberdeen. Permission was given to commence the route on 1st June last

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year. It has not been started. I was told in reply to my Question that it must be left to the discretion of the operating company, who have evidently concluded that this would not be commercially profitable, to decide whether to operate the route or not. Are the other routes, to be left to the discretion of the operating companies? The answers to those questions will be listened to with interest on both sides of the Committee.
I promised to confine myself to these few points on Scottish aviation, though I do so with some reluctance. I make this final sentence. I am sure that I carry both sides of the Committee with me when I say that, whatever happens to the internal services of Scotland in the future, their development during the last three years has been spectacular and remarkable, and in my view is a great tribute to the efficiency of public service.
6.21 p.m.
Lieut.-Colonel Walter Elliot: I certainly would not have ventured to intervene in this debate if it had not been for the remarkable speech of the hon. Member for West Lothian (Mr. J. Taylor), which started with the most provocative abuse, and he then went on to say that he was not saying anything derogatory to the people he was attacking. I can only say that if the hon. Member really thinks that he was not derogatory to the people whom he was attacking when he talked about "a sell-out," "a give-away," "a ramshackle service," and "a political scandal of the first magnitude," then I should like to hear him when he is becoming abusive on some future occasion.
I, too, will do my best to confine myself strictly to these points, for there are many hon. Members who wish to speak and who have much greater authority than I for speaking on many other points. At the same time I have as much authority to speak as the hon. Member for West Lothian, as a user of the service. I was flying with the pioneer air lines long before there was any State service in the field. I was much indebted to the pioneer work of Captain Fresson for transport in the Islands, in particular for journeys to the Shetlands. In fact, on one occasion I deserted the State nationalised fishery cruiser for the sake of getting on to the private enterprise
2216
plane, which, however ramshackle, was greatly preferable to being pitched up and down in the Pentland Firth in the State ship.
Many hon. Members will fully agree with me that these Pioneer Air Services had a high regard for safety. They were worked by people who took great risks but who took them with safety to them selves and their passengers. They also had a great reputation for reliability. They flew to the Islands when the mail boats could not run because of the gales in the Pentland Firth and they did it with safety, thereby establishing a very great reputation for air travel upon which the great B.E.A. and other Corporations subsequently cashed in.
Mr. Manuel: Cashed in?
Hon. Members: Yes, cashed in.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: They were able to develop—
Mr. Manuel: Surely the right hon. and gallant Gentleman is using language which is much too strong? He knows that these services were only developed by the spending of huge sums of public money, and is he now advocating that that money should be lost to the British public and handed back to private service that never could have developed these services to the extent that the State has done?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: If the hon. Gentleman will stop prophesying about the speech I am going to make, and listen to the speech which I am making, we shall be able to get on more harmoniously and, indeed, we shall both more easily develop our lines of argument.
Mr. Manuel: The right hon. and gallant Gentleman has already committed himself.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: I am going to develop my argument further. The hon. Member cannot deny the pioneer work of this private enterprise company which established a reputation for the reliability and speed of air travel. That was done by private enterprise.
Mr. Rankin: So what?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: So we can properly trust private enterprise in the

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future to carry on these services, as I propose to ask the Minister to permit this work in Scotland to be carried on by such airlines. I trust no hon. Member opposite will say that I am in any way connected financially or by any other means with those who previously developed these airlines and who, I hope, will do so in the future.
Mr. Manuel: What about the public money which has been spent?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: As to the public money, I am suggesting a way in which to save public money. The money which has been required this year for subsidy is £290,000, and I suggest that that can be cut to half by transferring this work to private enterprise. There is a saving of public money almost at once.
Mr. Manuel: What happens to Prestwick?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: Nobody is suggesting that Prestwick should be taken away. The suggestion is that it should he further developed. I am talking about the £290,000 of public money which could be reduced if these services were run by private enterprise.
Mr. Manuel: This is important for Ayrshire. Do I take it that the right hon. and gallant Gentleman is fully committed against a subsidy to private enterprise lines who will operate these internal services if they cannot operate them at a profit?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: If the hon. Member would do a little addition sum —in this case it is division—he will find that when he divides £290,000 by two, the answer is not zero. It is £145,000. But that is a substantial saving.
I was saying that the argument advanced by the hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) and in another place by a noble Lord, as well as being advanced during this debate on several occasions, that a service with a considerable element of social service in it should not receive any subsidy whatever if carried on by a private company is not only utterly untenable, but it has not been put forward by any hon. Member in any other field.
Does the hon. Member for Uxbridge suggest that sugar beet should only be hoed by Government employees? In
2218
house building is it suggested that there should be no subsidy unless all building is done by direct labour under the Government? The hon. Member for the Western Isles (Mr. M. MacMillan) mentioned MacBrayne's. Is it suggested that there was no reason whatever for giving a subsidy to MacBrayne's because of the element of social service which is contained in that service? Surely not.
Mr. Beswick: I am not quite sure whether the right hon. and gallant Gentleman was in the Committee when I spoke, but I made the point that our experience in the past of giving subsidies to private air operators had been such that even a Conservative Minister came to the House and said he proposed to end that condition of affairs.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: The hon. Member cannot ride out of it on that. The hon. Member has advanced the general proposition that in air services, and only in air services, it is, to use the phrase of his hon. Friend, unthinkable that any subsidy whatever should go to a private company doing exactly the same service as a public company is doing, and willing to carry it out under exactly the same conditions. Is that the contention?
Mr. Beswick: That is my contention after our experience in the past in this particular field.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: I say that it does not apply to any other field. The hon. Gentleman does not apply it to the great field of agriculture or of house building. We have heard repeatedly from his master, the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Ebbw Vale (Mr. Bevan) that almost the whole of the building trade in this country is conducted by private enterprise. Yet I never heard the right hon. Gentleman or any of his supporters or, indeed, his antagonists, suggest that subsidies should not be given for housing. This is a piece of pure political prejudice, and pure political prejudice developed in the most venomous way. When the hon. Member for West Lothian began to attack by name the individual directors of Scottish Aviation, Limited—
Mr. Mikardo: That really is unfair.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: He began to attack by name—
Mr. Mikardo: It is disgraceful.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: —the directors of Scottish Aviation, Limited.
Mr. Manuel: No.
Mr. Mikardo: Nothing of the sort.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: Did he name them as being amongst the pioneers in British aviation? Did he mention the flight of Captain McIntyre over Mount Everest? Did he say anything about the flight over Everest by the Duke of Hamilton? He started a smear campaign, and he intended to do it, and the stooge who put the question intended it to be so.
Mr. Dodds: The right hon. and gallant Gentleman is incorrect in thinking that in putting my question I did so in connection with my hon. Friends here. I asked a perfectly simple question, whether certain information could be given to the Committee. At my request my hon. Friend gave the information. It is absolutely disgusting that a man with the reputation and experience of the right hon. and gallant Gentleman, because he has no contribution to make to the debate, should attempt to raise a smear campaign in this way.
Mr. Mikardo: On a point of order, Mr. Hopkin Morris. Would you consider it within the bounds of Parliamentary conduct for the right hon. and gallant Gentleman to refer to an hon. Member as a stooge?
The Deputy-Chairman (Mr. Hopkin Morris): I think it is an undesirable term to use.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: I have never heard that this word "stooge" is unparliamentary. I have heard it applied, and I have heard harder words than that in the House of Commons. If hon. Gentlemen opposite are to get so thin-skinned it shows how very sensitive they have become. Those who launched this smear campaign must take it, as well as give it.
Mr. Mikardo: Further to my point of order. I understood you to say, Mr. Hopkin Morris, that the use of that term "stooge" was undesirable. The fact that the right hon. and gallant Gentleman nevertheless repeats it appears to be an expression of difference from yourself. Is not that so?
The Deputy-Chairman: I do not know about difference from myself, but it is undesirable to use the term.
Several Hon. Members: Withdraw.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: I will withdraw anything that the Chairman asks me to withdraw. I will say that those who launched the smear campaign are not stooges, if they wish it to be so. I was dealing only with the relatively small point that a certain amount of air transport in this country should be carried on by private enterprise. That is a perfectly legitimate proposition. I do not think it merits the accusation of moral turpitude which has been brought against those who have brought it forward.
Mr. Beswick: By whom?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: By the hon. Member for West Lothian. I do not know whether the hon. Member for Uxbridge was in at the time. If he does not think that the expressions "sell-out," "give-away" and "political scandal" are accusations of moral turpitude, I should like to know what he thinks they are.
Mr. J. Taylor: I should like to correct the right hon. and gallant Gentleman. I am not a bit thin-skinned and I do not object to the expressions he has used, but I think he is now going off the rails. The expressions, which he ought not to be thin-skinned about, were not applied to any company or individual, but to the policy which is being adumbrated by the Government.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: Neither the hon. Gentleman nor I object to hard-hitting, but he went a little further than that. He indicated, and said in terms, that this policy was being advocated for the benefit of certain people, whom he subsequently named. I do not think he can deny that there is a considerable element of moral condemnation in it, and I am sure that that element entered very strongly into the statements which he made—or else I have never heard moral condemnation expressed in this Chamber. The suggestion that there should be a development of civil aviation in Scotland under the same people who pioneered and developed it there is not an unworthy one.
Mr. William Ross: I should like to ask the right hon. and gallant Gentleman one simple question. We have heard a lot about Scottish services and S.A.L. Can the right hon. and gallant Gentleman name one single service that this company rendered before the war?
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: The B.E.A. Corporation itself had to hire the machines and the services of this company, to begin the development of B.E.A. The company must certainly have had some services or they could not have had the machines or the services ready for the Corporation to hire. As for Captain Fresson's services. I paid testimony to them myself. I do not think that that was entirely a good interruption by the hon. Member for Kilmarnock (Mr. Ross). It shows how thin-skinned hon. Gentlemen opposite are on this subject.
The fact of the matter is that they fear lest private competition should, in some way, be more efficient. They do not wish to see private enterprise proving more efficient. They are afraid, and they are unwilling that it should have its chance. They desire that it should be absolutely debarred by law from coming in to the main services at any point. All we can say is that they display a lack of confidence in State enterprise which, on this side of the Committee, we do not share. We are willing that State enterprise should play its part.
Nobody suggests that the most profitable routes of the B.E.A. public corporation should be taken away from them. The profitable routes, as everybody knows, are the great Continental routes, from which the B.E.A. is drawing its revenues. Nobody is suggesting that they should be taken away. All we are doing is to suggest that the internal services, which are admittedly not the most remunerative part of the service, might be exposed to the competition of private as well as of public enterprise. I cannot imagine a more simple or reasonable proposition.
I do not intend to detain the Committee longer. I would not have detained it so long as I have except for the desire of many hon. Members opposite to make my speech as well as their own, but it is part of the business of Parliament to pro-
2222
mote the rough-and-tumble and the cut-and-thrust of debates. I am very glad that it should have taken place.
The arguments which have been brought forward against allowing Scottish air lines to be in the hands of Scotsmen instead of being centralised in Whitehall as at present are not justified, either in theory or in practice. I trust that the Minister will continue this policy of decentralisation, and that it will be possible to have a company situated in Scotland, directed by Scotsmen and operating a Scottish service in and from Scotland for the benefit of Scotsmen. I trust the Government will be able to show that we have not entirely lost the powers of private enterprise in the air which have made the Clyde and Scotsmen in general on the sea, praised and welcomed all over the world.
6.39 p.m.
Mr. Maurice Edelman: If discourtesy and passion are the high road to Front Bench favour, I am certain that the right hon. and gallant Gentleman will soon find himself back at the Despatch Box. My hon. and right hon. Friends can take care of themselves, but I resent deeply the attack on the national Corporations. The right hon. and gallant Gentleman accused my hon. Friends on this side of having used expressions like "sell-out." He will recall that he spoke of the national Corporations as having "cashed in" on the efforts of others. I can only say that the work which has been done by B.O.A.C. and by B.E.A.C. during the last few years ought to be a source of pride to everyone in the country.
As I was listening to an hon. Gentleman opposite describing an aerodrome abroad where one man is not only the porter manhandling the luggage but is also the flagger-out of the aircraft responsible for traffic control, I could not help feeling how much more secure I feel when I travel by B.O.A.C. and B.E.A. than I would have felt had I travelled in those circumstances. From the point of view of a simple commercial profit it may be that private enterprise firms can run their airlines under those conditions. I believe it is a continuing source of pride to everyone in this country that on the Continent, in our colonial dependencies and throughout the world, our two national Corporations bring distinction to British flying.

2223
I agreed with the speech of the Minister of Transport in two respects. First, I agreed with him when he congratulated the national Corporations on their work. It is perfectly true that, having patted them on the head, he then decided to hit them on the jaw. Nevertheless, he said that they had done excellent work which should be commended by everyone interested in and proud of British flying. The second point the Minister made was equally one which this Committee should support. In effect, he repeated what he announced on 27th May, when he said:
"…we have hopes of independent companies developing the all-freight market which is a growing field with great possibilities."— [OFFICIAL REPORT, 27th May, 1952; Vol. 501, c. 1158.]
If I digress from the general stream so far followed by this debate, it is simply because I believe we should be wrong to try to compartmentalise the production of aircraft into civilian and military when we are thinking in terms of the freight market. So far, no single machine has been developed exclusively for the purposes of freight. We saw this strikingly dramatised during the Berlin air lift. When we were suddenly faced by a great crisis which called for all our resources of transport, every aircraft had to be thrown into the struggle to keep one single city provided with the necessities of life for a considerable period. Not only did we try to adapt all the aircraft we had available for that purpose, but the Americans also assembled all theirs and threw them into the single purpose of providing Berlin with the air transport that it required for the air lift.
If, in a state of emergency of that kind, we had to use the total resources both of our own country and of the United States in order to keep a single city supplied, we must consider seriously what would be the position if we were faced by a new emergency somewhere in the world in which we had to supply either a city OF a division with the necessary material required to sustain it. It has been calculated that a single division landed on an enemy shore requires for the first months of its running and installation approximately 100,000 tons of material. It has been calculated that to maintain that single division, a further 19,000 tons of material per month are required.
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It is all very well if that supply can be maintained by setting up a pipeline of essential transport, whether it be by water or by land and, once the pipeline is filled, supplies can be poured into the area where it is necessary to assemble them. On the other hand, if we consider that situations like that in Korea may suddenly develop in any part of the world, where it is necessary to supply large quantities of bulky material at short notice, where we lost 60 crucial days owing to the fact that we did not have the logistical means of supplying the armies on the spot, then we have to ask ourselves seriously at this point what course we should seek to follow in this country in the manufacture of freighter aircraft.
It has been suggested that the independent operator can carry out the job of carrying freight rather better than can a national Corporation. For those reasons, no doubt with all good intentions, the two chairmen of the two leading national Corporations have indicated that they are prepared to forgo extensions and development of new freight lines in order to give independent operators an opportunity of developing their own traffic. Let us consider for a moment what kind of traffic those independent operators, naturally and properly from a commercial point of view, will seek to develop.
Obviously, using existing types of aircraft they will try to develop the freight market which is concerned with the smallest bulk in ratio to the value of the traffic carried. In other words, they will try to concentrate on traffic such as the carriage of bullion, mail, small supplies of various kinds of high value in relation to their volume.
That is all very well if we are merely thinking of the profitability of the freight market, but from a national point of view, thinking of air transport in national and strategic terms, we have to consider whether the aircraft which we have available for civil aviation is suitable and adapted to the needs of some new strategic situation in which great volumes of supplies of one kind or another may have to be transported, whether it be coal, machine tools or tanks.
Therefore, I want to put forward in this debate one fundamental suggestion, namely, that at this stage we should begin

2225
to think, as far as the freight market and the manufacture of freight aircraft are concerned, in terms of a dual-purpose type of machine which can be used not only for the carriage of civilian freight but which might be adapted at short notice in an emergency to the carriage and the transport of military supplies
If we are to have machines capable of this dual purpose, then we shall have to design machines radically different in construction from those which are today being used for air transport and for the freight market. For example, it is well known that in order to carry the type of military supplies which might be needed in an emergency, two major things are necessary. In the first place, there will have to be large doors. Secondly, there will have to be heavy reinforced floors. In addition, there will have to be the winches, the rails and the ramps, all of which are necessary to accommodate the type of supplies which may be needed in time of war.
The independent operator will rightly say that if he is to carry the type of light material which is most profitable—which, according to the policy of the right hon. Gentleman, he will naturally take in order to extract the maximum profit—he will not seek to purchase aircraft of the type I have described. He obviously will not want to have an aircraft which is probably five per cent. heavier and five per cent. costlier than the comparable type of aircraft which he could use for his routine civilian purposes. Therefore, I submit to the right hon. Gentleman this afternoon that it is impossible to run an air freight service adapted to the strategic needs of the nation unless both the aircraft and the line are in some way subsidised.
The essential point I want to make is that in these critical times which confront us today we have to produce a completely new type of aircraft. We have to think of civil aviation, and of the freight market in particular, in terms of national strategy, and consequently we have to develop a type of aircraft which by its nature must be commercially and economically unprofitable.
Therefore, I believe that the essential conclusion which must be derived is that the right hon. Gentleman is taking a most retrograde step in now turning over the freight market to the private companies
2226
and the independent operators. He is committing a retrograde step, not simply on doctrinaire grounds, but simply because no independent operator will be ready and willing to undertake the substantial expense of ordering the prototypes and then ordering the production of aircraft which he knows will cause him to run his line at a loss.
It may be argued that if that is true of the independent operator, is it not equally true of the public operator and of the national Corporations? The answer is that, of course, it is true. But I think it has been indicated throughout the debate this afternoon that there is a fundamental difference between a subsidy for a social service given to a private firm and a similar subsidy for a social and strategic purpose given to a national Corporation. The subsidy may be the same even in amount, but essentially it serves a different purpose for the simple reason that the public Corporation is subject to the control of Parliament. A public Corporation is an organisation which can be scrutinised by the various Committees of Parliament. It is an organisation which is constantly under examination by hon. Members in the House.
For those reasons, I believe that, in entering into this completely new strategic concept of a dual-purpose freight aircraft, we must recognise that it is inevitable that there will have to be substantial subsidies out of public funds, and it is far more fitting that those subsidies should go to organisations which are under public control—organisations such as we already have in the form of the national Corporations.
It seems to me an extraordinary act of self-denial, an extraordinary measure of self-abnegation, that the chairmen of the national Corporations should be ready to forgo the development of new freighters. If the national Corporations, as the right hon. Gentleman has rightly indicated, ought to make a commercial and economic profit in the same way as any private enterprise company, it seems a mysterious thing that the chairmen of these Corporations should suddenly and voluntarily say that in the interests of private enterprise with which they are in honourable competition, they are ready to forgo this very valuable and desirable form of traffic.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: Perhaps I may repeat what I have already said, although not in exactly the same words. I said that the Corporation chairmen had given an assurance that for one year they would hold off making applications to the A.T.A.C. for new freighter routes.
Mr. Edelman: Why?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: Of course, they would retain the existing ones. The hon. Member asks why. The main reason is that they have got their work cut out in increasing the frequencies and reducing the costs of their existing services. It is for this that they need the new aircraft for which they have applied, and this is their purpose in the immediate future.
Mr. Edelman: I am obliged to the right hon. Gentleman, but I cannot say that I am convinced by his explanation. I accept his version of the facts, but I am certainly not persuaded that any member of a private firm would voluntarily commit that act of self-sacrifice which the right hon. Gentleman has described merely because he is so preoccupied in improving the efficiency of his existing installation, that he would forgo an alternative line of business which will certainly yield a profit. Consequently, I must confess that I am not persuaded by the right hon. Gentleman.
The aircraft industry has throughout its history been a subsidised industry. In one way and another aircraft constructors have received in one form or another governmental subsidies; it may be in the form of development contracts or in the form of experimental contracts, but the aircraft industry has always had the tradition of being subsidised from national funds, and rightly so, because the industry has always been regarded as performing a public service.
It is precisely because we have always regarded the aircraft industry and the operation of airlines as performing a public service that we have not in the past applied those standards of efficiency to it which hon. Members opposite tend to do. The standard of efficiency which we have always applied has been: has the aircraft industry and have the airlines performed a useful public service? The right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove has ventured to attack the alleged inefficiency of the public Corporations associated with the aircraft industry—
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: The hon. Member is making an assertion for which he will find no confirmation whatever in HANSARD tomorrow.
Mr. Edelman: I am delighted to accept that the right hon. and gallant Gentleman says that the contrary applies and that he has always praised the efficiency of the national Corporations.
Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: I hope the hon. Member withdraws the accusation he made against me.
Mr. Edelman: I am delighted to withdraw the accusation if I misinterpreted the right hon. and gallant Gentleman's words. It is certainly true that the nationalised Corporations have in the past been attacked for inefficiency. The fact is that in the aircraft industry as such it is undoubtedly true that, subsidised as it is, there are probably more executives per technician than in any other industry in the country. If we are going to apply to our national industries the standard of whether a subsidy implies merit or demerit we should say that, as far as the aircraft industry is concerned, it has certainly earned great merit from the community as a whole because of its past achievement.
Unless we continue to develop the freight market through national Corporations, we shall ultimately find not only that the independent operators will call upon the Government in order to receive a most substantial subsidy, but even when they have done so we shall find that, subsidised though they may be, the type of aircraft which they have available is neither adapted to the freight market needs from a commercial point of view nor, indeed, from the point of view of the strategic interests which the country demands.
6.59 p.m.
Dr. Reginald Bennett: I followed with interest the remarks of the hon. Member for Coventry, North (Mr. Edelman), and I observed at the outset of his speech that he said that he felt safer now than he would have felt in aircraft of some of the older private firms. I think that is quite true. I should say so myself, because a great number of improvements have been made, even though in many cases they are still flying the same aircraft in Scotland as they were before the war. There have been

2229
improvements in flying aids and so on, and therefore I myself would certainly feel safer.
The hon. Gentleman's major point was his anxiety about the freight-carrying aircraft suitable for civil and military purposes. I entirely endorse his sentiment, even if there is a Scottish meeting being carried on in another part of the Chamber, and I invite the Scotsmen to continue their meeting outside if they would like to.
I do agree that there is this necessity, but I am not quite sure whether the hon. Member is aware—as he says there is no single machine adaptable for freight whether in a civilian or a military role—of the existence of the Bristol Freighter and the Blackburn Universal Freighter. The first is in very successful commercial operation, not unconnected with my hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Macclesfield (Air Commodore Harvey), in carrying motor cars and their passengers across the English Channel. I would be interested to learn the fate of the Blackburn Universal Freighter if my hon. Friend can tell us.
Mr. Edelman: I was of course aware of those types. The point I was making was that there should be a freighter capable of carrying really heavy loads of, say, up to 30 tons.
Dr. Bennett: I do not know what the load limit of the Blackburn Universal Freighter is, although it is fairly high. I fall in line with the hon. Member in admitting that it is a very short-range aircraft compared with what probably would be immediately desirable. But as the Bristol Freighter is in successful operation in private hands I think his point about commercial operators falls to the ground, although I agree that we need to develop a longer-ranged and more general purpose machine for strategic use in case of war.
I seem to see in the new statement of policy on civil aviation an opening up of new horizons which has been long overdue. I have felt great anxiety about that, and I hasten to say that I speak as one having no financial interest anywhere in aviation, but merely an interest. I have been getting very anxious about what was to happen in the future, because so much expansion which everyone could foresee could hardly be catered for.
2230
Owing to what I sometimes refer to as the "de-cerebrate rigidity"—a physiological term with which no doubt most hon. Members are familiar—of the previous set up, I felt that we were never going to be able to handle this increase of trade when it arose. I do welcome the new attitude, although I ask my right hon. Friend if he will—as I am sure he will—support the full evolution of this scheme as far and as fast as he can, particularly in order that it might be seen what is to be the prospect of obtaining capital for private operators.
I wish to deal with a single point and not to detain the Committee as so many hon. Members have so much to say. There is still a need to insist on the application of Section 16 (3) of the Civil Aviation Act, 1949, in the way in which I think was originally intended. This part of the Act says:
"The Minister shall not provide any of the Airways Corporations with aerodrome facilities in connection with the operation of any charter service unless he is satisfied that comparable facilities are available, or can be made available if required, to persons other than the Airways Corporations in connection with the operation of a similar service, and are so, available, or can be made so available it required, upon terms and conditions not less favourable than those upon which the facilities. in question are provided by him for the Corporation concerned."
We have had in connection with this the expression of some very worthy sentiments from those who have spoken with authority in previous Governments. In 1946 we had a statement:
"it is not my intention to allow corporations to have unfair advantage over the charter companies. I do not intend that they should be able to use the resources of the State to the disadvantage of the charter operators."
In 1952 we have had a similar statement from a politically similar source, expressing a similar sentiment, that there is a big role for charter companies and that there should be competition and wide ranges of opportunities for employment.
Those are good sentiments although I have a suspicion that when the first was stated it was probably not foreseen by hon. Members opposite that there was to be anything like the existing development of privately run civil aviation. I can quote another remark:
"The existence of charter companies with large fleets of passenger-carrying aeroplanes of considerable size, chartering machines to tourist agencies is also, I think, a little far-fetched,"

2231
That was in 1946. I suggest to the Committee that even now there are such firms, quite big concerns—to which I shall make reference later—which are suffering a disadvantage as against the Corporations by not being able to use the same kind or degree of facilities which I think they were originally intended to use.
Constant representations have been made that these facilities should be allowed but the Ministry has kept the charter companies at bay. In 1950 it stated:
"No special aerodrome facilities are provided at London Airport in connection with the charter services of the corporations…It is regretted that it is not practicable to make accommodation available…but it cannot be admitted that your company has any right to such accommodation under the terms of the Civil Aviation Act."
That seems to be a definite injustice and it is against that that I am protesting today.
The charter companies or independent operators find there is no room for them to work from Heath Row. In places where they do work, such as Blackbushe, which I have visited, the facilities are nothing like the "ritzy" arrangements of Heath Row. Even if we do not want "ritzy-ness" we want something which could be expressed perhaps in terms of the difference between tiles and whitewash.
The restaurant, waiting rooms are very primitive at Blackbushe whereas they are nothing less than luxurious at Heath Row, and the number of customs officers available is much smaller. I suggest that this Administration should remedy some of those injustices and either give the independent operators a foothold at Heath Row, or improve such places as Blackbushe in accordance with what I believe to be the spirit of the Act, even if subsequently it was not maintained.
We must bear in mind in respect of what was said about the prospects of private operators in 1946 that there are operators in England now who own fleets of 300 aircraft, and private operators who have bigger fleets than Aer Lingus, Iberia, the Spanish national air company, the Israeli company and Air India International. It is a pity that these private British operators should be treated with a certain amount of relative contempt.
If these other people can use the facilities at Heath Row, why should we keep
2232
our own nationals out? I believe that they would be perfectly willing to pay the fees asked. I hope that my right hon. Friend will make the same facilities, or equivalent facilities, available to them, and that for instance when B.O.A.C. move into their magnificent new hangar at Heath Row the independent operators may be allowed to move into some of the accommodation which will be left vacant.
I was greatly relieved to hear that there is to be a check on what I have regarded as another unfair practice. That is the question of cut rate tenders. I came across an example recently which shocked me considerably, although it is an old complaint and there are plenty of examples of it that have been brought before the House. A charter recently went on the market, a charter to the Middle East, for which B.O.A.C. charged £2,950, which is at the rate of 9s. 8d. a mile, for a Hermes.
I believe it is reasonable to suppose that the operating costs of that machine, as calculated by some of those who operate them, are probably nearer 15s. a mile. Even if it were 14s., the quotation should have been £4,305. The overheads were not applied but only the out-of-pocket expenses—none of the overheads of the central organisation or the company as a whole. The quotation was £200 less than even the cost of out-of-pocket expenses; and if one takes the full expenses this was an under-quotation of something like £1,350.
Those overheads must exist somewhere. It costs something to run those aircraft and the organisation could not possibly run them without any overheads. But where do the overheads go? Do they go on the scheduled services? They must have done. There the B.O.A.C. has the monopoly, and is putting up the cost, to the detriment of the efficiency of the scheduled services, in order to undercut in, I think, an unfair way their competitors in the business.
I consider this unfair to their competitors in the business; unfair to civil aviation; unfair to the Corporations themselves; to the Government and to the taxpayer. It is using the taxpayers' money to the detriment of those who compete with the Corporations, and I hope we have seen the last of it. I hope that what I heard is right and that we are to have some more representative

2233
overheads put on the prices charged for B.O.A.C. charters.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I think I ought to correct my hon. Friend if he is referring to what I said on that point. To the best of my recollection, I said I understood that the only overheads charged against the scheduled services which was not charged against the charter operations specifically was for training and development. It was difficult in fact to see how they could be split up.
Dr. Bennett: I entirely understand that, but I hope that all the customary overheads will be applied, and proper commercial competition will take the place of what has been happening.
Mr. Beswick: Will the Minister also confirm that any charter undertaken by the Corporations had as its net result a reduction of the deficit and the burden on the taxpayer?
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: Yes. If the Corporations will undertake not to keep or charter aircraft especially for charter operations many difficulties will be solved.
Dr. Bennett: I readily accept the observations of my right hon. Friend, but I would point out to the hon. Member that although such a mechanism as I have described might produce money for the Corporation and thereby reduce the deficit, so would going out with a gun and holding up people in the street. In my belief it is the same kind of operation.
The hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) did say that he did not believe that charter firms would put in for prototype aircraft in the way the Corporations have done. He dismissed that as an impossibility, but I would ask him to have another look at the matter, because a little bird whispers in my ear that some such thing has recently been going on in the aircraft industry. He should find out, because I do not think he is quite right in being so confident about that.
I was very glad to hear of the new policy, and I was overjoyed to hear of the special attention which my right hon. Friend will give to the early introduction of helicopter services, especially in and out of London. It is well known that it takes longer to get from this honourable House to Heath Row than from
2234
Heath Row to Paris. Therefore, we shall be glad to see this service commence. I think that this liberalising of civil aviation has come just in time to be able to accommodate at least some of the enormous expansion which all of us may expect in the near future.
7.15 p.m.
Mr. G. Lindgren: If we analyse the speech of the hon. Member for Gosport and Fareham (Dr. Bennett), what it comes to is that when the Corporations enter into fair and unfettered competition with the charter companies, the charter companies object to that competition. That is what he is saying.
Dr. Bennett: What they object to i3 unfair competition. Nobody would object to fair competition.
Mr. Lindgren: It is unfair when the Corporations compete in the open market and observe the regulations while charter companies operate on a shoe-string.
Dr. Bennett: May I suggest that some of the charter companies which compete for these contracts pay better rates thin B.O.A.C.? The hon. Gentleman should look into that.
Mr. Lindgren: I will deal with that in a moment, although my hon. Friend the Member for Reading, South (Mr. Mikardo) is better qualified to deal with it than I am.
I am sorry that the right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) is not in his place. I am loth to enter into a war of the thistles, and I have a reputation, in so far as I have any reputation at all, for being aggressive rather than for pouring oil on troubled waters. But this Scottish nationalism has gone a wee bit awry_ Things were not quite as the right hon, and gallant Gentleman said.
I should be the first to pay tribute to pioneers like Fresson, who operated with one aircraft day and night. He had a taxi service, not a scheduled service. He was at the beck and call of anyone and everyone who could pay for the service, and he did a first-class job. He had one aircraft. [HON. MEMBERS: "He had more."] At least when he was taken over by B.E.A., which is the time about which I am competent to speak, he had only

2235
one Dragon. That was bought, and he was compensated for his business. He did a grand job. But there were other services operating in Scotland. I remember the name Gandar-Dower.
Mr. Mikardo: They threw him out.
Mr. Lindgren: I do not wish to refer to the terms of operating in the way in which my right hon. Friend the Member for East Stirling (Mr. Woodburn) hinted earlier in the debate. But to say that the operations of Gandar Dower were on a shoe string would be quite a reasonable statement of the case. There was no service, because there was no degree of regularity at all. The service went one day and did not go another. People were stranded in the Orkneys and Shetlands for three or four days. In fact, the service ceased to operate altogether and B.E.A. had to go in and take over because Gandar Dower had defaulted. So far as Scottish aviation is concerned, that is the record all the way round.
The right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove referred to Scottish Aviation, Limited, and there is one thing I should like the Parliamentary Secretary to mention when he replies, if he can get the information in time. Scottish Aviation, Limited, is not altogether clean, and I say that with some degree of re-sponsibility. There was a Glasgow Exhibition in which the Ministry of Supply had certain buildings. At the end of the exhibition they were transferred to Prestwick. They were used by Scottish Aviation, Limited, all through the war and prior to the war on their training ground, and after the war as workshops and the rest. When I left the Ministry of Civil Aviation in 1950 we had not got to an agreement in regard either to the purchase of or the payment of rent for those buildings. I should like to know whether there is yet a satisfactory agreement with Scottish Aviation, Limited, regarding the payment for the buildings at Prestwick.
Prestwick has developed, and I am delighted that our Scottish friends have the second airport in the country. But that was provided by Britain's taxpayers and not by any degree of enterprise on the part of Scottish aviation. That, however, is a deflection from what I was proposing to say.
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The debate today is of a different character from the debates in the Committee from 1945 to 1950 and from 1950 to 1951. From 1945 to 1950 I used to stand opposite the present Minister and cross swords with him in the debates that we had. While the right hon. Gentleman was out of the Chamber—we do not complain about his leaving the Chamber, because he has to get some refreshment and he has been very attentive to the debate—our Scottish friends were accusing one another of being thin-skinned. We all admit the right hon. Gentleman's ability. We do not accuse him of being thin-skinned. But I think he must really be even thicker-skinned than I gave him credit for being if he can face even his own Ministry and members of the Corporations after what he said when he was on this side of the Committee about both the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Corporations and the personalities in the Corporations.
Look at the contrast in this debate. For the whole of the six years of the Labour Government—and I am certain that my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) will correct me if I am wrong—the present Minister and right hon. and hon. Gentlemen behind him did their very best, in every civil aviation debate, to discredit the Ministry of Civil Aviation. [HON. MEMBERS: "No."] The Ministry were being accused, and I had to stand at that Box and defend them. They were accused of being over-staffed and under-worked. Hon. Members opposite were doing their best to discredit the Corporations and to undermine the work which the personalities in the Corporations were doing. That was the whole trend of the Opposition's attitude towards the debates in those days. They are taking a very different line today, although the spirit behind right hon. Gentlemen opposite is very much the same as it was in those days.
Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing: Our criticism about over-manning in the Corporations appears to have been justified, because they have been proud of the fact—and rightly—that they are now achieving a much higher level of operations on a greatly reduced staff.
Mr. Lindgren: I will come to that in a minute, because one of the charges

2237
which I shall make against hon. Gentlemen opposite is that they knew the reasons for the deficits of the Corporations and the reasons for over-staffing, but they had not the public patriotism to get up and say so. It suited their political purpose to adopt the attitude which they adopted.
Before I am deflected too far, may I say that in the Ministry of Civil Aviation, of which the Minister has now the proud privilege of being the head, he has a Ministry in which the administrative skill and technical skill of his staff is exceedingly high. In the Corporations, there are men associated with all phases of their activities, from chief executives and members of the Board down to the manual workers, or up to the manual workers, whichever way we like to put it; and they are men with a very high degree of enthusiasm and ability who, in spite of the jibes which hon. Members opposite were making all the time about the losses, put everything they had into making the Corporations the success which they are today.
I am proud to have been associated both with the Ministry and with the personalities in it, and with the Corporations and the personalities in them, in the really magnificent job which they have done for British aviation and for British civil aviation in particular.
Air Commodore Harvey: While I do not disagree with what the hon. Gentleman said—
Mr. Mikardo: The hon. and gallant Gentleman did disagree.
Air Commodore Harvey: If the hon. Member for Reading, South (Mr. Mikardo) wants to speak, perhaps he will rise in the normal way. The hon. Member for Wellingborough (Mr. Lindgren) has given way to me and perhaps he will also give way to the hon. Member for Reading, South. I think the hon. Member for Wellingborough will agree that, starting at the end of the war, B.O.A.C. had a comparatively small staff which was built up to 24,000 people with a comparatively small fleet of aircraft. Since then it has been reduced to 16,000-odd with a very much bigger fleet, so that the Parliamentary pressure and other means used, by which this was brought to the notice of the public, has perhaps performed a useful job.
Mr. Lindgren: The hon. and gallant Member for Macclesfield (Air Commodore Harvey) was one of the offenders, although, if I may say so, in a very nice way, because he always studied the debates. He was one of the worst offenders because he is knowledgeable on these subjects; he knows the facts and he knows very well about the re-opening of those routes abroad and the laying down of facilities which were required by the Corporations for those routes.
He knows that the expansion had to take place so quickly, and took place so quickly, some of it in association with Transport Command, that on many occasions—and no one denies this, and certainly I never denied it when I spoke on behalf of the Ministry from that Box —it involved a greater number of people than were required for the operations. After providing the services, and the standard of operation of the services, the Corporations were able to tackle that problem.
The hon. Member for Hendon, North (Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing) introduced the question of the Corporations and the charter companies providing an opportunity for R.A.F. crews. I remember standing at the Box and defending the Ministry against the hon. and gallant Gentleman, defending appointments by the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Corporations of R.A.F. officers into jobs in the Corporations and in the Ministry. Such was the enthusiasm of the hon. and gallant Gentleman for the appointment of R.A.F. officers to such jobs.
Air Commodore Harvey: If the hon. Member is referring to me, he should bear in mind that I had an Adjournment debate in 1946 in which I complained that every person appointed was an air vice-marshal. I wanted to see some of the men in the ranks of civil aviation get a job.
Mr. Lindgren: I made the reply to the hon. and gallant Gentleman that even if a man was an air vice-marshal, he was not of necessity a nitwit. If it is suggested that the hon. and gallant Gentleman was concerned about the A.C.2 and the A.C.1 and not about air vice-marshals or group captains, I do not believe it.
Air Commodore Harvey: I was interested that such men as aircraft engineers, who had done good work with

2239
B.O.A.C. air services, should get promotion, and they were being overlooked in the appointments which the hon. Gentleman made.
Mr. Lindgren: That may be the hon. and gallant Gentleman's attitude now.
Air Commodore Harvey: I said so then.
Mr. Lindgren: What was really behind the hon. and gallant Gentleman's intervention in those debates was the fact that the Corporations were State-owned and the appointments in the Ministry and the Corporations were no longer within the Aero Club. That was worrying quite a number of people about the appointments at that time.
Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing: Cheap.
Mr. Lindgren: I do not want to delay the Committee too long, but hon. and gallant Gentlemen opposite seem to have forgotten even the small account of the history of Civil Aviation which my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge gave. B.O.A.C. were brought into being by a Tory Government only because of the failure of private enterprise. After the 1914–18 war we had the development of private companies like Handley Page, Daimler's, Instone's, and a number of others. They went bankrupt because they could not operate at a profit and because the Tory Government of the day would not give them a subsidy. Imperial Airways were born at the request of the Government because private enterprise had failed, and with the promise of a subsidy so that they could operate. The history of this was given by my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge.
It went further. One of the problems within charter operations, both before the war and since the war, has been that the standard of employment of all ranks within the charter companies has been very unsatisfactory. I will leave my hon. Friend the Member for Reading, South to deal with the major part of this, but I want hon. Members to look at the question of Imperial Airways and the reason B.O.A.C. came into existence.
One of the reasons was that the House set up an inquiry into the operations of Imperial Airways, following the fate of the British Airline Pilots' Association, which was then a very small trade union
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run by a voluntary secretary, chairman and treasurer, who were pilots with Imperial Airways and who had been pressing Imperial Airways for a revision of rates of pay and conditions of service. Then, of course, Imperial Airways had had a thought that they had too many pilots, and created redundancy. By one of those coincidences which always occurs within an industry with which hon. Members opposite are associated, and from which any person who takes an active part in the trade union movement suffers, the redundancies among the pilots of Imperial Airways were three—and by that coincidence, the three declared redundant were the treasurer and the secretary and the chairman of the newly-formed British Airline Pilots' Association.
To his credit—and we give credit where it was due—the hon. Member for Stroud and Thornbury (Mr. Perkins), who still sits in the House, brought the matter on to the Floor of the House and exposed the scandal of the conditions for pilots in Imperial Airways. Even today the charter companies are not operating under the conditions available to those working within the Corporations, although that is required under Section 19 of the Civil Aviation Act, 1946.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation (Mr. R. Maudling): Is the hon. Gentleman referring to charter companies operating as associates?
Mr. Lindgren: Many of them are operating as associates.
Air Commodore Harvey: Who?
Mr. Lindgren: I will tell the hon. and gallant Gentleman under what conditions. Their pensions and flying pay are not the same. Perhaps it will be more fair if I leave it at that, because my hon. Friend the Member for Reading, South, who is associated with the Whitley Council for Civil Air Transport, knows more about that subject.
My complaint against hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite is that after 1945, in a period of difficulties for the Corporations, when they had to fly obsolete aircraft and converted bombers, they did not attempt to explain to the country the difficulties. Instead of praising the Corporations for their efforts in trying as best they could to use

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British equipment although it was obsolete, they just—
Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing: —bought American.
Mr. Lindgren: They did that to maintain a competitive service across the Atlantic. B.O.A.C. had to buy Constellations and Stratocruisers. Here, again, is a point on which hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite are most unfair. They started spreading rumours that B.O.A.C., and certain people in it, were pro-American and anti-British because they bought Constellations and made arrangements for the purchase of Stratocruisers. Instead of explaining to the British public, or assisting us to explain, that the Corporations were operating obsolete aircraft unfit for the job, they did that.
But the Corporations carried on. In spite of the general atmosphere created by hon. Gentlemen opposite, and of the election propaganda put out, in my constituency at least, under bills headed "Attlee and Co.," with all the losses of the Corporations set out, the Corporations have brought themselves into a position where they are "out of the red." Whether they will be able to maintain that position is doubtful, because of the action of the Government about petrol.
But, more important, we having established British civil aviation on a standard of operation and service second to none in the world, it would be a change if hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite were to give a cheer for Britain instead of cheering somebody else. [Interruption.] We did not get any real cheers from hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite when the life of the present Queen was entrusted to B.O.A.C. on her journeys across the Atlantic. They have, in fact, decried any and every activity of the Corporations.
Mr. Gerald Nabarro: Nonsense.
Mr. Lindgren: The hon. Gentle-man—
Mr. Mikardo: He was not here in 1945.
Mr. Lindgren: The hon. Gentleman may know a little bit about opencast coal mining: he knows very little about what went on in the House between 1945
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and 1950. Let me tell him that from 1945 to 1950 I had to defend the Corporations against attacks from hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite. They attacked the Corporations although they knew that there were good reasons for what was being done.
Mr. Nabarro: I am not in the least ashamed of the fact that I have only been a Member of the House of Commons since 1950. I would vie my knowledge and experience as a fare-paying passenger on these Corporations with that of any other hon. Member in this Committee. I challenge the hon. Gentleman to produce a single shred of evidence that I —or anyone else on this side of the Committee—have ever decried the activities of these Corporations.
Mr. Mikardo: Read HANSARD.
Mr. Lindgren: If I may carry on this little war personally, I suggest to the hon. Gentleman that he should contact the Ministry of Civil Aviation. They will give him the references to HANSARD. Within the Ministry there is an excellent Parliamentary Department in which a record of debates is tabulated. Within a few seconds he can be supplied with the whole range of debates and he will be able to read speeches by the present Minister, but the present Minister will not be very pleased about it.
I am afraid that I have been deflected from what I intended to say. My point is that here we have these Corporations which have established themselves in a most creditable position. The action of the Government will undermine the good work which has been done over the years by those associated with the Corporation. Let us face the fact. The functions and economics of transport are the same no matter what may be the form of the transport, whether it is the horse, the stage coach or the jet airliner.
Transport exists to move people and goods from place to place with safety, regularity and speed. From the economic point of view it is desirable to operate vehicles which show a surplus over cost of operation from the fares paid by passengers. It is desirable to use those vehicles to the highest degree possible. but the Government are denying the Corporations the opportunity to take advantage of securing the highest utilisation of the vehicles they have available. Whether

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it is an aircraft, a bus or a train, an aircraft sitting on the ground, a train in a siding or a bus in a garage is in fact a waste of capital within the industry. The greater the number of hours out of the 24 during which they can be operated, the better.
The air transport business is still a seasonal industry. To meet the peak flow of traffic there must be available aircraft which, during slack periods, can be used for other purposes. I suggest that the Corporations ought to have the opportunity to go freely into the charter market when they have the aircraft available. They have aircraft available during the off-peak periods.
Mr. Maudling: The position is that the Corporation will not maintain aircraft specifically for charter operations, but there is no limitation on the use at off-peak periods of aircraft maintained for another purpose, as my right hon. Friend made clear.
Mr. Lindgren: I agree. I accept that statement. But unless I am wrong—and I am willing to be corrected—there never were any aircraft kept specially by the Corporations for actual charter work unless it was in the period when some of the Yorks were going out of service. Some of those Yorks were used for charter work. But, even in such circumstances, are we to assume that, if the Corporations have an aircraft which is going out of service but which has not been sold, then it will be allowed to sit on the ground in a hanger instead of being used on some service on which it might earn revenue?
Mr. Maudling: The Corporation are offering for sale two of their York aircraft in pursuance of this policy.
Mr. Lindgren: We are getting on very nicely. The Corporation are to allow the charter companies to carry on some of this work, and they are selling them some of their aircraft. Are the Corporation to be asked soon if they will sell some of their Constellations and Stratocruisers or Comets? I see that they have got rid of some of their Hermes, and I do not blame them for that. I saw in the Press that certain of B.O.A.C.'s Hermes had been sold to Airwork. If that is not true, it is perhaps a misinterpretation of what I saw in the Press. I do not blame them for selling Hermes; they were very unsatisfactory aircraft.
Air Commodore Harvey: I have an interest in this. I am connected with the company which makes them. [Interruption.] I will be quite frank about it. This is no secret. Sir Miles Thomas said that it was one of the most efficient aircraft he had in his fleet, now that its teething troubles were over.
The Deputy-Chairman: I would remind the Committee that a large number of hon. Members wish to take part in the debate, and that it would be a very good thing if, instead of interrupting, hon. Members reserved their comments for their own speeches.
Mr. Lindgren: I am very grateful to you, Mr. Hopkin Morris, for that advice to the Committee.
I am expressing a personal view based on some experience, but that aircraft was a long time coming into use, it used a high octane and was less satisfactory than some aircraft.
I now want to deal with the general question of the aircraft and the Corporations, although I am afraid that interjections have meant that I have been speaking for longer than I intended. We have heard references to the Comet and to free enterprise. I am the first to pay the highest of tributes to De Havilland's for the production of the Comet, and I admit that a great deal of enterprise has been at the back of the whole organisation of De Havilland's in the production of this aircraft. Let me say, however, in case I am misunderstood in what I shall say later, that, of all the aircraft firms in the aircraft industry, I found, when I was at the Ministry, that De Havilland's were the most co-operative. They were always willing and anxious to do everything they possibly could, and their attitude always was, "What can we do to help? "As far as some other aircraft manufacturers were concerned, their attitude was, "This is what we have got, and this is what you have got to have."
This is not free enterprise, and all this advertising by the Tory Party about the Comet is pure guff. Every penny of the cost of production of the Comet has been paid by the taxpayer. If it had not been for the orders placed by the Ministry of Supply and by the Corporations, the aircraft would never have gone on the drawing board or into production. So far as the Comet is concerned, it has been a case

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of co-operation between a very enterprising firm, with a great deal of skill, knowledge and technical experience behind it, and public funds, and this co-operation has produced a first-class aircraft. But let nobody run away with the idea that private enterprise is doing the job. It is the British taxpayer who has paid for everything.
Let us go to the other end of the scale. The Brabazon Committee recommended the development of certain types of aircraft, of which the Comet was one. There is the Tudor, which was a failure. It was produced by one firm, which has not lost a penny. The British taxpayer paid for everything, and the firm with which the hon. and gallant Member for Macclesfield is associated is in the same position, and every penny that goes in comes from the British taxpayer.
Air Commodore Harvey: The hon. Gentleman really must be fair about this. I do not want to bring my own personal concern into this matter, but we are selling aircraft in West Africa and Burma. When B.O.A.C. placed the order with de Havilland's for the Comet, the firm accepted a very severe penalty clause if performance did not come up to the mark.
Mr. Lindgren: I admit it, and I am glad the hon. and gallant Gentleman has made that intervention. De Havilland's were the only firm in the aircraft industry who would give a price while the aircraft was still on the drawing board. De Havilland's gave a price for the first Comet ordered by B.O.A.C., and, although the aircraft cost more than the price quoted, de Havilland's kept to their word. I do not want to go into the figures, although I do not think they are secret. The first figure was £250,000, which went up to £300,000, and, if anybody wants to buy a Comet now, they can put their name down and it will cost them £500,000.
Mr. Mikardo: How much reduction for a gross?
Mr. Lindgren: Every aircraft produced has the same story. With the Viscount, which was produced for British European Airways, again the prototype was paid for by the Ministry of Supply. The machine went into production because B.E.A. placed the orders, and but for that fact it would not have gone into production at all. The hon. and gallant Gentleman
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opposite knows that there was another turbo-jet being made by another firm at the same time as the Viscount, and I am not competent to say which is the better, but one has gone into production, while the other has not. Why was that? It was because the Corporation placed the order. For one and not the other.
Airways Corporations, in fact, are the salesmen for the British aircraft industry. No foreign operator will take any aircraft produced by the aircraft industry in this country unless some operator has already taken it up, has "got the bugs out of it" and proved that it is economic in operation. When he has seen the aircraft flying, when he knows about its operating costs, its pay load and everything associated with it, and when he knows that, to use the general term in the industry, it has "had the bugs taken out of it," he will buy it, but not until then.
Not a single charter company in this country has ever taken the responsibility of buying an aircraft as its first operator, putting it into operation and standing all the costs of that process and of "getting the bugs out of it." If it had been left to the private independent operators, the British aircraft industry would have been dead.
Mr. Maudling: I think the hon. Gentleman is a little unfair to the private operators. As it was the policy of his Government to prevent private operators from operating scheduled services, they did not order aircraft for that type of service.
Mr. Lindgren: The hon. Gentleman has fallen into the trap. There are other aircraft, such as the Dakota, which is the universal pram of the skies, which are available for the charter companies, but there is no replacement for the Dakota. It is going out. Where are charter companies going to get a replacement for the Dakota? Then, there is the Rapide—the D.H. 89—which was in use before the war, is still in use by a large number of operators and is still the mainstay of the charter companies. There is no replacement for it.
My hon. Friend the Member for Lincoln (Mr. de Freitas) went further back, and said that the British aircraft industry has not provided a light aircraft. There is nothing comparable to the remarkable Auster in production for

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flying clubs. The reason is that there is not the market for them. The market for the whole of the aircraft industry is provided by the Airways Corporations and they have done a first-class job. No one gives credit to B.O.A.C. in these debates for the thousands of pounds they have spent in introducing the Comet to the service.
Mr. F. P. Bishop: The hon. Member said that the taxpayer was responsible.
Mr. Lindgren: Hon. Members opposite will not or cannot understand. First, there is the question of producing an aircraft and then there is the problem of flying it. There are two functions. First of all, the whole cost of production has to be borne by the taxpayer. Then when it comes to flying the aircraft there are considerable costs in introducing it to the service, taking it over the various routes, testing its characteristics and getting rid of any "bugs." The cost of all that is borne by the Corporation. No private airline can afford to pay £500,000 for an aircraft and pay the cost of putting it into operation or be generally responsible enough to deal with it.
Air Commodore Harvey: The hon. Gentleman is quite wrong. If I may have just one more short intervention, Mr. Hopkin Morris—
The Deputy-Chairman: I really must make an appeal to hon. Members. A very large number of hon. Members wish to take part in this debate and time is being wasted in this way.
Mr. Lindgren: Perhaps I am at fault in being too polite in giving way to hon. Members. The charter operator will never be in a position to purchase, operate or introduce aircraft required in the future unless that charter company becomes of such a size, character, and financial stability that it is comparable with one of the airlines. That means that, under present airline operation, one must have either a public monopoly or a private monopoly, and we stand for a public monopoly which is publicly controlled rather than for a private monopoly which exploits the public.
7.54 p.m.
Mr. Gerald Nabarro: I am grateful to you, Mr. Hopkin Morris, for calling me immediately after the hon. Member for Wellingborough (Mr. Lind-
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gren), but in view of the many hon. Members who wish to take part in the debate I shall refrain from replying in much detail to the great majority of his points, except for two.
Mr. David Jones: What an easy way out.
Mr. Nabarro: Before the hon. Member who has interrupted me came into the Chamber—for he has only been here for two minutes—the hon. Member for Wellingborough (Mr. Lindgren) referred to election propaganda. It is true that both the major parties in the last election advanced specific lines of thought with regard to civil aviation; and I think the hon. Member would do well to remember exactly what the Tory Party said about civil aviation. I should like to quote two or three sentences.
In the policy statement "This is the road," issued for the 1950 election, there is the following sentence:
"As wide a measure of free enterprise as possible should be restored to civil aviation. We shall review the structure and character of the Corporations with this in mind."
In the 1951 Election manifesto, "Britain Strong and Free" there was something even a little more specific:
"For civil aviation we favour a combination of public and private enterprise."
That is precisely the policy to which my right hon. Friend the Minister of Civil Aviation referred on 27th May when he made his preliminary statement on civil aviation, and which he has re-affirmed in his statement today.
The hon. Member for Wellingborough referred to freight services. I shall be very brief in my reference to that, but British European Airways Corporation have not an entirely happy record of achievement in the air-freight service world. In Europe in 1950–51, according to the last report of B.E.A., there was a loss of £80,000 on the European freight service.
Mr. Mikardo: We had that reference when the hon. Member left the Chamber.
Mr. Nabarro: I have not left the Chamber since 3.30 p.m. for a single moment. As to trans-Atlantic freight service, within the total of 348 flights flown not a single flight was flown by B.O.A.C. or B.E.A. on an all-freight basis, whereas Scandinavian Airlines flew

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no fewer than 150 and K.L.M. approximately 178. The remainder were flown by other competitors. I am not indicting the Corporations for that fact, but I think it is a little unfair of hon. Members opposite to suggest that there is no field whatever for private enterprise charter, and particularly freight carrying enterprises, in this important field of development.
I want to devote my remarks to one aspect only of civil aviation which I do not think will be regarded as particularly controversial. My right hon. Friend the Minister of Civil Aviation referred to the air era we are entering, with particular reference to jet propulsion and jet airliners. I believe that a complement to that is the helicopter for short flights, and especially for short inter-city flights and feeder services in this country. The versatility of this extraordinary little machine has been amply proved and demonstrated. It has captured the public fancy in the last few years partly as a result of a great deal of experimental work already done by B.E.A. I give them full credit for that.
They inaugurated trial flights carrying first of all dummy mails on a round trip of 100 miles in Somerset and Dorset. This was followed by a G.P.O. service from Norwich to Peterborough in East Anglia in which real mails were successfully carried. Then there was a passenger service from Liverpool via Wrexham to Pengam Moor, Cardiff, and latterly there was a service from Hay Mills Rotor Station, Birmingham, to Northolt. It ran experimentally for nine months. If I may say so with due modesty, I think I am the only Member of the House of Commons who has been issued by the Vote Office with a helicopter voucher book for travel to and from my home in Birmingham.
I can pay tribute to the efficiency with which that experimental service was operated. It is only one example of helicopter work. In the Far East, in Korea, Malaya and Indo-China it is estimated that in the last two years no fewer than 2,000 lives have been saved as a result of helicopters bringing serious casualties from the front line to hospital—which would have been impossible by the use of ordinary aircraft. Helicopters have been used for pest control in this country, for mosquito-spraying in the Belgian
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Congo, in Los Angeles for a city airlines service and in a new service from Long Island to New York. Helicopters have established themselves for short service work in many parts of the world.
I must confess that in this country I have a few qualms about the speed with which these versatile machines are being brought into operational service. I asked the Minister of Civil Aviation on 25th June if he would give statistics with regard to the machines actually operating. He replied:
"Twenty-five helicopters are on the U.K. Register, of which 11 are operational for purposes of hire and reward. Of these 11 machines, four, owned by Messrs. Pest Control, Limited, are employed in general agricultural use, five, owned by B.E.A., are in use in general experimental work for commercial purposes, etc., and two, owned by Messrs. Westlands, are available for general commercial usage. None is at present employed for passenger carrying on scheduled services."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 25th June, 1952; Vol. 504, c. 2222.]
The fact that we have no passenger carrying services operating today in the United Kingdom does not compare very favourably with the United States, where there are large numbers of these machines in daily use on scheduled services, not only for passengers but for carrying mails, particularly in those parts of the country where other forms of transportation are difficult or hazardous.
I believe that the Government are quite right in insisting that single-engine single-rotor machines should not be used on regular passenger-carrying services, which should await the multi-engine, twin-rotor type of machine, in view of the dangers of flying the single-engine, single-rotor machine over built-up areas; but I am very concerned about the suggested length of time it will take to develop the twin-rotor machine—the Bristol 173, which has carried out its test flights—and to bring that machine into scheduled passenger-carrying services by B.E.A. between the cities of the United Kingdom.
The first question I should like to ask my right hon. Friend is what is the estimated length of time before this machine is in regular service? It is not only a question of inter-city work. It might be used to and from the Western Islands of Scotland and the Orkneys and' Shetlands and for innumerable other tasks in the United Kingdom. While we must have twin-rotor helicopters for

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passenger-carrying services there is a very ample field available in respect of other classes of work for which the single-rotor type helicopter could be usefully employed, notably for carrying mails and freight and even for charter services and taxi-ing services, in which private firms would be perfectly willing to participate with the use of these machines.
There is the Westland Sikorsky Model 51 (S.51), which has been used on experimental passenger services. It holds only three passengers and it has one pilot, but the S.55 is now coming along, with a capacity of seven passengers and a crew of two. The first prototype is available, and the Westland Company, who are responsible for building these machines, should be given every encouragement by the Government to establish a production line for dual purposes—military and civil.
There is no doubt whatever that all three of the Armed Forces today—notably the Royal Navy, who have used these machines for many years—have a regular daily use for a single-rotor type helicopter, and if the Service Departments would give the necessary inspiration and resolution to the Westland Company that would in itself provide facilities for the establishment of a production line which would help to make such machines available for civil purposes.
There is a great disparity between our rate of production-10 helicopters a month—and the American rate of production, which is now 100 helicopters a month. If any testimony is required as to the range and capability of this latest type of Westland Sikorsky model S.55 it is to be found in the fact that, in "The Times" today there is an announcement that two of these machines, fitted with special fuel tanks, for testing their capacity for carrying military freight to Europe, have left New York, flying across the Atlantic via Maine, Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, Stornoway and Prestwick to Wiesbaden in Western Germany.
I should like my right hon. Friend to give some indication whether the Service Departments are prepared to give the necessary impetus to the Westland Company by providing a background of orders to facilitate the creation of a production line, all of which will help to create the necessary supply of machines for civil purposes.
2252
Before passing to the complementary matter of landing stages there is a third question which I should like to ask in connection with helicopter development. I should like to ask what progress we are making in the development of a gas turbine helicopter. In France, more than 15 months ago, the first gas turbine helicopter —sponsored by an organisation called Societé Nationale des Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud-Ouest, which generally goes by the name of S.N.A.S.O. —was flown. It was the Arid III of 220 h.p., and I am told that at a speed of approximately 85 miles—or 136 kilometres—per hour it has proved a highly successful machine and is now going into production for operational purposes. I hate to feel that we have lost the initiative to the French in the production of a gas turbine helicopter and I should like to know what are the prospects for the production of such a machine in the United Kingdom.
Mr. Dodds: Is the hon. Gentleman aware of the proposal that there should be a demonstration of the Bristol 171 on the South Bank site during the Coronation celebrations? Does he think that that will help to popularise the helicopter? Furthermore, does he approve of the name "airstop"? Is he aware that the newspapers have used the word "helidrome" as being a sensible name. Even though it might be a Greek bastard word it is more sensible than "airstop."
Mr. Nabarro: I am grateful to the hon. Member, who shares my enthusiasm for the machines about which I have been talking. Whether we say "helidromes" or "aerodromes"; "helibuses" or "helicopters" or any other name, the fact remains that a helicopter service for intercity work cannot be successful until we establish appropriate landing stages in the centres of our cities.
If I may relate my own experience in flying from my home in Birmingham to Westminster, it took me a quarter of an hour to get from my home in Birmingham to the rotor station at Hay Mills, 65 minutes to get to Northolt, and a further 40 minutes driving by car from Northolt to Westminster. That means that the time lost at both ends—and I was driving my own car and knew the route at both ends; and there was no question of any serious traffic hold-up—was about equal to the whole time taken on the journey.

2253
The most desirable route for the first regular helicopter service for passengers is between Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, which three cities form a triangle with sides of approximately 80 miles, and where communication by rail is often lengthy. In every one of those cases it would be indispensable for efficient helicopter operation to have landing stages in the middle of the cities. It would be inadvisable to have to land by helicopter at Speke Aerodrome and to drive for 20 minutes to get into Liverpool; or to land at Ringway Aerodrome, Manchester, and have to drive for 30 minutes to get into the city.
The hon. Member for Dartford (Mr. Dodds) mentioned the South Bank site. I am perfectly prepared to stand by the adjudication of the committee which is investigating this matter under the auspices of my right hon. Friend, but my own view is that it would be infinitely preferable to convert railway stations rather than to establish a fairly large helicopter landing place on the South Bank.
In the case of a London railway station, such as Victoria or St. Pancras, a Birmingham railway station, such as New Street or Snow Hill; Exchange Station or Lime Street in Liverpool, or Victoria Exchange Station in Manchester, the very construction of the railway station lends itself to the erection of a superstructure to form a helicopter landing site. It would be relatively easy to run up steel pylons and to erect a concrete raft to land helicopters on the top, with access by escalators from the railway station below.
The advantage of that system is that passengers could use the railway booking offices for the issue of helicopter tickets. The same railway porters could be used to deal with persons travelling either by train or helicopter. In other words, one would be creating a duality of function between the helicopter and the railway train with a minimum of additional services being required, and therefore a minimum of additional operating costs.
I wind up on this note. I share the enthusiasm of the hon. Member for Dartford, and I have the greatest confidence that in the course of the next two or three years, we shall see a large development of helicopter services for all purposes in the United Kingdom. The
2254
Government have a part to play; private enterprise and the aircraft constructors have parts to play; but Members of this House also have a part to play, and I suggest that their part is this. Whereas we all support the development of the jet airliner for long-distance passenger work in the air, the complement to it is the development of the helicopter for short-distance inter-city work, particularly in a crowded country like Great Britain where cities are close together, where there are dense built-up areas, and where we could readily create facilities on top of railway stations for the essential landing grounds and ancillary services.
8.11 p.m.
Mr. Malcolm MacMillan: I shall endeavour to be brief, as I realise that there are others who wish to speak tonight before the winding-up speeches. I should like to follow the argument of the hon. Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) on the subject of helicopter services, on which I support him, but I do not want to do so immediately.
Before coming to that narrower issue, I wish to refer to one or two of the points made by the right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) and the hon. Member for Gosport and Fareham (Dr. Bennett). They seemed to suggest that there was a great public demand for this change of policy, and the break-up of the, in many ways, highly efficient and popular public services which have been built up painstakingly over a number of years, and which are a great improvement upon any service this country, internally or internationally, has ever known before.
I should like to know where they get the evidence for a public demand for any change of the kind envisaged in the Government's statement of policy. I think it is true to say that over the past few years criticisms of the Corporations' services have been diminishing, and that latterly the public has been increasingly inclined to defend them against attack and against the very things that the present Government intend to do.
The right hon. and gallant Member for Kelvingrove and his hon. Friend the Member for Gosport and Fareham are members of the same medical and surgical profession, and I thought their double act tonight was perhaps symbolic

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of the general "carve-up" which is the policy of the Government. Indeed, never since Mr. Sweeney Todd of Fleet Street was there such irresponsible surgery from two professional surgeons at the expense of the British taxpayer with still, I have no doubt, a certain amount of support from other interests in Fleet Street. They failed to show that there was any popular public demand of any kind for the present policy.
The right hon. and gallant Gentleman almost attacked hon. Members on this side for objecting to the handing over of public money to private enterprise of various kinds. His argument seemed to run: "Why not give subventions to this particular form of private enterprise when you give it to so many others." He mentioned the beet sugar interests and agriculture. I think he also quoted shipping. Certainly somebody else did. Shipping ought to have been quoted, because tramp shipping was one of the heavily subsidised private services before the war.
The right hon. and gallant Gentleman mentioned one which serves my island community, and in certain ways serves it well, David MacBrayne's Limited. Behind all that is the admission, which came almost as a boast from hon. Members opposite tonight, that they are anxious to extend more and more public subventions to private enterprise. It is necessary today for MacBrayne's to be subsidised. Neither it nor any other 'such service can be run in that area without public funds to support it. They receive £240,000 a year, otherwise they could not run the service. But that is not private enterprise.
However, I do not want to go into the general advantages or disadvantages of subsidising private firms just at this moment. I now wish to say a few words in support of the views expressed directly to the Minister and his predecessor by the Scottish Advisory Council on Civil Aviation. We are still without any final and considered answer regarding such 'things as the types of aircraft for the future of the internal services to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. That is the area in which in pre-war days private enterprise built up services to the Outer Isles.
This is the area in which British civil aviation made its earliest, and in many
2256
ways successful, experiments, and I, for one, pay my unstinted tribute to those concerned who ran these aerial services at all risks, without asking, as everyone does today, before they started for public subsidies of any kind. There is a great difference between what is envisaged now and what those people did. That was private enterprise. There was the element of risk and independent initiative by those men. But now the interests come asking for public guarantees before they will put an aircraft into the skies in place of those which are already there under B.E.A. and doing well so far as the public service is concerned.
In many ways the Western Isles is an ideal area for this type of service, and that may be the reason the earlier operators went there. There are expensive sea communications. It is a costly business getting even part of the long way by train, so that an air service is almost bound to be successful from the start, and the area provides an ideal experiment in civil aviation pioneering. Perhaps these pioneers knew all that and were good business men as well as private enterprisers in the adventuring sense of the term. And they were right. I believe that in time we can, with the right machines, make the service to some of the Islands at least—for example, the Isles of Lewis and Harris, with about 30,000 people—an independent self-relying service. I do not think it need necessarily be for all time a carried or social service.
We are now at the stage where the Minister has been asked by responsible people—those who advise B.E.A. and others—what is to replace the present machines. We still have had no final and definite answer. We asked, too, for assurances regarding the smaller airports. What, in these areas, will replace the Rapide? There has been no answer to that. If there are no new types coming along in the near future—that is, in four, five or six years—to replace the Rapide, the only conclusion we can come to is that these services will lapse for lack of suitable aircraft.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I did make a reference to the Pionairs in my original speech.
Mr. MacMillan: I appreciate that the right hon. Gentleman made a passing

2257
reference; I do not know whether he mentioned Rapide replacement or not.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: It was with reference to B.E.A.'s own intentions in the Islands this winter.
Mr. MacMillan: B.E.A., like the Scottish Advisory Council, was for years at a loss, without any definite decision regarding the types decided to be available for replacement. We have pressed this for a long time. If the Minister can say that in the near future—in terms of four, five or six years—we are to have a suitable type of plane for all the Rapide routes in the Highlands and Islands service, we shall be very relieved indeed. I want to press very specially about the replacement of the Rapide. I know only a small population is served by the D.H.89's, but it has become an essential part of the life of these communities.
I am glad that the hon. Member for Kidderminster, when pleading for his own constituency and others, was good enough to mention the need for a helicopter service for the Western Isles. At present the only service we have in some of the smaller isles is the Rapide. It is the only type of plane suitable for the purpose in these smaller Islands, and I should like to have some idea as to what will take the place of the Rapide. There is no airfield in Barra, for example, in the real sense of the term; only a tidal sandstrip on which the planes can land, weather and tide permitting; and no other machine except the Rapide has come forward, or is apparently in contemplation for this area.
Our difficulty is going to be this: As the Rapides run out and there are no replacements, people are going to he left high and dry without any air service at all. We should like to know whether steps are to be taken to reserve a few of the small number of Rapides that are left to cover us for the next four, five or six years, so that we can be assured of some service continuing until some other type of aircraft is produced to take their place.
Can we have some assurance on that point? All I am asking is that some shall be kept in reserve, with the necessary spares, to guarantee that service will be run for a number of years to come until something better is produced. I would also like to be assured that we
2258
shall have enough Rapides reserved to continue the ambulance service. There are several emergency air-strips where no other type of plane is of any use what ever. That is an important point, although it affects only small places.
I should like to say one word about helicopters. I appreciate that there are two difficulties in connection with them. The initial cost is high. I cannot say anything about the operational cost, but one has to have regard to the initial cost. The second is that one has to be careful when crossing water in these machines, and naturally it is right to emphasise the safety factor.
I hope that when the twin-engined helicopter is in service, it will not be run simply as a taxi-service to and from London. I hope that consideration will be given to the needs of the smaller places and the more distant places. The House has long accepted the principle that some public services must be carried on as social services and that they will not necessarily be expected to show a profit straight away, if, indeed, at any time in money values. Recognition has been given to this principle in regard to the Post Office and other Government services for a number of years past.
The point has been mentioned by some hon. Members that it may be that the whole progress with the design of aircraft for civil aviation has been overshadowed by the strategic and military requirements. The sum of £100 million is talked of for aeronautical research, but one cannot help asking oneself whether that money is not to be devoted more to the development of military types and for strategic requirements than to the development of civil aviation. I do not suppose that anyone is going to deny that that is the case.
We all welcome this quite generous sum for the purpose of aeronautical research; and I hope that there will be greater concentration than hitherto on the needs of civil aviation. We feel that there has been a good deal of delay in bringing forward very necessary new civil aviation types because of the over-concentration upon the military and strategic aspect; but the civil aircraft problem simply must be faced now as a matter of urgency.
I have concentrated rather much on the needs of the smaller places but the House has long since accepted the prin-

2259
ciple that we must take responsibility for places that cannot be commercially profitable to the nation, although they have other more valuable things to offer than mere money profits. The House long ago generously and freely accepted that principle, and I plead that all the goodwill of the House towards Scotland and the Isles and Highlands shall not be frustrated for reasons of major policy on the strategic and military side.
8.27 p.m.
Mr. John Grimston (St. Albans): It is always the case that when we debate civil aviation the needs of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland get a fair airing. Today is no exception. I am fortunate in following the hon. Member for the Western Isles (Mr. M. MacMillan), because I should have thought that we could have looked to him for real support in the policy of economy which my right hon. Friend the Minister has been putting forward today.
The hon. Gentleman will be aware of the Island of Tiree, on the island group of services from Renfrew. He will know that a seven-seater aircraft calls there once in and once out every day, and that three times a week there is a second service. Is it necessary with an aircraft with a potential number of seven passengers to have a ground staff of 14 people? That is the situation at the moment. I should have thought that it was clear that in these social services great economies could and should be made, and the policy of the Ministry of Civil Aviation in that regard has yet to be considerably expanded. I am certain that considerable economies could be made in the operation of these aircraft and also in the facilities that they have on the ground.
In these debates we have a great many points raised which are really not in dispute. Many hon. Members opposite have been extremely eloquent in suggesting that we are going to allow the Corporations to have their scheduled passenger services on the Continent taken away from them. We are anxious to emphasise that that is not part of our policy at all. We believe that certain prestige services, subject to international agreement, have to be maintained and their prestige built up in every possible way. My right hon. Friend has gone out
2260
of his way to emphasise that that is our policy. Equally, we are not debating today, as has been stated by an hon. Member opposite, any proposal to take away money which has been spent on airfields. That comes under a separate part of the duties of the Ministry of Civil Aviation and is not in dispute today.
What is in dispute is whether we are yet able to say what is the proper size and organisation for our air services throughout the world in the coming 10 or so years. I believe this is a matter in which facts will count very much more than political opinions, and the function of the House of Commons is far more to see that facts have their way than to try to interpose political opinions between them and the operators, the effect of which is simply to stifle progress and cause delay.
There are no large-scale economies which one can make in running aircraft in the way that one can do so in con nection with manufactures. Running aircraft is really a small business and it has to be a very flexible business, because one has to be able to go here and there as demand calls. An all-corporation or an all-private enterprise approach is wrong. We want a probing, questioning and experimental approach to it. Running through all the arguments of the hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) and others has been the assertion that the air market is stable and saturated.
Mr. Beswick: That is not the opinion that I expressed in my speech.
Mr. Grimston: That is the opinion which emerged from the speech. The hon. Member for Wellingborough (Mr. Lindgren) said that it was our policy to undermine all the good work of the Corporations all over the world.
Mr. Lindgren: That is the intention.
Mr. Grimston: That is the hon. Gentleman's interpretation of the intention. Any hon. Member who says that does not understand the nature of the markets. It is a market which is more susceptible to increases through lowering of costs and prices than almost any other market in the world. This trend has been much in evidence in the United States where 55 companies operating coach services last

2261
year flew 765 million passenger miles with a total revenue of 40 million dollars. which means that it is an enormous business, and it has been done with great safety. That is a highly creditable performance. Yet a Committee of the Senate said of it:
"Even that record has hardly scratched the surface of the potential market."
That vast business, which has no counterpart here, has been built up by transporting people who would not travel unless a low cost basis was available to them.
In an investigation carried out in 1948 by the Civil Aeronautics Board, it was found that four out of five transcontinental passengers would not have travelled by air if the coach service had not been available. The Air Coach Transport Association, the association of these firms, say of their business—and they ought to know—that their competition has forced the scheduled air lines—similar to our Corporations—into lower fares and more profitable operations by filling their aeroplanes. They said that the non-scheduled air lines led a lazy, trough-fed industry to profits through better business methods. These are Americans criticising themselves.
Let us realise that we are discussing a market which has not been tapped at all in this country. Experience all over the world has been that the introduction of low-priced coach fares lead to a vast increase in the market and enable people to travel who would not otherwise be able to afford to do so. When we come to decide who should do this we get into a very live political issue in both this country and the United States. At the moment a fight is going on in the United States as to whether the non-scheduled operators should be allowed to compete on parallel lines with the scheduled people or whether, as in this country our new policy enunciates, the non-scheduled operators should be free to offer a low-priced service in competition on the same line with the scheduled operators.
Here again, I believe the strongest arguments are in favour of allowing the independent charter people to operate parallel with the first-class service. In the first place, I have shown that there is another market. We are not taking traffic from one to the other. We are encouraging more people to fly than would otherwise have done so. In the matter of costs there is the strong argu-
2262
ment that if we do not allow the charter people to provide low-cost services the services which are provided will not be at a sufficiently low cost to enable the people who want to do so to fly.
This subject has received very considerable research in the United States. The University of California reported, as a result of an investigation, that neither in flying costs, maintenance, ground-handling nor in general administrative overheads do the big airlines show any appreciable advantage over the medium and small operators. In other words, the medium and the small are as good, any way, as the big ones. The lowest cost U.S.A. Domestic Trunk Airline is the ninth biggest one, so only a medium-sized concern.
The University of Harvard had a similar review, and they came to the conclusion that the medium airlines were more economical than the bigger ones. The Civil Aeronautics Board, which is the licensing authority in the United States, showed that with increase in capacity up to 20 million available ton miles per annum, unit costs were reduced. Thereafter there was more or less a constant relationship between the two.
Those figures are not compiled here, but it is of interest to note that B.O.A.C. offers something like six times the maximum economic capacity and B.E.A. offers something like twice. Where there has been independent research of the most economical side of airlines, it has been shown that B.O.A.C. and B.E.A. are very much bigger than the economic size would be expected to be. I have said often that I believe that two nationalised airlines is by no means the right number, but that something like five would be found to be the proper number in the long run, and running parallel with them would be the free enterprise firms operating additional service at much lower cost than could be attempted by the big people.
I believe that a great deal has got to be done in regulating the competition between the free enterprise people and the nationalised Corporations. I do not believe that the nationalised Corporations should be excluded from competition with the independents, but what I do say is that the competition should be as fair as possible. After all, the whole subject has been very carefully examined in

2263
America, and the Civil Aeronautics Board has come to the conclusion that in allocating expenses and overheads to be charged between the scheduled air services and the charter or independent services, it must be done fairly and in such a way that if the independent part of the business increases it will not be necessary to re-allocate the overheads and increase the prices which are charged.
We have had several cases recently—one only this morning and one three weeks ago—where B.O.A.C. have tendered in the charter field at a price which on their own figure is hopelessly inadequate to cover their costs. That is not the way to encourage a fleet of charter aircraft. I believe that one form of air transport is, if anything, complementary to the other, and by being at one an-other's throats the whole time and trying to force the independent operator to quote an uneconomic rate does not benefit the Corporations, but simply holds back the development of an alternative source of service to the world, and eventually reduces our own and our Commonwealth standard of living.
The difficulties with which we are faced when trying to criticise the performance of our nationalised Corporations are that there is no one unit which is easily understood by us all. It is no part of my job to decry the efforts of the Corporations, but what I do say is that sometimes we are told what a wonderful job the Corporations have done and then, when we try to see where it is that they have done this particularly wonderful job. we find it impossible to discover.
Is it, for example, in operating costs, or cost per capacity ton mile or per revenue ton mile? Hon. Gentlemen opposite are very apt to say what a wonderful job the Corporations have done without specifying the particular case in which the costs or returns are very much better than those of organisations in other parts of the world. If an hon. Gentleman opposite can produce one index that our nationalised Corporations have beaten the world, I shall be very happy to try to cap the example with a better one from elsewhere.
We lead the world in the design of jets, of prop- or turbo-jet, aircraft. It is mainly our manufacturers who have done
2264
that for us. In the operating of aircraft there has been no enormous' change in the Highlands and Islands where some of the aircraft have been operating since before the war.
Mr. M. MacMillan: No.
Mr. Grimston: There has been no great change from the old Rapides to Tiree, so far as I am aware.
Mr. MacMillan: I shall not take up time by arguing the point that the Scottish services show, over the past few years, a great advance in efficiency and service to an ever-growing number of passengers compared with the record of private enterprise. On the point that there has been no change from the old Rapides in the Highlands and Islands services, that simply is not true. On several routes, Dakotas are running where there used to be only Rapides.
Mr. Grimston: On this side of the Committee we do not wish to decry our Airways Corporations. We want to build them up, because we realise that the name of Britain is closely associated with their success and we are proud of our progress in these matters. Let us see where we have done well and where we have not done well, so that there may be improvement in the future.
In the allocation of overheads in connection with charter operators, there is nothing like beginning one's good works at home. I find myself in agreement with the hon. Member for Uxbridge in regard to the mail subsidy to B.O.A.C. The Americans are often accused of subsidising their airlines with mail contracts. That is totally untrue. If they had carried for nothing all the mail which they carried last year, the American airlines would still have made a profit. There is a very good case for paying to B.O.A.C. an economic rate for the mails which they carry, and it is very necessary that we should see the real cost of the service so that we can decide what steps to take to make the service better.
If B.O.A.C. had been paid last year the lowest mail rate that was paid to any American carrier overseas—that should be a fair enough comparison—the B.O.A.C. would have made just over £2,300,000 more than it made, and that would have put them into the profit-making category. In the past, Ministers of Civil Aviation have not been

2265
sufficiently strong with the Post Office to ensure that they got a fair rate. The only effect of not giving a fair rate is to hide the true picture from Parliament.
The disadvantages of being big are already thoroughly apparent in the Corporations. That is one of the principal reasons why I welcome some devolution in this field. The tendency to impersonal control leads to a lack of keenness among the people in the organisations. There are some excellent people in our Corporations —I am glad to be able to say this—and I am sure they would be better if each organisation were smaller and if a greater part of it hung on them than can be the case when the organisation is very big.
I believe that the overheads of a large Corporation must be sufficiently big to control its largest part in other words, the overheads for the Scottish services could be made much smaller than is necessary to run the continental service of B.E.A. In that respect alone, there would be considerable economy by handing over to a much more personal organisation the operation of the Scottish services.
In the air freights field there is great need for intensive salesmanship. They have it in America, but in this country no one tries to sell air freight because it is a sideline of the Corporation. Yet in regard to packaging, insurance, finance, it is sometimes the only way of reaching a market. The air beef scheme in Australia is a typical case of something which would not be possible without the use of air freight. By letting into this field the much more virile and personal organisation of our charter companies, I believe there will be a considerable development in the industry which would not otherwise occur.
If I may now leave the general argument, I want to touch on something close to my heart. The Ministry can do something practical by looking at the international radio, air and telephone procedures and the new word-spelling alphabet. There was a typical Socialist compromise when world agreement was sought on this matter. In the First World War, I believe "Ack-Ack" and "Beer-Beer" were well known to a number of people. In the second war there was a joint alphabet agreed between ourselves and the Americans who, after all, are the two largest English-speaking peoples.
2266
Last year or the year before a world alphabet was settled, but it does not work. No radio officer on air control around London will answer if one uses it. They get as muddled as the pilots. At a recent conference of Pilots in Sydney they urged strongly that we should revert to the old alphabet which we know so well—"Able, Baker, Charlie, Dog" instead of "Alfa, Bravo, Coca, Delta"—words which none of us use in ordinary life. "Coca" does not spring to mind when one is tired after a long crossing of the Atlantic. It is hard to remember a new phonetic alphabet which is not English, which it has been sought to impose on English, which is the international language of the air.
In conclusion, I believe that the policy which has been adopted and extended by my right hon. Friend in giving a greater opportunity for private enterprise in the air is the right one, but I shall get much more pleasure from his abolishing this miserable alphabet than from almost anything else he is doing.
8.49 p.m.
Mr. John Rankin: During the period when my hon. Friend the Member for Wellingborough (Mr. Lindgren) was Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, I am sure he will remember a promise he made in reply to a speech of mine in one of our many debates, that the policy of his Department and of the Labour Government, so far as civil aviation was concerned, was safety first, safety second and safety all the time. I assume that the right hon. Gentleman, on behalf of his Government, still adheres to that policy.
If he does, then I also assume that he will approach with great caution the question of economies in civil aviation. The hon. Member for St. Albans (Mr. J. Grimston) has to some extent developed the fantastic argument advanced in the debate that one person could carry out a whole host of duties at an airport. Today, because safety is accepted as the first demand in the transit of passengers, a wide group of services have developed at every airport in the country. We have ambulance services, fire services, navigational aids, various types of administrative services, meteorological services, and so on, and every one of those is necessary. It is fantastic in

2267
the extreme to suggest that they could be carried out by a single person. I hope that the Minister will pay no heed to suggested economies in that direction.
Ever since I came to the House I have been among those who make use of transit by air. As a consequence, it is possible for me to have breakfast in Glasgow at eight in the morning and lunch in the House at 12.30 on the same day. A journey of more than 400 miles is accomplished in a little over four hours. Half of that time is taken up on the ground. The air portion of the flight lasts for roughly two hours. The ground transit, which is only a very small portion of the distance traversed, takes nearly the same time as the 400 miles of air flight. There has consequently developed the idea that we could save on the ground part of the journey if we had a helicopter to lift us from Northolt to the House or from Glasgow to Renfrew, and I agree that that sounds very attractive.
We want to see a reduction in the time occupied by the surface part of the journey, but again, I ask the Minister to approach the question with the greatest caution. There are two aspects which we must remember about the helicopter. First, there is the question of cost. As the right hon. Gentleman will remember, I sought to ascertain from him the operational cost of using a helicopter, and at the time, due to no fault of his, he was unable to supply the information. Perhaps tonight he may be able to tell us the cost of flying a helicopter in comparison with that of flying an ordinary machine.
Secondly, it is one thing to build a strato-cruiser which will carry 52 passengers, and an entirely different problem to build a helicopter which will take those 52 passengers and fly them immediately to London. Everyone who uses an aircraft knows that danger is always present. The modern power unit has 2,000 bits and pieces hammering out a sort of anvil chorus all the time the machine is in flight. If anything should go wrong with one of those 2,000 parts, of course there is danger, but there is always the possibility of the pilot doing something about it. If anything goes wrong with a helicopter in transit the effect is exactly the same as dropping a stone; there is nothing the pilot can do about it. I therefore hope the Minister, in seeking to save
2268
time—we all want to save time—will approach this question of the use of the helicopter with very great caution.
I am sorry that the hon. Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) is not in his place. He stated that all we were witnessing to day was the Tory Government putting into operation the policy which they advocated at the General Election. He said that they pledge themselves to apply as wide a measure of free enterprise as possible to civil aviation. I think there is no doubt that the party opposite, in the course of this debate, have sought to create the atmosphere that there was free enterprise in civil aviation and that we have been seeking to restrict it.
Whether we look at the productive side, the research side, the development side, or the operational side of civil aviation, free enterprise has never existed since the war. Not only is that true of this country, but there is no country in the world today where free enterprise exists in civil aviation. It is subsidised in some form or another in almost every part of the world, including America.
In the last three or four years, we, the taxpayers of this country, through the Government, have poured into the productive side of civil aviation no less than £300 million public money. As a result, a year ago the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company, which is being subsidised by part of that money, gave three free shares to their shareholders for every single 5s. share they held—a free distribution.
Mr. Dudley Williams rose—
Mr. Rankin: No, I am sorry, I cannot give way. The shareholders went to bed on 14th June with 5s. in their possession and they awoke with £1. Yet we have been told that the age of miracles has passed. That was done to conceal the fact that the dividends of 32½ per cent. they had paid the previous year might have been raised to 40 per cent. had they not given that free distribution. That was public money being given out in order to sustain private industry.
It is part of the argument we are putting forward today that, because public money is invested in these things, there ought to be public control. There is no denial of the fact that subsidies are being used. Aviation today could not be carried on without them. Either we give the subsidy to private industry or

2269
to public industry. As far as we are concerned, our answer is that the public industry should get it on every occasion.
Mr. Dudley Williams rose—
Mr. Rankin: No, the hon. Member had better sit in his seat. He has made his speech and should keep quiet. I have sat here from half-past three and I know that the winding-up speeches will take some time. If the hon. Gentleman thinks that I am attacking him—
Mr. Williams: The hon. Member is not attacking me.
Mr. Rankin: —he should mend his ways.
The issue between us is whether that subsidy is going to private enterprise or whether it is going into public control. The right hon. and gallant Member for Glasgow, Kelvingrove (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot)—and I am sorry to disturb him—made the claim that if private enterprise were given a greater share it would require less subsidy. That is a hope and, so far as I am concerned, a somewhat vain hope. We have nothing on which to assume that it would be realised.
I think the right hon. and gallant Gentleman was dealing with the fact that at present we give a subsidy to B.E.A. of £291,000. He was a little unfair in creating the background against which he made that statement. If he had been fair to the Committee and if he had wanted to give the true position, he would have said that in the first year of its existence B.E.A. had a deficit on the Scottish Services of £800,000; but that through efficient management and initiative they had reduced that deficit, until today it is only £291,000.
He would have gone a little further and said that most of that deficit was created on the social services for the Western Isles of Scotland, and that it was created because of the fact that we were running a plane recognised to be uneconomic. He might have gone even further and said that we were not able to give an economic civil machine for that service because of the overall control of the Air Ministry, who were deciding the type of machine which from a strategic point of view, was best for the Western Isles.
I subscribe to what was said by my hon. Friend the Member for Lincoln (Mr.
2270
de Freitas) about the control which military aviation has exercised all along over civil aviation. I have spoken time and again about that in this Chamber. I have said, and I repeat, that so far we have practically no civil machine flying today which has been designed purely for civil purposes. Nearly every machine carrying passengers today is either a potential or a converted war machine. I see that some hon. Members on both sides of the Committee are shaking their heads, but I could start to go over the names of the machines; and with one exception I think there is not a machine carrying passengers today which is not either a potential or an adapted war machine.
I should like to complete the point raised by my hon. Friend the Member for Lincoln when he referred to the fact that civil aviation has suffered from the control of the militarists in development and research. I have said that for years, and I am glad to have his support, because he was Under-Secretary of State for Air in the last Government and should know something about it. Doubtless he will remember the fight which my hon. Friend the Member for South Ayr-shire (Mr. Emrys Hughes) and I had to try to establish in this country an air corridor down which civil machines could pass in safety.
I conclude on a Scottish note. That is appropriate for me as a Scottish Member. It is appropriate also because in no general debate in this Committee in my experience has Scotland figured so largely. The majority of the speeches even from our comrades across the Border have included comment about Scotland. I conclude not by repeating much of what has been said, because that would be offensive at this stage of the debate. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear."] Hon. Gentlemen opposite had better not irritate me, because there is plenty more that I could say.
I want to probe a little further into what the right hon. Gentleman proposes with regard to the Scottish services. I have here two statements which he has made. I should like the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation to tell us which is the correct one. The right hon. Gentleman is credited with having said that the Scottish services are to be treated as a whole and that if

2271
they are to be transferred they will go to one company. Also, if I understood the right hon. Gentleman correctly today, he said that he had no intention of handing over the Scottish services as a whole to a private operator.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd: I said words to the effect that if and when there was a transfer in Scotland it would be to a single company. There would be no transfer to a single company unless the same conditions applied as those which apply in the case of B.E.A.—if there was a subsidy which was no more and which lasted no longer than B.E.A.'s and the services were equally good.
Mr. Rankin: I do not know that that statement gives us much more confidence than the one I have quoted. Evidently the Government propose to transfer the Scottish services when the time comes, whether it is in 1954 or 1956, though I am sure that the right hon. Gentleman will not have the power in 1956. They will be transferred to one company, and that company is Scottish Aviation, Limited. It will get a subsidy. We maintain that the subsidy ought to go to the public Corporation.
Is the Minister prepared to deny that Scottish Aviation, Limited, will not get a subsidy? I think that it is fair, as the Minister refuses to deny it, to point out that we are to transfer these services to a company which till January, 1946, never carried a single fare-paying passenger in the whole of its existence. Only on one occasion has it even tried to operate any service whatever, and that was a night goods service between London and Grangemouth.
The licensing authority, under the chairmanship of Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve, refused to give them a licence even to carry out the service on the ground that they had neither the aircraft, the personnel nor the navigational aids necessary for such a service. What Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve said in 1938 is still true today, and the Minister proposes to transfer these magnificent Scottish services to a company which has neither the aircraft nor the personnel necessary for carrying out those services. As a matter of fact, in another place, when that point was raised, the reply that was given was that there is no com-
2272
pany in Scotland at the moment fit to carry out that work, but that it was hoped that, if the service was transferred, a company would arise to carry it on.
That is the policy of the Tory Government, and that is the policy which I hope we are going into the Lobby tonight to damn by bell, book and candle.
9.11 p.m.
Group Captain C. A. B. Wilcock: I do not know whether I am in order in bringing this debate back from Scotland to aviation in general, but I would, first of all, since this is the first debate on civil aviation since we suffered a new Government, welcome and congratulate the Ministers opposite. Many of the matters on which we have been talking today were discussed by the Minister and myself at a height of 14,000 feet and while travelling at 400 miles an hour a short time ago when we were in the Comet. Had I known then that I was to speak in this debate, I should perhaps have been more careful in what I said to him.
We have had a very interesting and informative debate. Searching inquiries have been made, and questions put to the Minister with which I hope he will deal. The first question, which I thought was so ably dealt with by my hon. Friend and colleague the Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick) was on the question of the operation of passenger services by independent operators, and discussion of this has been going on the whole day.
I have no doubt that certain hon. Members are rather amused that I have to wind up the debate on this subject from this side of the Committee today and have to deal with this particular point, because I have had for quite a considerable time a very close interest in aviation matters and aviation concerns, and I declare those interests now, although, fortunately, from the financial point of view, I have no connection with any company operating scheduled services.
On this particular matter, I have no difficulty whatever in expressing my views. I think that the first consideration of this Committee must be in the progress and development of the public Corporations, and that nothing must be done to weaken their position or embarrass their future plans. That is the point of view

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which I take as an individual, and as an individual concerned with civil aviation.
I used to tell my colleagues in aviation circles when they used to complain that, under a Labour Government, things were very difficult, that at least they knew where they were. It was rather like serving under the pre-war type of sergeant-major, because one knew where one was. Now, of course, nobody knows where they are at all, and it is rather like serving under a sergeant-major who is trying to be too friendly with both the officers and the men, with the result that both are distrustful.
There seems to have been a tendency on the part of hon. Members opposite in the debate today to draw comparisons between the Corporations and the independent companies, and between the personnel responsible for the operation of the services they both perform. One deprecates this. It seems to be an endeavour to drive a wedge between the Corporations and private enterprise, a wedge under the name of competition.
Pilots, crews and ground staff are all good men and women, and they nearly all come from the R.A.F. There are no bad people in aviation. There are good people and better people. It is not right to try to give the impression that there are superior people in private enterprise and that the people in the public Corporations are rather dull.
I suggest that the operation of aircraft falls into two distinct categories. There is the category of work that can be assessed as profitable and there is the other category in which the financial results are problematical. Under the Labour Government it was made quite clear that the scheduled services would be operated only by public Corporations. That policy had my full support.
When the Labour Party and the Labour Government introduced the Act in 1945 we had to develop world-wide organisations. It is all very well to criticise those organisations now. They did not exist in 1945 and we had to develop them against the fierce competition of foreign operators. These Corporations required support then and they require it now. They require both the financial and moral support of the State. Everybody agrees that they have done a splendid job.
The 1945 Act made it clear that the scheduled services were the prerogative
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of the Corporations. I shall get myself into trouble here at once because I then contended, and I have contended ever since both inside and outside this Chamber, that the Corporations should never have been given the right to do charter work. If that had been agreed it would have been satisfactory to all concerned and we might not have had the difficulty which we are experiencing today.
The situation today is that the Government, pledged as they are—and this fact is well-known—to support the independent operators, intend to grant them further opportunities of operating scheduled services. That is being done under the quite erroneous impression that the Government are thereby helping the independent operators. In other words, the Government intend to help the independent operator even if they ruin him in the process. That is what will happen to any but the largest combines in private enterprise.
If the Minister intends to help the independent operator then he must allocate routes to him which fall under the category of profitable routes. If he does that he is deliberately retarding the development of public Corporations. He cannot have it both ways. If he does not do that but only offers unprofitable routes to the independent operators he hastens their ruin. Up-to-date aircraft are beyond the resources of any but the largest operators. The old type of industrial pioneer cannot compete today. He is absolutely out. That must be recognised.
I think it will be agreed that to operate aircraft and a maintenance organisation is to contribute to the resources of the nation. But to borrow capital to do that one has to pay exactly the same rate of interest as if one borrowed in order to open a night club. In fact it is probably easier to raise money to open a night club as there might be a profit. The Minister and his Parliamentary Secretary might make a note of that and discuss the implications with the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It may be that special facilities can be arranged to help the small but enthusiastic independent operator, unless it be the fact that the Government are not particularly interested in the individual but only in the large combines.
I am glad that the Minister said he was going to consider the whole field of endeavour of aviation. My personal

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suggestion is that the Corporations alone should run the scheduled services. They will require no prompting to run profitable routes, and the routes that should be operated in the public interest, such as some of the Scottish routes, where profits are not likely, are safer in every way—and I use the word "safer" deliberately—in the hands of the Corporations.
At the same time I would say—and I am saying something which is probably not agreed on this side of the Committee or, it may be, on the other side—that charter work should be ruled out altogether as far as the Corporations are concerned. They should be encouraged to get on with the scheduled services. It has been argued that if B.O.A.C. and B.E.A. do not wish to operate over certain routes then it is logical to give the independent operators the opportunity so to do. That sounds sweetly reasonable but it does not work out that way. It leads to all sorts of difficulties, some of which have already been mentioned. For how long should a licence be granted; should there be a penalty for failing to honour a contract; and what about the standard of operation?
My hon. Friend the Member for Enfield, East (Mr. Ernest Davies) made some of these points very clearly. There is the possibility that the Corporations may resent serious competition by independent operators on passenger routes and they may retaliate by competing for charter work, as they did in 1947, 1948 and 1949. The Corporations may cut their rates to secure that work. The independent companies would not like that.
However, I understand from what the Minister has said that the Corporations agree not to do charter work. It would seem that they are eating out of his hand at the moment. I cannot quite understand it. I gather that the Chairmen are quite happy to forfeit the opportunity of expansion. It has not been an easy time for the independent operators, but first things have had to come first and the first thing was the progress and prosperity of B.O.A.C. and B.E.A.
After all, the long-term prospects of the independent operators rest upon the reputation earned by the Corporations. This is particularly so in the overseas
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market. The name of British aviation stands high, due to the excellence of B.O.A.C. and B.E.A., and charter companies and private operators benefit by the reflection of the glory of those two Corporations. Let us acknowledge that fact.
Turning to another point, the allocation of passenger traffic is not the beginning and the end of our present problems. A much more important problem is the aircraft position. I hope that the Parliamentary Secretary will have time to touch on that point, and I shall give him as much time as I possibly can. We do not know what policy is being pursued by Her Majesty's Government.
We have British aircraft with brilliant performances both in service and on the production line. If anything, we have too many types, certainly in the long-range class. I can think of five, besides the American types. Nothing militates more against the efficiency of air operations than having too many types of aircraft, with all the extra spares organisation which is necessary to support them.
I should like to say how right I think my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge was when he spoke about the need to concentrate on still newer and better types. It is such a long-term process to get aircraft in any numbers actually operating on the routes. In the medium range of aircraft we seem to be served with two very good planes, the Ambassador and the Viscount, but a freight aircraft, other than the excellent Bristol Freighter, is conspicuous by its absence, and perhaps the Parliamentary Secretary would comment on that in reply.
In the case of light aircraft the picture is depressing. In five years' time there will be no club aircraft and no aircraft for private owners because none are being built. I think that in five years' time clubs will be using balloons. I wonder whether the Minister could give a little information about the works' clubs scheme. I have given him notice of my intention to raise this point.
The Committee may remember that Lord Pakenham and my hon. Friend the Member for Uxbridge sponsored a scheme to encourage flying through works clubs at a cost within the reach of the staffs, particularly artisans, mechanics and young people. I am told that although

2277
many applications from firms have been received by the Aero Club of Great Britain, only five have so far been authorised. That is a poor result.
What is much worse is that, while we are always pressing the Government to take action about these clubs and give them a start, with only one exception—I stand to be corrected—no aircraft construction company or aero engine company in the country supports an aero Club. [HON. MEMBERS: "De Havilland's."] That is the one exception. There may be others; I do not know. When Government money has been poured into these companies—it has been well spent and I do not criticise it, although they have done well, and their balance sheets show it—the lack of interest they seem to show in aero clubs is deplorable.
We on this side of the Committee have never been convinced that there has been enough co-operation between the civil and Service Departments; in other words, between the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Air Ministry. There has, of course, always been a third Department in connection with aircraft, and that is the Ministry of Supply. Besides the purely civil types of aircraft, there are over 100 military types and marks of aircraft being constructed. I think that we must be more selective.
One of the duties of the Ministers of all Departments is to see that a selection is made, and that right through the industry there is the production of a certain number of types. Some progress has been made in the sphere of engines, and I support the suggestion for a committee such as the Brabazon Committee, which did very good work. Perhaps in reply the Parliamentary Secretary could give a little information on the "Brabazon" and the Princess flying boat, because that would be much appreciated. The other day I was speaking to a technician who works on the Princess flying boats. He started his first job in life on them, and now his son has grown up and is also working on the same aircraft. We really would like some information as to when there will be some decision on the actual operation of these giants.
I have now time to deal quickly with only one or two further points. I wonder whether the full import of the development of the helicopter is fully appreciated.
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The jet engine has brought spectacular results and, incidentally, a measure of safety in that the horrors of fire present in the petrol engine are less liable to occur with the jet because the fuel, paraffin, is not so volatile.
I think that the helicopter will affect our daily lives even more than the jet engine. I was delighted to hear the hon. Member for Tradeston (Mr. Rankin) give his views on the helicopter. I cannot follow him in his views, because I believe that within a few years every city, town and large parish will need an alighting place for helicopters.
Incidentally, I should like to point out that the upkeep and cost of such hover-ground alighting places is very small. Do the Minister and his staff realise that every large works will require, for the purposes of trade and business, alighting grounds and, maybe, operate their own helicopters? I urge the Minister to have this particular development very closely examined.
I think that this subject has not been sufficiently dealt with today. In due course, the development of the helicopter will affect our road traffic problems, and maybe provide the answer to those problems, which seem insoluble at the moment, of how to relieve the volume of traffic and prevent the wastage of life on the roads.
Having flown for a good many years, I know that the development of the helicopter is unique. It will in time revolutionise the whole life of the country and every country within a few years. I think that this is a subject which has to be studied very carefully. We must not get into the habit of thinking that the ground organisation now required for the normal conventional aircraft is a static requirement.
The Labour Party have a very deep interest in aviation. We see it as a means whereby not only can trade be facilitated throughout the world—a not inconsiderable factor—but as a means whereby the English-speaking people throughout the world can be brought together, and eventually, perhaps, all people will learn a greater toleration through closer personal contact.
We are not prepared to allow a Conservative Government to weaken the structure of the British Air Corporations, as they are now doing by instilling despair and doubt in the minds of the personnel.

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Our criticism of the Minister's proposals does not mean that we are not concerned with the prosperity of the individual and the independent operator. Within wide limits we wish private enterprise to flourish, as it did under a Labour Government.
It must be remembered that it is only since the advent of a Conservative Government that private enterprise in all spheres, not only in civil aviation, has suffered a relapse. I am still not clear as to the position which has been brought to light by certain speeches in the debate today. If the Government really wish to encourage aviation and are sincere in their purpose, there are many more profitable means of doing so than by destroying confidence in the future of B.O.A.C. and B.E.A.
I shall try to clear the issue by asking a vital question. I hope that the Parliamentary Secretary will be able to give a reply. If B.O.A.C. or B.E.A. and an independent operator go to the licensing authority and apply for a licence to operate a certain service, will the Corporation be granted the licence or will the independent operator be granted the licence?
I hope the Minister will not say that it depends on the circumstances for the circumstances are clear in that both parties are alike and both will appear before the licensing authority with the same claim. Will the Minister say categorically who will get the licence? I am also not clear whether the Minister intends to give a private company the operation of B.E.A. services in Scotland.
Mr. Rankin: Neither is the Minister clear.
Group Captain Wilcock: I hope the Parliamentary Secretary will answer these points. The Opposition have made their view clear. I am authorised to say that unless we receive an assurance on these points—it depends on the answer of the Parliamentary Secretary—we shall record our lack of confidence in the Government in the Division Lobby to-night.
9.36 p.m.
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation (Mr. R. Maudling): We have had an extremely interesting debate with many valuable and helpful contributions from hon. Members who have caught the Chairman's eye. I
2280
only regret that a number of hon. Members who would have made equally valuable, if not more valuable, contributions have been unable to do so. I certainly valued the contributions which have been made by my predecessors in this office, the hon. Member for Uxbridge (Mr. Beswick), whose great enthusiasm for aviation is known to all of us, and the hon. Member for Wellingborough (Mr. Lindgren), who has left behind him in our Department a great feeling of affection for him and for the work which he did there.
We have also had an interesting contribution from the hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Derby, North (Group Captain Wilcock), a man of considerable knowledge and experience in these matters. I agree very much with what he said about the importance of not setting off the public Corporations against the private operators and saying that one side is hopeless and the other not. It is not true to say that that suggestion comes, if it comes at all, from this side of the Committee. We have heard a great deal from the Opposition about the supposed iniquities of private operators. I agree with the hon. and gallant Member for Derby, North that it would help our debates if we did not indulge in that sort of controversy.
I also agree with the hon. and gallant Gentleman about the excellent work which the Corporations have done and the importance of the State continuing to support the Corporations. That is why we have made it crystal clear that we intend to preserve the position of the Corporations' first-class and tourist-class services on their existing international network, which covers the globe. That must not be forgotten.
I could not agree with the hon. and gallant Gentleman about the dilemma in which he thought he might place the Government by asking if we intended the private operators to have profitable or unprofitable routes to run. If the routes were unprofitable, they would be ruinous for the operators and the operators would not take them on, because they are not forced to do so. The operators would only take on the routes if they considered that they could be run economically.
He also maintained that the Corporations would be damaged if the private operators were to take on the profitable

2281
routes. That is not so. There is room in the air for enterprise of all kinds. That is the attitude upon which the Government's policy is based. It is not a matter of carving up among certain interests a limited amount of air transport opportunities; it is a matter of giving the greatest possible opportunity to all the enterprise, invention and genius of this country in air transport at the beginning of an air age which may in time compare with the development of the British Mercantile Marine in the many generations during which it has been built up to its present position.
I shall now try to cover the points which were mentioned and to reply to as many of them as I can. Time will not permit me to reply to all of them.
Flying clubs were mentioned by the hon. and gallant Member for Derby, North and the hon. Member for Lincoln (Mr. de Freitas). The Government, like their predecessors, wish to do all they can to assist the flying clubs, but there are limits. Flying is an expensive occupation. By continuing the rebate to the clubs and by continuing the air cadets, we hope we are doing as much as we can in this direction. I do not know where the hon. Member for Lincoln got his information about the increase in the landing fees. I am informed that no such increase has taken place since the previous Government were in office.
In regard to the aspect of works flying clubs, we support very much its development. I see that my right hon. Friend the Member for Renfrew, West (Mr. Maclay) is associated with the pamphlet which has been circulated by the Association of British Aero Clubs, who have been able to obtain a tax concession from the Department of Inland Revenue, and that takes some doing. When the Inland Revenue go as far as that, it must have taken some persuasion. We certainly intend to do all we can in a practical way to assist these flying clubs.
The hon. Gentleman who opened the debate referred to the need for planning aircraft for as far ahead as 1958. We must constantly look years ahead in the provision and the production of aircraft. The hon. Member for Lincoln seemed to suggest that the present Government were not doing enough to help in the production of Comets for export, but
2282
assistance from the Government should have been given a year ago to produce more aircraft for export now.
Mr. de Freitas: I was complaining about the complacency of Lord Swinton in his statement in the House of Lords, which implied that we had nothing to do but sit back and collar the jet market.
Mr. Maudling: My noble Friend's remarks did not imply anything of the sort. Action speaks louder than words, and the action of the Government has been to assist this development. The hon. Member for Wellingborough said that the Comet was not a production of private enterprise. I do not want to enter into too much controversy, but does he suggest that it was the production of the nationalised industries? It is true that Government finance was available to assist in the development of the Ghost engine, which has marked civil and military possibilities, but the development of the Comet civil aircraft was De Havilland's own project. I have taken a particular interest in the matter because De Havilland's lies in my constituency. This was a private enterprise effort, but the great thing is that it was a British effort, one of the greatest efforts made in this country for a good many years.
Mr. Lindgren: I hope that the hon. Gentleman will agree equally that there would have been no production at all but for the fact that the two prototypes were ordered by the Ministry of Supply and, so far as the remainder of the order is concerned. by the B.O.A.C.
Mr. Maudling: I have stated the position as simply as I can, and I refute the hon. Gentleman's suggestion.
Some reference was made to the Brabazon Committee. There is in being an inter-Departmental Committee on civil aircraft requirements, representing each of the interested Departments and the users. It meets at frequent intervals whenever it is necessary to consider the future requirements of civil aircraft. It can fairly be said to take the place, on a more permanent basis, of the Brabazon Committee. The question of allocating civil and Service requirements, to which the hon. Member for Lincoln referred, is a matter of Government policy, to be settled among Government Departments. I can assure the hon. Gentleman that my right hon. Friend will not be in any

2283
way backward in putting forward the claims for civil aviation—he will have the time and the ability to do so—in order that a balance may be kept among the Departments, by decision of the Government.
I must say a word about helicopters. The Government recognise the importance of helicopter development, but it is important to realise also, as the hon. Member for Tradeston (Mr. Rankin) realises, that there are difficulties about the commercial operation of the helicopter. We do not consider that it would be right to operate helicopters over crowded areas in this country until there are multi-engined helicopters in being. There are also questions of speed involved and other issues before helicopters can be operated on an ecomonic basis. It must be able to carry adequate numbers in order that there will be a proper return. However, considerable research is going on at the moment.
Mr. Rankin: What about comparatives operating costs?
Mr. Maudling: It is impossible to give comparative operating costs, as we are still in the experimental stage, but the Government are doing all they can to assist in the development of helicopter design. The Bristol 173, which holds the field in multi-engined design, is being developed, and Government contracts have been given to two firms to develop the jet-propelled rotor helicopter. B.E.A. have put in requirements for a helicopter which is being considered by a number of firms.
At the same time the Government are taking steps, in consultation where necessary with the local authorities, to safeguard and prepare for the provision in future of proper alighting areas at significant points. It is important that the helicopter should give full economic value, and it is necessary to have alighting points in the most important places. As the hon. Member for Dartford (Mr. Dodds) knows, the Government have very much in mind the question of the South Bank.
Mr. Nabarro: And railway stations.
Mr. Maudling: And railway stations. as we are being constantly reminded by my hon. Friend the Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro). Also B.E.A. are
2284
doing excellent experimental work in the actual operation of helicopters.
I turn now to the question of internal services. We have heard a lot about the internal services, and this has involved a certain amount of internecine warfare between representatives of Scotland in which I should hate to enter. But some of the things that have been said are not worthy of the hon. Members who said them. The hon. Member for Wellingborough said that Scottish Aviation, Limited, have not got a clean record. I do not know what he means. He was referring to the position of Prestwick and its taking over. That is at present at arbitration, but I would point out that he suggested that we should have solved in six months of office what he did not succeed in solving in six years.
Mr. Lindgren: I agree, but the point is that the difficulties are being created by Scottish Aviation, Limited, and not by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Argument has been going on for nearly eight years as to what should be paid for and what they have.
Mr. Maudling: And for most of that time the hon. Member was in power. It is not a very good commendation of the powers of the Government of which he was a member. Then the hon. Member for Tradeston said that this firm had not carried a single fare-paying passenger. At least, that was the impression I got from him.
Mr. Rankin: The point I was making was that the proposal was to hand over to Scottish Aviation, Limited, and that other than the Prestwick to Belfast service, they had not carried a single fare-paying passenger at any time in their existence.
Mr. Maudling: I thought that was what the hon. Member said. The position about internal services is that my right hon. Friend is still considering policy on this matter. Taking the position of Scotland, though we have not heard many references to Wales or any part of the United Kingdom other than Scotland, it has been argued vigorously from the other side of the Committee that the services at present provided by B.E.A. could not be improved upon by any other operator.
Mr. Woodburn: No.
Mr. Maudling: I have no doubt that they are providing a very good service, but evidence comes to me from Members of Parliament and other sources that there is dissatisfaction with the present Scottish services. Both of those points of view my right hon. Friend must take into account in coming to his final conclusion. He will make no change in the present set-up until he is convinced that such a change will be in the genera) public interest.
On the particular question of the subsidy, I do not understand the argument that it is right for the taxpayer to pay a large subsidy to a nationalised Corporation but that it is entirely wrong for the taxpayer to bear a much smaller subsidy to a private corporation for the same thing. If the service is equally satisfactory and the cost to the taxpayer is less, that seems to me to be quite a satisfactory state of affairs.
Turning next to the Corporations, it has been implied that the new policy will completely destroy the foundation of the Corporations and that there is widespread alarm and despondency amongst their staffs. That is completely unfounded. It has been made crystal clear that the existing network of the Corporations is to be maintained. It will be made clear in the directive to the Air Transport Advisory Council that there is to be no material diversion from the existing first and tourist-class services.
Mr. Beswick: In that case will the hon. Gentleman tell me why I have had telegrams even today asking that it should be made clear in this Committee where they stand and where their livelihood is to be in the future?
Mr. Mandling: If there is any confusion amongst the employees of the Corporations it has not been created from this side of the Committee.
Now I want to refer to one or two other points. I want to emphasise that the Government adhere to the principle of the I.A.T.A. rates structure. We consider that right and, for the reasons my right hon. Friend has already explained to the Committee, we do not consider that the development of the third-class services in the Colonial Empire, where the I.A.T.A. rates do not apply, will undermine the I.A.T.A. structure. However, we will keep a careful eye on it.
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In reply to the point raised by the hon. Member for Coventry, North (Mr. Edelman), it is not intended that the private operator should have any opportunity of competing with or taking away from the Corporations their mail con tracts on existing routes. They will continue. It has been suggested that this policy will be unfair to the independent operators in that the competition they will have to face is unequal.
It has been made clear already, but I repeat it again, that the Corporations will not maintain aircraft specifically for charter operations. If, however, they have aircraft standing idle, and charter opportunities present themselves, obviously the Corporations should be allowed to take advantage of those opportunities. If those aircraft are normally based on London Airport, and carry out their scheduled route services from London Airport, they will carry out their charter operations from London Airport also.
In reply to my hon. Friend the Member for Gosport and Fareham (Dr. Bennett). it is not practicable to open London Airport to general charter operations. We are, however, doing a great deal to improve the facilities of Blackbushe, which I think he has in mind, and I understand that negotiations in regard to a new hangar, offices, and so on, are progressing between my Department and the company concerned, and I hope they will reach a satisfactory conclusion.
Now a word about the position of the employees, which is of great importance and which I am sure would have been raised by my hon. Friend the Member for Stroud and Thornbury (Mr. Perkins) and the hon. Member for Reading, South (Mr. Mikardo) if they had had a chance of catching your eye, Sir Charles. It will be a condition that the terms of employment of the charter companies, as it is at the moment, are the same as those agreed with the National Joint Council for Civil Aviation.
The point the hon. Member has in mind, about work put out to contract by firms which may not follow the same terms and conditions, is a problem which applies to the Corporations as much as it does to the private operators. I understand that before the Election negotiations were going on between the trade unions concerned and my Department on

2287
this question of the outside contracts and terms and conditions. We shall certainly be willing to resume those negotiations if they are likely to be of any value.
Mr. Mikardo rose—
Mr. Maudling: I have not time to give way. There was one important point mentioned which I am sure my right hon. Friend has in mind. It will arise only if some of the present activities in existing Corporations were to be transferred to private operators. Before that took place, my right hon. Friend would consult the people concerned in those Corporations on the important point of pensions of airline pilots. I can assure the Committee that we have that matter very much in mind.
I come finally to the main question of whether our new policy is justified. On coming into office, we were faced, obviously, with a vast development of air transport. A generation ago it was a great adventure to cross the Atlantic. Today, hundreds of thousands of people of all ages are crossing the Atlantic. The Corporations have done great work; let there be no doubt about that. They are facing international competition on their scheduled services across the world in first and tourist-class services. We intend to reserve their position on those services.
But, great as is the work which they have done, the Corporations have no monopoly of ideas. That is the important point. Look at the work of some of the other private operators, the people who have built up the motor car ferry service and the varied activities of the private companies throughout the world. They have shown that there is still a vast untapped field of enterprise in civil aviation, and we intend to give private companies the opportunity to tap that field, as we believe they can do, without in any way impairing the services of the Corporations.
Take, for example, the question of freight carriage, which my hon. Friend the Member for Hendon, North (Mr. C. I.
Orr-Ewing) mentioned in his very thoughtful and informed speech. Here, obviously, is a great field for development by the private companies. The thing which we must remember, and which my hon. Friend the Member for St. Albans (Mr. J. Grimston) mentioned, is that new types of service generate a new demand. That is the answer to the criticism of the so-called third-class service. That is the answer to much of the criticism which has been directed at Government policy. We say that it is not a question of dividing up a limited and definite amount of air transport demand between the existing companies. We say that here is an immense field for British expansion—for expansion by British brains and enterprise and genius —and we want to see the opportunity given for both the Corporations and the private companies to develop this field.
I understand that the Opposition intend to divide the Committee. They intend to move a reduction in my right hon. Friend's salary on the ground, which is not very logical, that he and I have two jobs to do at once. I should have thought that merited an increase in salary. It is surely important, if we are to have the development of air transport in this age which we want to see, that we should have a settled policy and that we should stick to it. We on these benches are entirely convinced that the policy we have laid before the Committee is the right way to develop and exploit in this new age the genius of this country. We hope we shall be able to carry out this policy with the united support of the House of Commons.
Mr. Beswick: In view of the fact that we are still left without definite information on the future of the Corporations, especially in Scotland, I beg to move to reduce the Vote by £100.
Question put, "That a sum not exceeding £7,835,900 be granted for the said service."
The Committee divided: Ayes, 229; Noes, 252.

Division No. 210.]

AYES

[10.0 p.m.

Acland, Sir Richard

Awbery, S. S.

Benn, Wedgwood

Adams, Richard

Bacon, Miss Alice

Benson, G.

Albu, A. H.

Balfour, A.

Beswick, F.

Alien, Arthur (Bosworth)

Barnes, Rt. Hon. A. J.

Bing, G. H. C.

Anderson, Alexander (Motherwell)

Bellenger, Rt. Hon. F. J.

Blackburn, F.

Anderson, Frank (Whitehaven)

Bence, C. R.

Blenkinsop, A.

Blyton, W. R.

Hastings, S.

Paton, J.

Boardman, H.

Hayman, F. H.

Peart, T. F.

Bottomley, Rt. Hon. A. G.

Healey, Denis (Leeds, S.E.)

Plummer, Sir Leslie

Bowles, F. G.

Henderson, Rt. Hn. A. (Rowley Regis)

Popplewell, E.

Braddock, Mrs. Elizabeth

Herbison, Miss M.

Porter, G.

Brockway, A. F.

Hewitson, Capt. M.

Price, Joseph T. (Westhoughton)

Brook, Dryden (Halifax)

Hobson, C. R.

Price, Philips (Gloucestershire, W.)

Broughton, Dr. A. D. D.

Holman, P.

Proctor, W. T.

Brown, Rt. Hon. George (Belper)

Houghton, Douglas

Pryde, D. J.

Burke, W. A.

Hoy, J. H.

Rankin, John

Burton, Miss F. E.

Hubbard, T. F.

Redmayne, M.

Butler, Herbert (Hackney, S.)

Hudson, James (Ealing, N.)

Reeves, J.

Carmichael, J.

Hughes, Cledwyn (Anglesey)

Reid, Thomas (Swindon)

Castle, Mrs. B. A.

Hughes, Emrys (S. Ayrshire)

Reid, William (Camlachie)

Champion, A. J.

Hughes, Hector (Aberdeen, N.)

Rhodes, H.

Chetwynd, G. R.

Hynd, H. (Accrington)

Robens, Rt. Hon. A.

Clunie, J.

Hynd, J. B. (Attercliffe)

Roberts, Albert (Normanton)

Cocks, F. S.

Irvine, A. J. (Edge Hill)

Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvonshire)

Coldrick, W.

Irving, W. J. (Wood Green)

Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)

Collick, P. H.

Isaacs, Rt. Hon. G. A.

Ross, William

Corbet, Mrs. Freda

Janner, B.

Royle. C.

Cove, W. G.

Jeger, George (Goole)

Schofield, S. (Barnsley)

Craddock, George (Bradford, S.)

Jenkins, R. H. (Stechford)

Shackleton, E. A. A.

Crosland. C. A. R.

Johnson, James (Rugby)

Short, E. W.

Cullen, Mrs. A.

Jones, David (Hartlepool)

Shurmer, P. L. E.

Daines, P.

Jones, Frederick Elwyn (West Ham, S.)

Silverman, Julius (Erdington)

Dalton, Rt. Hon. H.

Jones, Jack (Rotherham)

Silverman, Sydney (Nelson)

Darling, George (Hillsborough)

Jones, T. W. (Merioneth)

Simmons, C. J. (Brierley Hill)

Davies, A. Edward (Stoke, N.)

Keenan, W.

Slater, J.

Davies, Ernest (Enfield, E.)

Kenyon, C.

Smith, Ellis (Stoke, S.)

Davies, Harold (Leek)

Key, Rt. Hon. C. W.

Smith, Norman (Nottingham S.)

Davies, Stephen (Merthyr)

King, Dr. H. M.

Snow, J. W.

de Freitas, Geoffrey

Lee, Frederick (Newton)

Sorensen, R. W.

Deer, G.

Lever, Leslie (Ardwick)

Sparks, J. A.

Delargy, H. J.

Lewis, Arthur

Steele, T.

Dodds, N. N.

Lindgren, G. S.

Stokes, Rt. Hon. R. R.

Donnelly, D. L.

Lipton, Lt.-Col. M.

Stross, Dr. Barnett

Dugdale, Rt. Hon. John (W. Bromwich)

Logan, D. G.

Summerskill, Rt. Hon. E.

Ede, Rt. Hon. J. C.

MacColl, J. E.

Sylvester, G. O.

Edelman, M.

McGhee, H. G.

Taylor, John (West Lothian)

Edwards, Rt. Hon. Ness (Caerphilly)

McInnes, J.

Taylor, Rt. Hon. Robert (Morpeth)

Edwards, W. J. (Stepney)

McKay, John (Wallsend)

Thomas, David (Aberdare)

Evans, Albert (Islington, S.W.)

McLeavy, F.

Thomas, George (Cardiff)

Evans, Edward (Lowestoft)

MacMillan, M. K. (Western Isles)

Thomas, Iorwerth (Rhondda, W.)

Evans, Stanley (Wednesbury)

MacPherson, Malcolm (Stirling)

Thomas, Ivor Owen (Wrekin)

Ewart, R.

Mainwaring, W. H.

Tomney, F.

Fernyhough, E.

Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Huddersfiald, E.)

Turner-Samuels, M.

Field, W. J.

Mann, Mrs. Jean

Ungoed-Thamas, Sir Lvnn

Fienburgh, W.

Manuel, A. C.

Viant, S. P.

Finch, H. J.

Marquand, Rt. Hon. H. A.

Wallace, H. W.

Fletcher, Eric (Islington, E.)

Mayhew, C. P.

Watkins, T. E.

Follick, M.

Mellish, R. J.

West, D. G.

Forman, J. C.

Mikardo, Ian

White, Mrs. Eirene (E. Flint)

Fraser, Thomas (Hamilton)

Mitchison, G. R.

Whiteley, Rt. Hon. W.

Freeman, John (Watford)

Monslow, W.

Wigg, George

Freeman, Peter (Newport)

Moody, A. S.

Wilcock, Group Capt. C. A. B.

Gailskell, Rt. Hon. H. T. N.

Morgan, Dr. H. B. W.

Wilkins, W. A.

Gibson, C. W.

Morley, R.

Willey, Frederick (Sunderland, N.)

Glanville, James

Morrison, Rt. Hon. H. (Lewisham, S.)

Williams, David (Neath)

Gooch, E. G.

Mort, D. L.

Williams, Rev. Llywelyn (Abertillery)

Greenwood, Anthony (Rossendale)

Moyle, A.

Williams, Ronald (Wigan)

Greenwood, Rt. Hn. Arthur (Wakefield)

Murray, J. D.

Williams. Rt. Hon. Thomas (Don V'll'y)

Grenfell, Rt. Hon. D. R.

Nally, W

Williams, W. R. (Droylsden)

Grey, C. F.

O'Brien, T.

Wilson, Rt. Hon. Harold (Huyton)

Griffiths, David (Rother Valley)

Oliver, G. H.

Winterbottom, Ian (Nottingham, C.)

Griffiths, Rt. Hon. James (Llanelly)

Orbach, M.

Winterbottom, Richard (Brightside)

Hale, Leslie (Oldham, W.)

Paling, Rt. Hon. W. (Dearne Valley)

Woodburn, Rt. Hon. A.

Hall, Rt. Hon. Glenvil (Colne Valley)

Paling, Will T. (Dewsbury)

yates, V. F.

Hall, John (Gateshead, W.)

Pannell, Charles

Younger, Rt. Hon. K.

Hannan, W.

Pargiter, G. A.

Hargreaves, A.

Parker, J.

TELLERS FOR THE AYES:

Mr. Pearson and Mr. Holmes.

NOES

Aitken, W. T.

Baldwin, A. E.

Bevins, J. R. (Toxteth)

Allan, R. A. (Paddington. S.)

Banks, Col. C.

Birch, Nigel

Alport, C. J. M.

Barber, Anthony

Bishop, F. P.

Amory, Heathcoat (Tiverton)

Barlow, Sir John

Black, C. W

Anstruther-Gray, Major W. J

Baxter, A. B.

Boothby, R. J. G.

Arbuthnot, John

Beach, Maj. Hicks

Bossom, A. C.

Ashton, H. (Chelmsford)

Beamish, Maj. Tufton

Boyd-Carpenter, J. A.

Assheton, Rt. Hon. R. (Blackburn, W.)

Bell, Ronald (Bucks, S.)

Boyle, Sir Edward

Astor, Hon. J. J. (Plymouth, Sulton)

Bennett, F. M. (Reading, N.)

Braine, B. R.

Astor, Hon. W. W. (Bucks, Wycombe)

Bennett, Sir Peter (Edgbaston)

Braithwaite, Lt.-Cdr. G. (Bristol, N.W.)

Baldock, Lt.-Cmdr. J M.

Bennett, William (Woodside)

Bromley-Davenport,. W. H.

2290

2291

Brooke, Henry (Hampstead)

Horobin, I. M.

Partridge, E.

Brooman-White, R. C.

Howard, Greville (St. Ives)

Peake, Rt. Hon. O.

Browne, Jack (Govan)

Hudson, Sir Austen (Lewisham, N.)

Peto, Brig. C. H M.

Buchan-Hepburn, Rt. Hon. P. G. T.

Hudson, W. R. A. (Hull, N.)

Pilkington, Capt. R. A.

Bullard, D. G.

Hulbert, wing Cmdr. N. J.

Powell, J. Enoch

Bullock, Capt. M.

Hurd, A. R.

Price, Henry (Lewisham, W.)

Bullus, Wing Commander E. E.

Hutchinson, Sir Geoffrey (llford, N.)

Prior-Palmer, Brig. O. L.

Burden, F. F. A.

Hutchison, Lt.-Com. Clark (E'b'rgh W.)

Profumo, J. D.

Butcher, H. W.

Hutchison, James (Scotstoun)

Raikes, H. V.

Butler, Rt. Hon. R. A. (Saffron Walden)

Hyde, Lt.-Col. H. M.

Rayner, Brig. R.

Carr, Robert (Mitcham)

Hylton-Foster, H. B. H.

Remnant, Hon. P.

Carson, Hon. E.

Jenkins, Robert (Dulwich)

Ronton, D. L. M.

Cary, Sir Robert

Jennings, R.

Roberts, Peter (Heely)

Clarke, Brig. Terence (Portsmouth, W.)

Johnson, Eric (Blackley)

Robertson, Sir David

Cole, Norman

Jones, A. (Hall Green)

Robinson, Roland (Blackpool, S.)

Colegate, W. A.

Kaberry, D.

Rodgers, John (Sevenoaks)

Craddock, Beresford (Spelthorne)

Keeling, Sir Edward

Roper, Sir Harold

Cranborne, Viscount

Kerr, H. W. (Cambridge)

Russell, R. S.

Crookshank, Capt. Rt. Hon. H. F. C.

Lambert, Hon. G.

Ryder, Capt. R. E. D.

Crosthwaite-Eyre, Col. O. E.

Lambton, Viscount

Salter, Rt. Hon. Sir Arthur

Crouch, R. F.

Lancaster, Col. C. G.

Schofield, Lt.-Col. W. (Rochdale)

Crowder, Sir John (Finchley)

Langford-Holt, J. A.

Scott, R. Donald

Crowder, Petre (Ruislip—Korthwood)

Law, Rt. Hon. R. K.

Scott-Miller, Cmdr. R.

Davidson, Viscountess

Leather, E. H. C.

Simon, J. E. S. (Middlesbrough, W.)

Deedes, W. F.

Legge-Bourke, Maj. E. A. H.

Smithers, Peter (Winchester)

Digby, S. Wingfield

Legh, P. R. (Petersfield)

Smithers, Sir Waldron (Orpington)

Dodds-Parker, A. D.

Lennox-Boyd, Rt. Hon. A. T.

Smyth, Brig. J. G. (Norwood)

Donaldson, Cmdr. C. E. MCA.

Lindsay, Martin

Soames, Capt. C.

Dormer, P. W.

Linstead, H. N.

Spearman, A. C M.

Drayson, G. B.

Lloyd, Mai. Guy (Renfrew, E.)

Spens, Sir Patrick (Kensington, S.>

Dugdale, Maj. Rt. Hn. Sir T. (Richmond)

Lloyd, Rt. Hon. Selwyn (Wirral)

Stanley, Capt. Hon. Richard

Duncan, Capt. J. A. L.

Lock wood, Lt.-Col. J. C.

Stevens, G. P.

Duthie, W. S.

Longden, Gilbert (Herts, S.W.)

Steward, W. A. (Woolwich, W.)

Eccles, Rt. Hon. D. M.

Low, A. R. W.

Stewart, Henderson (Fife, E.)

Elliot, Rt. Hon. W. E.

Lucas, Sir Jocelyn (Portsmouth, S.)

Stoddart-Soott. Col. M.

Erroll, F. J.

Lucas, P. B. (Brentford).

Storey, S.

Finlay, Graeme

Lucas-Tooth, Sir Hugh

Strauss, Henry (Norwich, S.)

Fisher, Nigel

McAdden, S. J.

Stuart, Rt. Hon. James (Moray)

Fleetwood-Hesketh, R. F.

McCorquodale, Rt. Hon. M. S.

Summers, G. S.

Fletcher-Cooke, C.

Macdonald, Sir Peter (I. of Wight)

Sutoliffe, H.

Fort, R.

Mackeson, Brig. H. R.

Taylor, Charles (Eastbourne)

Fraser, Hon. Hugh (Stone)

McKie, J. H. (Galloway)

Taylor, William (Bradford, N.)

Fraser, Sir I. (Morecambe & Lontdeis)

Maclay, Rt. Hon. John

Teeling, W.

Galbraith, Cmdr. T. D. (Pollok)

Macmillan, Rt. Hon. Harold (Bromley)

Thomas, Rt. Hon. J. P. L. (Hereford)

Garner-Evans, E. H.

Macpherson, Maj. Niall (Dumfries)

Thomas, P. J. M. (Conway)

George, Rt. Hon. Mai. G. Lloyd

Maitland, Comdr. J. F. W. (Horncastle)

Thompson, Lt.-Cdr. R. (Croydon, W.)

Glyn, Sir Ralph

Manningham-Buller, Sir R. E.

Thornton-Kemsley, Col. C. N.

Godber, J. B.

Markham, Major S. F.

Tilney, John

Gomme-Duncan, Col. A.

Marples, A. E.

Touche, Sir Gordon

Gough, C. F. H.

Marshall, Douglas (Bodmin)

Turner, H. F. L.

Gower, H. R.

Marshall, Sir Sydney (Sutton)

Turton, R. H.

Graham, Sir Fergus

Maude, Angus

Tweedsmuir, Lady

Gridley, Sir Arnold

Maudling, R.

Vaughan-Morgan, J. K.

Grimond, J.

Maydon, Lt.-Comdr. S. L. C.

Vosper, D. F.

Grimston, Hon. John (St. Albans)

Mellor, Sir John

Wakefield, Edward (Derbyshire, W.)

Grimston, Sir Robert (Westbury)

Molson, A. H. E.

Wakefield, Sir Wavell (Marylebone)

Harden, J. R. E.

Monckton, Rt. Hon. Sir Waller

Walker-Smith, D. C.

Hare, Hon. J. H.

Moore, Ll.-Col. Sir Thomas

Ward, Hon. George (Worcester)

Harris, Reader (Heston)

Morrison, John (Salisbury)

Ward, Miss I. (Tynemouth)

Harrison, Col. J. H. (Eye)

Mott-Radclyffe, C. E.

Waterhouse, Capt. Rt. Hon. C-

Harvey, Air Cdre. A. V. (Macclesfield)

Nabarro, G. D. N.

Watkinson, H. A.

Harvey, Ian (Harrow, E.)

Nicholls, Harmar

Webbe, Sir H. (London & Westminster)

Harvie-Watt, Sir George

Nicholson, Godfrey (Farnham)

Wellwood, W.

Hay, John

Nicolson, Nigel (Bournemouth, B.)

White, Baker (Canterbury)

Heald, Sir Lionel

Nield, Basil (Chester)

Williams, Rt. Hon. Charles (Torquay)

Heath, Edward

Noble, Cmdr. A. H. P.

Williams, Gerald (Tonbridge)

Henderson, John (Cathcart)

Nugent, G. R. H.

Williams, Sir Herbert (Croydon, E.)

Higgs, J. M. C.

Nutting Authony

Williams, R. Dudley (Exeter)

Hill, Mrs. E. (Wythenshawe)

Oakshott, H. D.

Wills, G.

Hinchingbrooke, Viscount

Odey, G. W.

Wilson, Geoffrey (Truro)

Hirst, Geoffrey

Ormsby-Gore, Hon. W. D.

Wood, Hon. R.

Holland-Martin, C. J.

Orr, Capt. L. P. S.

Hol, A. F.

Orr-Ewing, Charles tan (Hendon, N.)

TELLERS FOR THE NOES:

Hornsby-Smith, Miss M. P.

Orr-Ewing. Ian L. (Weston-super-Mare)

Mr. T. G. D. Galbraith and

Mr. Redmayne.

Original Question again proposed.

It being after Ten o' Clock, and objection being taken to further proceeding, The CHAIRMAN left the Chair to report Progress, and ask leave to sit again.

Committee report Progress; to sit again Tomorrow.

WHITE FISH AUTHORITY (LEVY)
10.9 p.m.
Mr. Eric Fletcher: I beg to move,
That an humble Address be presented to Her Majesty, praying that the White Fish Authority (General Levy) Regulations Confirmatory Order, 1952 (S.I., 1952, No. 1077), dated 29th May, 1952, a copy of which was laid before this House on 30th May, be annulled.
I say at once that no objection is taken to this Order on its merits. Objection is taken on the form of the Order. This Prayer has been put down because the Select Committee on Statutory Instruments has drawn the attention of the House to this Statutory Instrument as one calling for elucidation. I am sure that it will be agreed that it is just as well that the House of Commons should be continually vigilant both as to the form as well as to the substance of delegated legislation.
I say in parenthesis that I think that we should all agree that there has been a noticeable improvement in recent years on the part of those responsible for framing statutory instruments in that they have regard to the points which have been raised from time to time in the Special Reports of the Select Committee on Statutory Instruments. The House can congratulate itself that far more care is taken nowadays about the form of this delegated legislation than was once the case.
The point that arises on this Order is purely a technical one, although the Order itself is not unimportant. A great many hon. Members take a keen interest in the activities of the White Fish Authority which, it will be remembered, was set up by the last Government under the Sea Fish Industry Act, 1951. One of the duties of the White Fish Authority is to ensure that in the interest of the consumer there shall be a plentiful supply to the public of white fish at reasonable prices.
In pursuance of its powers the White Fish Authority has the right, after due consultation with the interests concerned, and after due publication. to make schemes for the re-organisation of the industry. This power is conferred by Section 6 of the Act. The scheme, which is the subject of this Order, is made under
2294
Section 6. The scheme itself is set out in the Schedule to the Order. I said that it was not unimportant. It will be observed that, among other things, the scheme imposes a charge. It is, as the Explanatory Note says, a charge payable to the White Fish Authority of one halfpenny for every stone of white fish landed on first-hand sale.
When the Act was passed by this House it had no application to Northern Ireland, and Members from Northern Ireland, and others, including my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Hornchurch (Mr. Bing), are properly jealous of the specific interests of Northern Ireland. Therefore, in the ordinary way it would come as a surprise to those reading this Statutory Instrument imposing this charge to find that it applies not only to England, Wales and Scotland but also to Northern Ireland.
The legal position is that under Section 20 of the Act power is given to the Secretary of State to extend the scope of the Act to Northern Ireland. In fact, an Order was made on 4th October last year, being No. 1797 of 1951, which did extend the scope of the Act to Northern Ireland, although I dare say that the significance of that Statutory Instrument probably escaped notice at the time, because it was about the time of the Dissolution of the last Parliament and the preparations for the General Election which resulted in this Parliament.
Until that Order was made, the Act did not apply to Northern Ireland. Now, we have this Order before us, and it takes the form of confirming a scheme which the Minister has made, and we find that, in fact, it applies to Northern Ireland.
The drafting offence which those responsible for the Order have made is that they have not thought fit, in promulgating the Order, to recite the authorities which justify them in making the Order. It is, of course, a cardinal principle that, when a Minister of the Crown purports to exercise powers of delegated legislation, he should recite in the Order the specific powers which enable him to make the Order. The reason for that principle is the convenience of the general public, so that the public may know, without a great deal of tedious research, whether or not the Government Department concerned is entitled to make the Order in the form in which it is made.

2295
The defect in this Order in question is that, in the first recital, it uses the objectionable phrase
"and of all other powers enabling them in that behalf,…"
That is a phrase upon which Ministers ought not to rely if, in fact, they have some specific authority enabling them to make the Order in question. In this particular case, it would have been quite easy, appropriate and normal for the Minister, in making this confirmatory Order, to recite the Order of October last which extended the ambit of the Act to Northern Ireland, and the Select Committee have drawn attention to the matter for that reason—not because it is a serious matter, but because the Select Committee exists to maintain vigilance in this matter and to correct slipshod drafting where it occurs.
I think I ought to add, in conclusion, that a memorandum which was submitted to the Select Committee was signed by somebody on behalf of the Minister, and that it did admit the charge which I have tried to explain, and expressed some regret. I think the whole House would agree that, if the Minister is willing to confirm that expression of regret and to give us an assurance that his own Department, and, I have no doubt, other Departments, in the light of the admission which he has made, will see fit to mend their ways in future, we should be satisfied.
10.19 p.m.
Mr. Frederick Willey: I beg to second the Motion.
I am sure that you will be very happy, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, as the very distinguished Chairman of the Select Committee, to know that my hon. Friend the Member for Islington, East (Mr. E. Fletcher) is following your example in bringing to the notice of the House this Order which the Select Committee has found to be in need of elucidation.
This is a minor point, but I wish to make this comment. In the memorandum which the Department submitted to the Select Committee it is very refreshing to find that the Department did not try to argue their way out of the difficulty, but said at once and admitted that the Order would have been clearer and more complete if reference to the Order in
2296
Council had been made. And—which is unusual for a Department—they even went on to regret that this was not done. In those circumstances I am sure that the whole House would be very willing and anxious to hear the Minister repeat the explanation and apology which his Department have already made in their memorandum.
10.21 p.m.
Mr. Edward Evans: Before the Minister replies, I should like to put one point on Regulations made by the White Fish Authority. We on this side of the House take great responsibility for setting up the White Fish Authority and we are anxious that the early Regulations in the career of that body shall be clear and explicit. Therefore we regret that there has been a little slip on this occasion. I am sure that my hon. Friends and I do not want to press this point unduly.
It is a matter of congratulation to us that we have been able to find the opportunity for the present Government to put this Order into operation. We hope it will do a great deal for the white fish industry. and we regret that the Government have made this mistake in this Regulation so early in the career of the Authority.
10.22 p.m.
The Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Mr. G. R. H. Nugent): In reply to the hon. Member for Islington, East (Mr. E. Fletcher) and the hon. Member for Sunderland, North (Mr. F. Willey), I will begin by agreeing that we have made a mistake. Indeed, it would be very difficult for me to do otherwise in the face of the memorandum from the Department admitting that we have made it. But, if I may, I should like to justify our stand in asking the House not to accept the Prayer but to confirm the Order, because I submit that in respect of the omission to which hon. Members have called attention the Order is legally in order.
The hon. Member for Islington, East called attention to the phrase in the preamble to the Order which states:
"…and of all other powers enabling them in that behalf,…"
Although it is not very precise, nevertheless, as it refers to the master Act—

2297
the Sea Fish Industry Act, 1951—from which the Order in Council flowed, it puts the matter legally in order.
Quite apart from the practical point of view, I submit that the general public and the fishing industry in particular knew what was happening. As the House knows, the process by which this Order is made is that the White Fish Authority make their proposal, which they have to publish in certain gazettes. It appeared in certain additions in newspapers in Northern Ireland. Therefore there is no doubt that certain Northern Ireland interests in fact did know about it; and the proposal to extend it to Northern Ireland by means of an Order in Council was initiated by Resolution of both Houses of Parliament in Northern Ireland.
Mr. George Brown: The hon. Gentleman referred to publication in the newspapers in Northern Ireland. I understood him to say that this proposal had to be published. Will he say in which newspapers it was published?
Mr. Nugent: I would not have made that assertion unless I had furnished myself in advance with the names of the papers. I hope I shall not disappoint the right hon. Gentleman by telling him which they were. It has been published in the "Belfast Telegraph," the "Northern Whig," the "Irish News" and the "Belfast News-Letter." I think that the right hon. Gentleman can be assured that publication was adequate.
I might also say that the definition in paragraph 4 of the Schedule does specifically allude to the United Kingdom in distinction to Great Britain, to which the previous Order referred. Further, in the Explanatory Note it states that the Order applies to the United Kingdom and not to Great Britain. I think it is clear that in law the Order is sound, although it would have been improved in form by citing the Order in Council.
Those who might be interested were properly informed, and I would, therefore, ask the House to give the Order their approval.
10.26 p.m.
Sir John Mellor: I am very glad that the Select Committee called attention to this matter, which I
2298
think the hon. Member for Islington, East (Mr. E. Fletcher) was quite right to raise. I would go a little further with regard to this matter. In the last Parliament I frequently protested against the use in statutory instruments of the words, "all other powers enabling." I think that a good many hon. Members on both sides of the House take the view that the Department should cite in the text of the instrument all the powers upon which they intend to rely, and should not be permitted to rely upon any other powers. What has been said tonight should be taken to heart by the Department, and I would urge the House to consider carefully the question whether it is fitting that words such as, "all other powers enabling," should be used in any statutory instrument.
10.27 p.m.
Mr. Glenvil Hall: I, for one, hope that the Government will not take the view of the hon. Baronet. Normally those words are put in in order that if there are any other powers the Department should be covered in general, and if very busy Departments have to hunt for all the possible powers there may be which enabled them to make a particular Order I am afraid they will be kept very busy and the printers will have more work to do than we ought to give them.
Sir J. Mellor: Does not the right hon. Gentleman consider that before making an instrument the Department should know what are the powers upon which they propose to rely? Is it right to have an omnibus expression of this kind in order that, if the Order is challenged, the Department should be able to find some power which enables them to make it?
Mr. E. Fletcher: I do not think that there would be any objection to the words, "all other powers enabling," as a safeguard in case anything has been omitted, but I do not think that it should go out from this House that the use of those words should cover up an omission of some specific authority which is known to the Department concerned and which ought to have been recited in the Order. I gather that my right hon. Friend certainly did not suggest that. I am not sure what the hon. Baronet feels about it, but if those words are used at all they should not be used to cover up some

2299
omission which there should not have been.
In view of the handsome apology which the Minister has made, and of the fact that nobody on this side of the House wants to hold up the operation of an Order which we regard as meritorious, and which is bringing to fruition the work of the Labour Government in carrying out a very valuable Act of Parliament
2300
with regard to the White Fish Authority, I beg to ask leave to withdraw the Motion.
Motion, by leave, withdrawn.

ADJOURNMENT
Resolved, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. Oakshott.]
Adjourned accordingly at Half-past Ten o' Clock.