Commons Sitting of 11 November 1930

Preamble
The House met at a Quarter before Three of the Clock, Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair.

PRIVATE BUSINESS.
London County Council (Improvements) Bill [Lords],
To be read a Second time upon Thursday.

ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS.
  UNEMPLOYMENT.

    RELIEF SCHEMES, SCOTLAND.
    Mr. DUNCAN MILLARasked the Secretary of State for Scotland at what places conferences have been held with the Scottish local authorities with a view to expediting unemployment relief schemes; who were represented at these conferences; and what progress has been made as a result of the conferences in expediting the carrying out of local unemployment relief schemes in Scotland?
    The UNDER-SECRETARY of STATE for SCOTLAND (Mr. Johnston): Representatives of Scottish County and Town Councils were present at the Unemployment Conference addressed by the Prime Minister in London on the 17th June last. On the 5th July my right hon. Friend, in conjunction with the Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Transport and myself, held a conference in Edinburgh which was attended by representatives of a very large number of county and town councils. As regards the last part of the question, in the period from 1st July, 1930, to 31st October, 1930, 122 Scottish schemes involving expenditure of approximately £866,000 were approved for grant purposes by the Unemployment Grants Committee. In addition to the general conferences officials of my right
    1438
    hon. Friend's Departments have visited numerous centres for the purpose of stimulating the submission of employment schemes by local authorities.
    Mr. MILLAR: Can the hon. Member say whether, as a result of these conferences steps have been taken to short circuit the procedure, and thus to enable other schemes to be dealt with?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: We now have a committee sitting in Edinburgh to deal in the first instance with all these schemes, in order to expedite matters.
    Mr. SCOTT: Can the hon. Member say how many unemployed men may be employed as a result of these schemes?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: I can give that information if the hon. Member will put down a question.
    Major McKENZIE WOOD: Have the committee the power to approve or only to recommend?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: They recommend to London; it is a mere matter of 12 or 24 hours.
    Mr. MILLAR: Does that mean that the applications still have to go to London, or are they dealt with in Edinburgh?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: Finally, they all come to London, but it is only a matter of 24 hours.

  SCOTLAND.

    TENANT'S IMPRISONMENT.
    Dr. FORGANasked the Secretary of State for Scotland, if he is aware that Mr. James McMillan, of Bridgend, Renfrewshire, has been detained for four months in Greenock gaol without being brought to trial: and what action he proposes to take in the matter?
    The LORD ADVOCATE (Mr. Craigie Aitchison): Mr. James McMillan has been confined in prison since the 16th June, 1930, for failure to implement a decree of the Paisley Sheriff Court, granted at the instance of the local authority, to quit a condemned cottage. The case is a civil one in which my right hon. Friend has no jurisdiction to intervene,

    1439
    but he is in communication with the local authority, inquiring as to what alternative accommodation is available to tenants of condemned houses.
    Dr. FORGAN: Can I have an assurance from my right hon. Friend that he will use his influence with the local authorities to secure alternative accommodation for this father of a family of nine children and his wife, who at present are still living in a condemned house?
    The LORD ADVOCATE: I am authorised by my right hon. Friend to say that he will certainly make representations on that point.
    Sir PATRICK FORD: What was the charge on which this gentleman was detained?
    The LORD ADVOCATE: He was not detained upon any charge. What happened was that an order was made upon him to quit the house of which he was tenant. The order was made as far back as November, 1928. No attempt was made to enforce the order for 18 months, in order to give him ample time to obtain alternative accommodation. He failed to obey the order, and he is now in prison for disobedience to an order of the court.

    JUVENILE OFFENDER'S SENTENCE.
    Dr. FORGANasked the Secretary of State for Scotland if he is aware that Patrick McBeth, of Johnstone, Renfrewshire, aged seven, on his first appearance in court was sentenced to be detained in a reformatory for nine years; and if it is his intention to review the sentence?
    The LORD ADVOCATE: In the case referred to the boy, aged seven years 10 months, was committed to an industrial school until he should reach the age of 16 years. My right hon. Friend is making inquiry into the matter, but he is not yet in a. position to make a statement.
    Mr. ARTHUR MICHAEL SAMUEL: Is this ferocious sentence due to the child living with unsuitable parents, or to the nature of a crime by this hardened criminal, an infant 7½ years old?

    SLUM CLEARANCE.
    Mr. TRAINasked the Secretary of State for Scotland how many schemes have been submitted under the recent Slum Clearance Act by local authorities in Scotland?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: Up to date the Department of Health for Scotland have approved proposals for the erection of 500 houses by two local authorities for the purposes of subsidy under the Act. In addition clearance resolutions have been submitted to the Department by three other local authorities in terms of Section 1 (3) of the Act in respect of 33 areas embracing 1,652 houses occupied by 6,943 persons. I understand that many other subsidy proposals are under consideration by local authorities.
    Mr. TRAIN: Is the hon. Gentleman quite satisfied with the progress made by the local authorities in this connection?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: No, Sir, and it is because of that that we are spending considerable time in conferences with them.
    Mr. SKELTON: Were all the schemes referred to initiated before the passing of the last Act?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: I could not answer that question without notice.
    Miss LEE: If at the end of the conferences the local authorities still refuse to take advantage of the Net, can the Under-Secretary state whether the Government then intend to do anything?

    MARRIAGE LAW.
    Mr. TRAINasked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether it is the intention of the Government to introduce a Bill to prohibit weddings in the blacksmith's shop at Gretna Green?
    The LORD ADVOCATE: The question of legislation to amend the law of marriage in Scotland, which involves also consideration whether it is desirable that some form of authoritative inquiry should precede any such legislative proposals, is now having the attention of my right hon. Friend, and he is not in a position to make any pronouncement as to the introduction of a Bill.
    Mr. TRAIN: Is it not the case that a. Bill to deal with this matter is in draft,

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    and may we not be informed of the nature of the provisions contemplated? Is it the intention of the Government to make the marriage laws of Scotland conform to those of England?
    HON. MEMBERS: No!
    The LORD ADVOCATE: The practice of irregular marriage is very widespread in Scotland, and while there may be a strong and, indeed, overwhelming case for its alteration, this ought not to be done without careful inquiry into the form the legislation ought to take and as to the consequences that might follow. There may be a Bill in draft, but certainly nothing has been settled as to the form the legislation ought to take.
    Mr. STEPHEN: Will the right hon. Gentleman tell us whether he has had any complaints from the people who have been married at Gretna Green?

    DEPARTMENT OF REGISTERS AND RECORDS.
    Mr. MATHERSasked the Secretary of State for Scotland if he is aware of the discontent amongst the second class clerks of the Department of the Registers and Records of Scotland owing to the failure to grant to them the terms given to the second division under the Civil Service Reorganisation Report of 1920 and the fact that their representations over a lengthy period have not resulted in the grievance being remedied; and from what date the better conditions contended for will be granted?
    Sir P. FORDasked the Secretary of State for Scotland if he is aware that prior to the year 1920 the second class -clerks in the Department of Registers and Records of Scotland, being a specially qualified body, were put on the same footing as the ordinary second division clerks (now executive officers) and the officers of Customs and Excise, the maximum salary for all these three classes being for the time fixed at £300; that, whilst the executive officers and the officers of Customs and Excise have had various increases of salary and emoluments, the increases to the second class (Register House) clerks have been fractional; that the salary and bonus at the present time for executive officers is £435, for officers of Customs and Excise £442, and for the second class (Register House) clerks £339; and why these
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    second class (Register House) clerks employed in Edinburgh are not treated on the same level as the corresponding classes in England?
    The SECRETARY of STATE for SCOTLAND (Mr. William Adamson): The same considerations do not apply to the second class clerks of the Department of the Registers and Records of Scotland as applied on reorganisation to the other classes mentioned; and I understand that a claim by the second class clerks for similar terms to those applied to second division clerks was heard by the Civil Service Arbitration Board in 1923 and that after discussion a settlement by agreement was reached allowing for the differences in the conditions.
    I am aware that the second class clerks have since expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the settlement to which they agreed; and while I can hold out no prospect of going back on that settlement I am prepared to consider any representations made by them on the basis of any change of conditions since that date or of any changes in organisation which may be proposed as a result of the consideration now being given to the recommendations of the Committee on the Registration of Writs presided over by Lord Fleming.
    Mr. MATHERS: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that an appeal by these clerks was made as long ago as 30th May, to which no reply has been given, and is it not time that a reply was forthcoming to the reasons adduced for the improvements they seek?
    Sir P. FORD: Does not the right hon. Gentleman think, whatever may be said about cases not being strictly comparable, that the particular and important work of these clerks in the Registry of Sasines in Scotland entitles them to rather more? Does he not think, also, that, through there being only 39 of them, their real interests and their real claims are in inverse ratio to the influence they are able to bring to bear on the Government?
    Mr. BOWEN: Is it not a fact that these men are highly qualified; also, that a scheme was forced upon them in 1923, and that seven years' operation of that scheme has proved detrimental both to the staff and the department?
    Mr. ADAMSON: I have already said that I am considering representations on that particular point.
    Mr. ERNEST BROWN: Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether representations have already been made by them?
    Mr. ADAMSON: I have stated in my reply that I was aware of the representations.

    TUBERCULIN-TESTED HERDS.
    Mr. SCRYMGEOURasked the Secretary of State for Scotland why there are so few tuberculin-tested herds in Scotland as compared with England; and whether the Department of Agriculture is endeavouring to bring about uniformity in the percentage of butter-fat required in England and Scotland for tuberculintested milk?
    Mr. W. ADAMSON: I think that having regard to the relative populations of the two countries the proportion of milk from licensed tuberculin-tested herds in Scotland does not compare unfavourably and the supply is rising with the demand. I do not think that the higher butter-fat content required in graded milk in Scotland has to any material extent deterred the owners of herds from seeking a graded milk licence.
    Mr. SCRYMGEOUR: Is not the testing in England less satisfactory than in Scotland, and has not the failure to have a fixed standard of butter-fat percentage proved disadvantageous in Scotland?
    Mr. ADAMSON: Not according to the information that I have.

    HOUSING SCHEMES (BRITISH MATERIALS).
    Major COLVILLEasked the Secretary of State for Scotland if, in view of the continued unemployment in the quarrying, brickmaking, woodworking and allied industries, he will consider what further steps can be taken to ensure the use of British materials in State-aided housing schemes in Scotland?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: In my reply to a question on this subject by the hon. Member on 3rd June last, I detailed the steps taken to foster the use of goods and materials of home production on State-aided housing schemes. I am not aware that foreign stone or brick is being used on State-aided housing schemes by
    1444
    Scottish local authorities. Where the Department of Health find that foreign material is being specified in connection with such schemes their practice is to advise the local authority concerned to obtain alternative offers for British material where it is available of equal quality.
    Major COLVILLE: Is the hon. Gentleman aware that the quantity of material used represents employment for many men, and does he not think that the changing circumstances in the trade call for an alteration in the law?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: The question of legislation does not arise. The Government have done everything that it is possible to do by circulars, and other advisory steps, to induce all local authorities in Scotland to use articles of British manufacture.
    Mr. CHARLES WILLIAMS: Does not "doing everything they can" by this Government mean doing nothing at all?
    Mr. McGOVERN: Is it not the case that what prevents the using of more British materials is largely the building trade rings which keep up prices?
    Mr. SPEAKER: That is another question.

    ROAD WORKERS (WAGES).
    Mr. JOHN PALINasked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he is aware that the Ross and Cromarty County Council pay wages to employés on road schemes monthly; that such a system inflicts hardship on the men concerned; and whether he will make representations to the county council on the matter?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: The answer to the first part of the question is in the affirmative. The county council inform us that monthly payments, which have hitherto been in operation in most districts of the county, do not entail any special hardship, and that weekly payments would involve an increase in the clerical work of the district surveyors. Arrangements have been made whereby any workman desiring an advance of wages after two weeks may obtain it. The matter is within the discretion of the county council, with whom my right hon. Friend is, however, in communication on the subject.
    Mr. PALINasked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he will inquire into the circumstances under which the workmen employed upon Government-aided road schemes were granted an increase of 1d. per hour by the Isle of Lewis district committee, which was withheld when the employés concerned were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ross and Cromarty Council under the Local Government (Scotland) Act?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: I am informed that the increase referred to was granted five days before the district committee demitted office owing to the transfer of functions under the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929. The workmen in question had previously been paid at the same rate as the other road workmen of the county, and the withdrawal of the increase was the result of a. decision of the highways committee, approved by the county council, on a. motion to increase the wages of all county road workmen by ld. per hour.
    Mr. MACPHERSON: Is it not a fact that the powers of administration have not been delegated by the Council in the Isle of Lewis and that the rates of pay which obtain are the rates which are general all over the county?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: I think that is what I stated in my answer. It is a matter entirely within the discretion of the county council. The county council has fixed what they consider to be a uniform rate in the county, and therefore they are not prepared to agree to an increase of one penny per hour, which the district committee voted to the men five days before the Act came into operation.
    Mr. MACPHERSON: Is it not a fact that the rate of wages paid by the Ross and Cromarty County Council is as high as that which is paid in any other county?
    Mr. JOHNSTON: I cannot answer that question without notice.

    AGRICULTURAL WORKERS.
    Mr. WATSONasked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he has any figures to show the increase in the number of persons engaged in agriculture since the derating of agricultural subjects in Scotland?
    Mr. W. ADAMSON: The returns of the numbers of persons employed on agricultural holdings on 4th June, 1930, as compared with those employed on 4th June, 1929, show a decrease of about 2,500.

    FISHERY BOARD VESSELS (PENSIONS AND GRATUITIES).
    Mr. JAMES WELSH (Paisley)asked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he is aware that, while officers of vessels under the Fishery Board for Scotland are entitled to superannuation for service after 1925, the crew are only allowed small gratuities after 15 years' service; and if he can explain why this difference exists?
    Mr. W. ADAMSON: I am informed that the position is generally as stated in the first part of the question. As regards the second part I understand that the decision which was reached in 1923 was based on the general practice in dealing with the personnel of Government vessels in civilian employment. I may add that the gratutities provided for are on the scale applying to unestablished civil servants generally.
    Mr. WELSH: Is the right hon. Gentleman prepared to reconsider this grievance to see if anything further can be done?
    Mr. ADAMSON: Certainly.

    MUNICIPAL CANDIDATES LITERATURE (POSTAGE).
    Mr. SCRYMGEOURasked the Secretary of State for Scotland whether he is prepared to take any steps in furtherance of the proposal made to him by representatives of the Dundee town council whereby free postage of municipal candidates' electioneering literature would be made available, as in the case of candidates for parliamentary representation?
    Mr. W. ADAMSON: As the hon. Member is aware, legislation would be required to give effect to the proposal of the town council, and I am not in a position to hold out any hope of this meantime.
    Mr. SCRYMGEOUR: Seeing that the Post Office is so well placed financially for meeting this matter, will the right hon. Gentleman reconsider the question?

    CRIMINAL LUNATIC DEPARTMENT (ROBERT SMITH).
    Mr. STEPHENasked the Secretary of State for Scotland if he can state the charge preferred against Robert Smith, at present an inmate of Perth criminal lunatic department, who was ordered to be detained during His Majesty's pleasure, by order of Glasgow sheriff court on the 13th October, 1921; the maximum penalty involved if the prisoner had been found guilty; the date since which the prisoner has been certified sane; and the number of years of imprisonment the prisoner has served since becoming sane?
    The LORD ADVOCATE: Robert Smith was indicted for assault and attempt to rob and previous convictions. If he had been convicted, the Sheriff could have sentenced him to two years' imprisonment with hard labour, or could have remitted him to the High Court, where a sentence of penal servitude for such period as the Court might think proper would have been competent. Smith was first reported sane on the 28th March, 1923. Since then he has never undergone imprisonment, but excluding time spent under conditional liberation on various occasions, has been an inmate of the Criminal Lunatic Department for about 6½ years. As my hon. Friend is aware the Prisons Department have been endeavouring to find suitable guardianship for Smith in order that he might again be liberated on licence.
    Mr. STEPHEN: Does the right hon. Gentleman not think that this man, who has been sane since 1923, should be released, seeing that the authorities are not prepared to deal with the charge preferred against him; and are the Government going to keep this man in prison during the rest of his life?
    The LORD ADVOCATE: This man can be liberated any time if that course can be followed in the public interest, but my hon. Friend must understand that this man is detained during His Majesty's pleasure under an order of detention pronounced by a competent Court under the statutory authority of the Lunacy Act of 1857. The authorities have no interest in the world in detaining this man if he can be liberated consistently with his own welfare and
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    the public welfare. If the hon. Member will submit some further proposals for his proper guardianship, and, if they are acceptable, this man can be liberated to-morrow.
    Mr. STEPHEN rose—
    Mr. SPEAKER: The hon. Member has had his full share.
    Mr. STEPHEN: On a point of Order, Mr. Speaker. This involves the liberty of a man who has been detained for six years since he has been sane, and I think it is a horrible thing that this should be allowed—
    Mr. SPEAKER: That is not a point of Order.

  TRADE AND COMMERCE.

    WAR MATERIAL (EXPORTS TO CHINA AND RUSSIA).
    Mr. PHILIP OLIVERasked the President of the Board of Trade whether any licences for the export of war material from this country to China have been issued since 11th July last; and, if so, what is the date on which the last of such licences has been issued?
    The PRESIDENT of the BOARD of TRADE (Mr. William Graham): Only one such licence has been issued since 11th July, the date of issue being 9th August.
    Mr. SANDHAM: Will the President of the Board of Trade tell us what portion, if any, of this war material was manufactured under a Liberal Government?
    Mr. DOUGLAS HACKINGasked the President of the Board of Trade if he will state the number and nature of the licences he has granted since 1st June, 1929, in connection with the exporting of munitions of war to Russia?
    Mr. GRAHAM: Eight such licences were issued. The material comprised tanks and armoured vehicles, with trailers, armament, and ammunition therefor, together with some armament for aircraft.
    Mr. HACKING: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that the Soviet Government is advising its people to prepare for inevitable war?
    Mr. GRAHAM: All questions of policy are really for the Foreign Office: My duty in this connection is restricted to the issue of the licences.
    Mr. HACKING: Will the right hon. Gentleman do me the honour of reading this pamphlet?

    TARIFF TRUCE.
    Sir ASSHETON POWNALLasked the President of the Board of Trade what countries have yet ratified the tariff truce up to date?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: I would refer the hon. and gallant Member to the reply I gave on 4th November to the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Woolwich, West (Sir K. Wood). Since that date Luxemburg has also ratified.
    Sir A. POWNALL: As only a few countries have ratified, and those are not of first importance, will the right hon. Gentleman give instructions to our representatives at Geneva next week not to tie our hands on this question more than they are at present tied?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I have already dealt with that question in the House, but I would say to the hon. Member that other
    Information as to the imports into and exports from Germany through the port of Hamburg is not available, but the following table gives the corresponding information for Germany as a whole with regard to the goods mentioned in the question—

    STATEMENT showing the Imports into and Exports from Germany of the undermentioned commodities during the years 1926, 1927 and 1929, and the period January to September, 1930

    (A) Imports.

    Article.

    1926

    1927

    1929

    1930 Jan.—Sept.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Sweetmeats and other sugar goods.

    1,709

    12

    2,144

    16

    2,449

    16

    1,772

    10

    Non-baked articles mixed with sugar, such as articles of basorin or tragacanth gum mixed with sugar; kernels of fruit, spices, chestnuts, kitchen vegetables, nuts, fruits, seeds, southern fruit peels, southern fruits and other plants or parts of plants, coated with sugar (candied, iced).

    8,893

    55

    6,834

    40

    4,340

    27

    2,533

    15

    Chocolate and chocolate substitutes.

    3,773

    40

    11,556

    107

    13,995

    103

    7,519

    55

    Articles of chocolate and chocolate substitutes, cocoa-wares, even mixed with spices or medicinal sub-stances or the like.

    2,840

    30

    4,220

    44

    2,925

    30

    1,878

    19

    countries may still ratify, and let us await the outcome of that.
    Mr. SKELTON: Can the right hon. Gentleman throw any light on the attitude of San Marino towards this treaty?

    SWEETS (GERMAN TARIFF).
    Sir P. FORDasked the President of the Board of Trade what are the figures for the imports into Germany through the port of Hamburg of chocolates and other sweets, and what are the figures for the corresponding exports from the port of Hamburg for the years 1926, 1927, 1929, and 1930, respectively; what are the German tariff duties on such imports into Germany; and is he aware that, to avoid the import duties, two British confectionery firms have recently set up factories in Hamburg consular district?
    Mr. W. GRAHAMAs the answer to the first two parts of the question contains a table of figures, I propose, with the permission of the hon. Member, to circulate it in the OFFICIAL REPORT. The answer to the last part of the question is in the affirmative.
    Following is the table:

    (B) Exports

    Article.

    1926.

    1927.

    1929.

    1930. Jan.-Sept.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Cwt.

    £'000.

    Sweetmeats and other sugar goods.

    10,330

    64

    13,283

    80

    19,097

    123

    11,684

    77

    Non-baked articles mixed with sugar, such as articles of basorin or tragacanth gum mixed with sugar: kernels of fruit, spices, chestnuts, kitchen vegetables, nuts, fruits, seeds, southern fruit peels, southern fruits and other plants or parts of plants coated with sugar (candied, iced).

    2,813

    22

    2,732

    22

    4,460

    28

    2,222

    14

    Chocolate and chocolate substitutes.

    13,663

    100

    16,651

    134

    22,062

    164

    14,041

    99

    Articles of chocolate and chocolate substitutes, cocoa-wares, even mixed with spices or medicinal substances or the like.

    6,889

    70

    11,854

    114

    13,751

    128

    7,779

    68

    The present rates of German Customs duties are as follows:—

    ex. No. 202.

    Sweetmeats and other unspecified sugar goods, including unbaked articles mixed with sugar, e.g., articles of basorin and gum tragacanth

    100 Rm. per 100 Kgs. (5.35d. per lb.)

    ex. No. 204.

    Chocolate, including milk chocolate, whether with or without spices, medicaments or the like; also wares wholly of chocolate, and chocolate with fruit kernels, ginger or raisins

    115 Rm. per 100 Kgs. (6.15d. per lb.)

    Other wares of chocolate

    140 Rm. per 100 Kgs. (7.5d. per lb.)

    INDUSTRIAL REORGANISATION.
    Sir KINGSLEY WOODasked the President of the Board of Trade what progress has been made with the work for promoting the reorganisation of industries that require treatment with a view to mitigating unemployment?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: I would refer the right hon. Gentleman to the statements made on behalf of His Majesty's Government during the debate on the Amendment to the Address moved by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Edgbaston (Mr. Chamberlain).
    Sir K. WOOD: Cannot the right hon. Gentleman state what is being done in this matter, and whether any progress is being made or not?
    Mr. GRAHAM: Since we have been in office we have been very active in a large number of cases. Coal has been dealt with by legislation, and cotton and
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    iron and steel by report, followed by discussions with the industries; and many steps have been taken in other industries.
    Sir PHILIP CUNLIFFE-LISTER: Would the right hon. Gentleman say which of these industries has been assisted by the Tariff Truce?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I should think, Mr. Speaker—
    Mr. SPEAKER: Sir William Davison.

    RUSSIA.
    Sir WILLIAM DAVISONasked the President of the Board of Trade whether his attention has been drawn to the fact that the Russian Soviet Government have made arrangements to dump 600,000 doors on the British market at prices considerably under the wage cost involved, quite apart from any charge for the materials used; and

    1453
    what action it is proposed to take in the matter in the interests of British joiners?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: I have seen reports in the Press that arrangements have been made to import large quantities of ready-made doors from Russia. During the three months ending 30th September last, builders' woodwork (window frames, doors, etc.) to the value of £10,782 was imported from Russia. As regards the last part of the question, I would refer the hon. Member to the reply which my hon. Friend the Secretary for the Department of Overseas Trade gave on the 3rd November to the hon. Member for Kingston-on-Thames (Sir G. Penny).
    Sir W. DAVISON: Do the Government contemplate that the British market shall be permanently flooded with joinery of this dumped character, so that British joiners are put out of work?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I have given the latest figures for three months to the end of September, which amount to rather less than £11,000. No one would call that a flood.
    Sir A. POWNALLasked the President of the Board of Trade if his attention has been called to the trade agreement recently signed between Russia and Italy, by which there is to be an exchange of goods between the two countries to an agreed amount; and if he will consider initiating similar negotiations with the Soviet Government?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I am not aware of the precise terms of the Trade Agreement in question, the text of which has not been published. The second part of the question does not, therefore, arise.
    Sir A. POWNALL: Will the right hon. Gentleman take pains to find out about this trade agreement, and, if it is on the lines suggested in, I think, the "Manchester Guardian," will he consider the application of something of the same sort by this country in regard to Russia?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I cannot at this stage make any promise regarding action, but I can assure the hon. and gallant Member that I will get the details as soon as they are available. I have not yet obtained them.
    Miss LEE: Will the right hon. Gentleman bear in mind that Fascist Italy is giving Russia four years' credit; and will he see if the British Government cannot be equally businesslike?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I am afraid that that point does not arise on this question. The length of the credit, as my hon. Friend knows, is an entirely different matter.
    Miss LEE: But is not the length of the credit the main relevant point in the development of business with Russia?
    Captain AUSTIN HUDSONasked the President of the Board of Trade if he will cause inquiries to be made as to what steps have been taken in France to counteract the dumping of Russian imports?
    Mr. GRAHAM: By a decree issued on 3rd October the importation into France of certain descriptions of goods originating in or coming from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is made dependent on the grant of a licence. A special committee has been set up to control the issue of such licences. A list of the goods in question will be found in the issue of the Board of Trade Journal of 9th October, 1930.
    Captain HUDSON: Cannot the President of the Board of Trade consider suggesting to the Government that they should follow this very excellent example?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I have always informed the House that this is a matter of debate, and, on very close examination, I am quite satisfied that any step of that kind would do our aggregate trade more harm than good.
    Mr. MILLS: Are not representatives of the Woodworkers' Union included on the Licensing Committee which decides whether these goods shall come in?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I should require notice of that question.
    Sir NAIRNE STEWART SANDEMAN: Do not these embargoes on Soviet exports release far more for shipping to this country at cheap prices, and give a great impetus to our unemployment figures?
    Mr. GRAHAM: There is no doubt that a diversion of that kind would affect the aggregate amount reaching this country, but I am bound to say that, on the analysis applied to many trades so far, the quantities have been very small, and in some cases actually less than last year.
    Commander BELLAIRS: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that, in addition to what he said as regards France taking this action, France has for a long time imposed a heavier duty on Russian timber than on other timbers?
    Mr. GRAHAM: That is part of the tariff problem, which I cannot discuss now.
    Commander BELLAIRSasked the President of the Board of Trade, in regard to the official figures of the declared value of Russian imports of timber and grain, on whose information does the Board of Trade rely for the accuracy of these figures; and what is the relation between the declared values figure and the actual figure at which the British syndicate has bought this year's Russian timber?
    Mr. GRAHAM: The official figures of the declared values of imported goods are compiled from particulars required by law to be furnished by importers or their agents, who have to make a signed declaration as to the accuracy of the particulars. The value to be declared is the cost plus insurance and freight to the port of landing, except in the case of goods consigned "for sale," in respect of which the value to be declared is the latest market value of the goods. I have no information regarding the terms of any contract placed for the importation of Russian timber.
    Commander BELLAIRS: Would the right hon. Gentleman get information, because there is reason to believe that the figures are entirely inaccurate?
    Mr. GRAHAM: They follow the basis set forth in the answer and I am afraid there is no more efficient way in which we can go about it.
    Colonel HOWARD-BURYasked the President of the Board of Trade whether he can give the total value of manufactured articles from this country exported into Russia for the 10 months
    1456
    of this year; and the total value of all exports from Russia to this country for a similar period?
    Mr. GRAHAM: Particulars of the trade of the United Kingdom with the Soviet Union (Russia) during the month of October are not yet available. Detailed particulars of this trade during the first nine months of this year were given in reply to a question by the hon. and gallant Member for North Hackney (Captain Hudson) on 6th November, and I am sending the hon. and gallant Member a copy.
    Colonel HOWARD-BURY: Can the right hen. Gentleman say whether the miserable results of the exports from this country coincide with the promises of unlimited trade?
    Mr. SPEAKER: That does not arise.
    Major WOODasked the President of the Board of Trade whether he is aware that by the constitution of the Russo-British Chamber of Commerce half the executive committee are Russian Government officials, who thus secure effective control of the chamber to the Russian Government; and whether, seeing that an organisation so constituted can afford no adequate protection to the interests of the British traders, he will see that any new trade agreement with Russia shall provide for facilities for independent organisations of British traders to maintain their representatives in Russia?
    Mr. GRAHAM: Under the constitution of the Russo-British Chamber of Commerce the executive council must be composed in equal proportions of British and Russian members. I have noted the suggestion in the second part of the question.
    Major WOOD: Does the right hon. Gentleman accept the statement in the question that this organisation is controlled by Russian Government officials and is he satisfied with such an arrangement?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I can only define the constitution. I am not clear as how far I have any influence at all.
    Major WOOD: Is the right hon. Gentleman prepared to recognise an organisation of this kind which is controlled by the Soviet Government? It is not an

    1457
    independent organisation to give the traders of this country the information they require.
    Mr. GRAHAM: That I am afraid is beside the point. I could not reply to that in answer to a supplementary question.
    Major WOOD: That is the question on the Paper.
    Captain MARGESSONasked the President of the Board of Trade from what trades and industries he has received complaints regarding Soviet dumping?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I have received complaints from the trades concerned regarding glucose and, confidentially, regarding another material. My right hon. Friend the Minister of Agriculture has received similar complaints regarding cereals and fruit.
    Captain MARGESSON: Has any action been taken upon these complaints?
    Mr. GRAHAM: If the hon. and gallant Gentleman means by import prohibition, or tariff, or anything like that, the answer is in the negative.
    Lieut.-Colonel HENEAGE: Do not the Government propose to take any action whatever?

    IMPORTED MILE AND CREAM.
    Brigadier - General CLIFTON BROWNasked the President of the Board of Trade what was the amount of liquid milk and what was the amount of liquid cream imported into this country from Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the Irish Free State in the last six months for which information is available, and how does it compare with similar importations last year?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: The total quantity of fresh milk imported from the Irish Free State and registered during the six months ended 31st October, 1929 and 1930, was 30,017 and 28,152 cwts., respectively. During the same periods no fresh milk was imported from Denmark, the Netherlands or Switzerland. I will circulate in the OFFICIAL REPORT a statement showing the quantity of cream imported in these periods from the countries specified.
    Brigadier-General BROWN: Has there been an increase or a decrease?
    Mr. GRAHAM: If the hon. and gallant Gentleman's question refers to cream, the figures indicate in three cases an increase arid in the other, I think, a decrease.
    Captain GUNSTON: Has an attempt been made to find out whether the herds from which this milk comes are subject to the same tests as herds in this country?
    Mr. GRAHAM: I think that is rather outside our powers, but I will look into the question.
    Mr. HOPKIN: What quantities of powdered milk are imported into this country?
    Mr. GRAHAM: Perhaps my hon. Friend will kindly give me notice of that question.
    Following is the statement:
    The information as regards cream is as follows:
    Total quantity of cream imported into Great Britain and Northern Ireland and registered during the six months ended 31st October, 1929 and 1930, as consigned from Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the Irish Free State, respectively.

    Cream.

    Country whence consigned.

    May to October, 1929.

    May to October, 1930.

    Cwt.

    Cwt.

    Denmark

    …

    23,443

    28,885

    Netherlands

    …

    7,354

    8,547

    Switzerland

    …

    3,493

    4,657

    Irish Free State

    …

    49,760

    41,198

    COTTON INDUSTRY.
    Mr. HAMMERSLEYasked the President of the Board of Trade if, in his proposals for the compulsory reorganisation of the cotton trade, he intends to include the introduction of more looms per weaver?
    Sir GERALD HURSTasked the President of the Board of Trade what is the precise reorganisation he requires from the cotton industry, in default of

    1459
    which His Majesty's Government intends to ask for powers to interfere with its conduct?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: The lines for the reorganisation of the cotton industry are contained in the report of the recent inquiry into that industry. The question of the number of looms per weaver is a matter for adjustment between the operatives and the employers themselves.
    Mr. HAMMERSLEY: Are we to take it that this question of compulsion in respect to the reorganisation of the cotton trade was merely an empty threat?
    Mr. GRAHAM: There is no question of a threat in this case at all. We have always made it clear that we want this work to be done on voluntary lines, but the industry has always recognised that, if that fails—and I earnestly hope it will not fail—all parties must consider other measures.
    Mr. HAMMERSLEYasked the President of the Board of Trade if he can give particulars of the financial assistance created by the Government for the reorganisation of the cotton trade?
    Mr. BRACKENasked the President of the Board of Trade what financial assistance the Government have created for the cotton industry?
    Sir G. HURSTasked the President of the Board of Trade what is the precise financial assistance which His Majesty's Government claims to have created for the reorganisation of the cotton trade?
    Mr. GRAHAM: The statement made by the Prime Minister as to financial assistance during the debate of 4th November on the Address related to the Bankers' Industrial Development Company which was also referred to in the report of the Committee on the Cotton Industry. That company was set up to receive and consider schemes submitted by the basic industries of this country for the purpose of their rationalisation, either by industries or by regions. Particulars regarding the company were given in statements made by my right
    1460
    hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, as Lord Privy Seal, on 15th and 29th April last.
    Mr. HAMMERSLEY: Have the Government any responsibility whatever for the policy of the Bankers' Industrial Company?
    Mr. GRAHAM: No. That is an organisation dealing with the matter on business lines.
    Mr. HAMMERSLEY: In view of the fact that the Government have no responsibility for the policy of the Bankers' Industrial Development Company, would it not be equally true to say, in view of the fact that no financial assistance has been forthcoming, that the Government have set up an organisation to prevent financial aid?
    Mr. GRAHAM: No, that I have already so far debated with the hon. Member and with representatives of the industry in Lancashire. That is not admitted for a moment.
    Lieut.-Commander KENWORTHY: Is it not a fact that the new Department that is announced to-day under Sir Horace Wilson is for the very purpose of co-ordinating such activities?
    Mr. GRAHAM: It is designed to deal with the reorganisation of industry, and, of course, it must study financial and other facilities. That does not mean that the Government are directly involved in the finance.
    Mr. BRACKEN: Is it a fact that the Government have given no financial assistance for Lancashire and that the Bank of England is the sole means from which Lancashire can expect assistance?
    Mr. GRAHAM: The Government are not directly involved in finance at all. It is well known that the Bank of England has been the foundation of a great deal of the effort of the Lancashire cotton reorganisation and for all I know of other efforts.
    Mr. BRACKEN: Does the right hon. Gentleman—
    Mr. SPEAKER: This matter is developing into a debate.

    AUSTRALIA.
    Mr. WISEasked the President of the Board of Trade the balance of exports from this country to Australia in the quarter ending 30th September and the corresponding figures for the same quarter of last year; and the percentage change in quantity of exports after allowing for the decline in prices?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: The total declared value of merchandise exported from Great Britain and Northern Ireland registered during the quarter ended 30th September, 1930, as consigned to Australia, amounted to £7,605,000, or £1,480,000 less than the value of the imports received from Australia. The corresponding figures for the third quarter of 1929 were: exports, £15,145,000, or £4,826,000 more than imports. I regret that the available information is insufficient to enable me to answer the last part of the question.

    RUMANIA (LONDON TREATY).
    Mr. MANDERasked the President of the Board of Trade if he will state what the present position is with regard to the clause in the treaty of commerce and navigation between Great Britain and Rumania, signed in London on the 6th August, providing for its denunciation by Rumania one year after it has become operative if, during that period, import duties have been placed on agricultural products coming into this country from Rumania?
    Mr. W. GRAHAM: The Treaty has not yet been ratified, but is provisionally in operation by virtue of an exchange of Notes, which can be terminated by either party at two weeks' notice. No question with regard to this particular provision has therefore arisen.
    Mr. MANDER: Am I to understand that in the event of the imposition of food taxes in this country, we shall lose all the advantages of this Treaty?

  COMPANIES ACT, 1929.
  Mr. A. M. SAMUELasked the President of the Board of Trade whether, in view of the necessity for amending the Companies Act, 1929, for the purpose of checking unsatisfactory features which disfigure company practice to-day, his
  1462
  Department will now draft an amending Bill for the protection of the public?
  Mr. W. GRAHAM: If the hon. Member will forward to me any suggestions which he may have, they shall be noted for investigation when the desirability of amending legislation is being considered.
  Mr. SAMUEL: Will the right hon. Gentleman extend that invitation, and accept suggestions from the various accountants' societies, the chambers of commerce, and the Committee of the London Stock Exchange?
  Mr. GRAHAM: Yes, certainly. As a matter of fact, I think various suggestions have been made, but, as my hon. Friend knows, the Act was only passed last year.
  Mr. SAMUEL: When the right hon. Gentleman has received suggestions, will he be willing to consider an amending Bill?
  Mr. GRAHAM: I cannot pledge myself to that at the present time. All I can say is that every representation will be very carefully considered. Ag regards the future, I would rather not say anything.

  CINEMATOGRAPH FILMS ACT.
  Mr. DAYasked the President of the Board of Trade the number of applications that have been made to his Department during the previous 12 months by exhibitors who have requested that a certificate of exemption be issued to them on account of their having found it impracticable to comply with the quota previously, as set out in the Cinematograph Films Act; and how many of such certificates have been granted?
  Mr. W. GRAHAM: 135 submissions have been made by exhibitors during the last 12 months, and, after consultation with the Advisory Committee, certificates have been issued in eight cases that the reasons for non-compliance with the quota requirements were reasons beyond the exhibitor's control.
  Mr. DAY: Does the right hon. Gentleman himself consider these applications, or do they go before the Advisory Committee?
  Mr. GRAHAM: I should require notice as to the precise manner of dealing with them. All I can say is that I do not deal with them personally.
  Mr. DAY: Does the right hon. Gentleman consider it fair to these independent exhibitors that they should have to go before their trade competitors?
  Mr. PYBUS: While the Committee is dealing with those who find it impracticable to comply with the quota, will those be dealt with who for years have shamelessly exceeded their quota? I refer to those who put questions in this House.
  Mr. DAYasked the President of the Board of Trade whether there have been any changes during the previous 12 months in the advisory committee appointed under the Cinematograph Films Act, 1927, and can he give particulars; and whether he has been asked by any independent cinema exhibitors to appoint one of their number on this committee?
  Mr. GRAHAM: I would refer my hon. Friend to the answer which I gave him an this subject on 1st July last, since which date there has been no further change. The answer to the latter part of the question is in the negative.
  Lieut.-Colonel HENEAGE: Does the right hon. Gentleman still intend to continue these proceedings?
  Mr. GRAHAM: I am afraid that the hon. and gallant Member's supplementary question must refer to another question.

  OLD SHIPS (BREAKING UP).
  Mr. GRAHAM WHITEasked the President of the Board of Trade if the Government have considered the possibility of action to enable old ships to be sold for breaking up instead of being disposed of to foreign competitors?
  Mr. W. GRAHAM: The question of the disposal of old ships has been under consideration for same time, and I have appointed a committee to inquire into it. I am sending the hon. Member a copy of the terms of reference, with the names of the members of the committee.
  Mr. WHITE: Will the right hon. Gentleman say definitely if the committee is likely to report fairly soon?
  Mr. GRAHAM: I do not think this inquiry will be very long. They are now engaged on their task. Without tying myself to a date, we may expect the report soon.
  Mr. REMER: Is this another committee appointed in addition to the one that is announced?

  CHEMICAL WAR SUBSTANCES.
  Mr. SHAKESPEAREasked the President of the Board of Trade whether any steps have been taken by his Department to control or supervise the manufacture or sale of chemicals of poisonous substances likely to be made use of in war; and, if so, of what character?
  Mr. W. GRAHAM: No, Sir.

  MILITARY AND CIVIL AVIATION.
  Commander BELLAIRSasked the Prime Minister whether he will now appoint a public inquiry, such as was held in the United States of America under the chairmanship of Mr. Dwight Morrow, into the whole question of the Air Force, its military and civil associations, and how our present system compares with the systems in America and Japan, where civil flying is under separate control and military flying is part of the Navy and Army, respectively?
  The PRIME MINISTER (Mr. Ramsay MacDonald): The answer is in the negative. His Majesty's Government have no intention of departing from the policy of successive Governments with regard to a separate air arm and Air Ministry or as regards the control of civil aviation. In reply to the second part of the question, it is the fact that in America and Japan air administration is divided between three separate departments. On the other hand, France and Italy, with the two largest air forces in the world, have adopted the British system.

  AUSTRALIA (ECONOMIC SITUATION).
  Mr. WISEasked the Prime Minister whether any estimate has been made and can be furnished to the House of the effect on employment in this country likely to result from the financial and

  1465
  fiscal measures now being undertaken by the Australian Governments as a result of the recent negotiations between those Governments and banking interests in this country?
  The PRIME MINISTER: I do not think that any useful estimate could be made of the effect on employment in this country of the measures which the Australian Governments have thought fit, or may think fit, to take in the light of their economic situation.
  Mr. WISE: Having regard to the fact that in the first quarter in which those measures were beginning to be operative, British exports to Australia dropped to one-half of their value, as shown by a previous reply a few days ago, does not the right hon. Gentleman think that these matters are of very great importance to employment here?
  The PRIME MINISTER: Of very great importance, but there is a phrase which has been dinned into my ears for the last four or five weeks which I shall never forget, that our Dominions occupy an equal status with ourselves.

  TRADE DISPUTES AND UNIONS ACT.
  Sir GEORGE PENNYasked the Prime Minister whether it is his intention that the Bill to amend the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act shall be introduced in this House or in another place?
  The PRIME MINISTER: It was never the intention that this Bill Should be introduced in another place.
  Sir G. PENNY: Will the Prime Minister keep in mind the promise conveyed under pressure by one of his Ministers at Llandudno to introduce it before Christmas?
  The PRIME MINISTER: Really, that statement comes from the same source as the statement I have just denied.

  CHANNEL TUNNEL.
  Mr. MANDERasked the Prime Minister whether the Government proposes to provide facilities this Session for the further discussion of the Channel Tunnel?
  The PRIME MINISTER: No, Sir, this question was fully discussed last June, the decision being left to a free vote of the House.
  Mr. MANDER: Does that mean that there will be no further opportunity of discussing this question during the present Parliament for the next three and a-half years?
  The PRIME MINISTER: I am not sure about the three and a-half years, but there is no reason why it should not be discussed in this Parliament, because there are plenty of opportunities for balloting Motions.

  ECONOMIC ADVISORY COUNCIL (REPORTS).
  Mr. HORE-BELISHAasked the Prime Minister whether it is intended to publish any reports by the Economic Advisory Council; and, if so, upon what subjects?
  Sir ARTHUR STEEL-MAITLANDasked the Prime Minister whether he has received any report on, unemployment insurance from the Economic Advisory Council or any committee of the council; and, if so, whether he will publish it?
  The PRIME MINISTER: The hon.Gentleman will see from the White Paper Cmd. 3478, setting out the constitution of the council, that its proceedings are confidential. It would be contrary to the public interest to furnish the particulars asked for in these questions.
  Mr. HORE-BELISHA: Are not there any respects in which certain reports of this committee might be very much in the public interest?
  The PRIME MINISTER: That is so, and as the House knows when those reports are made, with the consent of the Advisory Council and of the Government, steps will be taken to publish them, but I am exceedingly anxious to lay down the rule that those reports are confidential, and that a great many of them are only possible because those who give information are assured that the seal of confidence will be placed upon them.

  GERMAN INTERNATIONAL STERLING BONDS.
  Mr. A. M. SAMUELasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he can state the names of the particular issues of British long-term debt which are to he, or have been, cancelled partly or wholly by the proceeds of the flotation of the German international 5½ per cent. sterling bonds of 1930, representing the capitalisation of Great Britain's share in the unconditional annuities payable by Germany under the Hague Agreement of January, 1930?
  The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER (Mr. Philip Snowden): As stated in Command Paper No. 3617 the selection of a particular issue was left to the National Debt Commissioners. They have cancelled 5 per cent. War Loan.

  TRUSTEE SECURITIES.
  Mr. A. M. SAMUELasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether his attention has been drawn to the obsolescence or deterioration of safety in some of the investments authorised by the Trustee Acts; and will he request a committee composed of members of the legal professions, together with his advisers at the Treasury, to examine and test the present list of the authorised securities in order to close it against further additions of such types of securities as may be considered by the committee to have lost part of their earlier quality of safety owing to changed conditions, and to select, if necessary, other securities more suitable for trustees?
  Mr. P. SNOWDEN: As the hon. Member is no doubt aware the question of trustee securities was fully considered by a representative committee with wide terms of reference which reported on 16th April, 1928 (Command Paper No. 3107 of 1928). The committee's conclusions were against either addition to or (except for some minor modifications) subtraction from the existing list. I do not feel that there would be any practical advantage in instituting a further inquiry so soon after the former one.
  Mr. SAMUEL: Has the right hon. Gentleman taken into account that certain things have happened recently and that since the committee reported, many
  1468
  other things have taken place since the Colonial Stock Act of 1900 took effect; changes which were not anticipated when the committee reported recently?
  Mr. SNOWDEN: Of course, there have been changes in the market value of the securities, but I do not think that that is a fact which vitiates a report of this committee which was given very careful consideration, and, as the hon. Gentleman knows, the depreciation may only be temporary.
  Mr. MACQUISTEN: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that all investments have depreciated?
  Mr. SNOWDEN: I am very surprised to hear that. I was under the impression that there had been a very great appreciation in Government stocks.

  DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES (GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE).
  Sir K. WOODasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether the Government propose to ask for a national loan for reconstruction and development purposes in connection with the mitigation of unemployment?
  Mr. P. SNOWDEN: Since assuming office the Government have stimulated, approved and assisted capital expenditure on public works to the extent of some £135,000,000. It is still the policy of the Government to give favourable consideration and financial assistance to schemes of this kind which are economically sound and will promote national development.
  Sir K. WOOD: Will the right hon. Gentleman kindly reply to the question, whether the Government propose to ask for a national loan for reconstruction such as has been so graphically described by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George)?
  Mr. SNOWDEN: It is not the policy of the Government to promote a public loan and then try to devise some means of spending it. It is the policy of the Government to consider, and to consider favourably, provided the conditions are complied with, any proposal for national development, and if that be approved, then the Government will provide the necessary finance.
  Sir K. WOOD: May I take it that there has been no proposal in regard to unemployment which has been in any way retarded by lack of capital or other facilities?
  Mr. SNOWDEN: I have already stated in this House, in reply to rumours, that there has not been put before me a single such proposal carrying the approval of the department from which it emanated which has not received my sympathetic consideration.

  FRENCH LOANS (BRITISH INVESTORS).
  Mr. ALBERYasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he has now seen the French Government's reply concerning the repayment of French national defence loan bonds held by British investors; and if he can make some statement on the subject?
  Mr. P. SNOWDEN: I would refer the hon. Member to the answer given on the 5th November to the hon. Member for the Isle of Wight (Captain P. Macdonald), to which I have at present nothing to add.
  Mr. ALBERY: Are we to understand that the right hon. Gentleman has still not seen the reply of the French Government?
  Mr. SNOWDEN: Of course, I have seen the reply. The question to which I have referred the hon. Member asked if I had received a reply, and, if so, whether I could state its nature. I had not at that time seen the reply, but I have since seen it, and, as hon. Members are aware, it is not favourable. I am at the moment considering what further action should be taken.
  Mr. ALBERY: Is it not a fact that when these loans were issued the franc was legally based on gold, and that in France that law was only repealed in 1922
  Mr. SNOWDEN: The hon. Member is going into the particulars of the whole question. That does not arise out of the question on the Order Paper. I may, however, say that, substantially, the position is as the hon. Member has stated it, and that is the basis of the representation that we have made.

  INCOME TAX.

    BRITISH RESIDENTS ABROAD.
    Mr. REMERasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if any estimate has been made of the number of people who are evading British taxation by residing in foreign countries, and of the amount of taxation revenue so lost to the Exchequer?
    Mr. P. SNOWDEN: No, Sir; there are no data on which any such estimate could be based.
    Mr. REMER: Cannot the right hon. Gentleman find out this information from the number of passports that are issued?
    Mr. SNOWDEN: I am afraid that the passport does not disclose that information.
    Mr. REMER: Would it not be possible to make these people pay a surcharge on their passports in order to get some information?
    Mr. SPEAKER: Mr. Graham White.

    LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES.
    Sir NICHOLAS GRATTAN-DOYLEasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what amount and what proportion of the total revenue derived from direct taxation during the current year has been obtained by the taxation of money put to reserve by limited liability companies?
    Mr. P. SNOWDEN: It is estimated that the Income Tax at the current standard rate on the undistributed taxed income of all companies including the investment income of insurance companies, amounts to about £54,000,000 in a full year. I cannot give a figure for the actual receipt this year.

    FOREIGN RESIDENTS.
    Mr. SHAKESPEAREasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he will consider special concessions in respect of Income Tax and Super-tax in the case of foreigners resident in this country and not carrying on business?
    Mr. P. SNOWDEN: I do not know what special concessions the hon. Member has in mind, or why he thinks they ought to be made; but the suggestion in general is not one that appeals to me.
    Mr. SHAKESPEARE: Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that a foreigner living in a country like Switzerland, although he may be a millionaire, can only pay a maximum tax of £50, and would not that be a way of attracting millionaires to live in England?
    Mr. SNOWDEN: I do not know what the practice may be in Switzerland, but I see no reason why a foreign millionaire living in this country and enjoying all the protection and amenities here should not pay for them.
    Lieut.-Colonel HENEAGE: Can the right hon. Gentleman tell us to what amenities he refers?

  SILVER COINAGE.
  Mr. WHITEasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if it is the intention of the Government to restore the former standard of our silver coinage?
  Mr. P. SNOWDEN: The answer is in the negative.

  NATIONAL EXPENDITURE.
  Mr. BRACKENasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether, in view of the economic difficulties of the nation, he will appoint a committee, similar to that presided over by Sir Eric Geddes, to examine into the expenditure of the State Departments?
  Mr. P. SNOWDEN: I and my Department are continuously engaged in examining State expenditure and in effecting economies. Having regard to the difference between the conditions in which the Geddes Committee were appointed and the conditions of to-day, I do not think that a committee such as that suggested by the hon. Member would be a suitable instrument for the purpose.
  Mr. BRACKEN: Does not the Chancellor of the Exchequer realise that in view of his own performances there is little hope of any reduction in public expenditure unless such a committee is created?

  LAND VALUATION BILL.
  Captain BOURNEasked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether it is his intention to reintroduce the Land
  1472
  Valuation Bill this Session in the form in which it was published last Session?
  Mr. P. SNOWDEN: When the Land Valuation Bill was circulated I stated that I would be glad to consider suggestions in regard to it. I am now considering the suggestions which I have received.

QUESTIONS TO MINISTERS.
Mr. HARDIE: When the hon. Member for Camlachie (Mr. Stephen) was pressing for another supplementary question, I distinctly heard you say, Mr. Speaker, that you thought that Scotland had its fair share of business. I was anxious to know whether it was your definite opinion that 20 minutes in one week is all that is necessary for Scottish business in this House?
Mr. SPEAKER: I should be sorry to express any opinion as to what would satisfy Scottish Members.

NEW MEMBER SWORN.
James Horace Lockwood, esquire, for the County of York, West Riding (Shipley Division).
PROTECTION OF ANIMALS BILL,
"to extend the operation of the enactments relating to the protection of animals kept in captivity or confinement and released for the purpose of being hunted or coursed," presented by Mr. Foot; supported by Mr. Ernest Brown, Mr. Cocks, Mr. Graham White, Mr. Philip Oliver, Mr. Scott, Mr. Barr, Mr. Birkett, Mr. Freeman, Mr. Leif Jones, Major McKenzie Wood, and Mr. Morris; to be read a Second time upon Thursday, 20th November, and to be printed. [Bill 42.]

EDUCATION (SCHOOL ATTENDANCE) [MONEY].
Considered in Committee under Standing Order No. 71A.
[Mr. ROBERT YOUNG in the Chair.]
Motion made, and Question proposed,
"That, for the purposes of any Act of the present Session (hereinafter referred to as 'the said Act') to raise to fifteen years the age up to which parents are required to cause their children to receive efficient elementary instruction and to attend school, and to make provision for maintenance allowances in respect of children attending school up to that age who are over the age of fourteen years, it is expedient to authorise the payment out of moneys provided by Parliament of any sums by which the grants in aid of education payable by the Board of Education to local authorities, under section one hundred and eighteen Of the Education Act, 1921 (as amended by any subsequent enactment), and the regulations made there under are increased by reason of the provision under the said Act of maintenance allowances at the rate of five shillings a week."—(King's Recommendation signified).—[Sir C. Trevelyan.]
Captain BOURNE: On a point of Order. May I ask for your Ruling for the convenience of the Committee before we begin the debate? Some of my hon. Friends who have studied this Resolution are of the opinion that the only thing it authorises is the making of grants and that the debate to-day must be strictly limited to that subject. We are confirmed in that view by Section 118 of the Education Act of 1921 which appears to give statutory powers to the Board of Education to contribute towards the expenditure of local education authorities in so far as the position of the schools and salaries of teachers are concerned, and it would seem to us that so far as this Measure requires extra accommodation the Board of Education has statutory powers to make the contributions necessary and that the figures must come before us in the shape of an Estimate or a Supplementary Estimate. We are anxious to obey your Ruling in regard to this matter, but we feel that we shall be able to carry on the discussion much better if we are aware of the limits of the debate.
The CHAIRMAN: I am much obliged to the hon. and gallant Member for having given me notice that he intended to raise this point. The terms of the
1512
Money Resolution deal with maintenance grants, and with maintenance grants alone; and, if hon. Members will look at Sub-section (4) of Clause 1, they will see that the italicised Sub-section also deals with maintenance grants and with no other expenditure.
Lord EUSTACE PERCY: In order to make the position perfectly clear, may I ask whether it is not a fact that, while this Financial Resolution is connected with the purpose of raising the age at which children are to receive additional elementary instruction to 15 years, we cannot discuss on the Resolution any expenditure arising out of raising the school-leaving age apart from these maintenance grants?
The CHAIRMAN: The right hon. Member is quite correct. Although the Bill itself is for the purpose of raising the school age, the only purpose of this Financial Resolution is to supply maintenance grants up to that age.
Mr. MAXTON: I take it from your Ruling that on the discussion of the Bill proper it will be in order for us to discuss the question of the proportions of the expenditure that are to be paid by the local authority and the State respectively?
The CHAIRMAN: I do not know what the hon. Member means by "the Bill proper." At the moment, we are concerned with this Money Resolution, and, when we get into Committee stage, we shall be concerned then only with the Amendments on the Paper which are in order.
Mr. MAXTON: The question I am putting to you, arising out of the Ruling which you have just given, is whether this Money Resolution limited as it is to the question of maintenance allowances, does not preclude on the Bill proposals for increasing the proportion which should be borne by the State as against the proportion which should be borne by education authorities?
The CHAIRMAN: At this stage, I am called upon to give no decision on that point, neither would it be my duty to give any decision of that sort. What I am now concerned with is the Money Resolution, and, when we go into Committee, I shall then be concerned with the Committee stage.
Mr. T. WILLIAMS: Are we to understand from your Ruling that, if this Financial Resolution is defeated, the Bill would automatically fall?
The CHAIRMAN: That is a matter for the Government, not for me.
Captain CROOKSHANK: Is it not the case that, when we give a vote on this Financial Resolution, we are voting only for or against maintenance grants, and that it has nothing to do with the raising of the school age?
The CHAIRMAN: The Bill deals with the raising of the school age. This Money Resolution deals with money.
Mr. WISE: I shall be glad of your guidance, Mr. Chairman, on a matter which perplexes many of us. We are anxious to raise the question of the whole cost of maintenance grants being borne by the National Exchequer and not being a charge on local rates, and we are anxious to know whether, if this Resolution goes through in its present form, we shall automatically be prevented from raising that matter on the Bill itself. There is a further question I should like to put. If that is the case, can we be permitted to move an Amendment to this Financial Resolution in order to make it quite clear that the whole cost of maintenance grants is to be borne by the national Exchequer?
The CHAIRMAN: The Financial Resolution before the House fixes the rate at 5s. per child per week, and it covers the charge on the Exchequer. That is all we can deal with at the moment.
Mr. MAXTON: I understand your Ruling now is that this Financial Resolution allows of an Amendment of the kind I have described on the Committee stage of the Bill.
The CHAIRMAN: I am giving no Ruling on that point at the moment.
Mr. MAXTON: You help those fellows over there, why not help us on this side.
HON. MEMBERS: Order, order.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member surely must realise that I can give no decision in relation to any Amendment that I have not seen.
Mr. MAXTON: You can give a Ruling about this Money Resolution, its scope and its limitations, when you are asked by hon. Members on the other side.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member must not impute motives to the Chair.
Mr. MAXTON: I am making an accusation; I am not imputing motives.
HON. MEMBERS: Name!
The CHAIRMAN: If the hon. Member desires to make accusations against the Chairman he knows the proper occasion on which to do so. I am certain that he does not mean to impute motives to the Chair. The fact that an hon. and gallant Member gives notice that he intends to raise this question should not disqualify me from giving a proper reply.
Mr. MAXTON: What I mean to suggest is that, as I understand it, your function is to help hon. Members and not to hinder them.
HON. MEMBERS: Order, order!
The CHAIRMAN: I am not hindering anyone. I am confining the debate on both sides of the Committee to the terms of the Financial Resolution. No doubt hon. Members on all sides of the Committee, in all parties, would like a wider discussion than the Resolution will allow, and I am only fulfilling my duty by confining the debate to the terms of the Resolution. That is my Ruling.
Mr. WISE: I put a second question to you which I think you must have overlooked. I asked whether it would be in order to move an Amendment to this Financial Resolution requiring that the whole of the charge of this 5s. per week should be borne by the Exchequer and that none of it should be a charge on local rates?
The CHAIRMAN: If that would mean increasing the charge on the taxpayer it cannot be moved by a private Member.
Mr. WISE: There is a further point on which we ask your guidance. It is a matter of great public importance and raises an important matter of principle on which this Committee should be allowed to express an opinion. The point is whether the charge for maintenance allowances shall fall partly on local rates

1515
or wholly on the national Exchequer. What we are anxious to know is at what time and where, whether on this Resolution or on the Bill, can that issue be raised. I submit that it is a point of importance on Procedure on which we are entitled to ask the assistance of the Chair.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member should have pressed such arguments during the Second Reading of the Bill. It is my duty in Committee, whether on a Money Resolution or on a Bill, to rule out any Amendments which increase the charge on the taxpayer. Therefore, I must give my Ruling as I have given it now.
Mr. MAXTON: That is exactly the point. This Resolution lays down no limitation of cost at all. As I read it, it says that this Committee is to make provision for maintenance allowances and
"to authorise the payment out of moneys provided by Parliament of any sums by which the grants in aid of education payable by the Board of Education to local authorities, under section one hundred and eighteen of the Education Act, 1921 (as amended by any subsequent enactment), and the regulations made thereunder are increased by reason of the provision under the said Act of maintenance allowances at the rate of five shillings a week."
There is no limitation. I understand that the terms on which these payments are to be made are to be defined by regulations subsequently to be made, and there is no limitation of money laid down in this Money Resolution.
4.0 p.m.
The CHAIRMAN: Section 118 of the Education Act lays down certain conditions under which the Board of Education pays grants to the education authorities. This Resolution deals with that part of the increased expenditure which will arise out of the increased grant, and anything that would increase the expenditure other than that put forward by this Resolution would, of course, be out or order.
Mr. MAXTON: Let me put this point. There is nothing in the regulations under the Act of 1921, and there can be nothing in the regulations under that Act that governs the proportions at which maintenance grants are to be borne. It is,
1516
obviously, impossible to make provision in the Act of 1921 for something which is going to be set up by the Act of 1930, and it is obvious that these regulations have got to be varied. The regulations now make the proportion of education payment something like fifty-fifty in most cases. The Government propose to alter that proportion to sixty-forty, and must therefore make a new regulation. I am very much concerned about this, because in certain Highland counties of Scotland the present proportions are not fifty-fifty but fifty-twenty, because of present regulations, and I want to know that this House is to have an opportunity, not merely on the Second Reading, when debating the general principle of the Bill, but in Committee to discussing in detail whether the proportions suggested are the right and proper proportions. I ask whether the House is to be denied the right of full discussion on this important point upon this Money Resolution?
The CHAIRMAN: If the hon. Member puts down an Amendment on the Committee stage, it will be for me to consider whether it is out of order.
Mr. MAXTON: Then it would be out of order.
The PRESIDENT of the BOARD of EDUCATION (Sir Charles Trevelyan): From the Rulings which you, Mr. Young, have given, we understand that the discussion to-day will be confined to the proposed maintenance grants in this Bill. I do not at the moment propose to deal with the merits or arguments for maintenance grants, because I stated the case on Thursday, and I will reply later to any objections that may be raised. At the moment, I will confine myself, as is usual on this occasion, to a brief statement of the financial implications. The provision of maintenance grants to children in the new age group is not susceptible of exact calculation, but I reckon that, under the income limit proposed in the White Paper, probably 75 per cent. of the parents are likely to apply under the declaration. The figures given in the Financial Memorandum are based on that assumption. It is considered likely in the first full year, 1932–33, that the total will amount to £3,750,000 instead of £3,000,000, which I estimated in May last, with a temporary rise in cost in the following years, owing to the larger num-

1517
ber of children who are likely to be in the schools, making it £5,375,000 to £5,500,000. It will also be seen in the Financial Memorandum that the rate of grant generally applicable under the special grant is 60 per cent. of the expenditure. Apart from maintenance allowances, the Exchequer is to provide 84 per cent. of the cost of raising the school age. In a full year, the Exchequer will bear 70 per cent. of the total additional cost. I hope that the House will pass the Resolution sanctioning the expenditure on maintenance grants, which two out of the three parties are pledged by their election promises to give.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: I rise to oppose this Resolution, and I must say, in the first place, how disappointed I am at the speech of the right hon. Gentleman. It is quite evident that the right hon. Gentleman does not anticipate carrying this Resolution. Otherwise, I think he would have paid far more attention to explaining it, and, at any rate, to advocating the good qualities in the proposal. I feel a great disappointment, also, in the fact that he was not able to give us anything like a correct estimate of the amount which will be required. We were told just now that in 1932–33 he expects that the cost will be something like £3,750,000 in grants, and he said that in later years it may be anything between £5,375,000 and £5,500,000. I ask the Committee to consider this. Here we are taking a leap in the dark, absolutely not knowing where we are going. We must ask ourselves two questions: first, is it really worth while to spend this money in this way; and, secondly, can the nation really afford it? As far as I am concerned, I am going to argue from the point as to whether it is really worth while. The question as to whether the country can afford it is a very important one, and although many of us do not agree with the right hon. Gentleman the Minister of Health, who stated last year, in a debate in this House, that a nation can afford anything that it wants, at the same time, if it could be proved to me, at any rate, that it was really worth while to spend this money in this way, then, perhaps, I should be inclined to support it.
Let us examine our position. The estimated annual charge upon the Exchequer in respect to this education is
1518
£4,350,000, of which £2,100,000 is for other expenditure in connection with the raising of the school age, and £2,250,000 for these maintenance allowances—that was the first estimate; now we are told that it is actually more. There will be an additional charge on the rates of something like £1,900,000. Thus you get a sum of nearly £7,000,000 which will have to be provided for this particular Measure. Let us examine what we spend on education. In 1913, we spent £25,500,000 on 6,000,000 children at a cost of £4 5s. per child per year. At present money values that would be £6 17s. We will take £6 17s. as a basis. To-day we are educating 5,500,000 children at a cost of £61,500,000, or £11 3s. per child per year. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear!"] Hon. Members cheer that. Personally, I am all in favour of progressive education.
Mr. McGOVERN: For your children.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: The hon. Member says "for my children." Let me inform him that I myself was educated at a Board school, and never went to a public school or even a secondary school, but, as far as my children are concerned, not because of the cost, but because I believed it was the soundest ground-work for education, I sent them bath to an elementary school to start with.
Mr. McGOVERN: Where will they finish?
Mr. WOMERSLEY: Where all the clever boys finish, at the secondary school, and where your children can finish if they are clever enough to pass the examination. [Interruption.] Let us for a moment look at the question of taxation in the country, dealing with the point as to whether the country can really afford this extra charge. At Sheffield, on 26th September, Mr. Hewitson Nelson, Vice-President of the Society of Incorporated Accountants and Auditors, speaking on national expenditure, said that it had increased about four and a-half times since 1913–14. It was then £195,000,000, and it is now £870,000,000, and within reach of approximately £15 per head of the population. [Interruption.]
The CHAIRMAN: If the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) wishes to raise a point of Order, he ought to do it in a proper way. The hon. Member

1519
for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley) is quite in order in referring to the expenditure already being incurred on education.
Mr. MAXTON: You gave the Ruling very definitely that nothing could be discussed on this but maintenance grants, and the hon. Member is discussing the whole cost of education, pre-War and now. It is quite out of order.
The CHAIRMAN: I gave my ruling that only maintenance grants could be discussed, but it is in order for the hon. Member to say that the cost is so much already that nothing more should be given.
Mr. McSHANE: If the hon. Gentleman is allowed to discuss this question in relation to the total amount spent nationally on education, as that cannot be divorced from expenditure on the. Army and the Navy, shall we be allowed also to dicuss that?
The CHAIRMAN: Of course, you cannot discuss that.
Mr. McSHANE: They cannot be separated.
The CHAIRMAN: We are dealing with a matter of education, and it is quite in order to say that the expenditure is so much, that it is enough now, and that we ought not to add anything more. That is all, I understand, the hon. Member is doing.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: I thank you, Mr. Chairman, for that Ruling. I was seeking to prove to the Committee that the expenditure at the present time on national services is so heavy that we cannot afford any further burdens. I think I am entitled to quote the figures so that hon. Members may know exactly what they are voting for to-night. In 1913–14 the national expenditure was £195,000,000. To-day it is £870,000,000, an increased by £5 9s. 1d. per head, and local rates by £2 5s. 4d. per head. The gentleman whose name I have mentioned used these words:
"These figures were having a paralysing influence on the trade and commerce of the country and a deterrent influence upon the savings of the nation."
1520
When we consider the expenditure on other social services—which has been in most cases rightly made—we find that it has been multiplied six times since 1911. It will be clear to the Committee, there fore, that there is a very heavy burden upon industry at the present moment, and that it is a question whether industry can stand any further burden. Let us now come to the question whether it is really worth while. Why have these maintenance allowances been introduced into the Bill? The reason is quite evident. Statements have been made by hon. Members in speeches outside the House. They knew that the Bill would not be acceptable to the parents and the children if it were not for these maintenance grants. We have proof of that, inasmuch as there are certain areas in the country that have adopted the system of continuance from 14 to 15 years of age. They have, however, been free to grant exemptions to parents when such exemptions were desired. What has been the experience? In East Suffolk, out of 1,839 children only 339 remained at school. In Plymouth, I am told, out of 1,459 children only 306 remained at school. In Cornwall, out of 3,228 children only 250 remained at school. That proves beyond a shadow of doubt that, as far as the parents are concerned, they are not at all desirous of leaving their children at school.
Mr. McGOVERN: That's a lie.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member is not entitled to shout across the Floor of the House that the statement of an hon. Member is a lie. I ask him to withdraw his words.
Mr. McGOVERN: I certainly will not. He is uttering a slander on the working-classes.
HON. MEMBERS: Name, name!
The CHAIRMAN: I am sure the hon. Member will see that he is not observing the ordinary courtesy of debate by calling across the Floor of the House to another hon. Member that his expression of opinion is a lie. Does the hon. Gentleman comply with my request that he should withdraw the word?
Mr. McGOVERN: No.
The CHAIRMAN: I again ask the hon. Member to withdraw.
Mr. McGOVERN: If he withdraws the slander on working-class parents, I will withdraw what I said, but not unless.
The CHAIRMAN: In this House Members are entitled to express opinions. I must now ask the hon. Member to withdraw from the House seeing that he has not withdrawn his expression. Do I understand that the hon. Gentleman is not going to withdraw? Under those conditions, I shall have to apply Standing Order No. 18 and report the matter to Mr. Speaker.
The CHAIRMAN then left the Chair to make his Report to the House.
Mr. SPEAKER Mr. SPEAKER resumed the Chair.
The CHAIRMAN: I have, with great regret, to inform you, Mr. Speaker, that under Standing Order No. 18, I have
had to name the hon. Member for the Shettleston Division of Glasgow (Mr. McGovern) for disregarding the authority of the Chair, and that, when called upon to withdraw from the House for the remainder of the sitting, the hon. Member refused to do so.
Mr. SPEAKER: I have to name to the House Mr. McGovern, the hon. Member for the Shettleston Division of Glasgow, for disregarding the authority of the Chair.
Sir C. TREVELYAN: I beg to move, "That Mr. McGovern, the hon. Member for the Shettleston Division of Glasgow, be suspended from the service of the House."
Question put.
The House divided: Ayes, 305; Noes, 40.

Division No. 5.]

AYES.

[4.23 p.m.

Adamson, Rt. Hon. W. (Fife, West)

Cluse, W. S.

Gunston, Captain D. W.

Addison, Rt. Hon. Dr. Christopher

Clynes, Rt. Hon. John R.

Hacking, Rt. Hon. Douglas H.

Aitchison, Rt. Hon. Craigie M.

Colfox, Major William Philip

Hall, Lieut.-Col. Sir F. (Dulwich)

Albery, Irving James

Colville, Major D. J.

Hall, G. H. (Merthyr Tydvil)

Ammon, Charles George

Conway, Sir W. Martin

Hall, Capt. W. G. (Portsmouth, C.)

Arnott, John

Courtauld, Major J. S.

Hamilton, Sir George (Ilford)

Astor, Viscountess

Courthope, Colonel Sir G. L.

Hamilton, Mary Agnes (Blackburn)

Atholl, Duchess of

Cowan, D. M.

Hamilton, Sir R. (Orkney & Zetland)

Attlee, Clement Richard

Cranborne, Viscount

Hammersley, S. S.

Ayles, Walter

Crichton-Stuart, Lord C.

Hanbury, C.

Baillie-Hamilton, Hon. Charles W.

Crookshank, Capt. H. C.

Hannon, Patrick Joseph Henry

Baker, John (Wolverhampton, Bilston)

Culverwell, C. T. (Bristol, West)

Harris, Percy A.

Baldwin, Rt. Hon. Stanley (Bewdley)

Cunliffe-Lister, Rt. Hon. Sir Philip

Hartington, Marquess of

Balfour, Captain H. H. (I. of Thanet)

Dalkeith, Earl of

Hartshorn, Rt. Hon. Vernon

Beamish, Rear-Admiral T. P. H.

Dairymple-White, Lt.-Col. Sir Godfrey

Harvey, Major S. E. (Devon, Totnes)

Bellaire, Commander Carlyon

Dalton, Hugh

Hayday, Arthur

Bellamy, Albert

Davies, Maj. Geo. F. (Somerset,Yeovil)

Hayes, John Henry

Bennett, Sir E. N. (Cardiff, Central)

Davies, Rhys John (Westhoughton)

Henderson, Right Hon. A. (Burnley)

Bennett, William (Battersea, South)

Davison, Sir W. H. (Kensington, S.)

Henderson, W. W. (Middx., Enfield)

Benson, G.

Denman, Hon. R. D.

Heneage, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur P.

Bentham, Dr. Ethel

Duckworth, G. A. V.

Hoare, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir S. J. G.

Birchall, Major Sir John Dearman

Dugdale, Capt. T. L.

Hopkin, Daniel

Blindell, James

Duncan, Charles

Hore-Belisha, Leslie.

Bourne, Captain Robert Croft

Ede, James Chuter

Horne, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert S.

Bowyer, Captain Sir George E. W.

Eden, Captain Anthony

Howard-Bury, Colonel C. K.

Brecken, B.

Edmondson, Major A. J.

Hudson, Capt. A. U. M. (Hackney, N.)

Brass, Captain Sir William

Edmunds, J. E.

Hudson, James H. (Huddersfield)

Briscoe, Richard George

Elmley, Viscount

Hurd, Percy A.

Broad, Francis Alfred

Erskine, Lord (Somerset, Weston-s.-M.)

Hurst, Sir Gerald B.

Brown, Ernest (Leith)

Everard, W. Lindsay

Isaacs, George

Brown, Brig.-Gen.H.C.(Berks, Newb'y)

Falle, Sir Bertram G.

Iveagh, Countess of

Brown, Rt. Hon. J. (South Ayrshire)

Ferguson, Sir John

Jenkins, W. (Glamorgan, Neath)

Buchan, John

Fison, F. G. Clavering

Jones, F. Llewellyn. (Flint)

Burgess, F. G.

Foot, Isaac

Jones, Henry Haydn (Merioneth)

Burton, Colonel H. W.

Ford, Sir P. J.

Jones, Rt. Hon. Leif (Camborne)

Butler, R. A.

Ganzoni, Sir John

Jones, Morgan (Caerphilly)

Buxton, C. R. (Yorks. W. R. Elland)

Gardner, B. W. (West Ham, Upton)

Jowitt, Sir W. A. (Preston)

Cadogan, Major Hon. Edward

Gault, Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hamilton

Kedward, R. M. (Kent, Ashford)

Cameron, A. G.

George, Major G. Lloyd (Pembroke)

Kennedy, Thomas

Campbell, E. T.

George, Megan Lloyd (Anglesea)

Kenworthy, Lt.-Com. Hon. Joseph M.

Cape, Thomas

Gillett, George M.

Lamb, Sir J. Q.

Carter, W. (St. Pancras, S.W.)

Gilmour, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir John

Lambert, Rt. Hon. George (S. Molton)

Castle Stewart, Earl of

Glassey, A. E.

Lane Fox, Col. Rt. Hon. George R.

Cayzer, Maj. Sir Herbt. R. (Prtsmth, S.)

Glyn, Major R. G. C.

Lansbury, Rt. Hon. George

Cazalet, Captain Victor A.

Gossling, A. G.

Lathan, G.

Chamberlain Rt.Hn.Sir J.A.(Birm.,W.)

Graham, Rt. Hon. Wm. (Edin., Cent.)

Lawrence, Susan

Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. N. (Edgbaston)

Granville, E.

Lawson, John James

Charleton, H. C.

Grattan-Doyle, Sir N.

Leach, W.

Chater, Daniel

Gray, Milner

Lee, Frank (Derby, N.E.)

Christie, J. A.

Grenfell, D. R. (Glamorgan)

Leighton, Major B. E. P.

Church, Major A. G.

Gretton, Colonel Rt. Hon. John

Lewis, Oswald (Colchester)

Lewis, T. (Southampton)

Perry, S. F.

Snell, Harry

Llewellin, Major J. J.

Peters, Dr. Sidney John

Snowden, Rt. Hon. Philip

Locker-Lampson, Rt. Hon. Godfrey

Pethick-Lawrence, F. W.

Somerville, A. A. (Windsor)

Lockwood, Captain J. H.

Peto, Sir Basil E. (Devon, Barnstaple)

Southby, Commander A. R. J.

Lovat-Fraser, J. A.

Phillips, Dr. Marion

Spender-Clay, Colonel H.

Lowth, Thomas

Pleton-Turbervill, Edith

Stamford, Thomas W.

Lunn, William

Pole, Major D. G.

Stanley, Lord (Fylde)

Lymington, Viscount

Price, M. P.

Stanley, Maj. Hon. O. (W'morland)

McConnell, Sir Joseph

Pybus, Percy John

Sueter, Rear-Admiral M. F.

Macdonald, Gordon (Ince)

Ramsay, T. B. Wilson

Taylor, W. B. (Norfolk, S.W.)

MacDonald, Rt. Hon. J. R. (Seaham)

Reid, David D. (County Down)

Thomas, Rt. Hon. J. H. (Derby)

MacDonald, Malcolm (Bassetlaw)

Reynolds, Col. Sir James

Thomson, Sir F.

McElwee, A.

Richardson, R. (Houghton-le-Spring)

Thorne, W. (West Ham, Plaistow)

McEntee, V. L

Riley, F. F. (Stockton-on-Tees)

Thurtle, Ernest

Maclean, Sir Donald (Cornwall, N.)

Roberts, Rt. Hon. F. O. (W. Bromwich)

Tinker, John Joseph

MacNeill-Weir, L.

Robinson, Sir T. (Lancs, Stretford)

Tinne, J. A.

Macquisten, F. A.

Romeril, H. G.

Titchfield, Major the Marquess of

Makins, Brigadier-General E.

Rosbotham, D. S. T.

Todd, Capt. A. J.

Mansfield, W.

Ross, Major Ronald D.

Toole, Joseph

Margesson, Captain H. D.

Rothschild, J. de

Townend, A. E.

Markham, S. F.

Ruggles-Brise, Lieut.-Colonel E. A.

Train, J.

Marshall, Fred

Russell, Alexander West (Tynemouth)

Trevelyan, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles

Middleton, G.

Russell, Richard John (Eddisbury)

Turton, Robert Hugh

Millar, J. D.

Salmon, Major I.

Vaughan, D. J.

Mills, J. E.

Salter, Dr. Alfred

Vaughan-Morgan, Sir Kenyon

Milner, Major J.

Samuel, A. M. (Surrey, Farnham)

Viant, S. P.

Mitchell, Sir W. Lane (Streatham)

Samuel, Rt. Hon. Sir H. (Darwen)

Wallace, Capt. D. E. (Hornsey)

Mitchell-Thomson, Rt. Hon. Sir W.

Samuel, H. Walter (Swansea, West)

Wallace, H. W.

Monsell, Eyres, Com. Rt. Hon. Sir B.

Sandeman, Sir N. Stewart

Ward, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. Lambert

Morris, Rhys Hopkins

Sanders, W. S.

Wardlaw-Milne, J. S.

Morris-Jones, Dr. J. H. (Denbigh)

Sawyer, G. F.

Warrender, Sir Victor

Morrison, Robert C. (Tottenham, N.)

Scott, James

Waterhouse, Captain Charles

Morrison, W. S. (Glos., Cirencester)

Scurr, John

Watkins, F. C.

Mort, D. L.

Shakespeare, Geoffrey H

Wayland, Sir William A.

Muirhead, A. J.

Shaw, Rt. Hon. Thomas (Preston)

Wells, Sydney R.

Nathan, Major H. L.

Shepperson, Sir Ernest Whittome

White, H. G.

Naylor, T. E.

Shillaker, J. F.

Whiteley, Wilfrid (Birm., Ladywood)

Newton, Sir D. G. C. (Cambridge)

Simon, E. D. (Manch'ter, Withington)

Whiteley, William (Blaydon)

Nicholson, O. (Westminster)

Simon, Rt. Hon. Sir John

Williams, Charles (Devon, Torquay)

Nicholson, Col. Rt. Hn. W. G. (Ptrsf'ld)

Sinclair, Sir A. (Caithness)

Wilson, R. J. (Jarrow)

Noel-Buxton, Baroness (Norfolk, N.)

Sinclair, Col. T. (Queen's U., Belfst)

Windsor-Clive, Lieut.-Colonel George

O'Connor, T. J.

Skelton, A. N.

Wolmer, Rt. Hon. Viscount

Oldfield, J. R.

Smith, Alfred (Sunderland)

Womersley, W. J.

Oliver, P. M. (Man., Blackley)

Smith, Ben (Bermondsey, Rotherhithe)

Wood, Rt. Hon. Sir Kingsley

Ormsby-Gore, Rt. Hon. William

Smith, Frank (Nuneaton)

Wood, Major McKenzie (Banff)

Owen, Major G. (Carnarvon)

Smith, H. B. Lees- (Keighley)

Worthington-Evans, Rt. Hon. Sir L.

Palin, John Henry

Smith, Louis W. (Sheffield, Hallam)

Young, Rt. Hon. Sir Hilton

Paling, Wilfrid

Smith, Rennie (Penistone)

Young, R. S. (Islington, North)

Palmer, E. T.

Smith, R. W.(Aberd'n & Kinc'dine, C.)

Peake, Capt. Osbert

Smith, W. R. (Norwich)

TELLERS FOR THE AYES.—

Penny, Sir George

Smith-Carington, Neville W.

Mr. Allen Parkinson and Mr. Charles

Percy, Lord Eustace (Hastings)

Smithers, Waldron

Edwards.

NOES.

Baldwin, Oliver (Dudley)

Jowett, Rt. Hon. F. W.

Sandham, E.

Batey, Joseph

Kelly, W. T.

Shepherd, Arthur Lewis

Bromley, J.

Law, A. (Rossendale)

Sherwood, G. H.

Brooke, W.

Lawther, W. (Barnard Castle)

Simmons, C. J.

Brown, C. W. E. (Notts. Mansfield)

Lee, Jennie (Lanark, Northern)

Sorensen, R.

Buchanan, G.

Lees, J.

Stephen, Campbell

Cove, William G.

Lloyd, C. Ellis

Sutton, J. E.

Daggar, George

Mac Laren, Andrew

Tillett, Ben

Grundy, Thomas W.

McShane, John James

Wallhead, Richard C.

Hall, F. (York, W. R., Normanton)

Maxton, James

Wilkinson, Ellen C.

Hirst, G. H. (York W. R. Wentworth)

Muff, G.

Williams, David (Swansea, East)

Hirst, W. (Bradford, South)

Potts, John S.

Wise, E. F.

John, William (Rhondda, West)

Raynes, W. R.

Jones, J. J. (West Ham, Silvertown)

Rowson, Guy

TELLERS FOR THE NOES.—

Mr. Kirkwood and Mr. Kinley.

Mr. SPEAKER: In accordance with the decision of the House, I must order the hon. Member for Shettleston to leave the House immediately.
The hon. Member for Shettleston withdrew accordingly.

EDUCATION (SCHOOL ATTENDANCE) [MONEY].
Again considered in Committee.
[Mr. ROBERT YOUNG the Chair.]
Question again proposed.
Mr. CHARLES BROWN: On a point of Order, Mr. Young, may I ask you if

1525
it is your intention to ask the hon. Member for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley) to withdraw a foul slander on the working class?
The CHAIRMAN: It is my duty to allow the hon. Member to express his opinions. Those opinions may be wrong, but I am not the judge of that matter.
Mr. SIMMONS: May I ask if it is your Ruling that it is not more wrong to insult a class than an individual?
The CHAIRMAN: No, my Ruling is governed by the Rules of the House and, whatever my own personal opinions may be, I am not at liberty to express them.
Mr. WOMERSLEY rose—
HON. MEMBERS: Withdraw!
The CHAIRMAN: If there were any reason for me to call upon the hon. Member to withdraw, I would have asked him to do so. I hope that hon. Members will allow the hon. Gentleman to proceed as quite a large number of hon. Members wish to take part in the discussion, and I am anxious that everyone, as far as possible, should be allowed to do so.
Mr. BARR: May I within the limits of your Ruling, be allowed to say—
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member is out of order.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: Nothing which I have said this afternoon is a reflection upon the working class of this country and I defy hon. Members to point to anything I have said which had that intention. When they read the OFFICIAL REPORT to-morrow, I am satisfied that they will come to me and apologise for the way in which they have acted. I was only reminding the Committee that, in certain districts, where the continuance of children at school from 14 to 15 years' of age is in operation, and where the parents have the opportunity of claiming exemption, they have done so in the vast majority of cases.
HON. MEMBERS: For what reason?
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member, I presume, is referring to those people who had the opportunity of retaining the children longer at school because they were going to be assisted. The question merely of retaining the children at school does not arise on this Resolution.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: My argument was directed to proving that this system is not popular with the parents. On the question of the educational value of these grants, I may be allowed to quote from a speech made by the hon. Member for Southampton (Mr. Morley) during our debates in May of this year:
"When we were advocating this reform during the General Election, I found that the proposal for raising the school-leaving age, coupled with adequate maintenance grants, was one of the most popular proposals that we put before the electorate. we did not advocate that reform solely as an educational reform. Upon educational grounds there is, perhaps, no very strong case for maintenance grants, but we advocated maintenance grants not merely upon educational grounds, but as part of our general policy … as a way of transferring purchasing power from the wealthy to the poor."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 30th May, 1930; cols. 1691–1692, Vol. 239.]
That is a fair and square statement and I have every respect for the hon. Member, who was prepared to say exactly what was in his mind and not to pretend that these grants were of any value educationally. During the same debates the hon. Member for Walsall (Mr. McShane) made this statement:
"Those who are on the right side of the line are to get the maintenance allowance and will be the new aristocracy and the people to be envied. … Wherever there is a mother who is not getting it and living in the midst of those who are, you can imagine what a source of anger, discontent, irritation that will be for every one of the 52 weeks of the year. When the mother knows it, the children will know it and it will he carried to the schools."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 29th May, 1930; col. 1609, Vol. 239.]
I presume that the hon. Member speaks from his experience as a teacher. I understand he has occupied such a position. I am going to speak from my experience as a scholar. In the old school board days we had to pay 3d. per week, but certain children were exempt from payment because of the poverty of their parents. I quite agree with the hon. Member for Walsall that children, in that way, are placed in a very difficult position. I know that in those days those children were pointed at with scorn and I was always a strong advocate of wiping out the payment of 3d. per week for that very reason. But it is now proposed to set up a system on the same lines only the other way about. It is the children who will not be receiving, who will be regarded as something out

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of the ordinary. These allowances are to be granted on certain income limits, but we have had no information from the right hon. Gentleman as to how that principle is to be applied or what form of inquisition is to be used to ascertain the earnings of the parents.
For instance, there is the case of the small shopkeeper who is not a regular wage-earner. I take it that as long as shopkeepers can prove that their income is below a certain sum per week, their children will be allowed to receive these grants. How will the right hon. Gentleman deal with that class of person? A man in trade in a small way may be earning £3 5s. one week and perhaps nothing the next, or £5 one week and very little the next. Then I will take the case of certain types of labour. There are certain seasonal trades in which men work on piecework, where the earnings in the summer amount to far more than these limits, but where, in the winter, they are very small indeed. Those men have to save what they can during the time of prosperity so that they can meet the needs of their families during the times when work is difficult to get. How will the right hon. Gentleman deal with that case? All these things will have to be taken into consideration, and the local authorities which will have to ad minister this Measure will have to face them.
Speaking as one who has had considerable experience of a local education authority, and who has had to do with all kinds of matters connected with boots for children, feeding the children, and so on, I know the great difficulty there is about this inquisition into the means of the parents. Considering the difficulties you are going to set up in the way of an inquisition into the means of the parents, it would have been far better to have taken the bold course and said, "We shall give this maintenance grant all round," or not to have given it at all. To do it in this slipshod way is asking for trouble. I am quite satisfied that it will not be acceptable among Members on the right hon. Gentleman's own side and that it will be resented by parents in the country.
Mr. McSHANE: You look after the working class.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: I do look after the working class, and it is the working class in my constituency that sent me here. I hope the right hon. Gentleman realises the difficulties that will have to be faced in the administration of this grant. It may be argued that it is worth while because it will help considerably to reduce the payments out of the Unemployment Insurance Fund. That is an argument that might be used, but I do not think it can be used with any certainty, because even the right hon. Gentleman himself, speaking in our debates on this question in May, was unable to give anything like a certain calculation of what it would mean in the way of reduction of unemployment in the country and, therefore, reduction of unemployment insurance benefit; and the right hon. Gentleman who is now Secretary of State for the Dominions made a speech in which he quite clearly warned his hearers not to assume that this raising of the school age would mean more employment, because it did not follow that a man would he employed to do the work of a boy.
The CHAIRMAN: It is not a question of whether or not it means more employment.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: I was endeavouring to show that this would not relieve national expenditure in that direction, as has been argued. It has been argued that the giving of this maintenance grant can be defended because it will reduce payments out of other public funds.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Gentleman must speak to the Resolution.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: I know that this debate is circumscribed by the terms of the Resolution, but in my opinion we shall not get value for the money expended, from an educational point of view, and I think I have proved that conclusively by the extracts which I have given from speeches made in our debates in May. It is not going to assist the country in any other direction in the way of relieving expenditure, but you will not allow me to refer to that again, though that is my opinion.
Further, I say that the nation cannot afford it now. Industry wants relief from heavy rates and taxes, not an increase of them, and if I thought that this was going to assist industry in any

1529
way I should say, even if it did mean putting a little extra burden on industry, that it was worth while, but I am satisfied, from my experience as a member of a juvenile unemployment committee and a local education authority, that you are not going in any way to relieve taxation, but are rather going to add to it without any chance of getting an advantage to industry. I am satisfied that it will do far more harm than good, and that you are not going to gain anything worth while. I am satisfied that these grants have only been given in order to press forward a Measure which otherwise would not have been acceptable to the public, and which, if put to the test, would result in the heavy defeat of Socialist candidates in places where they now have large majorities. It is the most unpopular Measure that has ever been brought forward to raise the school-leaving age, and you are trying to gild it with this 5s. a week allowance. I oppose the Resolution.
Mr. ERNEST WINTERTON: I do not suppose the Committee will ever hear from any speaker a speech more directly opposed to the thesis which the hon. Member for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley) put before us, for his speech from beginning to end was a justification of maintenance grants and not in any sense a criticism of the Government's proposals. In the figures which were so hotly challenged from this side the hon. Member set out to suggest that, because certain parents had not taken advantage of their opportunities to keep their children at school, that was a convincing proof that the raising of the school age was not desired by the people. But the economic circumstances of the parents are the chief factors why children are not kept at school, and, therefore, the hon. Member himself made a convincing point for the provisions of this Financial Resolution and in favour of maintenance allowances. I do not suppose there is a Member on any side who does not know, within his own experience and constituency, scores of cases of clever children who get scholarships and who do not take advantage of them because of the circumstance of their parents being unable to keep their children at school.
Mr. WOMERSLEY rose—
Mr. WINTERTON: I was—
Mr. WOMERSLEY: You are attacking me.
Mr. WINTERTON: I was giving my own personal experience, and I suggest that if this Bill in any respect removes a disability of that kind from thousands and thousands of working-class children, the hon. Member, who has told us that he represents the working classes, is under a moral obligation to support it. I trust that we shall see his figure in our lobby, and he will get, I may promise him, a warm reception. I do not think it is necessarily a convincing objection that the maintenance grants under this Bill will not, in the first years at least—and I think we might be candid enough to admit it—give us the full educational value which we should like to see from their provision. I have never concealed my own view, any more than has the hon. Member for Southampton (Mr. Morley), who has been quoted, that this is in the nature of a grant which will have indirect and beneficial results to the community irrespective of the educational value which will accrue from keeping a child at school for 12 months longer; and if we are really to study the question, "Is it worth it?" that factor must certainly enter into the calculation.
Is it worth it to thrust these children into the labour market? I recollect the speech of the Noble Lord opposite, who was so much concerned about the employment market being disturbed. Is it worth it in order to keep the employment market for a time free from this influx of some 300,000 children? I suggest that this will be money well spent if, in this time of great difficulty in the nation's history, this money is provided by Act of Parliament. We hear a great deal about economy and waste in this House, but there is some so-called economy which is real waste. I heard the other day of a boy who came to his father and said, "Father, you will be pleased to hear that my schooling will not cost so much next term." The father said, "Why is that, Bobby?" "Well," he said, "it will not cost you so much in books." "Oh," said the father, "why not?" The boy replied, "I have done so badly that I am keeping in the same class for another 12 months."
That is the kind of economy, it seems to me, that hon. Members opposite have

1531
in mind when they desire to keep these children in the same class. We are anxious that the opportunities for education may be extended to them, and we hold that the saving which might have been effected in our national expenditure in other ways is not, when weighed in the balances, to be regarded as equal to the real gains of the community by an expenditure of this kind. This money, in my judgment, will be money which will be productive in many ways. There are those who think money might to fructify in the pockets of the people, but I believe there is certain expenditure which is far better made, so that the money does not remain in the pockets of the people. This class of expenditure is twice blessed. It will give the children of the nation the chance of a further 12 months of education, and it will relieve, to a very considerable extent, the stress of unemployment both in the teaching profession and in the relief of the general labour market. I therefore cordially support the Resolution.
5.0 p.m.
Mr. O'CONNOR: I hope the Committee will reject this Resolution and that it will not be afraid, in rejecting it, to pursue a course that may be unpopular in certain parts of the country and that does not commend itself to the present desire to distribute the national wealth in doles, and largess, and bribes to the people to keep the law. We are staggering under a burden of taxation of almost incredible dimensions, and our will to recovery in an industrial crisis which is the greatest that this country has ever faced is crippled by the burden of taxation, a burden which has been increased by the right hon. Gentleman opposite since he has been in office. He has dissipated what resources he might have used for these purposes in extending doles under the transitional benefit method, and he has co-operated with the righthon. Lady who is in charge of the Ministry of Labour in doing damage to the national credit by borrowing further money in order to bolster up an already bankrupt Unemployment Insurance Fund—and all this at a time when above all others, if we are going to keep our place in the competitive race with the rest of the world, we have to replenish the traditional reservoirs of capital in this
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country. Hon. Gentlemen are draining them every day, and they have not even the courage of hand, it is raised out of indirect taxation, then all the noble and flowery their awn Socialism, and they have not the courage to set up capital reservoirs which will take the place of the ones which they are draining. They are destroying one thing and putting nothing in its place. Where is this money coming from? It can come from either direct or indirect taxation. If it comes from direct taxation, it is an added burden on industry just at the very moment when industry wants all the weight taken off its shoulders to enable it to recover. If it is to be raised by direct taxation also, it is definitely a piece of class legislation, because the money is being raised from people who will not derive one pennyworth of benefit from it. If, on the other phrases of the right hon. Gentleman when he introduced the Bill are fraud and humbug, because, using his own method of argument on the tariff issue, he is simply decreasing real wages and transferring the money from one pocket of the working-classes to another.
Mr. McSHANE: Is it in order for an hon. Gentleman to say that the right hon. Gentleman in introducing the Bill resorted to fraud?
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Gentleman was not impugning the character of the right hon. Gentleman.
Mr. O'CONNOR: May I say at once that, if my words were interpreted as in any way personal to the right hon. Gentleman, I withdraw. I would like the Committee to consider this vital question. Is this the best way of spending the national resources at this moment? What return are we going to get for this money? If Income Tax is taken off, the return on Government loans at the present time is about 34 per cent. That is about the net return on Conversion Loan. It is not unreasonable to say that the Government, in order to borrow at the present moment, must pay something slightly over a net cost of 3½ per cent. That means that this new money, if we take the figures that have been given this afternoon—although they are haphazard and uncertain, and do not allow for all the contingencies that might arise—is equivalent to providing

1533
for a Debt service of from £100,000,000 to £150,000,000. You can raise a Development Loan to-morrow for the development of the resources of this country for the same cost as that with which the right hon. Gentleman is going to burden the country in order to keep at school children who have shown that they are not able to benefit by secondary education for an extra year which they and the parents do not want. Whatever any of us may think of the proposals of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George), at any rate, they offer some return for the money—
The CHAIRMAN: I think the hon. Gentleman was not in the House when I gave a Ruling that the discussion must not be widened in that way.
Mr. O'CONNOR: I bow to your Ruling, but I hope that I am in order in saying that, if the Government tomorrow were to secure by any method, the cancellation of War Debt to the extent of £100,000,000 or £150,000,000, the position would be exactly as you were if this extra charge were placed on the Exchequer, and if the estimate which has been given is accurate as to the cost which will be reached in five or six years. The Government are saddling the country with an annual payment which is more than equivalent to the destruction of from £100,000,060 to £150,000,000, or even £200,000,000 worth, of War Debt. I suggest that this money can ill be spared at the present moment, and that, if we are determining ways in which to spend money, we can find a great many much better ways in which to distribute the resources of the country. I would like to labour this point, because since the War with the mounting millions, and the staggering burdens of expenditure which successive Governments have placed upon the country, it does not appear to be realised that an extra £1,000,000 here and there can simply be placed upon the shoulders of the taxpayer without much comment one way or the other, but do hon. Gentlemen opposite realise that they are placing upon the national shoulders a burden to discharge which £100,000,000 worth of industrial plant and endeavour will have to work ceaselessly day and night, and that the cost of this Financial
1534
Resolution is equivalent to the return upon at least £100,000,000 worth of industrial capital?
I pass by as not very convincing the argument that there is intense eagerness on the part of the parents of the children between 14 and 15 to send them to school for the additional period. Common sense tells everybody that that is not so. I would like to know on whom the money is to be spent. Is it to be spent on the children of the unemployed? If this maintenance grant is to be distributed to them, then, as they are already drawing grants in respect of each child they will receive a double grant at the expense of the taxpayer. Is it to be distributed only to the children of those who are in employment? If it is, there appears to be one pertinent observation to be made. Deplorable as is the lot of those out of employment, the lot of those who are actually employed is considerably better than it has been for a great many years. By the fall in commodity prices, real wages have been very considerably raised, and if there ever were a period when an extra burden, in order to maintain their children for an extra year, could be placed upon them, this is the period. The truth, of course, is that this is only the sugar which is coating the pill.
Hon. Gentlemen on the other side know perfectly well that this is an unpopular Measure, even among the people in the classes which they are purporting to benefit. They do not want it, and they have to he bribed and lubricated by what is nothing more nor less than a dole in order to persuade them to obey the law. When I hear fanciful and fairy-like accounts of the enthusiasm for acquiring an extra year of education at the present time, it contrasts very unfavourably with the period in 1871, when compulsory education was introduced all round, and when no attempt was made to couple it with maintenance grants, although the wage earners were not in any way as well off as they are now.
We on this side of the House should be extremely interested to see what support we may expect from right hon. Gentlemen and hon. Gentlemen below the Gangway. We can at least hope, I think, from remarks that have been passed, that they will jostle shoulders with us in the Division Lobby. I was interested to ob-

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serve that in a manifesto upon their policy, it was definitely laid down, as lately as October, that no new outlay, however desirable, ought to be undertaken unless it is definitely productive In view of that manifesto, which was coupled with a demand for funds which have been only moderately responded to up to date, we can at least hope on these benches that they will not reject those pledges quite so soon, although some of us know that the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs is in these matters rather like the tippler turned teetotaller, we fear that these pledges to economy are in fact only a red herring to introduce a further thirst for more expenditure. Whether that be so or not, or whether hon. Gentlemen are prepared to stake their convictions on this matter or not, the fact remains that to-day we have an opportunity of putting our principles to the test. Democracy has to take a stand some tinge against this pernicious method of distributing doles for which there is scant or little return. This is nothing more nor less than a dole, and we on this side of the House will make it a matter of principle; we will stand against it, and resist whatever attack that may be made upon us on the course which we feel it necessary to take.
Mr. ARNOTT: The hon. Member for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley) is much concerned as to how the income of families under this Bill shall be ascertained. He was worried about the inquisition that would be made into incomes. It is strange that that argument has been used from both sides of the House. It has been used by those who are opposed to all allowances, and by those who want family allowances under all circumstances. Both ignore the position of affairs to-day. I am surprised that this argument should be used by the hon. Member for Grimsby, who claims to have been a member of an education committee. I know a great many members of education committees who do not know the least thing about the Acts which they are supposed to administer. The details of the administration are carried out by officials, and a good many members do not know any more when they leave the committee after a number of years than they did when they went on. I must put the hon. Member for
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Grimsby in that category. What is taking place now? Children who attend elementary schools are eligible for free meals under certain conditions, and investigations have to be made as whether they are eligible. The cleverer children are also eligible to enter competitions for scholarships, and examinations have to be made as to whether the incomes of their parents are sufficient to allow the child to take the scholarship. Children have sometimes to be supplied with spectacles; the charge for these is based on the family income, and an examination of the income has to be made to decide whether spectacles should be supplied free or whether a charge should be made.
Then children who win scholarships and whose parents are eligible, so far as means are concerned, are often unable to take the scholarships, and in the more progressive municipalities—this is not universal, and I do not know whether it applies to Grimsby—investigations are again made as to whether the incomes are sufficiently low to warrant maintenance grants being paid on behalf of these children so that they can take advantage of the scholarships which they have won. Those investigations cover practically every case of children whose parents have incomes up to £500 a year. That sum is the limit in the municipality on whose education committee I sat some time in respect of advanced scolarships, while £450 is the limit for junior scholarships. In that municipality there was a still higher test. If a young man or woman succeeds in passing the necessary examination to enter a teachers' training college, and they can prove that they cannot afford the fee for the college, the fee is lent to them by the education authority on a promise of repayment. So all this argument about imposing new tests upon the recipients of maintenance grants is beside the mark. It may be a bad thing or a good thing, but the one thing certain is that it is not a new thing. If the President of the Board of Education has been criticised for anything, it is not for being an innovator, but because he is something in the nature of a Conservative.
As the hon. Lady representing the English Universities (Miss Rathbone) said the other day, I recognise a stone

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wall when I see it, and I believe this proposal is on the right lines. It has been argued that while it is perfectly proper to give maintenance grants to people who voluntarily accept a special kind of education for their children, it is wrong to do it when compulsion is applied. It seems to me the argument should be turned round. If we compel people to do a, thing which is beyond their means, there is a greater obligation upon us to make a contribution than in a case where it has been left to their own choice. I think it is an excellent thing to treat the normal child exactly as we treat the superior child. The award of scholarships is sometimes based on very narrow grounds. It does not follow that a child who wins a scholarship is superior to one who just fails. It is an amazing thing, but a child who has failed to win a scholarship and has afterwards been sent to a secondary school by its parents, at a great deal of sacrifice to themselves, sometimes does better in after years than those who have won scholarships. As every educationist claims, an examination is not a, complete test. It is a test up to a certain point, because a child who passes an examination must have some capacity, but it is quite wrong to assume that a child who fails to pass is devoid of capacity. If, when a child wins a scholarship at a secondary school, we say we are prepared to give a maintenance grant to that child from the age of 14 upwards, I want to know why a child who is compelled to attend school for another year should be deprived of a maintenance grant? Ethically, there is a much stronger case for children in the second category.
Lord E. PERCY: Is the hon. Member proposing maintenance grants for all children of any age?
Mr. ARNOTT: No, I am not. From what happened when the age was previously advanced, I know the opposition that has to be surmounted and the difficulties that have to be overcome, and there is only one thing I would like to say about that, and that is that I think there was less opposition to the advance of the age to 14 than to the advance which preceded it, showing a greater acquiescence on the part of the majority of the people. But when we raise the school age we impose an additional obli-
1538
gation on parents, and we on these benches have reached the conclusion that something should be done to meet that obligation. The argument put forward by the hon. Member for Grimsby was based on the question "Is it worth while?" That raises the whole question of whether the education is worth the money that is to be expended, but, obviously, that has nothing to do directly with this question of grants, except that it might be held that the additional education might be well worth the expenditure on teachers and schools but that the 5s. a week grant is the last straw that breaks the camel's back. That point was not clearly indicated in his speech, but obviously it was involved in his argument. The hon. Member for Central Nottingham (Mr. O'Connor) had no doubt at all about it. He believed, as some old farmers in Yorkshire are credited with believing, that all expenditure on education is waste of money. He tells us that with the money we spend on education we could buy things, and that it would be ever so much better to do so; that we could knock £100,000,000 off the National Debt with the family allowance. Obviously, he thought that was a conclusive argument, but a great many of us do not believe it to be so.
Desirable as it would be to reduce the National Debt, or to spend either a capital sum of £100,000,000 or an annual sum of from £2,000,000 to £5,000,000 in reequipping our machinery, we believe that the human being is of more value than the machine as a productive agent, and from that standpoint an additional year at school is justified, no matter what the money involved may be. We prefer to put it to the test of something more valuable than even pounds, shillings and pence. We are asked to spend this money, as an hon. Member on this side said on Second Reading, to give children another year of childhood. I feel that this expenditure is warranted on that ground alone. I have only one more word to say, and that is on the subject of the proportion of the charge which will be an addition to national taxation. I understand that 60 per cent. of the money will come from the State and 40 per cent, from the local authorities, and we cannot modify these figures by this discussion; but I would remind some of my hon. Friends below the Gangway on

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this side, who believe, as I think with a great measure of justice, that this proposal adds to local authorities burdens such as they cannot afford, that there is a much better way of adjusting this matter. I do not know whether we could do it by this Money Resolution or under the Bill, but in the case of the whole education grant, although the proportion is fixed as between the State and the local authorities, the proportion paid to each education authority varies very considerably. I believe a solution could be found not in altering the proportion paid to the whole of the local authorities but in carrying to a greater pitch the differentiation made between wealthy communities and communities which are less well-to-do.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member must not go into that question now.
Mr. ARNOTT: I understand that, Sir. I do not wish to argue it at any length, but would only suggest to Members who may be inclined to vote against the Resolution because they say the 40 per cent. is too heavy a burden to place on their local authorities that there are other means of satisfying their desires. I hope, therefore, any qualms they may have had will be removed, and that we shall get this Bill, which will give children attending elementary schools, who are much more numerous than those attending secondary schools, the same measure of justice and educational opportunity.
Sir ROBERT HORNE: As I listened to the debate this afternoon a dilemma has been constantly before my mind. If this proposed extra year of education is the boon which it is claimed to be, why bribe parents to accept it? On the other hand, if we are doing a disservice to the parents which deserves compensation, there is, seemingly, no good ground for making it compulsory. But I do not propose to occupy time in developing that dilemma. I have risen to say that, however great a boon this may be, however desirable at ordinary times, at the present time it is something which the country, if it is prudent and wise, will not think of giving. There have been speeches in this House in recent times which must have impressed all hon. Mem-
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bers. Two speeches were made in the course of the summer by my right hon. Friend the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George) in which he pointed out that we are piling up items of expenditure which, small though they may be individually, make a great aggregate when added together, and he said it was time, if the country were to look after its own interests, that we stopped that expenditure in this period of depression and conserved all our resources for the purpose of retrieving our position and regaining some of the prosperity we used to enjoy. Another speech was made from the same benches last week by the right hon. Member for North Cornwall (Sir D. Maclean), and I am sure no one who listened to it could fail to be impressed by the difficulties in which the country stands and the disaster which will come upon us if we go on piling expenditure upon expenditure.
I do not propose to retravel that ground to any extent to-day, and only wish to give a general impression of the view I hold on this matter. This new expenditure will amount to something like £9,000,000 a year. People say, "What is £9,000,000 a year in a total expenditure of £900,000,000?" It is perfectly true that the larger our total expenditure is the smaller any item becomes in proportion to the whole, but that is no justification for an expenditure which a few years ago would have been regarded as involving a momentous proposal to lay before the House. This £9,000,000 must be got somehow. It can only be obtained by means of taxation. The Chancellor of the Exchequer has made it clear that the revenue this year will be by no means equal to the expense which the country is incurring, and he said that in order to meet the outlay of the country he would have to take means which, in ordinary times, he, as a purist among financiers, would never think of adopting. This expenditure, accordingly, can only be met by fresh taxation; and there are other things which will require heavier taxation. Let us take the case of the Unemployment Fund. That will need £25,000,000 in the present year.
Mr. J. JONES: On a point of Order. When one of our colleagues was speaking earlier be was not allowed to go outside

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the terms of the Resolution before us, but now we are walking on to the unemployment policy.
The CHAIRMAN: We have not reached that stage. I have been paying close attention to the right hon. Gentleman's speech.
Sir R. HORNE: I am pointing out something which is directly relevant to the question before us. This expenditure has to be met by taxation, and we have to face other expenditure which will require extra taxation, and all that taxation must ultimately come back upon industry, which already is so depressed and so lacking in resources that it is suffering more than at any period which any of us can remember. This is a state of things which, in the circumstances, requires very grave and serious consideration. What is the effect of taxation upon the industries of this country? It is that you take away the very resources upon which industries depend for increasing their plant, their development and their new equipment. That is only the first result. The second result is the effect of all this upon the security of the country. No man engaged in business could possibly be unaware of the detrimental effect upon the enterprise of the people of this country of the last Budget of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, which placed another 6d. on the Income Tax, although that was not the highest on record. The Income Tax has been much higher than that, but, at any rate, it represented a turning back in the financial policy of the country, and it showed that the country was being placed under greater burdens, instead of being relieved of the burdens which were pressing so very severely upon our industries. The consequence of that was that many people said, "We cannot afford any more of this kind of thing in this country."
The Chancellor of the Exchequer must know the effect of that kind of new taxation. It drives very large sums of British capital out of this country, and I predict that if the Chancellor, of the Exchequer adds more taxation in the next Budget, there will be a flight of British capital abroad which will surprise many people, and I am afraid it will do the country a detriment from which it will take a long time to recover. These things affect not only our own country. Anybody who
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reads foreign literature will find the greatest misapprehension expressed as to the road upon which we are travelling, and the condition of things at which we must inevitably arrive. You will find this clearly stated in the economic journals of the United States and France. I remember seeing a placard in France pointing out to the French people the downhill road upon which Britain was travelling, and the way in which her taxes were mounting. I ask hon. Members to keep within their recollection the fact that all these things hurt our credit, and in the end they very grievously affect employment in this country. We must press these things to their ultimate result, and we must give adequate consideration to what we are doing. What is being proposed in this Resolution is a retrograde step, and one which is calculated to do damage to our best interests.
Mr. C. BROWN: I understood from your Ruling, Mr. Young, that we could discuss only maintenance grants. I would like to ask if the right hon. Gentleman is in order in extending the scope of the discussion which can take place on this Resolution?
The CHAIRMAN: I have ruled that the only question we can discuss is maintenance grants which increase taxation, and hon. Members are in order in showing the effects of this increased taxation.
Sir R. HORNE: I have only a few more words to say before I sit down. I do not think anybody will say that in the past we have neglected to spend money on the education of our people. If you consider the proposals of this Resolution in conjunction with the expenditure upon our other social services, I think it will be admitted that we have not been backward. As a matter of fact, we are far ahead of any other country in the world. We spend on our social services a great deal more than our next competitor, and all this expenditure is a burden upon our competition with other countries. It is not as if we had got behind, and had to do something in difficult times to catch up with other countries. We are far ahead in regard to the expenditure which we lavish upon our social services, and my view is that you are putting those very services in jeo-

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pardy and you will find yourself in a position in which you will not be able to maintain them.
Many people were startled by the trouble which arose recently in Australia, but these things develop for a long time before they show themselves, and when the crisis arrives, the country has to take desperate remedies to get out of the difficulty. I warn my fellow Members with all the conviction of which I am capable that the condition in which this country is at the present time has a very false appearance. Many people say "Look at the amount of money which is being spent in London," but, believe me, all that as little expresses the condition of this country as the queues of people who stand outside cinema palaces in depressed districts. Both classes are spending money on something which is not absolutely necessary, and which is not justified by the present state of the country. Those concerned with the finances of the country tell us that a great deal has yet to be done before we reach anything like prosperity, and if we go on as we are doing ruin undoubtedly stares us in the face. People talk about the Napoleonic times and tell us how desperate they were, but our problems are more complicated than those of our forefathers and our troubles are very much greater. We have developed a vast population in a very narrow restricted island which we cannot support, and it is like a pyramid poised upon its apex with the result that when a counterblast of wind comes along our civilisation begins to rock about and we are never certain that we can get back again. If we once suffer disaster we shall never be able to reconstruct our civilisation as easily as young countries or as easily as we could at the beginning of the last century.
The remedies to be applied are not so easy as people imagine. To-day we are in a very artificial position, and it is the duty of every man who is giving advice to the people to take all these things into account. I beseech hon. Members when considering this matter not to consider this question from the point of view of whether it is an excellent thing but to consider whether this is the proper time to indulge in this expenditure. The education scheme which is suggested
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by the Government may be as good as you like, but I beseech hon. Members to consider the state of the country, and the effect of expenditure, which is only going to add to the depression from which we are suffering.
Mr. SHEPHERD: The argument which has just been used by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Hillhead (Sir H. Horne) seems to be that when you raise a tax you ruin a country, and whenever you lower wages you always bring prosperity. That is a peculiar theory when you come to work it out. I want to deal with the statement that the country cannot afford the extra cost which is contained in these educational proposals. The right hon. Gentleman referred several times to an expenditure of £5,000,000, but, according to the Financial Memorandum, £2,500,000 will be required for educating the additional age group and £3,750,000 for maintenance allowances for the first year, making a total of £6,250,000. I want to remind the right hon. Gentleman that there is another side to that question. You are going to enable 400,000 additional children to remain at school for an additional 12 months, and you are going to relieve the labour market by that number. It is generally agreed that 150,000 will find their way into industry as a result of this Measure, and there will not be fewer than 150,000 adult persons who are now unemployed who will find work as a result of the passing of this Measure, which means that there will be so many less drawing unemployment benefit. If the proposals affecting young children cost £1 per head—in some cases it is estimated that the cost will be more, and in some cases less, but I think £1 is a fair average—you are going to save £7,800,000 a year in unemployment benefit, while the cost of extra education facilities for maintenance will be £6,250,000, which will be a gain of £1,550,000.
Another point is that this expenditure will give more purchasing power to the people. I am whole-heartedly in favour of these proposals, which, I think, will show a credit balance. I wish the whole of this expenditure could have been put upon the national Exchequer. I would like to mention an example from my own constituency. If this Bill passes, as it will do, the extra cost which will

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be put on the rates of a small constituency like mine will amount to £900. At the present moment the cost of maintenance grants is £900, but, with the extra school leavers who will be at school, that will rise next year, when the total cost of maintenance grants in the borough will be £1,800, of which £720 will be required from the rates.
Viscountess ASTOR: Do those maintenance grants include grants to children in secondary schools who will be going on to the universities?
Mr. SHEPHERD: Without additional information which I have not at the moment I could not say how the amount is divided up, but the cost of maintenance grants at the moment is £900. In the first year there will be an apparent economy, and the amount will fall from g900 to £720, but in 1934 or 1935 the amount to be found out of the rates will rise to £4,680. I should not object to that if I thought it necessary, but I feel that, as education is a national asset, and we are always saying that it is a national asset, the total cost should he borne by the national Exchequer. There is another point on which I want to ask a question, arising out of the Financial Memorandum. I refer to the penalties which are going to be imposed on parents if their children are absent from school. Those penalties work out at the rate of Is. per day during absence, but the Bill says that this 1s. a day will be stopped if the absence is not justified by sickness or any justifiable cause. I want to ask what are justifiable causes of absence from school.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member can raise that point if there is any Clause in the Bill in which it is dealt with.
Mr. SHEPHERD: I respectfully submit that it has very much to do with the Financial Memorandum; it is one of the effects which are going to be caused by its application.
The CHAIRMAN: The Financial Resolution deals with the supply of money; the curtailment of it does not arise at this stage.
Mr. SHEPHERD: I, of course, bow to your Ruling, but I am quite unaware of the reasons which will not allow me to refer to that matter.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member must accept my Ruling that we are dealing with the Financial Resolution and not with the Bill, and, therefore, we cannot enter into whether the amount in question shall be 1s. or 2s.
Mr. SHEPHERD: I did not suggest not obeying your Ruling, but was only suggesting surprise at it.
The CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member must know that that is not a proper remark to make. He should accept the Ruling of the Chair. I am doing my best in the Chair, and have given my Ruling in relation to the matter which is before the Committee.
Mr. SHEPHERD: I did not intend in any sense to show disrespect to the Chair, but was merely expressing my surprise. I would beg hon. Members opposite to put aside their prejudices and consider what is our present condition. We have hundreds of thousands of children who are working and ought not to be working, and we have millions of workers who are idle and who ought to be working. The great thing that this Bill does is to keep the child at school, where it belongs, and to give the unemployed person a chance of getting a job. I only wish that the Minister of Health were going to deal with the old people as the Minister of Education is so splendidly dealing with our children.
Mr. OLIVER STANLEY: We are discussing this afternoon a Resolution which asks us to declare that it is expedient to authorise the expenditure of a certain sum of money. The limited particulars given of the money have aroused a certain amount of question as to the particular sum, but, whether the sum be £5,000,000 or whether it be £9,000,000, the same question of principle is raised. The hon. Member for Darlington (Mr. Shepherd) asked us in the circumstances to abandon our prejudices, and I think that we on this side are perfectly prepared to do that, but, at the same time, we are entitled to ask hon. Members opposite also to abandon theirs, and, if we are content to discuss without prejudice one side of the question—that is to say, the value of the expenditure that we are discussing—we ask them equally without prejudice to listen to the discussion of the other side of the equation,

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that is to say, the disadvantages of the taxation which is entailed. I know that a certain number of hon. Members opposite believe that all taxes are commendable and that any expenditure is good, but the majority in all quarters of the House believe that any question of this kind is a question of balance between the disadvantages which arise from the burdens of taxation and the advantages which arise from prudent and productive expenditure.
In examining that thesis to see whether the burden is greater or less than the advantage we expect to derive, it is, however, quite impossible to do as one hon. Member opposite suggested, namely, to separate the particular item which we are discussing from the whole range of our national finance, and to say, "Surely, for such a good purpose as this, you cannot refuse such a small sum." Requests of that kind are being made to us constantly, but these small sums grow to very large sums, and, therefore, the expediency of this particular proposal can only be determined in conjunction with the general financial situation of the country. It is, perhaps, one of the difficulties from which we suffer in the procedure of the House of Commons that we never relate our proposals for expenditure to the proposals for the taxation which is to meet it. For nine months in the year we are discussing proposals for expenditure, and it is not until after those nine months have elapsed that we turn to the question of how the expenditure is to be met; and so to-day, when we try to estimate what the situation is, we are in the difficulty that we are not entitled to call upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer to come here and review the financial situation as it stands.
It is, of course, possible to make certain calculations. It is possible, for instance, to take the yield of the revenue up to date and compare it with the yield at a similar date last year, and, from that comparison, to make some estimate of what the total returns of revenue are going to be up to the end of this financial year. Rough as that method is, I think that, if hon. Members apply it, they will find that we shall be faced at the end of this financial year with a fall in estimated revenue of at least £15,000,000. On the other side,
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if they apply exactly the same test to the expenditure which has so far been incurred, comparing it with the expenditure at a similar period last year and with the total last year, they will find that we are faced with an increase in the expenditure for the year of something like £20,000,000. [An HON. MEMBER: "We are going bankrupt!"] The hon. Member may think £35,000,000 a very small sum, but he will remember that last year we were faced with a deficit of £40,000,000, and that we imposed very heavy taxation last year to square the Budget, but that, despite that heavy taxation, we find ourselves again this year faced with another £35,000,000 of deficit, and with the necessity of further heavy taxation to square again a Budget which, next year also, we shall only find once more fails to balance.
Mr. KINLEY: Can the hon. Member give an estimate of how many years it will take for the country to go bankrupt?
Mr. STANLEY: My estimate would be considerably complicated by the relationship which exists between right hon. Gentlemen on the Front Bench and their supporters behind them, but, really, hon. Members have to bear in mind the fact that at the end of this year we shall be called upon to face a deficit of at least £35,000,000 in our annual Budget. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, speaking the other day, referred to methods which he might adopt if his conscience permitted. By that, those who heard him guessed that he intended to raid the Sinking Fund, which undoubtedly has benefited from the fall in the cost of money, and which at present looks like amounting to some £70,000,000. He need not really worry so much about his conscience as to what he will be permitted to do in public because in point of fact he has already been raiding the Sinking Fund in private. Although, of course, it would not be in order for me to enter into the details of such a transaction, it will be obvious to hon. Members opposite that the £30,000,000 which has been advanced on loan to the Unemployment Insurance Fund is in fact a raid on the Sinking Fund.
A sum of £35,000,000 has to be found, and it has to be found at a time when obviously the revenue of the country is faced with still further contraction. It is rather significant that up to now the

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yield from direct taxation has not begun to show the signs of diminution that are shown by the yield from indirect taxation. That is because the lag is greater. Because taxation is being paid on profits which were realised before the great industrial depression set in, we have the fact that next year the yield from direct taxation is going to follow the same course that has been followed in the first six months of this year by the yield from indirect taxation, and that we shall have to meet anything up to £50,000,000 in the next Budget.
How is it going to be met? Hon. Members opposite have a happy optimistic belief that this £50,000,000 will still be found with no inconvenience and considerable ease from the pockets of the rich. Is that in fact so? Hon. Members must recollect that they live under a capitalist system—[Interruption]—and they must remember, too, that they are governing under a capitalist system. Hon. and right hon. Gentlemen on the Front Bench go down into the country and bleat about the difficulties and how impossible it is to carry on their job under capitalism, but, when they get into the House of Commons they stick with all the ferocity of a limpet to the task of that job; they do not ask to be relieved of it. As long as they accept the responsibility of governing under a capitalist system, they have to he bound by the limitations and difficulties that a capitalist system involves, and one of those limitations, which every right hon. Gentleman on the Front Bench with a sense of responsibility for the Government he is undertaking knows to exist, is the limitation of the possibilities of direct taxation. Hon. Members opposite must, in the capitalist world in which they are governing to the best of their ability, must get out of their heads the association of taxation with benefit, and the inevitable reaction—
Mr. C. BROWN: On a point of Order. May I ask if this is a debate on the merits of Socialism versus Capitalism, or a debate on maintenance grants?
The CHAIRMAN: I must ask the hon. Member to follow the debate.
Mr. BROWN: I am doing my best to follow the debate, but I cannot associate the speeches which are being made with maintenance grants.
The CHAIRMAN: I am sorry, but I am the Chairman, and I have to determine the matter.
Mr. BROWN: Our sorrow, perhaps, is mutual.
Mr. STANLEY: I am sorry if I have not made it clear to the hon. Member, but I have been trying to show the danger which exists under the present system, and, in view of the enormous increase of taxation which is inevitable anyhow, the dangers that exist in still further adding to that burden. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Hillhead (Sir R. Horne) put before the Committee some of the dangers which arise when you try to exceed these limitations—the lack of confidence, the loss of incentive, and, finally, the flight of capital which follows when people believe that the sacrifices they are called upon to make are not to be made for the purpose of restoring the national good, but are merely to be dissipated in unproductive expenditure. So I urge on hon. Members opposite that, considering one side of the equation, the burden that this taxation would involve is a heavy burden and one that is laid on shoulders which to-day are ill prepared to bear it. The situation is one that demands that we should only sanction taxation to meet expenditure which is really demonstrably productive.
6.0 p.m.
Let us consider for a moment the other side of the equation—the value of the expenditure that we are asked to incur. It is put before us by the President of the Board of Education in two alternatives. You can pay your money, he said, and take your choice. You can either regard this as a form of unemployment benefit and say that although we are asked to sanction, say, £9,000,000 for maintenance grants, in point of fact that sum is very much reduced by the amount that you save on unemployment benefit. The hon. Member who spoke last was even more optimistic. I think the estimate of the Board of Education is for a saving of £2,000,000. The hon. Member believes there will be a saving of £7,000,000 and that, in fact, in some mysterious way this is actually a profitable transaction. It is a little difficult for some of us to understand how 150,000 adults—perhaps the hon. Member was taking the adult benefit relief—are going

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to be put into employment by this means. We are discussing this question entirely on the financial side. The hon. Member put this forward as economy. He stressed the financial advantages that would accrue from the proposal, and it is on that basis that I want to discuss it. After all, the boys and girls who now go into employment at 15 are not offered employment simply because 15 is rather a nice age. There is some economic reason which makes the employer prefer a boy or girl of 15 to an older man or woman. [Interruption.] I am prepared to accept any reason that hon. Members give as long as they will agree with me that there is, in fact, an economic reason.
Mr. SHEPHERD: The children whom we propose to keep at school are a perpetual source of cheap labour.
Mr. STANLEY: I say that I will accept whatever explanation hon. Members opposite give, as long as they agree that the reason for their employment in one way or another is an economic one. [Interruption.] I did not catch the hon. Member's interruption, which, I am sure, was extremely relevant.
Mr. JOHN JONES: I hope that it was not out of order.
Mr. STANLEY: I assure the hon. Member that, in saying his interruption was relevant, I did not mean to do him an injustice.
Mr. JONES: You could not if you tried. Your ancestors did.
Mr. STANLEY: I apologise to the hon. Member for any unpleasant memories that he may have.
Mr. JONES: I hope they will forgive them in heaven, anyhow.
Mr. STANLEY: Although it may be a social benefit to remove these young people from employment, do not let us disguise the fact that we are talking in terms of pounds, shillings and pence and that, by doing so, you are, in fact, putting a burden upon industry, and that whatever relief you get from the social point of view is got at the expense of industry. I am very doubtful whether, in view of the additional burden that is imposed upon the employment of the older
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people, industry will, in fact, employ 150,000 older people in their place, and whether, in fact, we shall not be met by a loss of amenities or a loss of production caused by the unemployment of the younger children.
Mr. SHEPHERD: It is surely infinitely more economic to pay money for educational purposes than for idleness, as at present.
Mr. STANLEY: That brings me to my second point, whether in what we are discussing to-day we are, in fact, paying money for educational purposes at all. When I read the Motion, I do not see anything about educational purposes. I do not see that any of the money whose authorisation we are discussing is going, for instance, to payment of teachers or to the erection of school buildings. It seems entirely to give an encouragement or, if you like, to make possible the enjoyment of educational advantages provided by other funds. It makes one consider whether it is, in fact, an economic way of spending money upon educational development when you find that not more than 30 per cent. of the total sum involved in the whole of the Bill is devoted to educational purposes directly, while the other 70 per cent. is devoted to inducing, or enabling, the children to enjoy those facilities. It makes one wonder whether the system which is proposed under the Bill, and which entails a clearly unproductive expenditure of this kind, is really the system that we require. What is the greatest educational difficulty with which we are faced? It is the gap between the time when the child's education ceases and the age at which the normal boy or girl or, if you like, man or woman begins to have a desire for education, and begins to want to enjoy the benefit that education gives him or her. You have to-day a great block of compulsory whole-time school attendance in the early years. You have then an almost complete gap. You have increasing facilities given for men and women to enjoy adult education at the other end of the scale. How far in a Measure of this kind are we really reducing that gap? It is true that we add one year to the great block of continuous whole-time education, but you still leave completely untouched the rest of that gap. Whether the child comes out at 14 or 15, there is

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still a complete gap in the education until 19 or 20, or whatever it may be, When he himself begins to feel the stirrings of a desire for adult education.
I suggest, not only that the money we are asked to vote is unnecessary, but I think the money, small as it is, which under the Bill is being spent on education, would have been better spent on an attempt to reduce that gap for a much large number of people than at present than, as it is, on increasing the block of continuous education and leaving the gap untouched. Hon. Members opposite have much more experience in educational matters than I have, but I ask the hon. Member for Darlington (Mr. Shepherd) whether he would not agree with me that, if he were in charge of an educational or a tutorial class, he would rather have, as, one of his students, a boy who had left school at the age of 14 and been through some continuation school or technical college, or had kept up continually intellectual exercises until the time he came to the hon. Member's class, than a boy who had been kept in whole-time education for another year, but from that time until he presented himself at the hon. Member's class had not kept in touch with educational matters at all. The hon. Member dissents but I believe that is a proposition that requires argument, and I have not yet heard it argued.
Mr. WALLHEAD: What I did was to express dissent at the idea that, because a boy had been at school 12 months longer, he lost all desire for improvement.
Mr. STANLEY: The hon. Member has misunderstood me. My point was that the money that is to be spent in keeping the boy one more year at school would have been better spent in giving him an opportunity of keeping in touch with education during the gap period. It would leave him at the real educational age of 20 or 21 a very much more fit subject for adult education than he will be as the result of the facilities provided in this Bill. I do not pose as an education expert, and I may be quite wrong, but it is a subject that is worth discussing and one which we have not heard discussed by the President of the Board of Education. I ask hon. Members to realise the gravity of the situation, to realise the heavy burden that taxation such as this is going to impose on the
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country and the great strain that is being put on the whole of our machinery, and to ask themselves whether, in fact, the expenditure which is to justify that taxation is expenditure economically, wisely and productively made.
Miss LEE: If the speech we have just heard had come from the Front Bench opposite, or from the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Hillhead (Sir R. Horne), it would have been deplorable enough, but I am perfectly shocked to hear such sentiments expressed by one who, we are told, belongs to the younger generation in the Conservative party and from whom, we are told, we might expect a more enlightened point of view. I should have thought he would have realised that one of the greatest godsends we could have in facing our future difficulties is that we should have a more highly educated and skilled population than any other part of the world, and that he would have considered that money spent towards that end would be money very well spent indeed. Instead of that, he talked about the additional burden to taxation. He talked as if it were merely a burden with no assets to balance the expenditure. He tells us that the Chancellor of the Exchequer will have £35,000,000 additional money to find. I am very surprised when I hear hon. Members opposite saying we should start economising on a thing like this. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Carnarvon (Mr. Lloyd George) has just issued a most illuminating little pamphlet entitled "How to tackle Unemployment." I can assure him that we appreciate the word "tackle" on this side of the House. At the very beginning of it he shows a sensible and very practical way in which all the expenditure of this Bill might be met and many more social services developed. I should like to read one sentence. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Carnarvon Boroughs, who, as we all know, thinks well to shelter behind this Yellow Book, states:
"If the holders of National Debt were receiving to-day interest and sinking fund equivalent in real values to the prices ruling in 1917–1920, when the money was mostly lent, our National Debt charges would be reduced from £360,000,000 to £270,000,000.
It is an admission that we could save £90,000,000 that our Chancellor of the Exchequer could calculate upon saving £90,000,000, not by putting a single penny

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of additional expenditure upon any industrialist who was taking the risks of industry but simply by retaining for the community this additional colossal sum which has been going to the rentier class, a class which is taking no risks, performing no manual labour and giving nothing at all to the community. Not a word of protest is being raised from any of the benches opposite at this great sum of money being allowed to flow into those pockets. They support this money going in such a direction, and they enable it to go in such a direction by economising on working-class wages of every kind and by sabotaging this very humble modest Measure which has now been brought in to help this country not only to face its industrial problems but to face its problems of government in a more efficient way than it has hitherto done.
My attitude towards this Bill is also one of criticism of the financial conditions, but it is criticism of exactly an opposite nature. I regret that the State is not shouldering 100 per cent, of the expense incurred. It is a rather shabby way of making progress by putting it on to the shoulders of the ratepayers. The ratepayers have suffered badly enough at the hands of hon. Members opposite by means of their Derating Act without the Labour party coining in to worsen their burdens. Education, as has already been said, is a national interest and a national asset, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer ought to be finding, not 60 per cent., but 100 per cent. of the cost incurred in carrying through this Measure. Consequently, I regret that there should be a means test. I wish that the means test could be abolished altogether, or, short of that, that it could at least be raised to the Income Tax paying level. We hear a lot about bribing people to keep children at school until 15. One wonders whether they consider it to be bribery when Income Taxpayers are given a rebate of £40 a year in regard to their children. Surely it is recognised in the case of the Income Taxpayer that where there are children there are additional burdens in the house and that they ought to be given special consideration. We wish this allowance had been extended to all families below the Income Tax paying level.
I have said in this House on a previous occasion that it is the tendency in all our legislation to do things for the people
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at the top and to do very little for the people at the very bottom, to ignore the very great needs of working-class families struggling along on £2, £3 or £4 a week. I regret that the limit should be so low and that the grant should be so low. I think that if we had asked for 10s. a week instead of 5s. we should not have been asking for too much. I fail completely to follow the argument of hon. Members opposite when they talk about grants to bribe the working-class to keep their children at school. I resent very deeply the statement which was made by the hon. Member for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley), when he said that the working-class parents do not want higher education or longer schooling periods for their children.
Mr. WOMERSLEY: I never made any such statement. If the working-class desire it, they can get it now.
Miss LEE: I am very glad now that there will be no question of my misrepresenting what the hon. Gentleman has said. He said that the working-class, if they desire, can get it now. Is it a reasonable proposition to say that a child coming from the home of one of those 2,000,000 unemployed, supposing that it is little short of a genius—and local grants are not always given—can get education if it wants it? Can we say that of the average miner's home, the agricultural worker's home, the fisherman's home?
Mr. WOMERSLEY: There are plenty of them.
Miss LEE: Can we say, if a fisherman has three, four, or half-a-dozen children, that if one of his children is only clever enough he is able to get education. I belong to a family where there were two children, and I know. I won everything in the way of money that ever came within touching distance, and I am sorry indeed for the very severe sacrifices which were imposed upon my home, even with the additional financial aids which I had—and I belong to Fifeshire, the most generous county in Scotland, which is not saying that it is too generous. If hon. Members are coming before this Committee seeking to hold back the hand of progress they might at least look for a more substantial or fairer argument than to slander us and insult us by saying of the working-class that as things are at

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present, if only they require education for their children, they can get it. They cannot do so. They cannot get it for the normal child. The cannot get it for an exceptionally gifted child unless there is a small family and a willingness to make sacrifices. I regret that this Bill still leaves that statement substantially true. I wish our grants were sufficiently generous to remove the great difficulty of trying to make a really educated democracy. I regret that the amounts are not greater. I regret that there is a means test.
Above all, I cannot understand the attitude of hon. Members below the Gangway. I understand that some of them are going to vote against the Bill. I am going to vote for the Bill because I do not want the Bill to be lost. I shall do so with a certain amount of reluctance because of the inadequacy of the allowances. Hon. Members below the Gangway give us much of their time and of their undoubted ability in speaking, and in writing brilliant little yellow books. At the very front of their book they point out to us that no less a sum than £90,000,000 has been added to the class which is giving nothing in return, and yet they do not come here to-day to arouse national indignation against such an injustice. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Hillhead cries out about the injustices to the industrialists, and I cry out against the injustices to the workers. Both of them are suffering from this parasitical growth on industry, and I hope that the more sincere Members of the Liberal party, even in the light of their own researches and on account of their own knowledge of what might be done, will not go into the Lobby to vote against a Bill whose only fault is that it does not go far enough in the right direction.
Sir JOHN SIMON: I voted for the Second Reading of this Bill, because when the Hadow Report was published some four years ago I studied it, as many Members of this House did, with close attention. I do not believe that there has ever been written a more interesting Blue Book on education, and I find myself in warm sympathy with its main recommendations. I should like to call the attention of the Committee to the fact that the matter which we are discussing to-day on this Financial Resolution forms
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no part of the recommendations of the Hadow Report. There were two main proposals of the report. Of course, one is not doing more now than merely mentioning them in passing. First of all, we should rearrange education in this country by causing a division above the age of 11 and then giving children a new start, a new aspect, and a new curriculum, and both the former and the present Minister of Education are to be congratulated because the Board of Education has tried to do something in that direction. The other recommendation is relevant to our present discussion, because it was a recommendation that there should be provision for additional educational facilities in which there should be an extension of the years of compulsion to the age of 15. I found myself then, and I find myself now, warmly in sympathy with the spirit behind that proposal.
But the thing which we are discussing here to-day, if the hon. Lady the Member for Northern Lanark (Miss Lee) will allow me to point it out, is a question of when and how, the manner and the time and the circumstances in which this House, the custodian for the people of this country of all financial questions, is prepared to authorise the expenditure of money. That is the question, not some abstract or general question. That is the immediate question. Allow me to point out that as we are asked to vote to-night we are in the presence of a Bill which, it is proposed, shall come into operation on the 1st April next year. The Hadow Report took a wholly different view. The Hadow Report pointed out that if you are going to extend compulsory education from the age of 14 to the age of 15 it is absolutely necessary to provide a very considerable period of time for the rearrangements to be made. I cannot imagine a greater unfairness to the clever child of from 14 to 15 than that you should compel attendance at school before you have really satisfactory arrangements about teachers fit to teach him, premises fit to accommodate him, and curricula suitable for him.
Mr. McSHANE: On a point of Order. I have been sitting here since four o'clock, and I have listened to the discussion on the question which has been raised in this Committee. We have been told from the Chair over and over again

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that this Resolution refers only to the question as to whether or not the money is being voted for maintenance grants. I submit to you, Mr. Dunnico, with great respect, and to the right hon. and learned Gentleman that to raise the question as to whether the date should be next year or the year after is beside the mark altogether.
The DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN (Mr. Dunnico): I understand that a somewhat definite Ruling on the lines indicated has been laid down. It would be obviously unfair to allow a, subsequent speaker to proceed along lines which have been denied to others. I must, however, so long as the discussion is confined to the children who are going to receive these maintenance grants, give some latitude for subsidiary arguments arising there-from.
Sir J. SIMON: I am obliged to the hon. Member for mentioning the point. I am an old Member of this House, and I would not claim for myself a latitude which has not been allowed to others. Without developing the argument or transgressing the Ruling, what I was saying has a bearing upon the Financial Resolution. The Committee is asked to vote authority for a very substantial sum of money to be paid under the heading of "Maintenance Grants" in connection with the Clauses of a Bill which, by its very terms, is to come into operation on the 1st April next year. Speaking for myself and many of my hon. Friends here, we should take, or we might take, a considerably different view of some of the aspects of this matter if it were not for the fact that it is presented now in its present form, and is attempting to carry this thing through in that way and according to that time table. I make that point before I come to discuss the time and the manner in which it is proposed to put this new burden upon the Exchequer.
Will the Committee allow me to call attention to the manner in which it is proposed that the money, thus voted, is to be distributed? I am not disputing that there may be cases in which provision for maintenance is appropriate. I have my own memories, if the hon. Member for North Lanark will forgive me for saying so, just as keen as hers as to the
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struggle that had to be gone through at the age of 14 to 15, and I am just as grateful for the sacrifices that my parents made, as she is—
Miss LEE: Then let us make it easier for the boys and girls of to-day.
Sir J. SIMON: That does not alter the fact that the Committee has to see what are the conditions, both as regards time and method, which the President of the Board of Education is proposing. He has come forward with a proposal different from the proposal previously made, a proposal in which, as he says, it is not possible to make any very close estimate. He is deliberately changing the conditions under which this maintenance may be provided, and he gives as his reason, to quote his own words, that he finds—
"There exists a dislike to close inquiry."
As I have read somewhere, official inquiry into individual incomes is complicated and is an irritating procedure. To use an expression which is very often used, it is "inquisitorial." That is all very well but, after all, the Income Taxpayer takes the same view. When I look into the Schedules of this Bill, and I turn to the Schedule which deals with the way in which this money is to be distributed, Part II, Form of Claim, I find that the applicant whose child is at school between the age of 14 and 15 has to sign a statement of his income from all sources, and that after he does so, there will he no question asked. I seem to remember that "income from all sources" is a phrase in the Income Tax return, and that a great many questions are asked. I do not wish to draw a distinction between one set of people and another, but when it comes to a section of the community applying that public money may be paid to them no question is asked, and when it comes to the citizens of this country being called upon to contribute to the taxes, every sort of question is put to them.
Mr. KIRKWOOD: Because they have all the money; the workers have none.
Sir J. SIMON: My hon. Friend will see that I am not throwing the smallest reflection upon anyone when I say that I do not believe it is reasonable or right that you should make provision for a Vote authorising a sum of money which is to be distributed on that principle and

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for that specific purpose. You may have two workmen side by side living in the same row of houses. One of them owns his house, which he has bought by his own thrift, while the other is a mere tenant. They are both working in the same works, and both are paid the same wages. Is their income from all sources the same?
Mr. KIRKWOOD: The right hon. and learned Member has put the point to me. We would meet that point when it arose. There are very few workers in the country where I come from who own their own houses.
Sir J. SIMON: I leave that matter to the general judgment of the Committee. I am not saying that the average citizen who makes this application is going to make a dishonest demand, but, as a matter of fact, all of us who have had to deal with cases connected with old age pensions and so forth know quite well that, in all honesty, the ordinary citizen, when asked to make a return of the amount of his income from all sources, very often misunderstands, and makes a mistake. Can it be right that we should adopt this method, because the President of the Board of Education finds that—
"There exists a dislike to close inquiry"
The right hon. Gentleman, if he will excuse me for saying so, used in that connection, in the Second Reading debate, an argument which I was a little sorry to hear, because I thought it was quite unnecessary. He made some observation about class, your class, our class and so on. The people who profess most that they have no class about them are usually people who are thinking most about their own class. It is not my business to defend the school from which the President of the Board of Education comes, but it is among its records that it educated him and also the Leader of the Opposition. There are plenty of schools, public schools, in this country that make provision for boys who come from all kinds of homes, and I speak with some knowledge when I say that have never known the issue of class arise n such a school.
The issue here to-day is, first and Foremost, whether the method which is put forward to the Committee as the method by which this money is to be distributed, justifies our voting such a
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sum on such an occasion as this. My submission to the Committee is this, and it is a view which the President of the Board of Education would have taken some time back, that I am sorry it is necessary so to make inquiries, but before people receive public money, not in order to get their children educated, because they are going to be educated free, but in order to compensate them for the fact that their children are going to school—[Interruption.] Yes, every penny of the money we are asked to vote now is for that purpose.
HON. MEMBERS: No!
Miss LEE: Surely the feeding of a school child is the first necessity.
Viscountess ASTOR: You do that now.
Sir J. SIMON: This Vote is a Vote calculated at 5s., multiplied by so many people, and the "estimate," alleged to be some 75 per cent. of the cost involved, is for the purpose of compensating parents out of public funds because their children are going to be educated out of public funds. I shall be corrected by the President of the Board of Education if I am wrong on a matter of fact. What I say is, that if there be, as there may be, cases in which special provision has to be made—to some extent it is made now in connection with continuation schools, and secondary schools—it is manifestly a case in which there ought to be strict and careful inquiry. My hon. Friends opposite are quite consistent in taking a different view. I am not quarrelling with them, because they take that view. They are out and out Socialists. Their view is that these things properly belong to the State.
Mr. SANDHAM: Because the people produce them.
Sir J. SIMON: Certainly, I am only observing how logical you all are, but those of us who do not share that principle are bound to look with increasing concern at the way in which the application of that principle tends to work. It is all very well to say: "Work or maintenance," but it very easily slips into this, that everyone in this country is entitled to, demand as a right from public funds maintenance at full rates whenever he has not found any work

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to do. It is all very well to say that one person is just as good as another, and for many a political purpose that is quite true, but for my part I think it extremely important to keep alive the idea that a child at the age of 14 should feel that the thing which will bring help to its parents is a combination of ability and energy in the child as well as need in the home. I do not know how the President of the Board of Education thinks he is going to work all this out with the existing system of county council scholarships, and all the rest of it. I presume that you are not going to deprive that parent whose boy and girl has a scholarship of that which you are going to grant to the parent of the boy and girl who has not a scholarship. You are dealing with an extremely complicated piece of reorganisation, and I do not believe for one moment that you can bring it into effect on the 1st April next, or that your estimate of what it is going to cost is in the least trustworthy.
I pass from the question of method to the question of time. The hon. Member for Westmorland (Mr. O. Stanley) made that point just now. We have not to consider these things in the abstract. We have to consider them in relation to the actual situation of the country at this time. It appears to me—I may be wrong—that some at least of those who are, in principle, in favour of these maintenance grants, administered with this very loose hand, without inquiry, are not really facing the situation in which the whole community finds itself, themselves just as much as the rest of us. Here we have the revenue tumbling down, we have expenditure in various ways mounting up, and we have to face the reality of the emergency with which the Chancellor of the Exchequer will have to deal if he is going to be here when the next Budget is introduced. For my part, I find it impossible in one breath to preach economy and in the next breath to be indifferent to a grant of this sort. The whole situation would be different if the State were moving in a clear atmosphere with a favouring wind and no particular burden upon it, but that is not the situation at all.
The situation as I think it is to-day is that the State is labouring against heavy
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buffetings, the machine is burdened, and every additional burden you put upon it is only tending to bring it down. Therefore, for my part, especially if we do not hear from the President of the Board of Education that he is considering the postponement of the operation of this Bill, I find it quite impossible to go about saying that I believe in economy and then, when an issue of this sort turns up, to say that it is all right, and there is nothing whatever to be said against it. The real issue is a practical issue of manner and time. The manner appears to be a manner which has been adopted by the President, not because he originally thought it was the best way, but because he finds himself faced with a good deal of opposition and criticism in his own party. I regret it very much but inquiry there has got to be. In the second place, the time at which we are asked to adopt a proposal like this is wholly inopportune, and it would be far wiser to take a more deliberate course of action and be sure that when this change comes about we really shall be ready to make the best of it.
Mr. MAXTON: I never realised quite how strong class instincts could be in this Committee until I listened to the speech of the right hon. and learned Member, which I heard with perhaps greater regret than any speech to which I have listened. The right hon. and learned Member has earned for himself a great name as a great Liberal statesman; a name which is not confined to this country. He is known throughout the world; and yet with his great position and great powers he comes here and in the name of economy tells the world that this country cannot afford to keep its children of 14 years of age for another year at school while it can afford to keep 2,000,000 adults standing idle in the market. I seldom use quotations in this House, and I always speak on financial questions with great humility and hesitation, but I have two cuttings here from a newspaper of last week's date—the "Evening Standard." This is in reply to the right hon. and learned Member's case that the time is inopportune, that this country cannot afford to spend this additional amount, whatever it is; some trivial amount anyhow. This is from the "Evening Standard" of last Friday, and it is headed

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"£75,000,000 subscribed for South Africa." It says:
"The South Africa Loan has proved one of the biggest successes of recent issues £75,000,000 being subscribed for this £5,000,000 offer.… We understand that those who applied for £1,000 of the stock and under were entirely ruled out."
People with only one thousand pounds were apparently beneath contempt. And we cannot afford £6,250,000 to educate our youngsters and take them off the streets, or perhaps to take their fathers off the street. There was another passage earlier in the week in the "Evening Standard" of 5th November. It is still last week, one week before the week we are living in, one week before the day when the right hon. and learned Member says that we cannot afford to educate our youngsters. This paragraph is headed "Where does Money come From?" and it says:
"Each time banking statements appear in the early part of the month, one is tempted to ask where are the new deposits coming from. Figures are not available for October for all the clearing banks. There is, however, every reason to expect a further growth in deposits.… Barclays, Lloyds and the Midland Banks have higher deposits in the weekly averages of October than in September. In the case of the Midland Bank the average weekly deposits in October this year at £385,246,000 constitute a record for that month."
Presumably the Midland Bank had handled more money that week than ever before in their history. There is £385,000,000 in deposits, and the right hon. and learned Member with his world-wide reputation tells us that the time is inopportune for putting £6,250,000 into our own human material.
Sir BASIL PETO: Does not the hon. Member realise that he could not possibly have given a greater or more outstanding example of the absolute stagnation of trade? It he had quoted figures of ships laid up on the mud, it would be an exact comparison with these huge deposits.
Mr. MAXTON: I agree that that contradiction has troubled me very much, but still it is the fact and it is not ships on the mud that we are talking about now but the availability of money for the education of our youngsters. The fact that there are ships on the mud seems to indicate that there are ships to spare and the figures I have quoted from a
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responsible Conservative journal—[Interruption]—hon. Members do not imagine that the feud is going to last for ever—seems to indicate that there is a surplus of money in this country which cannot find a profitable use for it. It goes to South Africa or is on deposit.
Mr. HANBURY: Thanks to you.
Mr. MAXTON: I wish the hon. Member for North Dorset (Mr. Hanbury) were right in his estimate. I wish the capitalist class of this country were running their money to South Africa because they are afraid of the ideas for which I stand. If they are running away to South Africa to get profits rather than put it into the minds and bodies of the children whose parents produce the wealth it is an unpatriotic act, and an act which will not make for the future welfare of the country. So far as the capital wealth of this country is concerned, hon. Members opposite have nothing really to point to but the human material which has been the source of their wealth in the past, which is their source of wealth now and which will be their source of wealth in the future. This provision is very trivia]. May I be allowed to introduce a personal note? Since I have been in this House I have been approached by a right hon. Gentleman who tells me in a personal way, and in a kindly way, that funds are available for the education of the sons of some public man whose participation in public affairs has not made it possible for him to make the financial provision which would enable him to educate his sons properly, and the provision that is available for the education of one boy is somewhere in the neighbourhood of £500 a year. I do not know the cost of Eton or Harrow, but I think it is somewhere in the neighbourhood of £400 a year.
The right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon) casts a sneer at the President of the Board of Education, presumably because he is an old Harrovian. There would be something reprehensible in a man who had the advantages of the best possible education available attempting to deny similar advantages to others, and no cheer lies in the mouth of the right hon. and learned Member because my right hon. Friend is endeavouring to get the best

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possible educational provisions in what he regards as the most generous way the Committee would sanction, for the sons of others. Surely, if the right hon. and learned Member regards £400 or £500 a year inadequate provision for the educational training of a boy of the upper classes of 14, 15 or 16 years of age, £13 per annum, which is what the President of the Board of Education is asking the Committee to pass, is not a great deal. It is all very well to say, as the strong hard man on the other side of the House has said, that there are educational opportunities available for the child of any parent who is really anxious to take advantage of them.
7.0 p.m.
I have a close and wide experience the type of sacrifice that is made in Scotland, particularly to enable one son to get educational advantages. The right hon. Member for Hillhead (Sir R. Horne) knows it too. He knows the type of fellow that we have coming from humble homes into Glasgow University, having fought his way there. He has not only to have tremendous ability but a tremendous physique as well. He generally finishes without the physique; he finishes with the degree and with his qualifications but without the physique. Not only has he to work day and night to get that advantage, but the other members of the family are sent out at the earliest moment to the best wage-earning jobs in order that the boy, specially selected at 14 or 15, can go through a university and become a member of one of our learned professions. It is not good nationally; it is not good for the fellow who gets the advantages over the other members of the family; it is not good for the members of the family who are denied similar advantages.
There is nothing socialist about this. Socialism means something entirely different; Socialism means taking away everything that the wealthy have got in this country; Socialism means running the industries of the country under the ownership of the community. This has nothing to do with Socialism at all. This is a Bill to get a higher average standard of intelligence, physique and character over the whole of our population. Surely Conservative statesmanship
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stands for that. I always thought that Liberal statesmanship stood for that in a militant and progressive fashion. The only real argument that the right hon. and learned Gentleman had was that at this particular juncture we could not afford it. I conclude by repeating that we can amply afford to let the nation's resources run out of the country on foolish industrial enterprises.
Captain HAROLD BALFOUR: I listened with the greatest interest to the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton), but I could not follow his mathematics or his remarks about the financial aspect which he outlined of the State and the country wanting further money, which could be taken from the sources of wealth of which he spoke. I have listened to many of his speeches and have always listened with very great respect and in many ways with very great admiration. But to-day I found that my idol has feet of clay so far as his financial sagacity is concerned. I would employ the hon. Member as a commercial traveller if I could send him out to sell pound notes at 19s. 6d., and I am sure he would be completely successful. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in introducing his Budget and in notifying an increase of taxation, said that the burden, which he had to put on the community, would fall upon the shoulders best able to bear it. This burden which is going to be placed upon the community will he placed on shoulders which at present are least able to bear it, the shoulders of industry, because the people whom industry is benefiting depend so essentially on the fact that the industry itself is healthy and prosperous. It does not matter so much whether you have a Socialist, Liberal or Conservative Government, but it does matter that, unless you have healthy and prosperous industry, we cannot maintain the standard of life we have at present or improve it in the future.
One hon. Member opposite twitted us on this side with an old saying that every new impost was placed on the community and asked, was an impost the last straw that breaks the camel's back? If he studied the anatomy of the camel, he would find that the camel's back does not break, but that he just sinks slowly down. Industry is

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struggling at the present time from a heavy overhead charge. At the present moment, our national overhead charge is too high. If you want to benefit the employés in your business, you do not bankrupt it in order to build a works canteen. If business is bad, you analyse the situation, and you do one of two things: Either you extend your markets—I cannot touch on that now—or you cut down your overhead charges. You certainly do not increase them. When it comes to providing some amenity, you ask, what is the good of having this social amenity, if, by providing this amenity, which may be a necessity in the future, you are going to make your business bankrupt.
I am speaking of a country as a. business, and I feel very strongly—I know hon. Members opposite feel equally strongly in the opposite direction—that we have too long gone on the principle of trying to placate democracy by offering them something which we think will be pleasant. We are in the midst of a great national crisis, and it is time we asked great sacrifices from every section of the community. If we say that in the future, when the standard of living can be raised, it shall be raised, then we can deal with that question, whether we have a Socialist Government to distribute the national wealth or a Liberal Government. That does not matter for the moment. Now we have to take a commonsense point of view and hon. Members opposite must realise that we are to-day under a capitalist system even though they may not like it. The reason I am against this impost is that it is one for the protection of the standard of life of this country, which we are all proud of and want to raise, and that there is no corresponding protection for the markets in which the goods produced by our industry have to be disposed of.
Under the present Government, the country is going on a rake's progress. Whether it is to be continued or not depends on the hon. Members below the Gangway. We have one point of veiw and hon. Members opposite have another point of view, which I respect, but where do the hon. Gentlemen below the Gangway stand to-night? Where are our wandering allies to-night? One wonders what will happen when the Division bell rings to-night. If hon. Members below
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the Gangway support the point of view we have heard, then undoubtedly they are standing for the pledges which are given in their coloured books which they issue at regular intervals. We do not know, however, what the right hon. Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George) and his party are going to do. Hon. Members opposite are entrenched in their camp and we in ours, and there is a sort of No Man's Land between. The Liberals have been battling in that No Man's Land trying to make up their minds and to discover in which Lobby they will go to-night. In the battle between Socialists and ourselves there will be one side or the other victorious. I am convinced it is going to be ourselves, but, whichever side is going to be victorious, victory will undoubtedly be sweetened by the knowledge that it will be helped by reinforcements of hon. Members below the Gangway. Whichever side wins, they are bound to he upon the winning side. It is much better that the Liberal party should stand by their principles of economy, should stand by what they publish in their programme, and not go into the Lobby for the sake of political advantage. The country is at the present time in a state of distress and is tired of the present Government and has shown it in no uncertain way at the recent by-elections. The country is desirous of a change, and, if the Liberal party stands between us and the change, they are the most undemocratic party in the country. Whether the Socialists or ourselves are the victors in the conflict when it comes, the country will have no use for those who are flexible in their principles and political in their tactics and who do not consider the national advantage which we are desirous of serving at the present moment.
Mr. McSHANE: It will hardly be necessary to say much in reply to the speech of the right hon. and learned Gentleman below the Gangway after the way in which it has been dealt with by the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton). Either the right hon. and learned Gentleman is in favour of the better education of the working-class children or he is not. If he is in favour of their better education, then he must know, if he has any knowledge of the working-class, that it is impossible, particularly, as he emphasised, at this time,

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at this so-called crisis, for any of them to continue advanced education for their children in the difficult circumstances of to-day. I can only conclude that, since he does not give them the means with which to enable the working-class parents to send their children to school for another year he cannot be entirely sincere in his desire to give them education. With regard to the form, the right hon. and learned Gentleman said that, as the Income Tax paying class have to fill up a highly inquisitorial form, there could be no reason why working-class people also should not have to fill up such a form. I do not know what the right hon. and learned Gentleman really wants. I am one of those who would have liked to have seen maintenance allowances given to all. If this Government and this country and those who are supporting the education of our people say that it is in the interests of democracy, in the interests of the country, nationally, that these children should be educated, I believe then that the country ought not to ask working-class parents to pay for their education.
The right hon. and learned Gentleman spoke of the necessity of instituting more inquisitorial methods with regard to the allocation of this 5s. a week. I have here the questions which are to be asked, and I do not know what further inquisitorial form he would like to have. They have to fill in their name, the day, month and year when they were born, the address at which the child resides, the school at which it is in attendance, the name and address of the claimant, the occupation of the claimant, the weekly income from all sources, the name and address of the claimant's wife or husband. It does not ask how often they have been married or divorced. If that is not sufficiently inquisitorial for the right hon. and learned Gentleman, I can only conclude that he is not sincerely anxious for the further education of working-class children. My complaint against the Bill is for precisely the opposite reasons to those advanced by the right hon. and learned Gentleman. I wanted this Resolution to imply that when allowances were to be given to the children they should be given directly. It would be simpler in administration and cheaper than the inquisitorial forms to which I
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have referred. I feel certain that my complaint as to the way in which the maintenance grants are to be sanctioned will be echoed on all sides of the Committee. Clause 1 Sub-section (2) of the Bill states that a maintenance grant is to be paid if the person is qualified under Part I of the Second Schedule to receive such an allowance. When I turn to the Second Schedule I find that the grant will be paid if the income of the applicant from all sources does not exceed the prescribed limit. When I look to see what is the prescribed limit I am referred to some regulation which is not yet made by the Board of Education. So one pursues it from the Clause to the Schedule, from the Schedule to the prescribed limit, and from that to the regulation, and still we have not got the information.
Sir J. SIMON: Legislation by reference, very much so.
Mr. McSHANE: I think that this is a very objectionable way of pushing forward the grant scheme. Some of us want to introduce an amendment to the scheme, but presumably because of this legislation by reference we are unable to do so. The main difficulty in awarding the maintenance allowance will be found to be this: The allowance has to be based, first of all, upon the weekly income of the applicant. To-day that income varies almost from week to week. There is no man who can say one week whether next week he will have his income or not. He may not have it for a month for a fortnight, or he may have it for three months. At any rate there is one outstanding feature of it, and that is that it constantly varies. How the scheme will deal with the case of a man who works short time or overtime, or who is ill, and how it will be possible to maintain the constant check which by implication is contained in the Bill, is entirely beyond me. That is one of my first objections. My second objection is based on the fact that I agree with hon. Friends that the State as a whole should have assumed the entire burden. This work is to be done in the interests of the State in the interests of democracy as a whole. It is done, too, as a means of combating unemployment. The charge should have been entirely a State charge, because they are entirely State reasons for which the Resolution is brought forward.

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On the Second Reading I was interested in the speech of the Noble Lord the Member for Hastings (Lord E. Percy), who moved the rejection of the Bill. He argued that the means test and the maintenance allowance of 5s. a week would probably reduce purchasing power on the whole. That is why some of us are anxious that the grant should be raised considerably—to 7s. 6d. or 10s. One hon. Member on the other side of the Committee said that this proposal was a retrograde step. The hon. Member for Bridgeton spoke of the difficulties that lads in Scotland had in trying to educate themselves, and of the serious after effects if they did ultimately get through. I can speak with personal experience of that. I shall never forgive a social system that put me through all the suffering and anguish and trouble that I had in order that I might become, as I wanted to become, an educated man.
Speaking also as at one time headmaster of a school I say that the lads and lasses who have reached 14 and are now going to get an extra year will be more delighted than anyone else in the country. In the modern school, changed altogether from that of the old days, there has grown up between teacher and child a love that endures for many years after the child leaves school. To us to whom the boys and girls came to bid goodbye before they left at 14, in order to enter industry, there was nothing more poignant than the knowledge that many of these boys were going into wretched conditions in factories, when they had a right as children to get some of the sweetness and colour of life. I am glad to know that these lads and lasses, who are as good as any in the land, are going to have an extra year added to the fairyland in which they have a right to roam. I hope that if there is any possibility of amending the Resolution we shall get an opportunity of doing so. I approve entirely of the principles of the Resolution. I think it will be a good thing for the child, for the home, and ultimately for the nation.
Viscountess ASTOR: I have always fought, I cannot remember when I was not fighting, for education, but I think we have to make up our minds that more nonsense is talked shout education than about any subject in the world. Education is one of the most unpopular things
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before the country. We have only to look at the long line of our Ministers of Education. They all appear to be very weak. Take the right hon. Gentleman Mr. Fisher, who brought in the Fisher Bill. I asked him why he did not press it through. The reason was that he was always fighting against the Chancellor of the Exchequer and that he had not the great mass of opinion in the country behind him. Nor had he that of other Members of the Cabinet. Then take the Noble Lord the Minister of Education in the last Government. He had to fight with the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He went as far as he could, but he had never behind him the pressure of public opinion in the country. The present Minister of Education is probably the weakest of the lot. The Labour party got into office on the pledge to raise the school age and to give maintenance grants. Their first King's Speech contained no reference to it. There was always a terrible row going on in the party. The trade unionists wanted one thing, others wanted another. Why? Because education is really not popular. [Interruption.]
Miss RATHBONE: That is why your party is opposing the Bill.
Viscountess ASTOR: On any matter that affects the country as a whole I never speak from a party or a class point of view. I thank heaven that I have a better vision than to feel that God made people in classes or put them into parties for life. I am not now speaking from any party point of view, but from a practical point of view. The present Minister of Education knows perfectly well that he brought in a Bill which would have meant a religious war. He had to drop it. Then he brought in a Bill for maintenance grants, which I believe he is against in his heart. [Interruption.] Anyhow he brought it in. [Interruption.] We see how people have been educated when they cannot listen to a debate without constant interruption. As I said, the Minister brought in this maintenance grant scheme. He knows perfectly well that if he had been considering education he would have followed the Hadow Report. I think that the late Minister of Education ought to have said to the country that in 1933 or 1935 there would be a raising of the school-leaving age. That would have per-

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mitted time for the necessary reorganisation. Then the present Minister would have had an enormous chance, if he had come forward with a plan to say that when it was possible he would raise the school-leaving age.
In the meantime, if he had money to throw about, suppose he had come to us and had shown that a great deal of our elementary education was wasteful because 50 per cent. of the children attending the elementary schools suffered from physical defects of one kind or another; if he had had a plan to deal with such things, to deal with those from slum areas and overcrowded districts, of whom 80 per cent., when they get to school, are not in a fit physical state for education, and if he had said that he wanted to spend the money on open-air nursery schools and in complete reorganisation of the whole thing, leading up to the full adopton of the Hadow Report, I do not believe that any party would have dared to oppose him.
The right hon. Gentleman knows what a fight we have had to get this Bill at all. Hon. Members all know. Let us be honest for a change. Look at the cinemas. It might be said that they are more popular than the churches and chapels. But we know that the churches and chapels do far more good to the community than the cinemas. I do not think that I could vote against the raising of the school-leaving age if it was done in decency and order, but here it is done in indecency and disorder, and no one knows that better than the Minister. It has been a great mistake to view education from the point of view of employment. The Minister is making a wrong appeal. He should press the matter from the point of view of education. He should note what is being done by progressive local authorities. Plymouth is among them. In Plymouth we have had reorganisation for three years, so that every child can—
The DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN: The Noble Lady must bear in mind that at the moment we are discussing maintenance grants and not reorganisation.
Viscountess ASTOR: I was going to say that we had done this without having all-round maintenance grants. In Plymouth every child who needs it can get
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the maintenance grants, not into the secondary schools but even up to the university.
Mr. MOSES: Not in the elementary schools.
Viscountess ASTOR: I am talking about the secondary schools. Everybody knows that there are no maintenance grants in the elementary schools. Who is proposing that there should be?
HON. MEMBERS: We are.
Mr. MOSES: The Noble Lady is referring to Plymouth. In Plymouth we have had the school-leaving age raised to 15, but we have no maintenance grants.
Viscountess ASTOR: That is what I have been saying.
Mr. MOSES: I would point out that what the Noble Lady said was that at Plymouth they did receive grants.
Viscountess ASTOR: No. However, I will leave the hon. Member and get on with the business. What I was saying was that we have raised the school age without all-round maintenance grants and that it is working extraordinarily well. Maintenance grants are given in cases of need, and in the past year, 62 children between the ages of 14 and 15 were given allowances of varying amounts. Need is not allowed to stand in the way of any child in Plymouth. This area concerns some 30,000 and a sum of £6,500 has been spent in a year on maintenance in taking children right to the universities. I maintain that if we can do that in Plymouth, it would have been more in the interests of real education for the Minister to have said that he was going to carry out, in time, the findings of the Hadow Report. Most of the local authorities are ready for it, and the Minister ought to encourage them to do what we are doing in Plymouth. Hon. Members opposite know, and we all know, that these maintenance grants are intended to make the Bill more popular. This proposal is really a bribe to the parents. I do not believe in that policy. I do not think it works. If the State makes up its mind that it is good for the State and for the children and for industry that the schools should be reorganised, and that the children should stay on longer at school, then, if the parents are getting the benefit of that

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additional education, I do not see why the State should pay them for keeping their children at school unless in cases of necessity.
Mr. McSHANE: Does the Noble Lady regard the allowances which are made in respect of children to people who pay Income Tax as being also in the nature of bribes?
Viscountess ASTOR: No, I do not think so. Of course, it is their own money. I think if the Minister, as one really interested in education, had shown vision and courage he would have been able to render a great service to education throughout the country, but I am going to vote against these maintenance grants. I believe that if the Minister has the money to spend he could spend it in better ways. He could spend it on those children between two and five who would need it in order to fit them for the elementary schools. I do not believe that the State ought to bribe the parents for keeping their children at school and hon. Members opposite know that this proposal means nothing else. If it is not a bribe why put it into the Bill at all? Hon. Members opposite tell me that one of the most unpopular things which they have to face is this question of education and I know it myself. These very same people who now talk about education have been our opponents when we have been fighting for education. They have gone round the back streets and told the people, "Lady Astor wants to keep your children at school longer when they might go into industry." I have had to fight that kind of thing myself, but I do not mind fighting for an unpopular thing if I think it is right. I suppose we must forgive the different Ministers of Education, all of whom have seemed so weak, when we consider what they have had to face. I would beg of the Minister to consider, even if this proposal is turned down, that it is not too late for a party which has so many keen educationists in it to come down to the House of Commons with a big plan of real educational reorganisation.
I have heard all the financial reasons given from one side and the other. We can go too far and can spend too much, but this proposal involves a reckless expenditure on bribes which shocks even
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me—and I have fought, in and out, always for education. I ask the right hon. Gentleman to consider what has been done in areas like Plymouth. I ask him to go there and see what is being done. There is no hardship; the working people are not complaining, but, on the contrary, they are delighted because they know that if their children cannot get jobs it is far better that those children should be kept at school where if necessary they can be fed. Hon. Members opposite and the hon. Lady from Scotland talk in complete ignorance about this matter. Anybody would think to hear some of the speeches that have been made that the Government in this Bill were introducing a charter of freedom for the children. This Bill is nothing of the kind. The Government are simply "getting the wind up" because they find that they cannot keep some of the promises they have made, and they think that this proposal will appeal to the electorate. I do not believe that it will.
I believe that from the point of view of those really interested in education the Minister has been extraordinarily weak and very late in bringing in his Bill and he has accompanied it with a bribe which even the local authorities consider too big, because he admitted himself that he is giving larger grants than those suggested by the association. Why is he doing that? To placate hon. Members from the Clyde? He cannot do so because if the Government give them everything in the world they will not be pleased until they have reduced the whole of England to their level. I do not want to do that. I want to bring the whole up to a higher level and I think it can be done by education, carried out with thoughtfulness, always keeping in mind the facts of the case, and not being pushed, first by the Chancellor of the Exchequer and then by the Left Wing. It is a big disappointment to me that the Labour Government which I thought was going to show such vision should have gone back on the Hadow Report, should have waited so long to bring in a Bill and should then have brought it in with this bribe which looks very like losing them the Bill. Indeed I am beginning to think that the Government would not mind losing the Bill. I am becoming suspicious in that respect. But I am deeply sorry and disappointed and

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I shall vote with a perfectly clear conscience against these maintenance grants though I could never vote with a clear conscience against the raising of the school age in accordance with the Hadow Report.
Mr. DENMAN: This debate is following the normal trend of education debates in which opponents declare themselves enthusiastic in the cause of education but find the circumstances or the precise proposals are not to their mind. I did not expect to find the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon) in that band. On his own argument as regards time he might well have been prepared to accept this Resolution and to reserve his criticisms to a more appropriate occasion namely the Committee stage of the Bill. The question of the time when the Bill should begin is one with which this Resolution does not deal at all. This is simply a Resolution empowering us to proceed with the Committee stage of the Bill and to authorise the expenditure of money in connection with the administration of the Measure. The question of time only arises on the last words of the last Clause of the Bill and obviously an Amendment in Committee is the appropriate manner of altering it, if it must be altered. Personally I hope it will not be altered. As to the other points which have been raised what is there especially wrong in maintenance allowances which apply to all children who have been withdrawn from the possibility of earning a livelihood, and whose families would be called upon to make a financial sacrifice by reason of that withdrawal. As a matter of principle we already recognise that the State should make financial sacrifices for the good of education. The Noble Lady the Member for the Sutton Division of Plymouth (Viscountess Astor) talks of bribes. If she is right then clearly the present maintenance allowances are also bribes. They are inducements put before the parent to send his child to school.
Mr. CAMPBELL: Not compulsorily.
Mr. DENMANThe hon. Member suggests that there is a difference between voluntarily wending a child to school and compulsory attendance, but what is the particular merit of bribing a parent to
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do something voluntarily, and why is it offensive to grant allowances, in the other case, to enable a family to maintain its spending capacity?
Viscountess ASTOR: I think that the hon. Member misunderstands me. I said that at Plymouth if the parents can make a case and show that they really do need the money then the allowance is granted.
Mr. MOSES: Not in the elementary schools.
Mr. DENMAN: I think a reference has been made already to the allowances given to Income Tax payers. In that case there is no inquiry as to whether the parent is necessitous or not before he can claim his Income Tax rebate. The principle which the State recognises is this: that it is a good thing to maintain the child at school after the age of 16, and, if the parent maintains the child at school after the age of 16, then the State says that it will forego the taxation which it would otherwise collect from him. If it is right for the State to allow such a parent money which it would otherwise collect from him in order that he may keep his child at school why is it wrong for the State to hand over 5s. a week in the case of the child of an engineer in order that that child may complete its education?
Lord E. PERCY: I would like to find out what is in the mind of hon. Members who talk in this way. If I understand the hon. Member's argument it is one which would apply equally to the payment of maintenance allowances in respect of a child from the date of birth. The Income Tax allowance which is only continued while the child is at school is given from the date of birth but can the hon. Member say why on his own principle you should give maintenance allowances to the parent of a child between 14 and 15 and not to the parent of a child of any other age, whether before 14 or after 15?
Mr. DENMAN: That is not the point now. I agree that in logic you can justify the payment of allowances for a child from the date of birth, especially when the child cannot be properly maintained without it, but we are here faced with the practical problem that the child is an income-producer at the age of 14. You withdraw him from the labour

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market and lessen the income of the family, and if you are to maintain that family's standard, you must, in common sense, give a maintenance allowance. The Noble Lord opposite will allow me perhaps to say that his speeches are so interesting and provocative that he caused me to rise at least 20 times in the course of the debates on the previous Education Bill, because there were certain comments that, it seemed to me, ought to be made upon the point of view which he put forward.
It is impossible, within the limits of Order on this Resolution, to discuss general education problems, but to-day we have had from the hon. Member for Westmorland (Mr. Stanley), who reflects the opinions of the Noble Lord, the allegation that we ought to proceed to fill the gap between the ages of 14 and 18 by means of part-time continued education. I really must recall to the Noble Lord that that was accomplished in the year 1918. I suppose I sat through every day and every hour of those debates, excepting the intervals for food, and we then laid down a system, at a supposed cost of £8,750,000 as the Bill was introduced, under which those continuation classes were available. The Conservative party, in power ever since the War, in full control of this House and the other, did not put that into force, and they now come to us and say that we ought to be doing it. The Noble Lord is too late. The Noble Lord's party did not take the opportunity for continuation classes which I wish had been taken in the year 1919, but, that having gone, we are compelled to proceed on this better way. We are compelled, by the recommendations of the Hadow Report and by the universal agreement of educational opinion, to proceed with this Measure.
I agree with those who argue that the real problem on this Financial Resolution is simply whether this money is adequately spent or not, whether it is a good way of spending the money, or whether, as the hon. Member for Westmorland said, on balance, taking the pros and cons, there is a national advantage. We, on this side, believe without a doubt that there is a national advantage. There are very solid financial arguments, of which we have had some already. I do not propose to discuss the number of adults who may be taken
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off the unemployed labour market. That figure is one that I am always shy of attempting to estimate. It is impossible to arrive at any figure that you can with confidence mention. It has the further disadvantage that you have no possible means subsequently of proving yourself right, and I detest an estimate that I cannot subsequently prove to have been right. But there is another set of figures, namely, those of juvenile unemployment. The Noble Lord, in his speech last May, which I have brought with me, because he made some extremely startling remarks, asserted:
"There has never been a time, either, in the history of this country when, taking the country as a whole, there was so little juvenile unemployment, when children leaving school found employment, and permanent employment, so quickly and easily."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 29th May, 1930; col. 1532, Vol. 239.]
I wonder where he got his authority for that statement? I hastened to the "Board of Trade Gazette," and I find that in the years 1927 and 1928 the figures of unemployed juveniles, instead of being between 80,000 and 90,000, were about 50,000. I looked back to 1913, when the figures were not made on a comparable basis, and the juveniles on the register under 17 were then under 9,000. I agree that they are not comparable, but what evidence is there that unemployment was anything like as bad among juveniles in the old days as it is now?
Lord E. PERCY: There is no proof before the War, simply because there were no statistics, but I would refer the hon. Member to his Friend the hon. Member for Rochdale (Mr. Kelly), who has had a long experience of juvenile unemployment, for evidence on that point. As to the later figures, it is true that when I spoke last May I ought to have said that the year, before when the late Government left office, there never had been so little juvenile unemployment. It is quite true that it began to go up last May, and, as I observed the other day, it is now about double what it was a year and a-half ago.
Mr. DENMAN: I thank the Noble Lord for that correction of his own figures, because it really is an important point. Our contention here is that there never is a better time in which to take children out of the labour market than when there

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is a high unemployment figure among both adults and juveniles, and we now have a juvenile unemployment that is the most serious menace over the whole field of unemployment. We now have over 110,000 juveniles unemployed. and the unemployment of juveniles is perhaps even more localised than that of adults. I have taken the trouble to take out some local figures, and they are really astonishing. In London the percentage of juvenile unemployment is 2.3; in Lancashire it is 18.5; in Cheshire it is 20.2; and in Durham it is 24.2 per cent.
Lord E. PERCY: Then why have a universal rate of maintenance allowances?
Mr. DENMAN: Let us come to the effect of juvenile unemployment. You find in some of those areas, even within an area like Cheshire, that there are variations from 2.6 to 49.3 per cent., and there is even one unhappy case where the percentage is 100. Clearly, where you have these high percentages of unemployed children under the age of 18, the sensible thing is to keep them in school. You do not wart any proof of that. You remember no doubt what the Malcolm Report said about juvenile unemployment. Let me repeat it, because it should be on record in this debate. The Malcolm Report of 1926 said:
"In depressed districts, where the atmosphere is charged with disillusionment and discouragement, to allow boys and girls of from 14 to 18 to roam the streets should be unthinkable. That the unemployed boy of to-day is the unemployable man of tomorrow is a saying which we are satisfied is often only too true.… The disintegrating effect, moral and physical, of juvenile unemployment is incalculable."
Try to put that into any figures you choose. You have 110,000 unemployed below the age of 18, and you take all the children under 15 off the labour market. Clearly you will remove an appreciable portion of those from this influence of unemployment, and if you are not content with the moral and intellectual good, the financial good is one that you ought to recognise as being a very appreciable set-off against any expenditure on maintenance grants.
There is a further point which has not been enough emphasised, and that is the effect of this Measure and the Resolution on which it is based on juvenile employ-
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ment itself, which is very different from juvenile unemployment. There was an interesting inquiry by the Ministry of Labour in 1925, I think it was, in which they took samples of the circumstances of boys and girls who registered at the Exchanges throughout the country, and examined about 6,000 cases to ascertain their industrial history. I am not going to worry the Committee with the results, except to quote what a distinguished economist, commenting upon that report, said. His comment was this:
"Not more than one in every six of the whole sample had even a mathematical chance of starting his or her industrial career in a job that offered prospects of training or permanence."
Is that not a further example of the way in which you are allowing your children at the present time to start life under conditions in which they will inevitably, one way or another—they and their ultimate families—become a charge upon the country? I say that you are doing an exceedingly sound work in passing this Bill and taking these children off the labour market, if only on the ground of economy. I ask hon. Members opposite to realise the intensity of the feeling of this party on this subject. They have good educationists among them, of course, but let them realise—and I hope they will induce their friends in another place also to realise—that there is no subject upon which the best feeling of the Labour party is more unanimous. If they insist, on their side, on keeping the privileges and joys of education as a strict preserve of the wealthy, and denying us a very real attempt to extend those privileges to another year of child life, I say that they will cause more permanent resentment on the part of those who matter among their opponents than they realise.
8.0 p.m.
Mr. MORRIS: I have no desire to take part in a debate which has been greatly concerned with determining whether one side or another is in favour of education or not, whether they are progressive or retrograde, but I am concerned with the consideration of this Financial Resolution, and I rise, first and foremost, to ask a question of the Minister with regard to the effect of the Resolution. The Resolution imposes a burden, according to the estimate in the White Paper, of £1,500,000 on the rates of the country, and that burden will not

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fall uniformly upon the different sections of the community, but will have one incidence in the urban areas and a totally different incidence in the rural areas. The danger to-day in rural areas is that those people who have been progressive supporters of education may be driven to the ranks of opponents because of the financial questions involved. These burdens fall totally differently in the rural areas as compared with the urban areas. In the urban areas the schools are large, the population is concentrated, and the attendance rune into hundreds; but in the rural areas the schools are scattered and the attendance is small. You scarcely find a school in a rural area with an attendance of more than 100; the great majority are below 50. The overhead charges in the individual rural schools are practically the same as in the urban areas. The rural school has to be staffed at the same rate and provided with appliances at the same rate. The result is that the net cost per child for education in the rural school is far higher than in the urban areas. This Financial Resolution and the Bill will impose a new burden not only by adding a year to the school life of the child, but by making necessary a reorganisation of the schools to meet the new requirements. We cannot add another year in the elementary schools as we know them to-day, and the reorganisation—
The DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member is really trespassing outside the scope of the Resolution.
Mr. MORRIS: I do not want to trespass beyond the scope of the Resolution, but I submit that the Resolution, if it be passed, will be a material part of the Bill, and I want to ask the Minister, if I can within the rules of order, to give some assurance that a reorganisation of the present grant formula will be made in order to differentiate between the urban and rural positions. I ask that because this burden of £1,500,000 on the rates—
Mr. KINLEY: It will still remain a burden on the ratepayers.
Mr. MORRIS: Yes, but I want a readjustment of the present formula. The grant as between rural and urban areas now is the same, and I want an assurance
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from the Minister that when this Resolution becomes operative, it will not become so by placing the additional £1,500,000 upon the rural ratepayers in the same proportion as the expenditure is now imposed on them under present conditions. The existing grants are paid to urban and rural areas on the same formula without any differentiation. The formula is made up of a number of different items. There is a sum in respect of 60 per cent. for teachers salaries, and others in respect of 20 per cent. for loan charges, 50 per cent. for school maintenance services, and 20 per cent. for other expenditure.
The DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member is going outside the limits allowed on this Resolution. This argument would be quite applicable to the Bill. The question before the Committee has reference to maintenance grants, and while it would be in order to give reasons why the money asked for in this Resolution should not be voted, it is not in order to discuss general matters which form the substance of the Bill itself.
Mr. MORRIS: I am submitting that the additional £1,500,000 that will have to be provided from the rate under this Financial Resolution will probably be distributed as the law now stands under this grant formula. I ask the Minister to make some variation in the formula in order to take cognisance of the difference between urban and rural areas before the Resolution is confirmed. Unless some such cognisance of that differentiation is taken, the Minister will find himself confronted with the danger in the rural areas that those who have been champions of educational reform and progress will have to cry a halt. This Bill alone and the reorganisation under the Bill will involve, with the cheapest scheme possible, an additional rate of ls. 4d. in the £. This Resolution does nothing to meet that situation. The parents of those children who have to attend school will on the one side get a grant of 5s.—
The DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN: The hon. Member is travelling far beyond what is allowed in this discussion. I will not prevent him making passing references to the difficulties named, but what he is discussing now is far more appropriate to the Bill itself.
Mr. MORRIS: I do not want to pursue that point any further, but I want seriously to call the attention of the Minister to the fact that this Financial Resolution as it stands will impose a very serious additional burden, and that some means should be devised to meet the situation in the rural areas before the Resolution is finally passed.
Mr. BARR: I would like to refer to some of the arguments against the maintenance allowances. The hon. Member for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley) argued that, because in the cases he quoted only a small percentage in special areas did not avail themselves of the opportunity of contracting out—and this is what caused a good deal of warm feeling—the working-class parents do not require a further year and do not desire the support of maintenance grants. The hon. Member altogether left out of account the economic situation of these parents which, for the time being, stills their ambition for higher education. I served for 11 years on the Glasgow School Board, and education administrators know that in many cases parents are not enthusiastic. There have been cases where the birth certificate was presented in order to show that the child was born in the forenoon, and therefore was not bound to attend in the afternoon of the day when it, reached 14 years of age. That is illustrative of the habit that has grown up with the continual economic pressure, but deep down in the hearts of working-class parents there is the desire so finely expressed by one of the English poets—William Wordsworth—to give their sons
"a better bringing up than his had been or hers."
Therefore, I am not impressed by the idea that parents do not want it. I go further. Even if there be no great enthusiasm, even though in some parts the Measure may be unpopular, I am proud to belong to a Government that is giving a lead in this matter. When compulsory education was introduced the majority of people did not want it, but they had enlightened Governments that led, and the people eventually followed. The second argument against the grant is the burden of taxation. What does it amount to? I take the maximum figures for 1935–6; they amount altogether, including the burden on the rates, to
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£8,000,000. The total of the last Budget was £789,000,000, so that this is the merest bagatelle. In that total £110,000,000 was for armaments. Of the total Budget, 14s. in the £ goes for the payment of past wars and for possible wars. The whole of the social services, strictly so-called—education, pensions, health, housing, and unemployment— come to only 3s. 2½d. in the £. The £8,000,000 which is being imposed by this Bill comes to only 2½d. in the £ on our full Budget. If it were necessary to raise the sum by cutting £8,000,000 off armaments, I would be glad to see it, and I believe that our country would be safe with that economy. My hon. Friend the Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) made a proper reference to the right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon) as a great Liberal statesman. There have been other great Liberal statesmen, and I should like to recall to the Committee a contrast that was made by John Bright between the expenditure on war and the expenditure on education. He said this in 1854:
"But for the wars of the last 100 years, this country might have been a garden, every dwelling might have been of marble, and every person who treads its soil might have been sufficiently educated."
When hon. Gentlemen speak so much about the burden of expenditure, I suggest that a little shifting on to the social services of other expenditure could easily be accomplished. I should like to refer to one thing which fell from the right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley. He said that in those schools to which he made reference he had never discovered any class feeling or distinction whatever. What grieved me most during the eleven years that I was an educational administrator was the class feeling running right down through education, even in the elementary schools. It came up in the fixing of holidays; for some you gave six weeks, and to others two months. It came up in the matter of putting into operation the powers which we have in Scotland for the extension of age to 15, and in the opening up of evening classes, because there was a considerable element which did not believe that education was valuable for the people as a whole, but only for selected individuals. In that they are only the children of their fathers. Hon. and right hon. Gentlemen who are opposing this step are the lineal descendants of

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those who opposed education from the beginning. What did "Blackwood's Magazine" say in 1839:
"That education would make the working classes uneasy and restless, that ignorance is the true parent of contentment, and that the only education that could safely be given to the working classes was a religious education that would make them humble, patient and moral, and would relieve the hardship of their present lot by the prospect of a bright eternity."
And as your fathers said, so do ye! A further argument is this, that the manner and the time are not suitable. It never was a suitable time, throughout the progress of education, with the exception of the lapse in 1918, when there was a different feeling abroad and people felt they must make some compensation for the War and its disasters. But, generally speaking, there have always been people who said, "This is not the time." I do not often quote Scripture here, hut there is a book called "Haggai," and it tells us the position of the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Spen Valley:
"This people say, the time is not yet come that the Lord's house should be built. Then came the word of the Lord by Haggai the prophet, saying"—
This applies to right hon. Gentlemen above the Gangway, as well as to the right hon. Gentleman I am referring to—
"Is it time for you, oh ye, to dwell in your cieled houses, and this house lie waste? Now, therefore"—
and this is especially appropriate to the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Spen Valley—
"thus saith the Lord of Hosts, Consider your ways."
I approve of these maintenance allowances although, like many of those who have spoken from our side, I should have greatly preferred them without any conditions whatsoever; but I do not wish to go out-side the Resolution by making more than a passing reference. I value what has been done in enabling a clever boy here and there to go to the high school, the college or the secondary school. The hon. Lady the Member for Sutton Division (Viscountess Astor) said this was not levelling up, but it is just because it is levelling up that I support it. My hon. Friend the Member for Bridgeton spoke feelingly and properly about the ladder in Scotland by which the lad of parts can rise to position,
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power and eminence in this country, and he spoke of the struggle that those lads have.
In my closing remarks I will give one example of how one of the most brillliant Scotsmen financed himself. David Livingstone entered the mills at 10 years of age. On his spinning jenny he put Ruddiman's "Rudiments of the Latin Tongue," and got up his declensions as he was walking backwards and forwards. There were not so many foremen about at that time, and there was no rationalisation ! He went on to college at Glasgow as a very young man, and paid 2s. 6d. a week for his board and lodging there. Every summer, when the session of the college was over, he returned to work in the mill to make enough to carry him over the winter again. That is a handicap which should not be put on poor children. In place of the educational ladder, which is a good enough idea for the lad of parts, it is a nobler idea not to lavish time and money on the lad of parts, who can commonly fend for himself, but, instead, to take those who are poorly endowed physically, mentally and economically and to bring them into line with the others through special classes and, if need be, with maintenance grants. We ought to bring the mass in—not one boy here and there, but the mass. I have a nobler vision than that of the ladder. I see a broad stairway, and the children of the working classes, peers now with the children of hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite, walking abreast up that broad stairway—in this way at the present time, and in better ways yet to come—walking abreast to positions of power and eminence and service in this country!
Mr. CADOGAN: I do not propose to follow the hon. Member for Motherwell (Mr. Barr) except to say that I, in company, as I should imagine, with all hon. Members on this side of the House, utterly decline to have anything that our ancestors said brought up in evidence against us. The hon. Member for South Shields (Mr. Ede) repudiated his maternal grandfather on the Second Reading of this Bill. To-night I find myself in complete agreement with the right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon). It is not the first occasion in the last two or three

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years in which I have been in agreement with him, but on the other occasions it had been on a subject which, I hope, may be classed as non-controversial between the three parties, and that the future constitution of India. It is not necessary for me to refer to his speech, except on one point. He seemed somewhat puzzled as to why there was any differentiation in the means test as between applicants under this Bill and the payer of Income Tax. I do not think he is likely to get a correct answer from the Government Front Bench, but I think I can give it. Income Tax payers are in a minority, and therefore have less consideration from the Government than the applicants under this Bill. The hon. Member for Darlington (Mr. Shepherd) and others who have spoken do themselves and us on this side of the House less than justice in not appreciating the gist of our contention in this matter. It is that the Government have no right to ask us to sanction this expenditure unless they are satisfied that it will not defeat the object for which it is incurred.
Many of us on this side are in favour of raising the school leaving age and, in other circumstances, might have been in favour of maintenance grants. But everyone who has given this matter serious consideration must be convinced that before we can go any further on these lines it should be an established axiom of government that there must be a definite relationship between expenditure on social services and the taxable capacity of the nation. That relationship must be determined by the extent to which taxation can be increased without its defeating the object with which it is imposed. Hon. Members opposite have expressed themselves as impatient of economy and do not want to foster our resources against better times, affecting to believe that the nation could bear an increased burden of extravagance. The hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) and those who think with him ask why we should economise at the expense of the children, and he asks: Why should we not conscript all the resources of this mighty nation in this great service of education. I do not quite know what that means. If, is only capable of bearing two interpretations.
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I believe it is that the hon. Member for Bridgeton wants to revolutionise the whole of our financial and social system. I do not know whether the hon. Member thinks that that is a useful thing to do at this particular moment, but, when the hon. Member puts that suggestion before the Committee, he should make sure that the rest of the world will reduce itself to the same condition of smouldering ruins.
When hon. Members opposite express their enthusiasm for education in such a way that they allow their tongues to run away with them, I would like to ask them to inform the Committee to what extent are the children of this country being starved of education. Does anybody believe that with our extensive system of scholarships we are starving education? What are the facts? What was the policy pursued by the Noble Lord the Member for Hastings (Lord E. Percy) during his term of office at the Board of Education. I do not know whether the Noble Lord will be classified as one of the old gang, but I would like to mention that under my right hon. Friend the number of free places in our secondary schools for which no tuition fees were charged was increased from 128,000 in 1924 to 164,000 in 1929. At the end of that year the free places in secondary schools were 40 per cent. of the whole number of pupils in the schools. In the 10 years during which the scheme of State scholarships has been in operation the number of pupils of 17 years of age and over in grant-aided schools has increased by 50 per cent. The reorganisation scheme of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Hastings allowed for 2,100,000 senior places by 1933. In the face of these facts, it is nonsense to talk about starving the children of free education.
How can anyone say, from the point of view of making the best of our circumstances, that sufficient has not been achieved in education to warrant us hesitating in the present financial stringency before undertaking expenditure of the kind which is now proposed in this Bill? How often has it been said that education is not an end but a means. If our children are going to be deprived of the opportunity of making an early start in life by such proposals as those which we are now discussing, surely we

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are dealing with our social problems in the wrong direction. For 20 years I have been associated with an institution in the East End of London which has among other objects the assisting and giving advice to the sons of industrial workers to enable them to obtain situations in firms and offices. In the past applications used to come to us very freely, but now the position is entirely reversed, and that institution is cutting down its staff owing to the burden of taxation.
I have recently had under my notice a case—it is not a singular one, but it is typical—of a young man who started life in an elementary school. He had a brilliant school career and obtained one of the open scholarships, but now he is unable to find a situation suitable to his ability. For what purpose has all the money been spent on his education? I think the President of the Board of Education should give his attention to this side of the subject, but I am afraid my appeal will fall on deaf ears, because the right hon. Gentleman and his colleagues, in spite of all the omens furnished by recent elections, still regard promises of vast expenditure on social services as their best asset at an election. What is the use of indulging in the very plausible argument that if you withdraw 500,000 from the labour market you will create that number of vacancies for the unemployed? Even if those vacancies are available, they will not be suitable for those men and women. The burden on the rates and taxes caused by this Measure will certainly counteract any contribution towards relieving unemployment which it may achieve. As to the extent of the expenditure involved in this Financial Resolution, the Memorandum accompanying the Bill admits that the cost of the maintenance allowances is not susceptible of close examination. I should think that the President of the Board of Education ought to thank his stars for that, because the country will not know the whole truth about this expenditure.
I entirely agree with the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon) that the President of the Board of Education has been so weak over the question of maintenance grants that he has substituted regulations prescribing income limits for a
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basis of need. I have always failed to understand the force of the argument that a scrutiny and verification of the means of the applicant makes an intolerable breach of the liberty of the subject. The right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley has pointed out that the taxpayers have to submit to a very searching inquiry and, as hon. Members know, we have all to supply Somerset House with particulars which we should not give to anyone else. In this matter I fail to see where the indignity comes in. Provision is made for a searching inquiry in regard to applicants for pensions, and I am afraid that hon. Members opposite will have to get accustomed to a very much more searching inquiry into their private means.
My contention in regard to this Resolution is that we have no right to incur such a substantial increase in our education expenditure for the next two years. The Chancellor of the Exchequer may not be in office for the next two years, and then there will be some chance that the financial stringency will become less acute, but, if this Bill is passed, the expenditure in this direction will be utterly and entirely wasted. All the evidence brings out into clear relief that any reorganisation of our educational system which would be sufficient to justify us in raising the school-leaving age cannot be completed within the next two or three years. If that is so, as I believe it to be, it is obvious that the cost of maintenance and all the incidental expenses must be wasted during those two or three years.
I cannot resist the conclusion that the chief reason why the right hon. Gentleman has allowed his zeal to outrun his discretion is that he cherishes the very venial ambition to have his name associated with a great Measure of social reform, and that he has misgivings, the omens being what they are, that if he does not commence now, he will not again be afforded the opportunity of passing this Measure. He has pledged himself and his colleagues to this Measure, but I do not see why the nation should suffer for his indiscretion. He has called the Measure the charter of the average child. I can only say that it will be a very average child that does not detect the imposture in it. It is the average child who will suffer. The

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child who is above the average in scholastic attainments and abilities gets to the top in any set of circumstances, but we are now witnessing the tragedy of thousands of average children suffering from the improvidence and extravagance, I do not say of this Government only, but of successive Governments, and, in spite of all the evidence and warnings that our prime need is to foster all our resources, on the top of all these other extravagances we are asked to-night to subscribe to a Financial Resolution which is as improvident as it is unneeded.
Mr. J. JONES: I have listened to most of the speeches in this debate, and I must say, as an unskilled labourer who has never had much opportunity of education, that, if the arguments that have been advanced against this Resolution were the best that could be advanced, I should be very pleased that I was ignorant. What is the argument? It is that the nation is not in a position to afford the extension of school opportunities to these children, and that argument had been emphasised time after time by people who have wasted, according to their own arguments, seven or eight years of their lives at school; and they have not merely wasted their time, according to the arguments they have advanced, but they have "pinched" the educational facilities of this country away from the common people. Within 300 yards of this House there is a school, and a lot of Members of the House, past and present, have gone through it. What does it cost to educate a boy at Westminster School? They wear top hats; some of them used to wear tin hats in the War; and they ought to wear tin cans now. They are the people who say we must not spend money on providing opportunities of maintenance for working-class children, and yet every one of those who have been educated at the school across the road has cost the nation indirectly £200 a year. Endowments left for the education of the children of the poor have been robbed from the poor by the rich. All our great public schools—where do they start from? In better days, perhaps, from an educational standpoint, than these, men of good will died and left large sums of money, not to educate those who could afford to pay for their
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own education, but to educate the ordinary people who could not afford to get education in those days. Even the monasteries were "pinched," and yet these people talk about religion sometimes now—when they are sober.
When all this has been done, what are the maintenance allowances going to be? Five shillings a week. I am surprised at the timidity of the Government, not at their extravagance. They are proposing maintenance allowances of 5s. a week, and Members who have spoken to-night will go down into the smoking room and the dining room and spend 5s. in less than hour. Is it not nearly time that we faced up to the facts? Yesterday in this House a maintenance allowance was given to the Cunard Shipping Company, because by themselves they could not afford to keep their ships at sea. They have been run off the ocean by the Germans, and therefore we must give them a subsidy, which is a maintenance allowance for capitalists. In four years it is going to be £6,000,000 if the policy is carried into full effect; and I noticed when I read the debate this morning that all Members of all parties congratulated the Government upon their magnificent statesmanship. Maintenance for capitalists, but not for workers' children! Is it not time that this hypocrisy was finished?
We are supporting this Resolution, not because we are satisfied with the amount, not because we are satisfied with the conditions, but because we say it is nearly time the worker got a look-in. I am one of those who have never had much education, but, owing to a succession of fortunate circumstances, I have been able to give my own children a better chance than I had, and I thought it was any duty to do so if I was able. I still have a boy of 17 at school. All the assistance that we have received is what the local education authority gave us. I listened to the Noble Lady the Member for Sutton (Viscountess Astor) talking about what they had done in Plymouth, but West Ham can give Plymouth a start and a good hiding, and we are a poorer district than ever Plymouth was. We have sent boys from the docks, the sons of dockers—men who have never been sure of 24 hours' consecutive work in any week; and we have sent girls also, the daughters of men who worked in the docks as casual labourers, to higher

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grade and secondary schools, and even up to the universities—and a greater number than have been sent from Plymouth.
I am not boasting about that, but am only pointing out the lesson. If we can do that in one of the poorest districts in the East End of London, with the limited means at our disposal, what could we not do if all the children of the country had a decent chance—and this is only the beginning of the decent chance? You have had too much monopoly of education in the past. The argument is not so much an argument about the 5s. a week; the argument is, in the language of the gentlemen who opposed the first Education Bill, "Gentlemen, you are educating your future masters." Every step we take in the direction of improving educational facilities, every time we fight for bringing the bottom dog up to a better position, this argument is advanced. It is not really an argument about money, but an argument of class privilege and ascendancy. "We are going to be the governing class, and all the avenues are going to be closed so far as we are able to close them. We are just letting you pick up the educational crumbs that fall from the rich man's table." That is the whole argument. So far as we on these benches are concerned, although our own children may not benefit—they are too old to benefit— we are looking to the children who are growing up around us. Take my own district. Hon. Gentlemen on the opposite side of the House represent a different class from ours—
Mr. CADOGAN: No!
Mr. JONES: Absolutely. From a psychological point of view you live in a different world. You may get working men's votes because they are blind, but you do not get them because they know. You frighten them with their shibboleths. You tell them that they have only to vote for the boss and everything in the garden will be lovely. Then they go to the boss, and they find that they have got no garden to be lovely in. We are not satisfied with the provisions of the Bill; we think it does not go half as far as we would like it to go. It proposes this small expenditure of 5s. a week on maintenance allowances for children up to the age of 15. Hon. Mem-
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bers opposite cannot keep a dog on 5s. a week. You are asking my constituents in the Albert and Victoria and King George's Dock districts to keep on making sacrifices to keep their children at school for another year at 5s. a week. You will give more than 5s. a week to your sons at Eton, Harrow or Winchester for pocket money.
What do you think we are made of? Do you think that we are made of different clay from what you are? I have never had much education, but I have learned enough outside school to find you out. I have taken all my degrees in the university of poverty. Having gone through it, I know exactly how it feels. I know what children like I was are suffering now. I can go to my constituency and see them going to school hungry, but, thank God, they will not be long in school before they are fed by a Labour Council. I can see those children to-morrow in the feeding centres getting their morning meal before they start their education. We had to fight for 30 years before we could get it. I have studied the history of education in my small way. Every time anyone has come along to give a greater chance to the common people there has always been someone to say, "We cannot afford it," but, if someone moved a resolution to build more battleships or to increase the Army or the Air Force, they would troop into the Lobby singing "Rule Britannia," whatever it cost. I want the House to recognise our responsibility. We are here to represent the common people. You may for a time bull-doze some of them into voting for you. I am willing to meet any of the ornaments on that bench, more ornamental than useful or intelligent. If my parents had spent as much on my education as theirs have on them, I should be sorry for my parents. I am only asking the House to pass this Motion, small as it is from our standpoint, as a stepping-stone to higher things, to the opening up of the great highway of education where eventually, by means of an educated democracy, we will make England a fit land for democrats and human beings to live in.
Sir B. PETO: As far as I could follow the hon. Member who has just sat down, he dealt with two aspects only of this Financial Resolution. First of all underlying the whole speech was the assump-

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tion that the working classes, or their children, are going to get some substantial benefit by the particular method and the particular time when this Financial Resolution is going to provide the money for maintenance grants. Secondly, he dealt with the educational side of the question only and ignored the unemployment side. So far as the rural population is concerned, I do not believe they are going to get any advantage whatever from compulsory attendance at school, even if they get 5s. a week, from the age of 14 to 15. On the other side, we cannot regard this proposal for the expenditure of from £6,000,000 up to very nearly £9,000,000 in a few years time from an educational point of view only when the Measure was recommended by the Prime Minister on the first day of the Session as the principal Measure of the Government for dealing with unemployment. The Prime Minister said he should like the business between now and Christmas to be to as great an extent as possible in the nature of unemployment emergency Measures. Then he indicated that there would be two Measures taken, of which the first is this Education Bill.
Taking this dual view, of the employment of the people on the one side and the education on the other, both these questions must be viewed from two points of view again, from the industrial and from the agricultural point of view. With regard to the general question, I agree that any great addition to the huge expenditure of this country at present is bound to deter employment and not to increase it. The hon. Member for Motherwell (Mr. Barr) said a matter of £8,000,000 was a very small proportion of our total expenditure. It is 1 per cent. and, therefore, he argued that it was negligible. But it has already been shown that, the higher your expenditure, the less can you afford any addition at this moment.
It has been put forward from the other side that 5s. a week will be added to the budget of a working-class family and that there will he a consequent increase in the expenditure of working-class families who have children between 14 and 15 in attendance at school. That seems unanswerable until you consider that not all these children would be unemployed if they were not kept at
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school, that those who did find employment would be in receipt of 12s. a week at least and that, therefore, as far as that family is concerned, it is a loss to the family expenditure of 7s. a week. Further, where does this 5s, a week come from? It is not created out of nothing. It is not an addition to the total national expenditure of the country. It is taken every week from the direct taxpayer and handed over to these families. How can anyone maintain that that is an increase in the total spending power of the country? It is not at all. It is a sort of conjuring trick—rabbits out of a hat.
From the point of view of the rural community, this proposal directly tends to keep young people from seeking employment on the land, and from learning from their parents, if they are smallholders, all the necessary things that they will require to know in order to become competent small producers of agricultural produce themselves. I should like to call the attention of the Committee to the fact that during the last 10 years the diminution in the number of young people employed on the land has been 29 per cent., according to the Board of Agriculture returns, whereas the general falling off in agricultural employment has been under 15 per cent. It is practically double in respect of young people. I must bring this proposal of the Government into relation with the next proposal which we shall consider in a couple of days from now—the Agricultural Land Bill—two Measures for dealing with unemployment.. This Measure is to deal with unemployment by providing a maintenance grant for parents to enable them to keen their children off the labour market for an extra year. The other Measure proposes to establish a great number of new smallholdings mainly for the unemployed classes. Does the right hon. Gentleman the President of the Board of Education maintain that he is going to give a better rural education to these children between 14 and 15 at the expense indicated in the Financial Resolution which we are discussing than the parents of those children would, in most cases, give at home?
I will give the Committee a concrete example. I have in my constituency a farmer and his wife farming a very small farm, about 50 acres. It is what is called

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a family farm, where all the work of the farm is done by the husband and the wife, with the assistance of one son. There is also a daughter of 14 years of age. The mother not only milks the cows, but she does the dairy work, bakes bread for the whole of the family and does everything else. The mother is not dependent so much upon the daughter coming to help her this year, but she would be able to instruct her in all the multifarious duties which belong to the wife of a small farmer or smallholder. The child has had, presumably, eight years of elementary education. What is the Minister going to give her for the next year—a ninth year of exactly the same education in the same school. If she passes the means test, he is going to give 5s. a week to the father as recompense for preventing the child from being educated in precisely what is necessary in order to carry out the Government's own proposal for the establishment of smallholders on the land in large numbers. If they are going to deal with unemployment and education, at least there should be some co-ordination between these two branches of their policy. They should not be taking away from these children the education which is necessary and which is provided at no cost to the State by the parents, and denying them the opportunity of taking up an occupation upon the land.
9.0 p.m.
There is another aspect of this question. We are asked to pass this Resolution providing this large additional sum of money annually in order to pay these maintenance grants. We are asked to do so in order to achieve two objects. The fink is the better education of the children. I deny that, as far as the rural population is concerned, we shall get any better education as a result of this Measure which it is intended shall come into operation on let April next. The other object is to diminish unemployment. Unemployment is general. It relates to the industrial and to the agricultural population. Unemployment is increasing, and is going to increase enormously, in agriculture. I say that an the present state of affairs, when in some areas we have up to 50 per cent. of unemployment—I heard only yesterday of a town in Lancashire where the unemployment was 79 per cent.—to do
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anything to discourage children from going on to the land and following the same occupation as their parents, is to drive fresh competition into the towns to seek jobs which are so conspicuous by their absence to-day.
This Measure, as far as it relates to agriculture, will injure agriculture, discourage children from taking up the pursuit of agriculture, and, as far as industry is concerned, increase the competition for the jobs which are so painfully lacking for young people when they reach the age of 15. Nothing is to be gained from the national point of view, and I can see clearly that we are going to increase the unemployment of the country by adding a fresh handicap to our industries by rendering them, to the extent of this £8,000,000 a year additional burden, less able to compete with industries abroad. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, I shall vote against this proposal without the slightest hesitation, because I regard it as a Measure which will do nothing, because it is ill-conceived and has simply been brought forward because the Government have failed utterly to realise the position of the country.
Mr. BLINDELL: I hope that anything I may say in this discussion tonight will not be taken to mean that I am against any advance in the educational facilities of the young life of our nation. I certainly do not come within the category of the hon. Member for Silvertown (Mr. J. Jones) when he said that some hon. Members had wasted four, five or six years of their life at school, and that it was not to their advantage. Unfortunately, I had to leave school at a very early age, and for that reason I am most desirous that the children of to-day should receive an adequate educational training. There is something else that we must consider when we consider this Financial Resolution to-night, and that is the financial position of the country. The financial position of the country, I believe, is such that if this really is a luxury to be conferred upon the working-class children, this is not the right time for it to be put into operation. We shall never get back to a really prosperous state of affairs or find employment for our large body of unemployed men until we reduce the burden of taxation which is pressing upon the

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country to-day. When we remember that the burden of taxation is higher to-day than it has been for several years, that the tendency is for it to rise, and that local rates are continually mounting up, we ought to be very careful before we saddle the nation with extra expenditure of £8,000,000 a year.
Mr. LEES: Get rid of the War debt.
Mr. BLINDELL: We cannot discuss that to-night, but we can discuss whether the country can afford another £8,000,000 taxation at this particular time. The aspect of the question with which I am particularly concerned is that of local rates. Under this Bill, local rates will rise tremendously. In many rural districts and industrial centres to-day there are large schemes of work which ought to be done by the local authorities that are not being done because they cannot stand the expense. Under this Financial Resolution at least £2,000,000 will have to be provided by the local authorities by way of local rates. The people who pay the rates to-day are very largely the people who are going to receive this particular benefit. It may be said that if they are going to receive the benefit, they will not object to paying rates, but where is the commonsense in taking from them with one hand and giving back with the other?
Mr. SANDHAM: Checking robbery.
Mr. BLINDELL: You may call local rating robbery if you like, but I do not think that we ratepayers look upon local rating as robbing us. We regard ratepaying as a duty and we stand up to it. When we consider the raising of the school leaving age, we ought to consider not only whether it will be a good thing from the educational point of view, but whether this is the time to put it into operation. I am particularly concerned about the rural areas. If the Government are going to insist that this Bill must become operative on the 1st April, the children in the rural areas will not get benefit under the Bill. It is useless to say that they are ready in the rural areas to put this Act into operation on the 1st April. It will simply mean compelling these rural children to remain at school for one year longer. They will be
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kicking their heels for another year and all the time the local authority, already over-burdened with rates, will have to bear an extra burden in order to suit the wishes of certain Members of Parliament or of certain political thought in this country. That political thought may be right—I do not argue that it is wrong, because there may be a lot to be said for it—but I do say that it is a waste of money to insist upon its being put into operation on the 1st April next, unless the Government are perfectly sure that not only in London, where I believe there is a difficulty, but in the industrial centres and the rural centres they will be ready for the Act. So far as the rural population is concerned, the Government must be sure that the rural children will receive the benefit that the Government desire to confer upon them.
Many county councils are already holding back schemes on account of expense, and they are not ready for this increased expenditure. I was very anxious, so far as my own county council was concerned, to find out exactly what extra financial burden the proposals in this Bill would pass on to the ratepayers in my Division, and I find that if the Government insist on putting the Act into operation on the 1st April next, whatever the cost may be in my Division, there will be no benefit for those to whom the Act is supposed to apply. The children will not receive benefit, the parents and the ratepayers will not receive value for the money which they are called upon to spend. I am informed authoritatively that in my Division the cost to the local rating authority as a result of the passing of the Act will be an increased expenditure of £12,782, which means an addition to the local education rate of 1s. 3½d. in the pound. We positively cannot stand that at the moment, and certainly we cannot stand it unless we are definitely assured that we are going to get real value for the money. In my Division there will be an educational rate of 5s. in the pound levied upon the small urban authorities, very largely concerned with the ordinary working man who will be called upon to pay for this increased expenditure for educational purposes, because agricultural land does not pay any local rates. Seeing that the local rates are to be called upon to find £2,000,000, and may be very much more,

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to meet this new expenditure, and considering the educational facilities that exist, I think the President of the Board of Education ought seriously to consider postponing the operation of the Act for a period of years until we can better afford it.
If we had no means of increasing the facilities for education there would be a stronger case for forcing this Measure through at the present time, but the truth is that any county council that desires to do so can take advantage of the Act of 1918. It is surprising that very few of them have taken advantage of that Act, not because they are not as keen for educational facilities as any Member of this House, but because there is a distinct difference between the type of education desired for the agricultural worker's child and the child in the industrial centres. The education being distinctly different, the rural local authorities have hesitated before putting into operation what they could have done under the Act of 1918 and raising the school age to 15. Seeing that the facilities exist and could be put into operation if so desired, I suggest that the right hon. Gentleman should hold this matter up until the country can better afford it. He would then get almost unanimous opinion in this House in favour of the proposal. Certainly there would he a very large measure of support for raising the school age if the country could afford it. Certain hon. Members on these benches have pledged themselves to the raising of the school age, but I say that we cannot afford this particular Measure at the present time, and that in order to get the unanimous support of at least two parties in the House, and in order to allow the local authorities time to provide the facilities so that the children of the ratepayers might receive the benefit for which the ratepayers are paying, it would be a good thing to postpone the proposal for a few years.
There is one more thing I want to say. We are introducing a, system of maintenance and it has already been suggested during the debate that industrial centres ought to have a larger maintenance grant than agricultural areas. My contention is that the agricultural worker, if any maintenance grants are going to be made, is in need, absolutely, of as high a grant as any other worker
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in any part of the country. As far as the industrial centres are concerned and also the unemployed portion of the population an insured contributor with four children can receive by way of insurance benefit to which he is absolutely entitled £1 14s. per week, plus 5s. for each child. The agricultural worker, who is called upon to work six days in the week, and who has four children will get 30s. or 32s. per week or 34s. per week at the most, plus the 5s. for his children. [HON. MEMBERS: "Shame!"] I know it is a shame and if hon. Members opposite will work for better conditions for the agricultural worker I shall not oppose it. I see a positive danger in the introduction of a flat rate maintenance grant for all children irrespective of the financial position of their parents, and I hope the President of the Board of Education will give serious consideration to the question as to whether it is policy to press this matter forward at this moment and give the Committee an assurance that the Bill will not come into operation on the 1st of April next but shall be postponed to a later period. If he could give that undertaking much of my opposition is gone, and I should be pleased to support the proposals.
Mr. MATTERS: The hon. Member for Holland-with-Boston (Mr. Blindell) has told the Committee that this Money Resolution should not be accepted because the country cannot afford the expense. I would remind him that his distinguished leader the right hon. Member for Carnarvon Boroughs (Mr. Lloyd George) is the author of the statement that this country can afford what it wills strongly enough to get. [HON. MEMBERS: "No, Greenwood!"] At any rate, the right hon. Member for Carnarvon Boroughs endorsed that statement. The main grounds upon which the hon. Member opposed this Resolution is an echo of the grounds advanced by the right hon. and learned Member for Span Valley (Sir J. Simon), who, in a speech which I must say with all respect seemed rather mean spirited, pointed out that we were adding grievously to the burden of expenditure. I do not want to take up much time of the Committee this evening, but I say that if this does add to the burden of expenditure, there are ways in which the scales of revenue and expenditure can be easily edjusted. We are already paying

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annually a stun of about £160,000 to educational institutions in support of the officers' training corps.
The point has been made that these maintenance grants are to be given without a strict inquisitorial investigation as to means, and I would remind the Committee that there is no inquisitorial inquiry into the means of those who are benefiting, or said to be benefiting, by this expenditure of £160,000 towards the officers' training corps. That money, with the consent of hon. and right hon. Members opposite, is annually voted to these institutions, in which we are told that the annual average cost of educating a boy may range between £250 and £500. No inquiry at all is made as to means in this respect, and if it is good enough to add annually £160,000 to the national expenditure on that basis, not for aiding the attainment of education on the part of the scholars, but rather to inculcate in them a blood lust, we may very well press for this expenditure. If hon. Members opposite want economy, I hope the hon. Member for Holland-with-Boston will join with me and others next year when the Votes of Supply come up. There are plenty of sources for redressing the scales. If the balance of expenditure so frightens hon. Members opposite, they can join with us in redressing that balance, and they would find other Votes for the Army and Navy Forces out of which we can easily save more money than is being spent here.
Sir CHARLES OMAN: I suppose that a person who has been engaged in teaching from the age of 23 to the age of 70, and who is teaching hard still, may be allowed to have some views on education; and, indeed, he would be a very dull person if he had not some views on the matter after that period of teaching. I am going to make just one point which I think has not been sufficiently gone into during the debate. I am not going into generalities. I will not say that this is an attempt by a Government under notice to quit to leave such a bill to their successors as cannot be paid. I will not say that of all the times that could be chosen, a time of falling incomes, falling exports and rising taxes, hardly seems the most appropriate time to add £8,000,000 a year to the expendi-of the realm. Those are more general
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points. The point I am going to make is purely an intellectual one. Every sensible man knows that just as no two men are equal so also no two children are equal. It is impossible to legislate by classes just as it is impossible to legislate by class status. This is an attempt to legislate by the hard rule of age. Children of 14 years of age differ enormously from each other. Some of them are perfectly capable of higher education; some of them will ascend the ladder to which the hon. Member alluded, and some really are intellectually incapable of doing so. I cannot see any use in thrusting into upper classes children who are intellectually incapable of getting out of the lower classes.
Many children of 14 years of age are intellectually incapable of any further training. That is not confined to the primary schools. It may be news to some hon. Members opposite to know that in our public schools boys of all classes have to be sent away because they cannot get out of the junior division. There is the case of one of the most important persons in the realm who was sent away from a public school because he could not get out of the junior division at the age of 14. That is true of all classes of society. There are great numbers who after 14 years of age will get no further benefits from education. Therefore, what is the use of sending them up to be stuffed with information which they will not be able to assimilate and weary the hearts of their teachers. There ought always to be selection and classification. Bright children should have every possible opportunity placed before them. The ladder is for them, but, unfortunately, it is impossible for everyone to attain to the highest things. It is as impossible as that which the ideal and benevolent monarch in the play of Gilbert wished to do—promote everybody to the top of the tree. You cannot do that. However educated the Members of this House may be, even on the opposite side, they cannot all become Prime Ministers. It is a mistake to treat all children simply on the age basis. If this Bill gave further facilities for the brighter children, I should have a great deal less objection to it, but when it attempts to ram into all the children one more year's

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education, I think it is a hopeless and an unncessary expenditure of money. It is not all the children who will profit by it, and there should be differentiation in schools as everywhere else. This idea of ramming everybody with the same amount of education, as if education were a sort of panacea which could be absorbed by everybody, is really believed in by nobody except a certain number of very fanatical schoolmasters who would like to educate everybody all their lives, with continuation schools for grandparents. For that I should have all sympathy, but I should not believe in it. Therefore, in view of the enormous amount of money which will be wasted under the Bill, I must vote against it.
Mr. HAYCOCK: There are one or two points made by the last speaker with which I should like to deal. He is concerned about the bright scholars, and so am I. Most of us are bright about some things and stupid about others. If we were to take the trouble to find out what our interests were and what our aptitudes were, we should find that there were very few people who were not capable of taking more education. If a person is riot quite so bright, that is all the more reason why he should receive extra education. People who are very bright will be able to do without it, but people who are not so bright will need it. We know that there are children who are intellectually incapable. There are people intellectually incapable who often go to our ancient universities. I can understand that there are numbers of people who have had money wasted on their education. There are some people in this House who would have been almost better if they had left school at the age of five. I do not intend to mention names. I have no doubt that hon. Members opposite, if they bring into this world people who are pathologically and educationally unfit, will do their utmost to give them an education; they will not ask that their own hard-faced philosophy should be carried out, but they will give their own children an education.
I am convinced that most people could take advantage of more education if they took the trouble to find out what they were fitted for. Going into retrospect, I know that I hated Latin, French and other languages, but I always scraped through by the skin of my teeth.
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At the same time I did like science, physics and chemistry. The big thing is to find out what people are actually interested in. Then you find out there are not so many dull people as you think. I want education to develop these interests, and all that there is an personality—not to be able to make more money or guarantee an income. I want the really big things of life—and there are very big things—for the ordinary people. There is such a thing as a development of the intellect which makes it impossible for a. person to enjoy the wonderful heritage of the ages. When we think of it there is wonderful wealth for everyone if only we could take advantage of it, and so few can! If any Member of Parliament were to tell me that I was to be deprived of butter and live by bread alone, I should be frightened, but if he told me I was to be deprived of education and must say goodbye to the power of being able to commune with the great spirits of the present and the past, I should be more frightened. I want education, not that we may merely fill our stomachs and have greater capacity for earning incomes, but so that we may all be able to enjoy the bigger and higher things of life, and to be truly the inheritors of the great thoughts of the great men of all ages in the world. That is my answer to the advocacy that only people of a certain type should be educated.
Now I want to go into the suggestion that we are not able to afford it. The hon. Member for Holland with Boston (Mr. Blindell) tells us that it would cost them £12,000. I am not frightened at £12,000.
Mr. BLINDELL: You have not got to pay it.
Mr. HAYCOCK: I have not got to pay it. Then it is said that we cannot afford it, and though we may like an extra amount of education, this is not the time. It never was the time. This is not the first occasion on which we have had that kind of argument. I would remind hon. Members opposite that last year they objected because we were not finding room in our overcrowded agenda for educational reform and advancement. Now that we have done what they were urging us to do, we might have hoped for a little more encouragement. It is said that this is not the time, and that

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we should wait a year or even a few years. There have been many debates on education in this House, and I do not suppose there has ever been a debate when it has not been a case of this year, next year, sometime, never. This kind of Bill has always received precisely the same kind of opposition as it is receiving to-day. Now we are told we cannot afford it, that it is an extra pleasure which we cannot afford. In the County of Lincolnshire, according to my hon. Friend opposite, it will cost £12,000. There are people in this country who spend as much as that each year on their motor cars and their race-horses and their trips to Monte Carlo, and even on the cost of one race-horse. Does the hon. Member mean to say that the county of Lincolnshire is going to jib at £12,000?
Mr. BLINDELL: It is going to jib at an extra 1s. 3d. rate when it is not going to get value for money.
Mr. HAYCOCK: And I say that the people who run the county of Lincolnshire have an excellent record in jibbing when there is any extra expenditure on education.
Mr. BLINDELL: You do not know anything about it.
Mr. HAYCOCK: Our hon. Friend—I am not quarrelling with him—suggested that he would love to have the extra advantages, but that we have to out our coat according to our cloth and we cannot afford this expenditure. One hon. Member said that the total cost would be £8,000,000 a year. I am surprised that an hon. Member from a university who has had all the advantages of higher education has not a greater appreciation of mathematics, but I believe he comes from Oxford and not Cambridge. What is £8,000,000? The income of this country, even in these hard times, is over £4,000,000,000. The hon. Member for Holland (Mr. Blindell) agrees that this is a good Measure.
Mr. BLINDELL: No, I did not say that.
Mr. HAYCOCK: Then I gave the hon. Member credit for something that he did not deserve. I thought he was a better man than he is. I am merely saying that this country at the moment has an in-
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come of £4,000,000,000, and that quite easily we could have an income of £8,000,000,000. The whole of the argument opposite is that we cannot afford this Bill. What cannot we afford? Let us come down to brass tacks. All that this will mean will be that masters and teachers will have a call upon wealth and upon the products of labour. If we are poor then we should have no unemployment problem. If we are poor everyone should be working. We are told this is a wonderfully good Measure, but that £8,000,000 is much too much now. I believe that much too long this country has deprived the children of the poor of the opportunity of education.
We still celebrate the 11th November, years after the War. A country that can still spend £100,000,000 in providing equipment to blow brains out of people ought to be able to find £8,000,000 to develop brains in people. There is no shortage of wealth, The rich are growing richer because of the increase in the value of money. People who to-day receive £10,000 a year out of rent or interest as settled income are considerably more than twice as well off as they were in 1920. I am ashamed of those opposite who, in thinking of the education of their own children, would demand a square deal. If it were a question that we had really and truly to economise, and we all had to see our kids dragged out of school at 14, and if the better education of our children depended upon the passage of this Bill, not a solitary soul here to-night would vote against the Bill. How dare hon. Members demand for their children the right to enjoy higher education and the heritage of culture and intellectual wealth, and deny it to others? I know that in one sense hon. Members may be right. I can quite understand their not wanting a better education for the common people, for their lease of power depends upon the people's ignorance.
Major GEORGE DAVIES: Is the hon. Member entitled to charge you, Mr. Chairman, with ignorance?
Mr. HAYCOCK: I am perfectly certain that I did not charge the hon. and gallant Gentleman opposite with ignorance. I do not indulge in unnecessary charges. I do believe that this country can afford the Bill. I believe that by

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adding to the intellectual wealth of the country the Bill will be a good investment. I believe that the last thing this country can afford at the moment is ignorance. If we can find money for certain things we should be able to find money for other things. I remember when great promises were made. After the War there was to be a great brotherhood. We were to think in human terms and we were to give everyone a square deal. The bad old order was to be gone for ever. Recall the promises that were made to those who are now dead. Had we kept the War going for one more year and turned some more of Germany into a graveyard—at £8,500,000 per day—it would have cost over £150,000,000 in interest every year, but that money would have been found, even though it is nearly 20 times as much as this scheme will cost. And we would have kept the War going for one or two or three years more if necessary. I think we were going to keep it going to the last man and the last shilling, and I have often wondered who would have been the last man, and who would have owned the last shilling.
Sir C. OMAN: Is the hon. Member speaking to the point at present.
Mr. HAYCOCK: I may not be speaking to the point. I am merely pointing out how generous this nation can be when it is a question of wholesale massacre and of providing the sinews of war; how generous we can be when it is a question of blowing the brains out of other people, and how stingy we can be when it is a question of developing the brains in our own people.
Sir PATRICK FORD: Is the hon. Member in order in asking these irrelevant and hypothetical questions?
The CHAIRMAN: I understand that the hon. Member is going to marshal his conclusions.
Mr. HAYCOCK: I would have finished some minutes ago were it not for interruptions, and I submit that I am in order in pointing out to hon. Members how they expend money like water for war and how they were prepared to keep the War going to the last man and, as I am reminded by an hon. Member beside me, to the last bad shilling. One
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more year of war would have cost 20 times as much in interest as this Bill will cost.
The CHAIRMAN: I must point out to the hon. Member that he is repeating himself.
Mr. HAYCOCK: If I am repeating myself, I am not responsible for the repetition. For hon. Members opposite to suggest that we cannot afford this expenditure is to talk nonsense. I would ask hon. Members who talk in that way to tell me in what does our poverty consist at the moment? We are living in a world which is growing richer and richer and which is potentially enormously richer than it was. Our capitalistic troubles at the moment are due to the fact that we have too much of everything—too much cotton, wool, coal, iron, steel, wheat, rubber. Wherein is our poverty We are living in a scientific age and if we wanted to do so we could keep young people at school until the age of 15, 16, 17 or 18. It is simply not true to say that we cannot afford this expenditure to keep our children at school. We can afford to give our children this extra year at school which is so valuable. Any person who knows anything about education will agree that the years between 14 and 16 are those in which the child can get the greatest advantage out of education. That is the impressionable age. If we pass this Bill we shall have done something to make Britain a, happier place and I hope that those members of the Liberal party who have told the world how seriously they regard the cause of education, will be found in the right Lobby to-night.
Mr. CAMPBELL: I wish to bring the Committee back to the necessities of the case. We have had a very long speech from the hon. Member for West Salford (Mr. Haycock). I do not know if it interested everybody, but I do not think it was very much to the point as regards the subject before the Committee. I should like the Committee to address themselves to this question, as a meeting of shareholders would address themselves to any scheme submitted to them. [HON. MEMBERS: "Oh!"] Hon. Members opposite do not seem to realise that the taxpayers of this country are shareholders in the country and are very much interested in the expenditure of the

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country, and it is our duty here to see that, if money is expended, it is expended so that we get the best value for it. A meeting of shareholders would first ask, "How much money is required?" According to the Minister he is not quite sure of the amount, but shareholders would want that information very definitely. [An HON. MEMBER: "The directors would not tell them."] That is exactly the case with the President of the Board of Education. The second question would be, "Is the accommodation in the schools all right?" The Minister in answer to that question would have to agree that it was not. I suppose that in 90 per cent. of cases the accommodation will not be ready for years.
Sir C. TREVELYAN Sir C. TREVELYAN indicated dissent.
Mr. CAMPBELL: I happen to have been for a number of years chairman on the London County Council's Accommodation and Attendance Committee and it was my duty to find out something about the accommodation and attendance in the schools. Only yesterday I was speaking in Bromley, my constituency, about the question of accommodation and I was told there, that this Measure would be useless for several years. Then the shareholders would say, "You do not know how much money you want, and the accommodation is not complete, but how about the teachers?" There again there is not a sufficient number, even under the present organisation. Another thing to be asked would be about the organisation and the curriculum of the schools, and both of these, I suggest, are incomplete. Last, but not least, one would be asked, "When is the Bill to come in?" and when I told them the Bill was to come in on the 1st April, that would give the whole show away. I consider, that, from a business point of view, this Bill has no right whatever to go through to-night. It is ill-conceived, and what we call, in business terms, a half-baked scheme. It is put forward merely for political purposes, and it is absolutely certain—and I speak with a certain amount of knowledge of the question—that if this Resolution is passed and the Bill becomes law, it cannot possibly go through as it should go through by the 1st April, 1931. Unless this is delayed for three, four or five years, the whole thing will be chaos.
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In the schools which are at present in existence, the upper classes will be disorganised—
Mr. WALLHEAD: You are absolutely disheartening all the shareholders.
Mr. CAMPBELL: I happen to know a little bit about education and to be interested in the children themselves, and I can assure the Committee that the children for whom the Bill is intended will not profit by the great amount of money which is being voted. The last speaker said that there was plenty of money in the country at the present time and that we could well afford this or any other amount. I entirely disagree. The country is being held up, and the great amount of unemployment is due to the fact that there is over-taxation. We want to reduce taxation so that the money can go into the trade and commerce of the country, which will be the only way in which this terrible question of unemployment can be tackled. It is for that reason that I am strongly against this Money Resolution. I consider that it is not fair to the country to push through a Bill of this sort, which cannot benefit a soul if it is put into operation on the 1st April, 1931.
Duchess of ATHOLL: We have had a great variety of speeches on a subject which interests us all. I want, if I can in the short time at my disposal to-night, to try to put this question in some perspective. I want, first of all, to ask the Committee to look at it in its historical background, and in that connection I wish to emphasise what I do not think has been made clear before, namely, that the step which the Government are asking us to take is a step of a kind that no Government has before proposed. You may say that we have had the school age raised before. Yes, but you have never had it raised before without exemptions. If you look back on the history of the raising of the school age in this country, you will find that it has always been a dual process. There has been the raising of the age on the one hand, with power, on the other hand, given to local authorities to grant exemptions above a certain age, or on certain other conditions, such as so many attendances having been made in a year, and so on. So, by that gradual, dual process, pursued over many years, when the

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school age was raised the last time, in 1918, to 14, that age of 14 had become almost the universal school-leaving age throughout the country, and the age could be raised effectively to 14 without exemption being allowed below that age.
10.0 p.m.
Then the further power was given to local authorities to raise the school age to 15 and to allow exemption above the age of 14. Twelve years have passed since that power was given, and, as we all know, only five out of our 317 local authorities in England and Wales have availed themselves of that power. If you ask haw many have exercised the power of exemption, you will find that the number of children leaving below the age of 15 is considerably greater than the number of children remaining up to that age. Therefore, the number of children who have been retained in school until the age of 15 in this country, after a 12 years' possibility of its becoming the general age, is a mere fraction of the total number of children in the schools; and the Government now come forward and ask us to make 15 the compulsory age all over the country, with no power of exemption whatsoever. [Horn. MEMBEERS "Hear, hear!"] I am quite aware that hon. Members opposite support the Government in that proposal, but I would ask them to realise that the Government are asking this country for the first time to take two steps at a time.
It is because two steps are being taken at once, I imagine, that the Government realise that they must also do something that has never been done before, and that is accompany the raising of the school age with almost universal maintenance allowances to the parents of the children affected. Again an unprecedented proposal is offered in these maintenance allowances. We have heard a certain amount to-day about scholarships for children in secondary schools. We have had brought before us the very regrettable case in which a parent's means did not enable him to send his child to a secondary school, even when a scholarship or a free place was won. We all regret cases of that kind, and nobody, I think, did more to reduce the number of likely cases of that kind than my right hon. Friend when he was President of the Board of Education; but do not let us confuse the case of the child who
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wins a scholarship in a secondary school, and who may or may not be able to take advantage of it, with the children covered by this Resolution.
This Financial Resolution, or this Bill if it passes, is not going to make it any easier for the gifted child who gets a scholarship to make use of it in a secondary school. It has nothing whatever to do with those children. It may be that in same parts of the country there are not enough secondary schools for all the children who are able to take advantage of what they have to offer, it may be that provision is not always available for children who are able to go to secondary schools, but do not let us mix that up with the question of the children who are under consideration in this Bill. They are not the children who are considered able to pass through the very difficult and complicated curriculum of the secondary school, and, if anything, the passage of this Resolution and this Bill, with the enormous expenditure which it will entail, is likely rather to restrict than increase free places in secondary schools.
I want to bring before the Committee the fact that maintenance allowances are being proposed for the first time independent of merit. There is nothing about merit in the proposals of the Bill which we are being asked to-night to finance. The Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education on Thursday last referred to a circular in regard to maintenance allowances which my right hon. Friend sent out just before he left the Board of Education. It is quite clear from the wording of that circular that the allowances were only to be given if children undertook to follow a suitable and progressive course of education. There was clearly retained the idea of merit, and the capacity to follow a suitable and definite course, which has been inherent in the granting of such maintenance allowances as have hitherto been granted in elementary schools. May I bring before the Committee on how very small a scale this granting of maintenance allowances in elementary schools has hitherto operated? The total amount spent on such allowances in the last financial year was no more than £57,000. The total number of awards made in the previous year was not more than 3,600. The Parliamentary Secretary the other day made a certain

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amount of play with the maintenance allowances in Carnarvonshire, where the age has been raised, and, when one follows up that hare, one finds that it is not a very big one after all, because, out of a total of 918 children concerned in Carnarvonshire, only 161 were drawing maintenance allowances, and the allowances that were being given were about half the average value of what is proposed in the Financial Resolution. So much for the historical background of the Government's proposal.
May I give the background of these proposals as regards foreign countries? A few foreign countries have raised the school age to 15. None of these countries has so low an age of entry as we have; therefore, these proposals give us a year longer of compulsory school attendance than any other European country. Again, in no country I believe is there so rigorous a law of school attendance as in this country. Here the child is supposed to attend on every day the school is open, which means 200 days in the year. Elsewhere a liberal system of exemptions will be found, and this means that school attendance presses very much less hardly on the home, particularly the home which is a small farm worked by a family, than is the case in this country. The Minister has been asked to give us information about maintenance allowances in elementary schools in foreign countries, and he has said that he was unable to give any information, from which I conclude that no such system obtains in any of the countries concerned. Therefore, when we look abroad to our foreign contemporaries, many of whom are our keen rivals in trade and industry, we find that it is proposed to give us a longer school life than they have without any power of exemption, and that none of them has initiated, as far as we know, a comparable system of maintenance allowances.
Now I come to the financial background against which this proposal for maintenance allowances must be judged. The school age has been raised before, but do we realise how much more costly it necessarily is to raise the school age to-day than on the last occasion on which the step forward was taken, namely, the year 1900, when the age was raised from
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13 to 14? To begin with, there are many more children in the schools to-day. That means many more children to be retained, and many more class-rooms and additional teachers. Then to-day we are endeavouring to keep dawn the large classes, and there has been a considerable raising of the standard in that respect since 30 years ago. That also means that it is a much costlier thing to raise the school age than in 1900. Thirty years ago there was a large mixture of uncertificated teachers in the teaching profession. Would the teachers to-day be satisfied if the raising of the school age meant flooding the profession with a lot of uncertificated teachers? Of course not. But that means that. it is a much costlier matter to raise the school age to-day in regard to staffing than it was 30 years ago. It is costlier for another reason, that we are not satisfied with the meagre salaries they received at that time. Therefore, it is a costlier matter to raise the school age than the last time the definite step forward was taken, because we are not satisfied to have this step carried out by a great increase in uncertificated teachers, and the problem of finding the necessary teachers and necessary training is a much more complicated one than on any previous occasion.
When we look at the Financial Memorandum of the Bill, we find what seems at first sight a comparatively modest figure of £2,500,000 as the cost of the proposed schools. To that has to be added the cost of maintenance allowances. The figures in the Financial Memorandum add up in the various years to an additional £7,000,000 or £9,000,000. The latter is the biggest figure we have heard given as the additional cost involved in these proposals. How many of us who have glibly quoted that figure, and discounted it as something quite insignificant, have remembered that the figures given by the Minister in the Financial Memorandum do not include the cost of reorganisation which is going on all over England and Wales—the reorganisation which is absolutely essential if the raising of the school age is to be of benefit to the vast majority of the children concerned? The Minister has been pressed to tell the House what he estimates the cost of that reorganisation to be, and he has said that it is impossible to give a figure. There-

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fore, it is impossible to give a complete or even an approximate idea of what is the cost involved in the great scheme of reorganisation, and the accompanying proposal for raising the school age, which is occupying the local authorities, and which so vitally concerns the education of the older children.
Having failed to extract from the Minister the cost of this reorganisation, I had to fall back on asking him what were the estimates of expenditure generally that the local authorities have presented to him for the years 1930–1933, and what additional expenditure, excluding maintenance allowances, these programmes provide for in those years. The reply given to me last week was that 218 authorities out of a total of 317 had sent in programmes showing estimated elementary expenditure of £5,250,000 over such expenditure for the current year; that is, an estimated increase of that amount which was to be reached by the year 1932–3. It has to be remembered that that is without maintenance allowances. That expenditure, of course, includes all the proposed expenditure of the local authorities on elementary education, and no doubt it includes additional nursery schools, of which we heard a day or so ago.
I was assured that this practically included the cost of raising the school age but, be it noted, that is an additional charge on elementary education alone, exclusive of the expenditure on maintenance allowances, for only a little over two-thirds of the authorities in England and Wales. To arrive at the additional cost of elementary education two years hence to all the authorities we must add about a quarter more, and that brings us to a figure of £6,500,000 more of possible expenditure on elementary education, exclusive of maintenance allowances. Of course, the Minister may say that local authorities are apt to inflate their estimates and put down figures larger than those they will reach, but I would ask him whether it is not the case that these programmes were sent in before he had dropped out the proposal for agreement with the voluntary schools? On the Second Reading of his Bill in the summer he was very frank as to the large additional expenditure that would be incurred if raising the school age were carried through without an agreement
1622
with the voluntary schools; and, therefore, it seems to me that the estimates of the local authorities may not be as excessive as, under other circumstances, they might possibly have been, because, so far as we know, the raising of the school age is to be carried out whether voluntary schools come in or not.
The expenditure on elementary education does not see the end of the additional expenditure involved. There is the expenditure on higher education. According to an answer given a day or two ago, we find that 96 out of 146 authorities for higher education, that is, four-sevenths of the total, estimate that their expenditure on higher elementary education two years hence will be £1,500,000 more than at present. If we add three-sevenths to that in order to bring in the remaining authorities, we get a total of £2,000,000. Again, according to another reply from the Minister, the average maintenance allowance in a secondary school to-day is only about half what he is proposing to give to elementary school children. I need hardly ask him whether he thinks he will be able to keep the children in secondary schools on a maintenance allowance which will be half that given to those in elementary schools. The expenditure on maintenance allowances in secondary schools is more than £500,000, and if that has to be doubled it means another £500,000 on to the additional £2,000,000. That means that we reach a total additional expenditure of £9,000,000 two years hence, excluding maintenance allowances. If we add maintenance allowances we get a total of £12,750,000 additional expenditure two years hence for England and Wales alone; and it must be remembered that there is another part of Great Britain, of which we have not heard to-day, which is vitally interested in this question, and that is the country to which I belong.
I extracted from the Secretary of State for Scotland last April a statement to the effect that he estimated the expenditure on raising the school age in Scotland at £1,500,000. I put a question the other day asking if he still adhered to that figure and he was unable to give me any reply, from which I presume that he regards that estimate of £1,500,000 as unreliable, and, no doubt, it is likely to be exceeded. The estimates in England have gone up since April, and no

1623
doubt they are going up in Scotland too, but even if we give him the benefit of the doubt and put the Scottish expenditure of £1,500,000, that will mean that two years hence we have the prospect of an estimated additional expenditure of no less than £14,250,000 over the estimated expenditure of the current year. By the year 1935 and 1936 that additional expenditure may have risen to £16,000,000. We know that the education authorities in Manchester and the West Riding have informed the President of the Board of Education that they cannot have their new schemes ready for a period of six years. We want to be quite clear about this expenditure, and we must realise that the figures in the Financial Memorandum form only a part of the picture. If we envisage the whole picture of educational expenditure, we must realise that a very much larger sum of money is involved in these proposals, not only to the ratepayer, but also to the taxpayer.
Several hon. Members, in the course of last week's debate, spoke about a national income of £4,000,000,000, and that figure was mentioned by the hon. Member for Salford (Mr. Haycock). We must not forget that the national income of £4,000,000,000 has to meet taxation amounting to some £700,000,000, and rate expenditure amounting to £179,000,000, and that means £875,000,000 or nearly one-fourth taken straight away. I need not remind the House or the Chancellor of the Exchequer that we are the highest taxed country in the world. Hon. Members opposite have laughed at the idea of taxation having any bearing on the question of education or upon the question of unemployment. No one has more clearly realised than the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in lucid intervals, the tremendous burden our taxation imposes on industry and the people employed by it. It has been asked what is £9,000,000 to a country which has a national income of £4,000,000,000? It may also be asked what is £16,000,000 spent on education in a country which has a national income so large as that I admit that wise expenditure on education is very useful, and it is one of the very best things on which you can spend money, but every nation has to cut its coat according to the cloth. [Interruption.] I am afraid there is far too much
1624
class consciousness shown in this matter. [HON. MEMBERS: "Hear, hear!"] I am as anxious about the education of the working man's child as I am about any child I know.
I only want to say to hon. Gentlemen opposite that, although many of the better-to-do parents in this country are keenly anxious to give the best education possible to their children, and many make great sacrifices in order to do so, there are many to-day who are not able to give their children the education which them themselves received. Many men to-day, from various causes—it may be owing to taxation, or to their careers having been cut short in the defence forces through necessary reductions in those forces—find themselves in the most cruel difficulty in regard to the education of their children. If a man has been educated at a well-known school and is proud of his old school, if he has been to a university and is proud of his university, he wants to send his son there, or to send his daughter there if he can, and I know that there are many people, particularly among former officers of the defence forces, to whom it is a tremendous difficulty to give their children the same education that they themselves enjoyed. If the individual has to cut his coat according to his cloth, so must the nation. Neither individual nor nation can afford to disregard finance in this or any other matter.
The hon. Member for Motherwell (Mr. Barr) and others compared the expenditure on education with the expenditure on defence. That is a very favourite form of comparison with hon. Members opposite. If they will not accuse me of disrespect, I would almost say that that subject is like King Charles's head to them. But do they realise what our expenditure in this country on education is? An hon. Member on this side, who referred to it on Thursday, took only the Education Vote in this House, but that leaves all the rate expenditure out of account, and also leaves Scotland out of account. How many of us realise that in this financial year the expenditure on education of all kinds in England and Wales, including university grants, agricultural education, and all the different forms of education, is close upon £80,000,000?
Mr. WELLOCK: Shocking!
Duchess of ATHOLL: I do not say that it is shocking; I give the figure because I have never heard it publicly mentioned before. A colleague of mine last week said that our education cost £45,000,000 and might in a year or two rise to £50,000,000, but it is costing to-day close on £80,000,000 in England and Wales, and it is costing over £13,000,000 in Scotland. That makes a total of £93,000,000, which is just a quarter of a million more than the total cost of the three defence forces, if you exclude £17,000,000 for the pensions which they carry on their Votes. The actual active defence of this country to-day, including the naval defence of the whole Empire, the defence of India, and our air defences is costing altogether a little less than the education of Great Britain. It is, therefore, clear that, if this Bill goes through, and the financial proposals of the Government are carried out, our Education Bill will be well over £100,000,000 by 1932–33. If my estimates are accurate, it will he in the neighbourhood of £105,000,000 or £106,000,000.
The President of the Board spoke of his Bill on Thursday as being a charter for the average child. If it is to be a charter for the average child, the average child will have to be taught with children of his own age, not mixed up with younger children, and he must have opportunities for practical instruction, which he too seldom has at present. I do not want to go into the question of the figures in regard to teachers; it would take too long; but I ventured in the summer severely to criticise the figures which the Minister had given on the Second Reading as to the sources from which he hoped to derive the 13,000 teachers that he said would be necessary in two or three years. I received little le or no reply to the criticisms that I made. The Minister said the other day that he was satisfied that his figures are correct, but, so far, he has only been able to produce figures regarding 1,800 additional teachers in raining. They are a substantial and solid foundation, but his other estimates still seem to me to he quite nebulous. Therefore I say that, unless you can give the average child the practical instruction he needs, and unless you can assure him a teacher for his own class, this Bill and this Resolution, instead of being a charter, may well prove a sentence of a year's imprisonment to him.
1626
I say, as one who is keenly interested in education, that it is a very great disservice to education to embark on any great programme of expenditure unless you are perfectly certain that you are going to get full value for your money. Even if you are certain that you are going to get very good value, education is so all round a service, and has so many needs, that, if you go too far and spend too much in one direction, you may well find it very difficult to get the money you need in other directions. I cannot help having very great fear as to the results that this expenditure may have, not only in regard to the popularity of education generally, but also in regard to the voting of money for other educational needs possibly more urgent than this proposal of the Government.
Coming to the maintenance allowances, the first thing to be said is that there is no finality about them. The Minister told the House in May that he had accepted the proposals made by the Committee of Local Education Authorities. They said inquiry into means was necessary. He now makes enquiry difficult if not impossible. They wished power to fix differential rates. He insists now on a flat rate. In the summer it was said that 5s. was to be the maximum. To-day it has become the standard. In the summer the Minister's proposals were to cover some 60 per cent. of the children in the schools. To-day, he believe they will cover some 75 per cent. All that shows how far he has moved in a few months along what is a very slippery slope. One cannot help feeling that it is a sort of proposal that opens up an endless vista of election pledges in the future, possibly of a very objectionable kind. Any proposals that involve payment to individuals are obviously open to grave abuse. The Trade Union Congress showed a very marked preference for the development of social services rathen than the system of payments to families.
On this side we view these proposals with grave anxiety, and I cannot help thinking that on other benches, too, many Members who are anxious to see the school age raised in such a way as to be a real educational advance, will feel very little sympathy with a proposal which has no finality and which offers a prospect of parties bidding against each other at future elections. There are others be-

1627
sides members of my own party who feel that character is the greatest asset in the nation, and that one of the greatest disasters that could happen would be any weakening of the sense of independence on which national character is based. We feel very strongly on the matter. We feel grave anxiety as to the possible effect of these proposals, and we shall go into the Lobby against them.
Sir C. TREVELYAN: There is one thing that the Noble Lady said during her speech the motive of saying which I did not quite understand. I did not know whether she meant that it was a reproach to us that when this Bill was passed we were going to be a nation with the longest period of education in the world or whether she was glad of it, but I am glad to know it. I do not want the House to go away with the assumption that we lead the world and that we are going to continue unconditionally to lead it because, as a matter of fact, our great commercial competitors, the Germans, are now going to raise their school age to 15 as well, so that it is about time we did it.
Viscountess ASTOR rose—
The CHAIRMAN: I must remind the Committee that there is a very short time left for the Minister to reply.
Viscountess ASTOR: May I ask a question?
HON. MEMBERS: No!
Sir C. TREVELYAN: The principal refrain of this debate has been that great expenditure has been thrust unexpectedly upon the nation. It is well that I should remind the Committee at once that this is no new proposal at all. The country has known for the last year and a-half that it was the policy of the Government, and that it was going to be passed, if possible.
Dr. VERNON DAVIES: Nonsense!
Sir C. TREVELYAN: I say that it was known that the Government intended to do it. I must also remind the Committee that it was well before the country at the last General Election. This party never made any concealment about it. This party put the raising of the school age
1628
and maintenance allowances into its programme, and not only so, for it actually mentioned it twice in its election manifesto. But that is not all. I want again to remind the Committee of the position of the Liberal party. The Liberal party passed a Resolution at Yarmouth in October, 1928, just before the General Election which ran as follows:
"The elementary system should be reorganised by the provision for children of 11 and upwards of a greater variety of schools. The many difficulties attending the dual system of elementary schools must be overcome and the school-leaving age should, as soon as conditions permit, be raised to 15, with maintenance grants where necessary."
I regret that we are not to have the advantage of the active support of the Liberal party, and I am, perhaps, justified in expecting something more than passive permission to go on. I should like to say a word or two about the speech delivered by the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon). It was a speech of his usual supreme forensic skill, but it did not amount to more than one or two Committee points. He dealt with the declaration which is in the Bill regarding maintenance grants, and said that I have been very much impressed with the importance of not having an inquisitorial investigation. That is quite true. Then he went on to say that under the Bill there would he no inquiries, no questions would be asked, and that public money would go without inquiry. That is not how I see the process. There is to be a declaration signed by the citizen. How is that going to work? The right hon. Gentleman himself says that the average citizen will not make a dishonest return. There is, moreover, a stiff deterrent penalty. There is nothing to prevent a local education authority, if it likes, making inquiries, except that in 95 cases out of 100 it will be perfectly obvious whether the man is above or below the standard. Right hon. and hon. Members opposite may not approve of it, but that is one of the advantages of putting the standard high, because it brings in most of the workers. I reckon that it will bring in 75 per cent. of the workers. The agricultural labourers and almost all the miners will be in. The local education authority will not have any

1629
doubt in 95 cases out of 100 and will not need to inquire in 95 cases out of 100 because it would be useless. Therefore, the fact that it is fort going to be an inquisitorial inquiry is not proof that it is not going to be a correct one. In any case, I say to the right hon. Gentleman that whether my interpretation proves to be valid or not, it is in the main a Committee point.
The other point raised by the right hon. and learned Gentleman was that the time is wrong, that the date is too early. My belief is, and I have argued it to a certain extent already, that. I could make out a perfectly good case to the House that if we raise the school age at the date in the Bill we shall be sufficiently ready for it to give the children a far better time than if they are thrust out into industry. It is a thing which we can discuss in Committee and we can decide whether it is the right date or riot. I think I could thoroughly well justify it educationally, and I think that those who are so keen about doing something for unemployment ought also to be ready, unless they are absolutely convinced that it will be a disadvantage to the children, to support us in regard to the early date.
I do not believe that the Liberal party really is hostile to this Measure. I am not quite so certain about the party opposite. Although to-night they have been emphasising almost exclusively the question of finance, I have a certain amount of scepticism about this awful fear of bankruptcy, because they were just as much against this Bill when it was brought in last summer. They were not so impressed by the financial side of it then. They have roped in one convert, the hon. Member for the Scottish Universities (Mr. Buchan), and they have brought up in this debate their big financial guns, the right hon. and learned Member for Hillhead (Sir R. Horne), and the right hon. Member for Sevenoaks (Sir H. Young). The right hon. and learned Member for Hillhead said that however important education was it was imprudent to spend money at the present time; that we should hurt credit, trade and exports. Then came the word "ruin." I do not believe that the two sides of this House can be reconciled. [Interruption]. The thing that is in our minds is this, we are doing this ten years too late. For ten years no hon. Member
1630
would have dared to say that it was financially impossible. For the last ten years the children ought to have had this chance, and our people expected them to have this chance, and it is not good enough now to turn round and say that we cannot spend another £8,000,000, or whatever it is—[Interruption]—to do the thing which the nation is expecting us to do. The views of hon. Members and ourselves are different. They are different about education as well as about finance. The hon. Member for Grimsby (Mr. Womersley) who was rather interrupted by some of my hon. Friends, said that "your children can finish if they are clever enough." That is just it. It is not the clever children we are thinking of, it is the ordinary child. Already in many ways we do fairly well for the clever child, he gets some chance, and we are constantly giving maintenance grants, and rightly. No hon. Member opposite has complained about that. What we are doing to-day is to do the same thing for the average child; that is the big new thing we are doing by these proposals. We want children to get the advantages of education independent of merit; merit is to come up later.
It is said by the Opposition that we are giving doles and largesse. They say we could not do it without grants. What is the disgrace? The disgrace lies in the poverty of our people. [Interruption.] The disgrace lies in the fact that there are so many scores of thousands of families in our country where a few shillings for the child really matters. Therefore, we are not ashamed to say that the nation would be right in helping those families to keep their children at school and to be willing to do so. We have had a certain amount of discussion about those places where the school age has already been raised to 15, such as Plymouth and Carnarvon. There, although the age has been raised, there are exemptions given to thousands of children—something like one-half of the children. Who are those children? They are, on the whole, the poorer children who have to go to work. They do not less need education, and they ought to be in school just as much as those who do not need to work. We know from the experience that has already been gained from these four or five districts that if we grant exemptions, it will mean that half the poorer children will very likely go to work.
Mr. MOSES: Simply because of the poverty of their parents.
Sir C. TREVELYAN: Therefore, we say, in the interests of getting the great mass of children into school, that we are perfectly right as a nation in paying the maintenance grant. I believe that opinion on this side of the House is that if times are bad and unemployment is rife, that is all the more reason for keeping the children at school to give them a chance when the nation becomes prosperous. The one thing we can do in these times is to build up a generation which, when good times come, will be able fully to use the opportunities which are open to it.
Mr. MACQUISTEN: What is the fundamental difference between the sons of the well-to-do and the sons of the masses of the people? The children of the people have always been assets to the people; the children of the well-to-do have always been liabilities. I have always thought it a wonderful thing, when I have seen working men with large families and have seen the pride of the boy, as he grew up and knew the struggle that his parents had had in his earlier years, in bringing home some money. I think that that is a far higher aim than that of the son of the well-to-do, who lives on his father all his life. I do not want to lower the educational position of the working classes to that—shall I say?—of Harrow, or to that of those
who go on to the universities and in the vast majority of cases come out at 22 or 23 completely unemployable, except, as has been suggested, by a Labour Government. I have listened to-day to a great many members of the teaching profession, and all I can say is that I now understand why it is that the education of the masses of the people is a complete imposture—
Sir C. TREVELYAN rose in his place, and claimed to move, "That the Question be, now put."
Question put accordingly,
"That, for the purposes of any Act of the present Session (hereinafter referred to as 'the said Act') to raise to fifteen years the age up to which parents are required to cause their children to receive efficient elementary instruction and to attend school, and to make provision for maintenance allowances in respect of children attending school up to that age who are over the age of fourteen years, it is expedient to authorise the payment out of moneys provided by Parliament of any sums by which the grants in aid of education payable by the Board of Education to local authorities, under section one hundred and eighteen of the Education Act, 1921 (as amended by any subsequent enactment), and the regulations made there-under are increased by reason of the provision under the said Act of maintenance allowances at the rate of five shillings a week."
The Committee divided: Ayes, 271; Noes, 242.

Division No. 6.]

AYES.

[11.1 p.m.

Adamson, Rt. Hon. W. (Fife, West)

Bromley, J.

Dukes, C.

Adamson, W. M. (Staff., Cannock)

Brooke, W.

Duncan, Charles

Addison, Rt. Hon. Dr. Christopher

Brothers, M.

Ede, James Chuter

Aitchison, Rt. Hon. Craigie M.

Brown, C. W. E. (Notts. Mansfield)

Edge, Sir William

Alexander, Rt. Hon. A. V. (Hillsbro')

Brown, Rt. Hon. J. (South Ayrshire)

Edmunds, J. E.

Alpass, J. H.

Brown, W. J. (Wolverhampton, West)

Edwards, C. (Monmouth, Bedwellty)

Ammon, Charles George

Buchanan, G.

Egan, W. H.

Arnott, John

Burgess, F. G.

Evans, Capt. Ernest (Welsh Unlver.)

Aske, Sir Robert

Burgin, Dr. E. L.

Forgan, Dr. Robert

Attlee, Clement Richard

Buxton, C. R. (Yorks. W. R. Elland)

Freeman, Peter

Ayles, Walter

Caine, Derwent Hall-

Gardner, B. W. (West Ham, Upton)

Baker, John (Wolverhampton, Bilston)

Cameron, A. G.

Gardner, J. P. (Hammersmith, N.)

Baldwin, Oliver (Dudley)

Cape, Thomas

Gibbins, Joseph

Barnes, Alfred John

Carter, W. (St. Pancras, S.W.)

Gibson, H. M. (Lancs, Mossley)

Barr, James

Charleton, H. C.

Gill, T. H.

Batey, Joseph

Chater, Daniel

Gillett, George M.

Bellamy, Albert

Church, Major A. G.

Gossling, A. G.

Benn, Rt. Hon. Wedgwood

Clarke, J. S.

Gould, F.

Bennett, Sir E. N. (Cardiff, Central)

Cluse, W. S.

Graham, D. M. (Lanark, Hamilton)

Bennett, William (Battersea, South)

Clynes, Rt. Hon. John R.

Graham, Rt. Hon. Wm. (Edin., Cent.)

Benson, G.

Cocks, Frederick Seymour

Grenfell, D. R. (Glamorgan)

Bentham, Dr. Ethel

Compton, Joseph

Griffiths, T. (Monmouth, Pontypool)

Birkett, W. Norman

Cove, William G.

Groves, Thomas E.

Bondfield, Rt. Hon. Margaret

Cowan, D. M.

Grundy, Thomas W.

Bowen, J. W.

Dagger, George

Hall, F. (York, W.R., Normanton)

Bowerman, Rt. Hon. Charles W.

Dalton, Hugh

Hall, G. H. (Merthyr Tydvil)

Broad, Francis Alfred

Davies, Rhys John (Westhoughton)

Hall, Capt. W. G. (Portsmouth, C.)

Brockway, A. Fenner

Day, Harry

Hamilton, Mary Agnes (Blackburn)

Bromfield, William

Denman, Hon. R. D.

Harbord, A.

Hardie, George D.

Malone, C. L'Estrange (N'thampton)

Shield, George William

Hartshorn, Rt. Hon. Vernon

Mansfield, W.

Shillaker, J F.

Hastings, Dr. Somerville

March, S.

Shinwell, E.

Haycock, A. W.

Markham, S. F.

Short, Alfred (Wednesbury)

Hayday, Arthur

Marley, J.

Simmons, C. J.

Hayes, John Henry

Marshall, Fred

Sitch, Charles H.

Henderson, Rt. Hon. A. (Burnley)

Mathers, George

Smith, Alfred (Sunderland)

Henderson, Arthur, Junr. (Cardiff, S.)

Matters, L. W.

Smith, Ben (Bermondsey, Rotherhithe)

Henderson, Thomas (Glasgow)

Maxton, James

Smith, Frank (Nuneaton)

Henderson, W. W. (Middx., Enfield)

Messer, Fred

Smith, H. B. Lees- (Keighley)

Herriotts, J.

Middleton, G.

Smith, Rennie (Penistone)

Hirst, G. H. (York W. R. Wentworth)

Mills, J. E.

Smith, Tom (Pontefract)

Hirst, W. (Bradford, South)

Milner, Major J.

Smith, W. R. (Norwich)

Hoffman, P. C.

Montague, Frederick

Snell, Harry

Hollins, A.

Morgan, Dr. H. B.

Snowden, Rt. Hon. Philip

Hopkin, Daniel

Morley, Ralph

Snowden, Thomas (Accrington)

Horrabin, J. F.

Morrison, Herbert (Hackney, South)

Sorensen, R.

Hudson, James H. (Huddersfield)

Morrison, Robert C. (Tottenham, N.)

Stamford, Thomas W.

Isaacs, George

Mort, D. L.

Stephen, Campbell

Jenkins, W. (Glamorgan, Neath)

Moses, J. J. H.

Stewart, J. (St. Rollox)

John, William (Rhondda, West)

Mosley, Lady C. (Stoke-on-Trent)

Strachey, E. J. St. Loe

Johnston, Thomas

Mosley, Sir Oswald (Smethwick)

Strauss, G. R.

Jones, J. J. (West Ham, Silvertown)

Muff, G.

Sullivan, J.

Jones, Morgan (Caerphilly)

Murnin, Hugh

Sutton, J. E.

Jones, T. I. Mardy (Pontypridd)

Naylor, T. E.

Taylor, R. A. (Lincoln)

Jowett, Rt. Hon. F. W.

Newman, Sir R. H. S. D. L. (Exeter)

Taylor, W. B. (Norfolk, S.W.)

Jowitt, Sir W. A. (Preston)

Noel Baker, P. J.

Thomas, Rt. Hon. J. H. (Derby)

Kelly, W. T.

Noel-Buxton, Baroness (Norfolk, N.)

Thorne, W. (West Ham, Plaistow)

Kennedy, Thomas

Oldfield, J. R.

Tillett, Ben

Kenworthy, Lt.-Com. Hon. Joseph M.

Palin, John Henry

Tinker, John Joseph

Kirkwood, D.

Paling, Wilfrid

Toole, Joseph

Lang, Gordon

Palmer, E. T.

Tout, W. J.

Lansbury, Rt. Hon. George

Parkinson, John Allen (Wigan)

Townend, A. E.

Lathan, G.

Perry, S. F.

Trevelyan, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles

Law, Albert (Bolton)

Pethick-Lawrence, F. W.

Vaughan, D. J.

Law, A. (Rossendale)

Phillips, Dr. Marion

Viant, S. P.

Lawrence, Susan

Picton-Turbervill, Edith

Walkden, A. G.

Lawrie, Hugh Hartley (Stalybridge)

Pole, Major D. G.

Wallace, H. W.

Lawson, John James

Potts, John S.

Wallhead, Richard C.

Lawther, W. (Barnard Castle)

Price, M. P.

Watkins, F. C.

Leach, W.

Quibell, D. J. K.

Watson, W. M. (Dunfermline)

Lee, Frank (Derby, N.E.)

Rathbone, Eleanor

Wellock, Wilfred

Lee, Jennie (Lanark, Northern)

Raynes, W. R.

Welsh, James (Parsley)

Lees, J.

Richards, R.

Welsh, James C. (Coatbridge)

Lewis, T. (Southampton)

Richardson, R. (Houghton-le-Spring)

West, F. R.

Lindley, Fred W.

Riley, Ben (Dewsbury)

Westwood, Joseph

Lloyd, C. Ellis

Riley, F. F. (Stockton-on-Tees)

Whiteley, Wilfrid (Birm., Ladywood)

Logan, David Gilbert

Ritson, J.

Wilkinson, Ellen C.

Longbottom, A. W.

Roberts, Rt. Hon. F. O. (W. Bromwich)

Williams, David (Swansea, East)

Longden, F.

Romeril, H. G.

Williams, Dr. J. H. (Llanelly)

Lovat-Fraser, J. A.

Rosbotham, D. S. T.

Williams, T. (York, Don Valley)

Lowth, Thomas

Rowson, Guy

Wilson, C. H. (Sheffield, Attercliffe)

Lunn, William

Salter, Dr. Alfred

Wilson, J. (Oldham)

Macdonald, Gordon (Ince)

Samuel, H. Walter (Swansea, West)

Wilson, R. J. (Jarrow)

Mac Donald, Rt. Hon. J. R. (Seaham)

Sanders, W. S.

Winterton, G. E. (Leicester, Loughb'gh)

MacDonald, Malcolm (Bassetlaw)

Sandham, E.

Wise, E. F.

McElwee, A.

Sawyer, G. F.

Wright, W. (Rutherglen)

McEntee, V. L.

Scrymgeour, E.

Young, R. S. (Islington, North)

McKinlay, A.

Scurr John

MacLaren, Andrew

Sexton, James

TELLERS FOR THE AYES—

Maclean, Nell (Glasgow, Govan)

Shaw, Rt. Hon. Thomas (Preston)

Mr. William Whiteley and Mr.

MacNeill-Weir, L.

Shepherd, Arthur Lewis

Thurtle.

McShane, John James

Sherwood, G. H.

NOES.

Ainsworth, Lieut.-Col. Charles

Berry, Sir George

Burton, Colonel H. W.

Albery, Irving James

Betterton, Sir Henry B.

Butler, R. A.

Allen, Sir J. Sandeman (Liverp'l., W.)

Bevan, S. J. (Holborn)

Butt, Sir Alfred

Allen, Lt.-Col. Sir William (Armagh)

Birchall, Major Sir John Dearman

Cadogan, Major Hon. Edward

Allen, W. E. D. (Belfast, W.)

Bird, Ernest Roy

Campbell, E. T.

Amery, Rt. Hon. Leopold C. M. S.

Boothby, R. J. G.

Carver, Major W. H.

Astor, Maj. Hn. John J.(Kent, Dover)

Bourne, Captain Robert Croft

Castle Stewart, Earl of

Astor, Viscountess

Bowater, Col. Sir T. Vansittart

Cautley, Sir Henry S.

Atholl, Duchess of

Bowyer, Captain Sir George E. W.

Cayzer, Sir C. (Chester, City)

Atkinson, C.

Boyce, H. L.

Cayzer, Maj. Sir Herbt. R. (Prtsmth, S.)

Baillie-Hamilton, Hon. Charles W.

Bracken, B.

Cazalet, Captain Victor A.

Baldwin, Rt. Hon. Stanley (Bewdley)

Brass, Captain Sir William

Cecil, Rt. Hon. Lord H. (Ox. Univ.)

Balfour, George (Hampstead)

Briscoe, Richard George

Chadwick, Capt. Sir Robert Burton

Balfour, Captain H. H. (I. of Thanet)

Brown, Col. D. C. (N?th?l?d., Hexham)

Chamberlain Rt. Hn. Sir J. A. (Birm., W.)

Balniel, Lord

Brown, Brig.-Gen.H.C.(Berks,Newb?y)

Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. N. (Edgbaston)

Beamish, Rear-Admiral T. P. H.

Buchan, John

Chapman, Sir S.

Beaumont, M. W.

Buckingham, Sir H.

Christle, J. A.

Bellairs, Commander Carlyon

Bullock, Captain Malcolm

Cobb, Sir Cyril

1634

1635

Cockerill, Brig,-General Sir George

Horne, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert S.

Reid, David D. (County Down)

Cohen, Major J. Brunel

Howard-Bury, Colonel C. K.

Remer, John R.

Colfox, Major William Philip

Hudson, Capt. A. U. M. (Hackney, N.)

Rentoul, Sir Gervals S.

Colman, N. C. D.

Hunter-Weston, Lt.-Gen. Sir Aylmer

Reynolds, Col. Sir James

Colville, Major D. J.

Hurd, Percy A.

Richardson, Sir P. W. (Sur'y, Ch't'sy)

Conway, Sir W. Martin

Hurst, Sir Gerald B.

Roberts, Sir Samuel (Ecclesall)

Courtauld, Major J. S.

Hutchison, Maj.-Gen. Sir R.

Rodd, Rt. Hon. Sir James Rennell

Courthope, Colonel Sir G. L.

Iveagh, Countess of

Ross, Major Ronald D.

Cranborne, Viscount

Jones, Sir G. W. H. (Stoke New'gton)

Ruggles-Brise, Lieut.-Colonel E. A.

Crichton-Stuart, Lord C.

Kindersley, Major G. M.

Russell, Alexander West (Tynemouth)

Crookshank, Capt. H. C.

Kinley, J.

Russell, Richard John (Eddisbury)

Croom-Johnson, R. P.

Knox, Sir Alfred

Salmon, Major I.

Culverwell, C. T. (Bristol, West)

Lamb. Sir J. Q.

Samuel, A. M. (Surrey, Farnham)

Cunliffe-Lister, Rt. Hon. Sir Philip

Lambert, Rt. Hon. George (S. Molton)

Samuel, Samuel (W'dsworth, Putney)

Dalkeith, Earl of

Lane Fox, Col. Rt. Hon. George R.

Sandeman, Sir N. Stewart

Dairymple-White, Lt.-Col. Sir Godfrey

Law, Sir Alfred (Derby, High Peak)

Sassoon, Rt. Hon. Sir Philip A. G. D.

Davidson, Major-General Sir J. H.

Leigh, Sir John (Clapham)

Savery, S. S.

Davies, Dr. Vernon

Leighton, Major B. E. P.

Shepperson, Sir Ernest Whittome

Davies, Maj. Geo. F. (Somerset, Yeovil)

Lewis, Oswald (Colchester)

Simms, Major-General J.

Davison, Sir W. H. (Kensington, S.)

Little, Dr. E. Graham

Simon, Rt. Hon. Sir John

Dawson, Sir Philip

Llewellin, Major J. J.

Sinclair, Col. T. (Queen's U., Belfast)

Dixey, A. C.

Locker-Lampson, Rt. Hon. Godfrey

Skelton, A. N.

Duckworth, G. A. V.

Locker-Lampson, Com. O.(Handsw'th)

Smith, Louis W. (Sheffield, Hallam)

Dugdale, Capt. T. L.

Lockwood, Captain J. H.

Smith, R. W.(Aberd'n & Kinc'dine, C.)

Eden, Captain Anthony

Long, Major Hon. Eric

Smith-Carington, Neville W.

Edmondson, Major A. J.

Lymington, Viscount

Smithers, Waldron

Erskine, Lord (Somerset, Weston-s.-M.)

McConnell, Sir Joseph

Somerville, A. A. (Windsor)

Everard, W. Lindsay

Macdonald, Sir M. (Inverness)

Somerville, D. G. (Willesden, East)

Falle, Sir Bertram G.

Macdonald, Capt. P. D. (I. of W.)

Southby, Commander A. R. J.

Ferguson, Sir John

Macquisten, F. A.

Spender-Clay, Colonel H.

Fermoy, Lord

Maitland, A. (Kent, Faversham)

Stanley, Lord (Fylde)

Fielden, E. B.

Makins, Brigadier-General E.

Stanley, Maj. Hon. O. (W'morland)

Ford, Sir P. J.

Margesson, Captain H. D.

Steel-Maitland, Rt. Hon. Sir Arthur

Forestier-Walker, Sir L.

Marjoribanks, Edward

Stewart, W. J. (Belfast South)

Fremantle, Lieut.-Colonel Francis E.

Mason, Colonel Glyn K.

Stuart, Hon. J. (Moray and Nairn)

Galbraith, J. F. W.

Meller, R. J.

Sueter, Rear-Admiral M. F.

Ganzoni, Sir John

Millar, J. D.

Tinne, J. A.

Gault, Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hamilton

Mitchell, Sir W. Lane (Streatham)

Titchfield, Major the Marquess of

Gibson, C. G. (Pudsey & Otley)

Mitchell-Thomson, Rt. Hon. Sir W.

Todd, Capt. A. J.

Gilmour, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir John

Mond, Hon. Henry

Train, J.

Glyn, Major R. G. C.

Moore, Sir Newton J. (Richmond)

Tryon, Rt. Hon. George Clement

Gower, Sir Robert

Moore, Lieut.-Colonel T. C. R. (Ayr)

Turton, Robert Hugh

Grace, John

Morden, Col. W. Grant

Vaughan-Morgan, Sir Kenyon

Graham, Fergus (Cumberland, N.)

Morrison, W. S. (Glos., Cirencester)

Wallace, Capt. D. E. (Hornsey)

Grattan-Doyle, Sir N.

Morrison-Bell, Sir Arthur Clive

Ward, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. Lambert

Greaves-Lord, Sir Walter

Muirhead, A. J.

Wardlaw-Milne, J. S.

Greene, W. P. Crawford

Nelson, Sir Frank

Warrender, Sir Victor

Grenfell, Edward C. (City of London)

Newton, Sir D. G. C. (Cambridge)

Waterhouse, Captain Charles

Gretton, Colonel Rt. Hon. John

Nicholson, O. (Westminster)

Wayland, Sir William A.

Gritten, W. G. Howard

Nicholson, Col. Rt. Hn. W. G.(Ptrsf'ld)

Wells, Sydney R.

Guinness, Rt. Hon. Walter E.

Nield, Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert

Williams, Charles (Devon, Torquay)

Gunston, Captain D. W.

O'Connor, T. J.

Windsor-Clive, Lieut,-Colonel George

Hacking, Rt. Hon. Douglas H.

Oman, Sir Charles William C.

Winterton, Rt. Hon. Earl

Hall, Lieut.-Col. Sir F. (Dulwich)

O'Neill, Sir H.

Withers, Sir John James

Hamilton, Sir George (Ilford)

Ormsby-Gore, Rt. Hon. William

Wolmer, Rt. Hon. Viscount

Hammersley, S. S.

Peake, Captain Osbert

Womersley, W. J.

Hanbury, C.

Penny, Sir George

Wood, Rt. Hon. Sir Kingsley

Hannon, Patrick Joseph Henry

Percy, Lord Eustace (Hastings)

Worthington-Evans, Rt. Hon. Sir L.

Hartington, Marquess of

Peto, Sir Basil E. (Devon, Barnstaple)

Young, Rt. Hon. Sir Hilton

Harvey, Major S. E. (Devon, Totnes)

Pilditch, Sir Philip

Heneage, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur P.

Pownall, Sir Assheton

TELLERS FOR THE NOES—

Herbert, Sir Dennis (Hertford)

Preston, Sir Walter Rueben

Commander Sir B. Eyres Monsell

Hills, Major Rt. Hon. John Waller

Ramsbotham, H.

and Sir Frederick Thomson.

Hoare, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir S. J. G.

Rawson, Sir Cooper

Question, "That this House doth agree with the Committee in the said Resolution," put, and agreed to.

Resolution to be reported upon Thursday.

ORDERS OF THE DAY.

  CUNARD (INSURANCE) AGREEMENT [MONEY].
  Resolution reported,
  "That it is expedient,—

  (a) To authorise the Board of Trade to enter into and carry into effect—

  (i) an agreement in the terms of a draft agreement which has been settled between the Board and the Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, for the insurance by or on behalf of the Board of two passenger vessels to he built in Great Britain for the company; and

  (ii) agreements supplementing or modifying the agreement aforesaid;

  (b) to exempt the agreements aforesaid and any agreements entered into by the Board with persons other than the company, for the purpose of carrying the agreements aforesaid into effect from certain provisions of the Stamp Act, 1891, and of the Marine -Insurance Act, 1906;

  (c) To constitute a special fund into which there shall be paid all premiums and other moneys received by the Board by virtue of the agreements aforesaid, and out of which there shall be paid all expenses incurred by the Board by virtue of those agreements, and to provide that, if the special fund is insufficient, the balance of any such expenses shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund;

  (d) To authorise the payment into the Exchequer of any moneys received by the Board in diminution of any loss or expenditure in respect of which a payment has been made under the provisions of this Resolution out of the Consolidated Fund;

  (e) To provide that, in the event of the Treasury being satisfied that no further moneys will become payable by the Board under the agreements aforesaid, any investments forming part of the special fund (being Government stock) shall be cancelled and the balance of the fund applied in reduction of debt;

  (f) To make certain provisions ancillary to the matters aforesaid."

  Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House doth agree with the Committee in the said Resolution."
  Mr. KINLEY: Before we pass this Resolution the House ought to bear in mind that we are asked to agree that the financial assistance of the State shall be given to one of the largest and wealthiest shipping companies in the country, one that has over a long period
  1638
  enjoyed prosperity and has put aside profits which in the aggregate amount to many millions. By no stretch of imagination can it be described as a company that is in difficulties. In common with other companies it has received from this House over a period of years a large measure of assistance in the shape of subventions and de-rating, and it has also had assistance from local authorities in the matter of rating. Yet at the same time that it is making this appeal this company, which has had so much public assistance, and has distributed so many millions in dividends, is discharging as many of its old workers of 65 years of age as it possibly can get rid of. In my own area this company is discharging old workers after 20, 25 or 30 years' service without a pension and without the slightest reward for the services they have rendered, and at the same time I am asked, as the representative of that area in this House, to vote that the Government shall assist the company in these new schemes.
  I quite understand that at this stage of the proceedings one cannot oppose the proposal, but I cannot allow the opportunity to pass without urging on the Government the absolute and imperative duty, no matter what company may come to it, of asking, first of all, "How do you treat your workers?" After all, the company would never have become what it is had it not been for the devoted service of those servants who today are being turned adrift on to the funds of local authorities. We have to provide for them out of the public funds while we are at the same time bolstering up the company. I hope, therefore, that in future the Government will not give the slightest assistance to any company until they have a guarantee that their workers, so far as they may be unemployed, shall be adequately provided for and when their working days are over, the company, out of its huge profits, shall make provision for them.
  Bill ordered to be brought in upon the said Resolution by Mr. William Graham, the Attorney-General, Mr. Pethick-Lawrence, and Mr. W. R. Smith.

  CUNARD (INSURANCE) AGREEMENT BILL,
  "to authorise the making of an agreement between the Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, and the Board of Trade for the insurance of two passenger vessels and the making of agreements between the said company and the Board of Trade supplementing or modifying that agreement; and for purposes incidental to and connected with the agreements so authorised to he made."
  presented accordingly, and read the First time; to be read a Second time
  1640
  upon Monday next, and to be printed [Bill 43.]
  The remaining Orders were read, and postponed.

  ADJOURNMENT.
  Resolved, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. Thurtle.]
  Adjourned accordingly at Twenty-two Minutes after Eleven o'Clock.